Oceanul Indian

PUB.
160
SAILING DIRECTIONS
(PLANNING GUIDE)
SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

AND INDIAN OCEAN
Prepared and published by the

NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Springfield, Virginia
COPYRIGHT 2014 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C.
2014
TWELFTH EDITION
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Internet: http://
bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800
Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
II
Preface
Pub. 160, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, Twelfth Edition, 2014, is issued
for use in conjunction with the following Sailing Directions
(Enroute) Publications:
Pub. 123, Pub. 124, Pub. 171, Pub. 172, Pub. 173,
Pub. 174, and Pub. 175.
Digital Nautical Charts 1, 2. 3, 4, 7, 10, and 14 provide electronic chart coverage for the area covered by this publication.
This publication has been corrected to 9 August 2014, including Notice to Mariners No. 32 of 2014. Subsequent Publication Data Updates (PDUs) have corrected this publication to
13 June 2015, including Notice to Mariners No. 24 of 2015.
Explanatory Remarks
Sailing Directions are published by the National GeospatialIntelligence Agency (NGA) under the authority of Department
of Defense Directive 5105.40, dated 12 December 1988, and
pursuant to the authority contained in U. S. Code Title 10, Sections 2791 and 2792 and Title 44, Section 1336. Sailing Directions, covering the harbors, coasts, and waters of the world,
provide information that cannot be shown graphically on nautical charts and is not readily available elsewhere.
Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) are intended to assist
mariners in planning ocean passages and to eliminate duplication by consolidating useful information about all the countries
adjacent to a particular ocean basin in one volume.
Planning Guide publications are compiled and structured in
the alphabetical order of countries contained within the region
covered by each publication.
Bearings.Bearings are true, and are expressed in degrees
from 000 (north) to 360, measured clockwise. General bearings are expressed by the initial letters of the points of the compass (e.g. N, NNE, NE, etc.). Adjective and adverb endings
have been discarded. Wherever precise bearings are intended,
degrees are used.
Charts.Reference to charts made throughout this publication refer to both the paper chart and the Digital Nautical Chart
(DNC).
Corrective Information.Users should refer corrections,
additions, and comments to NGAs Maritime Operations Desk,
as follows:
1.
Toll free:
1-800-362-6289
2.
Commercial:
571-557-5455
3.
DSN:
547-5455
4.
DNC web site:
http://dnc.nga.mil/NGAPortal/
DNC.portal
5.
Maritime Domain website:
http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/
MSI.portal
6.
E-mail:
navsafety@nga.mil
Pub. 160
7.
Mailing address:
Maritime Safety Office

National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency
Mail Stop N64-SH
7500 Geoint Drive
Springfield VA 22150-7500
New editions of Sailing Directions are corrected through the

date of publication shown above. Important information to
amend material in the publication is available as a Publication
Data Update (PDU) from the NGA Maritime Domain web site.
NGA Maritime Domain Website
http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal
Courses.Courses are true, and are expressed in the same
manner as bearings. The directives steer and make good a
course mean, without exception, to proceed from a point of origin along a track having the identical meridional angle as the
designated course. Vessels following the directives must allow
for every influence tending to cause deviation from such track,
and navigate so that the designated course is continuously being made good.
Currents.Current directions are the true directions toward
which currents set.
Distances.Distances are expressed in nautical miles of 1
minute of latitude. Distances of less than 1 mile are expressed
in meters, or tenths of miles.
Geographic Names.Geographic names are generally
those used by the nation having sovereignty. Names in parentheses following another name are alternate names that may
appear on some charts. In general, alternate names are quoted
only in the principal description of the place. Diacritical marks,
such as accents, cedillas, and circumflexes, which are related to
specific letters in certain foreign languages, are not used in the
interest of typographical simplicity.
Geographic names or their spellings do not necessarily reflect recognition of the political status of an area by the United
States Government.
Heights.Heights are referred to the plane of reference
used for that purpose on the charts and are expressed in meters.
Internet Links.This publication provides Internet links to
web sites concerned with maritime navigational safety, including but not limited to, Federal government sites, foreign Hydrographic Offices, and foreign public/private port facilities.
NGA makes no claims, promises, or guarantees concerning the
accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of these
web sites and expressly disclaims any liability for errors and
omissions in the contents of these web sites.
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS)
Code.The ISPS Code is a comprehensive set of measures to
enhance the security of ships and port facilities developed in
response to the perceived threats to ships and port facilities in
the wake of the 9/11 attacks in the United States. Information
III
on the ISPS Code can be found at the International Maritime
Organization web site:
International Maritime Organization Home Page
http://www.imo.org
Lights and Fog Signals.Lights and fog signals are not described, and light sectors are not usually defined. The Light
Lists should be consulted for complete information.
National Ocean Claims.Information on national ocean
claims and maritime boundary disputes, which have been compiled from the best available sources, is provided solely in the
interest of the navigational safety of shipping and in no way
constitutes legal recognition by the United States. These nonrecognized claims and requirements may include, but are not
limited to:
1. A requirement by a state for advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial
sea.
2. Straight baseline, internal waters, or historic waters
claims.
3. The establishment of a security zone, where a state
claims to control activity beyond its territorial sea for security reasons unrelated to that states police powers in its territory, including its territorial sea.
Radio Navigational Aids.Radio navigational aids and radio weather services are not described in detail. Publication
No. 117 Radio Navigational Aids and NOAA Publication, Selected Worldwide Marine Weather Broadcasts, should be consulted.
Soundings.Soundings are referred to the datum of the
charts and are expressed in meters.
Special Warnings.Special Warnings may be in force for
the geographic area covered by this publication. Special Warnings are printed in the weekly Notice to Mariners upon promulgation and are reprinted annually in Notice to Mariners No. 1.
A listing of Special Warnings currently in force is printed in
each weekly Notice to Mariners, Section III, Broadcast Warnings, along with the notice number of promulgation. Special
Warnings are also available on the Maritime Domain website.

Time.Time is normally expressed as local time unless
specifically designated as Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).
Time Zone.The Time Zone description(s), as well as
information concerning the use of Daylight Savings Time, are
included. The World Time Zone Chart is available on the
Internet at the web site given below.
World Time Zone Chart
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
reference_maps/pdf/time_zones.pdf
Winds.Wind directions are the true directions from which
winds blow.
Reference List
The principal sources examined in the preparation of this
publication were:
British Hydrographic Office Sailing Directions.
Argentina Sailing Directions.
Brazil Sailing Directions.
South Africa Sailing Directions.
Fairplay Ports and Terminals
The Statesmans Yearbook
The World Factbook
Reports from United States Naval and merchant vessels
and various shipping companies.
Other U.S. Government publications, reports, and documents.
Charts, light lists, tide and current tables, and other documents in possession of the Agency.
Internet Web sites, as follows:
1. Department of State/U.S. Embassies.
http://usembassy.state.gov
2. IMB Piracy Reporting Center Home Page.
http://www.iccwbo.org/ccs/menu_imb_piracy.asp
3. World Factbook.
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook
Pub. 160
IV
Pub. 160
Conversion Tables
Feet to Meters
Feet
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.00
3.05
6.10
9.14
12.19
15.24
18.29
21.34
24.38
27.43
1
0.30
3.35
6.40
9.45
12.50
15.54
18.59
21.64
24.69
27.74
2
0.61
3.66
6.71
9.75
12.80
15.85
18.90
21.95
24.99
28.04
3
0.91
3.96
7.01
10.06
13.11
16.15
19.20
22.25
25.30
28.35
4
1.22
4.27
7.32
10.36
13.41
16.46
19.51
22.55
25.60
28.65
5
1.52
4.57
7.62
10.67
13.72
16.76
19.81
22.86
25.91
28.96
6
1.83
4.88
7.92
10.97
14.02
17.07
20.12
23.16
26.21
29.26
7
2.13
5.18
8.23
11.28
14.33
17.37
20.42
23.47
26.52
29.57
8
2.44
5.49
8.53
11.58
14.63
17.68
20.73
23.77
26.82
29.87
9
2.74
5.79
8.84
11.89
14.93
17.98
21.03
24.08
27.13
30.17
6
10.97
29.26
47.55
65.84
84.12
102.41
120.70
138.99
157.28
175.56
7
12.80
31.09
49.38
67.67
85.95
104.24
122.53
140.82
159.11
177.39
8
14.63
32.92
51.21
69.49
87.78
106.07
124.36
142.65
160.93
179.22
9
16.46
34.75
53.03
71.32
89.61
107.90
126.19
144.47
162.76
181.05
6
19.68
52.49
85.30
118.11
150.92
183.73
216.54
249.34
282.15
314.96
7
22.97
55.77
88.58
121.39
154.20
187.01
219.82
252.62
285.43
318.24
8
26.25
59.06
91.86
124.67
157.48
190.29
223.10
255.90
288.71
321.52
9
29.53
62.34
95.14
127.95
160.76
193.57
226.38
259.19
291.99
324.80
6
3.28
8.75
14.22
19.68
25.15
30.62
36.09
41.56
47.03
52.49
7
3.83
9.30
14.76
20.23
25.70
31.17
36.64
42.10
47.57
53.04
8
4.37
9.84
15.31
20.78
26.25
31.71
37.18
42.65
48.12
53.59
9
4.92
10.39
15.86
21.33
26.79
32.26
37.73
43.20
48.67
54.13
Fathoms to Meters
Fathoms
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.00
18.29
36.58
54.86
73.15
91.44
109.73
128.02
146.30
164.59
1
1.83
20.12
38.40
56.69
74.98
93.27
111.56
129.85
148.13
166.42
2
3.66
21.95
40.23
58.52
76.81
95.10
113.39
131.67
149.96
168.25
3
5.49
23.77
42.06
60.35
78.64
96.93
115.21
133.50
151.79
170.08
4
7.32
25.60
43.89
62.18
80.47
98.75
117.04
135.33
153.62
171.91
5
9.14
27.43
45.72
64.01
82.30
100.58
118.87
137.16
155.45
173.74
Meters to Feet
Meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
0.00
32.81
65.62
98.42
131.23
164.04
196.85
229.66
262.47
295.28
1
3.28
36.09
68.90
101.71
134.51
167.32
200.13
232.94
265.75
298.56
2
6.56
39.37
72.18
104.99
137.80
170.60
203.41
236.22
269.03
301.84
3
9.84
42.65
75.46
108.27
141.08
173.88
206.69
239.50
272.31
305.12
4
13.12
45.93
78.74
111.55
144.36
177.16
209.97
242.78
275.59
308.40
5
16.40
49.21
82.02
114.83
147.64
180.45
213.25
246.06
278.87
311.68
Meters to Fathoms
Meters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pub. 160
0
0.00
5.47
10.94
16.40
21.87
27.34
32.81
38.28
43.74
49.21
1
0.55
6.01
11.48
16.95
22.42
27.89
33.36
38.82
44.29
49.76
2
1.09
6.56
12.03
17.50
22.97
28.43
33.90
39.37
44.84
50.31
3
1.64
7.11
12.58
18.04
23.51
28.98
34.45
39.92
45.38
50.85
4
2.19
7.66
13.12
18.59
24.06
29.53
35.00
40.46
45.93
51.40
5
2.73
8.20
13.67
19.14
24.61
30.07
35.54
41.01
46.48
51.95
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations may be used in the text:
Units
C
cm
cu.m.
dwt
FEU
gt
kHz
degree(s) Centigrade
centimeter(s)
cubic meter(s)
deadweight tons
forty-foot equivalent units
gross tons
kilohertz
km
m
mb
MHz
mm
nrt
TEU
kilometer(s)
meter(s)
millibars
megahertz
millimeter(s)
net registered tons
twenty-foot equivalent units
Directions
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
north
northnortheast
northeast
eastnortheast
east
eastsoutheast
southeast
southsoutheast
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
south
southsouthwest
southwest
westsouthwest
west
westnorthwest
northwest
northnorthwest
Vessel types
LASH
LNG
LPG
OBO
NGL
Lo-lo
Lighter Aboard Ship

Liquified Natural Gas
Liquified Petroleum Gas
Ore/Bulk/Oil
Natural Gas Liquids
Lift-on Lift-off
Ro-ro
ULCC
VLCC
VLOC
FSO
FPSO
FSU
Roll-on Roll-off
Ultra Large Crude Carrier
Very Large Crude Carrier
Very Large Ore Carrier
Floating Storage and Offloading
Floating Production Storage and Offloading
Floating Storage Unit
Time
ETA
ETD
estimated time of arrival

estimated time of departure
GMT
UTC
Greenwich Mean Time

Coordinated Universal Time
Water level
MSL
HW
LW
MHW
MLW
HWN
HWS
LWN
mean sea level

high water
low water
mean high water
mean low water
high water neaps
high water springs
low water neaps
LWS
MHWN
MHWS
MLWN
MLWS
HAT
LAT
low water springs

mean high water neaps
mean high water springs
mean low water neaps
mean low water springs
highest astronomical tide
lowest astronomical tide
Communications
D/F
R/T
GMDSS
LF
direction finder
radiotelephone
Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
low frequency
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
medium frequency
high frequency
very high frequency
ultra high frequency
Navigation
LANBY
CALM
NAVSAT
ODAS
SBM
Large Automatic Navigation Buoy

Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring
Navigation Satellite
Ocean Data Acquisition System
Single Buoy Mooring
SPM
CBM
MBM
TSS
VTC
VTS
Single Point Mooring

Conventional Buoy Mooring System
Multi-Buoy Mooring System
Traffic Separation Scheme
Vessel Traffic Center
Vessel Traffic Service
Miscellaneous
AIS
COLREGS
Automatic Identification System

Collision Regulations
MMSI
No./Nos.
Maritime Mobile Service Identity Code

Number/Numbers
VI
Pub. 160
The following abbreviations may be used in the text:

IALA
IHO
IMO
IMDG
International Assoc of Lighthouse Authorities

International Hydrographic Office
International Maritime Organization
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
PA
PD
Pub.
SOLAS
LOA
UKC
Length overall
Underkeel clearance
St./Ste.
ISPS
Position approximate
Position doubtful
Publication
International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea
Saint/Sainte
International Ship and Port Facility Security
Contents
Page
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
ChartletSector Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
Conversion Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
COUNTRIES
ANGOLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ARGENTINA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BAHRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
BANGLADESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
BENIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
BRAZIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY . . . . . . . . . . . 79
BURMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
CAMEROON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
COMOROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE . . . . . . 93
CONGO, REPUBLIC OF THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
DJIBOUTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
EGYPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
EQUATORIAL GUINEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
ERITREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
FALKLAND ISLANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
FRENCH GUIANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS . 127
GABON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
GHANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
GUYANA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
INDIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
INDIAN OCEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
INDONESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
IRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
IRAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
ISRAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
IVORY COAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
JORDAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
KENYA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Pub. 160
KUWAIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MADAGASCAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MALAYSIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MALDIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAURITIUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MOZAMBIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NAMIBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NIGERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OMAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAKISTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PARAGUAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QATAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RED SEA AND THE PERSIAN GULF. . . . . . . . . . . . .
REUNION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAINT HELENA/ASCENSION ISLAND. . . . . . . . . . .
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAUDI ARABIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SEYCHELLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SINGAPORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOMALIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOUTH AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SRI LANKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUDAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SURINAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TANZANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THAILAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
URUGUAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
YEMEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
253
257
263
267
271
275
279
283
287
293
295
299
319
327
331
333
339
343
355
359
375
397
401
405
409
413
417
421
425
433
IX
ANGOLA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Navigational Information
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
General
Angola is located in the S part of Africa and faces the South
Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the N and NE by the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire; on the SE by Zambia; and on the S by Namibia.
The coast, over 800 miles long, includes the province of
Cabinda, a small separated enclave. About 65 per cent of the
country is formed by a plateau with elevations of 1,050 to
1,350m. The watershed of many rivers runs through the central
part of this inland plateau. The coastal plain is separated from
the plateau by a zone that varies in width from about 100 miles
in the N part to about 15 miles in the central and S parts.
The climate is mostly tropical, being semiarid in the S and
coastal parts. Temperatures are constant throughout the year
and most rain falls during March and April. The N part has a
dry season from May to October and a rainy season from November to April.
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region A) is in effect. See
Chart No. 1 for further IALA Buoyage System information.
It is reported (1994) that some obsolescent buoyage marks
(Uniform Lateral System) may still be encountered.
Cautions
Piracy
Mariners are advised to be alert for pirates in the waters off
the coast of Angola.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the kwanza.
Government
Angola is a republic. The country is divided into 18 provinces.
Angola is governed by a President, elected to a renewable 5year term by the National Assembly, who appoints a Council
of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly consists of
220 members elected to 4-year terms by proportional representation.
Pub. 160
Angola
Industries
Flag of Angola
The legal system is based on Portuguese civil law; it has
been modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased the use of free markets.
The capital is Luanda.
Holidays
The major industries are agriculture, petroleum production,

mining (iron ore, diamonds, gold, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, and uranium), cement, basic metal products, fish processing, food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar,
textiles, and ship repair.
The main exports are crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum
products, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, and cotton. The main export-trading partners are China, the United
States, and India.
The main imports are machinery and electrical equipment,
vehicles and spare parts, medicines, food, textiles, and military
goods. The main import-trading partners are China, Portugal,
the United States, South Africa, and Brazil.
Languages
Portuguese is the official language. Bantu and other African
tribal languages also spoken.
The following holidays are observed:
January 1
New Years Day
January 4
Martyrs Day
February 4
Start of Armed Struggle Day
March 8
Womens Day
March 27
Victory Day *
April 4
Peace Day
April 14
Youth Day *
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Monday
Enroute Volume
Pub. 123, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Southwest Coast of
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Angola are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Variable
Fisheries or Economic
Zone
200 miles.
May 1
Workers Day
Continental Shelf
May 25
Africa Day
200 miles or the Continental Margin.
June 1
Childrens Day
August 1
Armed Forces Day *
September 17
National Heroes Day
November 2
Memorial Day
November 11
Independence Day
December 1
Pioneers Day *
December 10
Date of Foundation of MPLA

(Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Angola)
December 24
Christmas Eve (starting at

1200)
December 25
Christmas Day (also known as

Family Day)
* Unofficial holiday, but widely celebrated.
Pub. 160
* Claims straight baselines.
Search and Rescue

Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) Angola
maintains a continuous listening watch on 2182 kHz, 4125
kHz, and VHF channel 16 for distress traffic. MRCC Angola
can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
244-2-22391399
244-2-22336338
2. Facsimile:
244-2-22330430
244-2-22391688
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is ALFA (-1). Daylight Savings
Time is not observed.
Angola
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne, Miramar, Luanda.
The mailing addresses are, as follows:
1. Angola address
Caixa Postal 6468
3
Luanda
2. U. S. address
2550 Luanda Place
Washington DC (20521-2550)
U. S. Embassy Angola Home Page
http://angola.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
ARGENTINA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Ice
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Pilotage
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
Ship Reporting System

Submarine Operating Areas
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
8
12
13
13
13
General
Argentina, located on the E side of the S part of South America, is bounded on the N by Bolivia; on the NE by Paraguay; on
the E by Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the
W by Chile. The country has a coast of about 2,180 miles, including the shore of the Rio de la Plata.
The Andes Mountains form the greater part of the W border
region. The N half of the country is composed of the rich plains
Pub. 160
Argentina
of the Pampas. In the far N, these plains are heavily wooded

and are known as the Gran Chaco. The Pampas, in the central
region, is treeless and fertile. The S region is occupied by a series of step-like plateaus. This region, known as the Patagonia,
is bleak, arid, and rises to heights of over 1,500m.
The shore of the Rio de la Plata is low and featureless, while
the sea coast consists of long stretches of low cliffs with occasional areas of low sand.
The climate is very warm over the plains where the rainfall
occurs at all seasons, but diminishes towards the W. In the N
and W parts, the climate is more arid, with high summer temperatures. In the extreme S, conditions are dry and much cooler.
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region B) is in effect. Mariners
are cautioned that the buoyage in those parts of the Rio Uruguay that are the responsibility of the Argenitine authorities is
being changed to IALA Region B. Mariners are further cautioned that they might encounter both buoyage systems may be
until the changeover is complete and should contact local authorities for the latest information.
The direction of buoyage is from N to S along the coast and
from seaward in port approaches.
Beacons and buoys marking the inner channels of Tierra del
Fuego should not be fully relied upon. They are generally small
and difficult to identify. Buoys are also likely to drag.
See chart No. 1 for further IALA Buoyage System information.
Argentine light vessels also display a riding light; if the light

vessel is used as a pilot station, a red light is displayed under
the riding light.
Magnetic Anomalies
Magnetic anomalies are located in Golfo Nuevo, as follows:
1. Between longitudes 6430W and 6435'W and latitude
4233' S and the N coast of the gulf.
2. Within a 3-miles radius of position 4245'S, 6435'W.
3. Between longitudes 6430W and 6440'W and latitude
4250'S and the S coast of the gulf.
Access Area to the Estrecho de Magallanes
Argentina has declared the area of its 12-mile wide territorial
waters between the parallels of 5220'S and 5239'S as an Access Area to the Estrecho de Magallanes. In this area, the Argentina Maritime Authority requests information pertaining to
lifesaving, search and rescue, and anything that affects the flow
of traffic and ensuring an unobstructed passage for vessels proceeding to or from the Estrecho de Magallanes.
Southern Right Whale Protection Area
Golfo Neuvo (4240'S., 6430'W.) contains a seasonal protected area for the Southern Right Whale. For further information, see Pub. 124, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of
South America.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Argentine peso.
Cautions
Kelp
Kelp, or sargasso weed, grows on most of the dangers having
a rocky or stony bottom, especially off the coast and S of Punta
Delgada (4246'S., 6338'W.). Growing kelp should invariably
be considered a sign of danger and vessels should never pass
through it if it can be avoided. A clear patch of water in the
middle of a thick growth of weeds often indicates the position
of the least depth over the danger. Many dangers are not
marked by kelp; heavy seas sometimes tear the weed from a
rock, or a moderate tidal current draws it underwater and out of
sight.
Dead kelp, which has broken away from the bottom, floats in
curled masses, with leaves showing above the surface; it sometimes drifts in long lines.
Government
Flag of Argentina
High Speed Craft
High speed craft, with speeds in excess of 30 knots, operate
in the following areas:
1. Colonia-Buenos Aires.
2. Montevideo-Buenos Aires.
3. Piriapolis-Buenos Aires.
Light Vessels
Light vessels of Argentina display a secondary light from
their sterns. This should be taken into account when passing a
light vessel, especially in the Rio de la Plata.
Pub. 160
Argentina is a republic. The country is divided into 23 provinces and one federal district.
Argentina is governed by a directly-elected President who
can serve two 4-year terms. The National Congress consists of
a 72-member directly-elected Senate, whose members serve 6year terms, and a 257-member directly-elected Chamber of
Deputies, whose members serve 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on western European civil codes.
The capital is Buenos Aires.
Argentina
Holidays
7
d.
E-mail:
mrscpuertowilliams@directemar.cl
williams@directemar.cl
4. MRCC Antarctica Chilena
a. Telephone: 56-32-2208556
56-32-2208557
b. E-mail:
mrscantarcticalchilena@directemar.cl
odmcpfildes@directemar.cl
January 1
New Years Day
Holy Thursday
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
March 24
Memorial Day
April 2
Malvinas Veterans Day
May 1
Labor Day
May 25
1810 Revolution Anniversary
Third Monday in
June
Flag Day
July 9
Independence Day
Third Monday in
August
Death of General San Martin

Anniversary
October 12
Columbus Day
Languages
December 8
Immaculate Conception
December 25
Christmas Day
Spanish is the official language. English, Italian, German,

and French are also spoken.
December 31
Bank Holiday
Ice
The Combined Antarctic Naval Patrol (Argentina-Chile)
normally carries out patrol duties from November 15 until
March 15. Patrol duties include search and rescue duties; maritime salvage, surveillance, and anti-pollution work; providing
safe conditions for mariners and human life at sea; and maintaining the area to be free of pollution. The area of responsibility is S of 60S between the meridians of 10W and 131W.
Vessels requiring assistance should contact naval patrol vessels
on VHF channel 16 or 2182 kHz or with any of the following
Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCC) or Maritime
Rescue Subcenters (MRSC):
1. MRCC Ushuaia
a. Telephone: 54-2901-431098
b. Facsimile: 54-2901-431098
c. Radio:
500 kHz, 2182 kHz, 4660 kHz, and
VHF channel 16
d. E-mail:
mrccushuaia@ara.mil.ar
2. MRCC Punta Arenas
a. Telephone: 56-61-2201161
56-61-2201162
b. Facsimile: 56-61-2201172
c. Radio:
2182 kHz, 2738 kHz, and VHF
channel 16
d. E-mail:
mrccpuntaarenas@directemar.cl
3. MRSC Puerto Williams
a. Telephone: 56-61-2621090
b. Facsimile: 56-61-2621090
c. Radio:
2182 kHz, 2738 kHz, and VHF
channel 16
Industries
The main industries are food processing, motor vehicles,
consumer durable goods, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, and steel.
The main exports are soybeans and their derivatives, petroleum and gas, motor vehicles, corn, and wheat. The main export-trading partners are Brazil, China, Chile, and the United
States.
The main imports are machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum
and natural gas, organic chemicals, and plastics. The main import-trading partners are Brazil, the United States, China, and
Germany.
Meteorology
Shipping forecasts are available in English and Spanish from
the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional.
Servicio Meteorologico Nacional Home Page
http://smn.gov.ar
Enroute Volume
Pub. 124, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of South
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Argentina are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
* Claims straight baselines. Requires advance permission

or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims Golfo San Matias, Golfo Nuevo, and
Golfo San Jorge as internal waters. Claims, jointly with
Uruguay, the estuary of the Rio de la Plata as internal waters.
Pub. 160
Argentina
Maritime Boundary Disputes

Argentina claims the United Kingdom-administered Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands.
The United Kingdom rejects sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina.
Pilotage
Pilotage is compulsory for all foreign vessels in all Argentine channels, rivers, passes, ports, and berthing locations.
Pollution
Tank residues, bilges, or ballast water from oil compartments
must never be pumped or released into ports or rivers. On the
Atlantic coast, including Bahia Blanca, tanks and bilges can
only be cleaned at a distance of not less than 50 miles off the
shore and on a falling tide.
Regulations
General
Vessels operating in the proximity of an open port or close to
quays or loading places where other vessels or barges are operating must reduce speed to a maximum of 6 knots.
Vessels anchored or moving within port limits must not use
their whistles, sirens, or bells except as called for in the regulations to avoid collision or to signal a fire.
In Rio de la Plata, it is recommended that vessels have an underkeel clearance of at least 0.6m.
Communications
Vessels should establish VHF contact with the nearest coast
radio station when within range and keep a listening watch on
VHF channel 16 or a frequency assigned by the coast radio station. When out of range vessels should maintain a watch on
VHF channel 16 if traffic is heavy or the visibility is poor.
Search and Rescue

The Argentine navy, in conjunction with the Prefectura Naval Argentina, is responsible for maritime search and rescue.
The Argentine navy is responsible for the operation of all
Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCC). The Prefectura Naval Argentina is responsible for the operation of all Rescue Subcenters (RSC) and provides the Safety of Navigation
Communication Service (SECOSENA) through Argentine Naval Authority Coast Radio Stations.
The SECOSENA stations maintain a continuous listening
watch on international distress frequencies.
Lifesaving stations are located, as follows:
1. Cabo San Antonio (3618'S., 5646'W.).

2. Isla Martin Garcia (3411'S., 5815'W.).

Vessel Reporting System (SECOSENA)
SECOSENA is a reporting system designed to provide information in the event of Search and Rescue (SAR) incidents. Participation in this reporting system is mandatory for all vessels,
with certain exceptions. Participation in the system is free of
charge.
Reporting messages should be sent, as follows:
1. When entering Argentine waters, vessels should report
the following information:
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. Length.
e. Beam.
f. Draft.
g. Speed.
h. Port of departure.
i. Destination.
j. Position.
k. Course.
l. Type of cargo.
m. Whether there is a doctor on board.
2. When leaving Argentine waters, vessels should send
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. Speed.
e. Destination.
f. Position.
g. Course.
3. When entering an Argentine port, vessels should send
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. ETA.
e. Berthing location.
4. When departing an Argentine port, vessels should send
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. Length.
e. Beam.
f. Draft.
ArgentinaMRCC/RSC Contact Information

Station
MRCC Buenos Aires
MRCC Puerto Belgrano
Pub. 160
Telephone
Facsimile
54-1143-172300
54-1143-132889
54-2932-487162
54-1143-172038
54-2932-487163
E-mail
rcc_buenosaires@ara.mil.ar
cotm@ara.mil.ar
coopacsm@ara.mil.ar
Argentina
ArgentinaMRCC/RSC Contact Information

Station
MRCC Ushuaia *
RSC Rio de la Plata
RSC Tigre
RSC Rosario
Telephone
Facsimile
54-2901-431098
54-2901-431098
mrccushuaia@ara.mil.ar
54-1145-767646
contrasebaires@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-1145-124900
pzonapzde@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-3414-720344
pzonapzbp@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-379-4423876
pzonapzpp@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-1145-767651
54-1145-767646
54-1145-124902
54-1145-124904
54-3414-720340
E-mail
54-379-4423876
RSC Corrientes
54-379-4423318
54-379-4421936
RSC Posadas
54-376-4425389
54-376-4430703
pzonapzap@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Concepcion del Uruguay
54-3442-423377
54-3442-423377
pzonapzbu@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Paso de los Libres
54-3772-424325
54-3772-424326
pzonapzau@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Mar del Plata
54-2234-800715
54-2234-803006
mpla@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Bahia Blanca
54-2914-519777
54-2914-573355
pzonapzan@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-2974-442167
RSC Comodoro Rivadavia
54-2974-473863
54-2974-462167
54-2974-476800
54-2974-473863
criv@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
54-2974-464018
RSC Puerto Deseado
54-2974-872136
54-2974-872322
dese@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Puerto Madryn
54-2965-451603
54-2965-451263
madr@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC San Antonio Oeste
54-2934-421480
54-2934-421202
sant@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC San Carlos de Bariloche
54-294-4422798
54-294-4425522
scba@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Nuequen
54-2994-484483
54-2994-422686
chue@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Rio Gallegos
54-2966-435494
54-2966-420103
rgal@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Lago Argentino
54-2902-491653
54-2902-491653
larg@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Ushuaia
54-2901-422382
54-2901-421425
ushu@prefecturanaval.gov.ar
RSC Islas Orcadas
Communicate via MRCC Ushuaia *
* MRCC Ushuaia normally operated only during the Antarctic summer from mid-November until mid-March.
g. Speed.
h. Destination.
i. Course.
j. Type of cargo.
k. Whether there is a doctor on board.
5. When navigating within Argentine waters, vessels
should report their position, as follows:
a. When between the parallels of 4200'S and
5430'Sto Comodoro Rivadavia Prefectura Naval Radio
(PNR) at 0200 UTC and 1400 UTC and whenever course
and speed changes occur.
b. When between the parallels of 3550'S and
4200'Sto Mar del Plata PNR at 0000 UTC and 1200
UTC and whenever course and speed changes occur.
c. When S of the parallel of 5430'Sto Ushuaia
PNR at 0200 UTC and 1400 UTC and whenever course
and speed changes occur.

6. Vessels less than 50 gross tons navigating Canal Beagle from Ushuaia to Puerto Williams, Chile should report the
following information:
a. Vessel name.
b. Vessel type.
c. Flag.
d. Call sign.
e. Time of departure.
f. Number of persons on board.
g. ETA.
For vessels on river and coastal voyages, reporting messages
should be sent, as follows:
1. On entering the operational area of a SECOSENA
Coast Radio Station (CRS), vessels should report the following information:
Pub. 160
Argentina
10
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. Length.
e. Beam.
f. Draft.
g. Speed.
h. Port of origin.
i. Port of departure.
2. If the vessel is leaving the operational area of an adjacent SECOSENA CRS, only the vessels name, flag, and call
sign need be sent.
3. On leaving the operational area of a SECOSENA CRS,
vessels should send the following information:
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
4. On entry to a port, vessels should send the following
information:
a. Vessel name.
b. Call sign.
c. ETA and place of berthing.
5. On departure from a port, vessels should send the following information:
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. Call sign.
d. Length.
e. Beam.
f. Draft.
g. Speed.
h. Time and place of departure.
i. Destination.
6. Departing vessels heading S with a destination within
Argentine waters must also report the type of cargo and if
there is a doctor on board.
All messages should be sent to the nearest PNR coast station
on VHF channel 16, if possible, otherwise by MF or HF. If
contact with the nearest PNR coast station cannot be established, any other PNR coast station may be used, or, failing
this, any Argentine coast radio station.

Messages should be in Spanish; however, if it is not possible
to understand Spanish, vessels should use the International
Code of Signals, or the Q-code, using the Standard Maritime
Navigational Vocabulary.
Vessels should also report any accidents, hazards to navigation, defects in aids to navigation, or if urgent medical assistance is required.
Traffic Security Control System (CONTRASE)
The Traffic Control and Safety System (CONTRASE) is in
effect in the following areas:
1. Buenos Aires (3436'S., 5822'W.).
2. Rio Parana (3143'S., 6032'W.).
3. Bahia Blanca (3847'S., 6216'W.).
4. Mar del Plata (3802'S., 5732'W.).
5. Rawson (4318'S., 6507'W.).
6. San Antonio Oeste (4043'S., 6457'W.).
Vessels are required to report to the appropriate Prefectura
Naval Coast Radio Stations when passing the designated reporting points. For further information, see Pub. 124, Sailing
Directions (Enroute) East Coast of South America.
The following information should be reported to the appropriate Prefectura Naval Coast Radio Station:
1. Anchoring outside the portVessel name, flag, call
sign, time of anchoring, and location.
2. Entering portVessel name, call sign, ETA, and destination.
Vessels must obtain permission from the appropriate Prefectura Naval Coast Radio Station prior to performing the following maneuvers:
1. Shifting anchorages.
2. Shifting berths.
3. Moving within the port.
4. Casting off.
5. Departing the port.
When requesting permissions, vessels should provide the
vessel name, flag, call sign, destination (for 1, 2, and 3 above),
and place of departure (for 4 and 5 above). Permissions are
normally valid for 15 minutes.
Prefectura Naval Radio (PNR) Stations Which Accept SECOSENA Messages and CONTRASE Position Reports
Call
sign
VHF
Operational areas
SECOSENA
CONTRASE
Bahia Blanca
L2N
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 77
West of longitude 6125'W and N of

latitude 3925'S.
Bermejo
L8F
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio ParaguaySouth of Km 1360, N

of Km 1240, and W of the international
boundary of Paraguay.
PNR
Buenos Aires
L2A
VHF channel 16
North of latitude 3630'S, W of longitude 5600'W to the Argentine territorial limit, E to a line from Km 27.3 on the
Rio Lujan passing through Km 56.1 on
the Rio Parana de Las Palmas to Km
121.5 on the Rio de la Plata.
Comodoro
Rivadavia
L3B
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Between latitude 4200'S and latitude

5430'S.
Pub. 160
Argentina
11
PNR
Call
sign
VHF
Operational areas
SECOSENA
CONTRASE
Corrientes
L6Y
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
South of Km 1240 on the Rio Paraguay,

W of Km 1242 on the Rio Parana, and
N of Km 1135 on the Rio Parana.
Diamente
L6M
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 77
Rio ParanaSouth of Km 568 and N of

Km 480.
El Dorado
L7Z
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio ParanaSouth of Km 1842 and N

of Km 1774.
Formosa
L8I
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio ParaguaySouth of Km 1520 and

N of Km 1360.
Goya
L6V
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 928.
Iguazu
L8C
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 1842.
Ita Ibate
L7G
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio ParanaWest of Km 1410 and E

of Km 1330.
Itati
L7D
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 1242.
Ituzaingo
L7J
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 1410.
La Paz
L6S
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 677.
Libertador General San Martin
L7U
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 1710.
Mar del Plata
L2O
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Between latitude 3550'S and latitude

4200'S.
Parana
L6N
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 568.
Paso de los
Libres
L9J
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio UruguaySouth of Km 638 and N

of Km 531.
Pilcomayo
L8L
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
Rio ParaguaySouth of Km 1619 and

N of Km 1520.
Posadas
L7N
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16

of Km 1522.
Rawson
L4R
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
West of longitude 6430'W, N of latitude 4350'S, and S and E by the coast.
Rosario
L6I
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 77

of Km 376.
San Antonio
Oeste
L4V
VHF channel 12
L6G
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 77
Southwest of Km 376 on the Rio Parana, NW of Km 310 on the Rio Parana

Guazu, and W of Ibicuy on the Rio
Parana Pavon.
L6E
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, and 16
West of Km 240 on the Rio Parana

Guazu, E of Km 310 on the Rio Parana
Guazu, and E of Ibicuy on the Rio Parana Pavon.
San Nicolas
San Pedro
In the vicinity of position 4043'S,

6457'W.
Pub. 160
Argentina
12
PNR
Ushuaia
Zarate
Call
sign
VHF
L3P
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 77
South of latitude 5430'S.
VHF channels 9, 12,

14, 16, and 72
West of a line from Km 27.3 on the Rio

Lujan, from Km 56.1 on the Rio Parana
de las Palmas until Km 121.5 on the
Rio de la Plata, S of Km 0 on the Rio
Uruguay, and E of Km 240 on the Rio
Parana Guazu.
L5T
Operational areas

Argentine submarines may be encountered by day or at night
while operating in the waters off the coast. Under certain circumstances, warnings that submarines are exercising in specified areas may be broadcast by local coastal radio stations.
A submarine exercise area off Mar del Plata is bounded by
lines joining the following positions:
a. 3800'S, 5500'W.
b. 3800'S, 5721'W.
c. 3835'S, 5721'W.
d. 3835'S, 5500'W.
Submerged submarines operate, in depths of 30 to 55m, off
the coast between Querandi Light (3728'S., 5707'W.) and
Quequen Light, 100 miles SW.
Submarines exercise is an area between latitudes 4230'S
and 4340'S and between longitude 6200'W and the coast.
Submarines operate within the waters of Golfo Nuevo
(4246'S., 6430'W.).
Argentine warships display the following signals to denote
that submarines, which may be submerged or surfaced, are in
the vicinity:
1. By dayA red rectangular flag, with a white letter S
in the center, along with the appropriate signals from the International Code of Signals.
2. At nightOn the fore topmast, the following lights are
displayed:
a. On the fore yardTwo green lights.
b. On the starboard sideOne green light over one
white light.
c. On the port sideOne red light over one white
light.
Vessels are cautioned to give a wide berth to any vessel flying this signal.
It must not be inferred from the above that submarines exercise only when in the company of escorting vessels.
A submarine submerged at a depth too great to show the
periscope may indicate its position by means of an underwater
lantern, which will illuminate the sea surface from below.
The following signals are used by submerged submarines
while in submarine exercise area:
1. White smoke candles (with flames) indicate the position in response to a request from a ship or aircraft, or as required.
2. Yellow and green pyrotechnic flares indicate the position from which a practice torpedo has been fired. All vessels
are requested to keep clear as the submarine may want to
Pub. 160
SECOSENA
CONTRASE
surface after the firing.

3. Yellow smoke candles.
4. Red pyrotechnic flares, which may be accompanied by
smoke candles, repeated as often as possible indicate that
vessels should keep clear as the submarine is carrying out
emergency surfacing procedure. Vessels must not stop their
propellers, but should clear the area immediately and stand
by to render assistance.
5. Two yellow pyrotechnic flares or two white or yellow
smoke candles released 3 minutes apart indicate that vessels
should keep clear as the submarine is preparing to surface.
Vessels must not stop their propellers and should clear the
immediate vicinity.
Navigation Lights
Submarines may be encountered on the surface at night off
the coast. The steaming and side lights of Argentine submarines appear to be placed well forward and very low above the
water in proportion to the length and tonnage of these vessels.
In particular, the emergency steaming light is lower than the
side lights. The overtaking light (stern) is also placed low down
and may be obscured by spray and wash. Argentine submarines
are fitted with an amber quick-flashing light situated 1 to 2m
above the steaming light as an aid to identification. It will also
be used when snorting. While at anchor or moored to a buoy at
night, Argentine submarines display normal anchor lights.
The overall arrangements of submarine lights is unusual and
may well give the impression of markedly smaller and shorter
vessels. Their vulnerability to collision when proceeding on
the surface dictates particular caution when approaching such
vessels.
Sunken Submarine
A submarine which is bottomed and unable to surface will
try to indicate its position by the following methods:
1. Releasing an indicator buoy (which carries a vertical
whip aerial) as soon as the accident occurs.
2. Firing candles giving off yellow or white smoke, at regular intervals, on the approach of surface vessels. (Yellow
candles will be used as much as possible by day.)
3. Pumping out fuel or lubricating oil.
It may be impossible for a submarine to fire smoke candles.
Correspondingly, a partially-flooded submarine may only have
a certain number of smoke candles available and searching
ships should not therefore expect many to appear.
Since oil slicks or debris may be the only indication of the
presence or whereabouts of the sunken submarine, it is vitally
Argentina
important that surface ships refrain from discharging anything
which appears to have come from a submarine while they are
in the probability area. Searching ships and aircraft can waste
valuable time investigating these false contacts.
Some Argentine submarine pyrotechnics can be fitted with
message carriers. These may be recovered as soon as they have
finished burning.
Argentine submarines are fitted with a free-floating indicator
buoy which can be released from inside in case of emergencies
or if for any reason the submarine is unable to surface.
In any submarine accident, time is the most vital factor affecting the chances for rescue of the survivors, and, as the
sighting of an indicator buoy may be the first intimation that an
accident has in fact occurred, it is vital that no time should be
lost in taking action. The sighting of any indicator buoy should
at once be reported by the quickest available means. If known,
the name of the submarine should be included in the report.
However, if vessels are unable to establish communication
without leaving the vicinity of the submarine, it should be
borne in mind that the primary consideration should be for vessels to remain standing by to rescue survivors and not leave the
scene of the accident.
At any time after a submarine accident, survivors may start
attempting to escape. Current policy dictates that survivors will
wait before escaping until rescue vessels are known to be
standing by or conditions inside the submarine deteriorate to
such an extent that an escape must be attempted. It should be
noted that, in certain circumstances, the latter situation may not
arise through lack of air supply until several days after the accident. However, if the submarine is badly damaged, survivors
may have to make an escape attempt immediately. On arrival at
the surface, crew members may be exhausted or ill, and, if circumstances permit, the presence of a boat already lowered is
very desirable. Some crew members may require a decompression chamber. Therefore, it is the aim of the authorities to get
such a chamber to the scene as soon as possible.
In order that those trapped in the submarine shall be made
aware that help is at hand, naval vessels drop small charges into
the sea which can be heard from inside the submarine. There is
no objection to the use of small charges for this purpose, but it
is vital that they are not dropped too close since crew members
in the process of making ascents are particularly vulnerable to
underwater explosions, and may easily receive fatal injuries. A
distance of about 0.3 mile is considered to be safe.
If no small charges are available, the running of an echo
sounder or the banging of the outer skin of the ship's hull with
a hammer from a position below the waterline are likely to be
heard in the submarine, and such banging and/or sounding
should therefore be carried out at frequent intervals.
Indicator Buoy
Agentine submarines are equipped with free-floating indicator buoys. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the position, together with the estimated current and the strength and
direction of the wind at that position; and the time of first sighting of the buoy be accurately and speedily reported to the appropriate authorities.
The Argentine submarine free-floating indicator buoy is
made of aluminum. The body is cylindrical, 60cm long, approximately 20cm in diameter, and slightly domed on top. The
base of the body flares out to a diameter of 23cm. It is bolted
13
onto the buoy by means of eight-16cm bolts. Along the body

there are three extensions which strengthen the structure and
also act as guides to the strap with which the buoy is secured to
the submarine. The whole of the body is painted bright orange.
Between the base and the lower extension, a number is molded
into the buoy with numerals 1cm in size. Another number with
numerals 0.5cm in size appears close below the first.
Above the body is an aerial consisting of a yellow painted
protection piece consisting of a metal cylinder, 14cm long and
9cm in diameter; a rubber protection piece, about 18cm long,
which protects the flexible connection between the buoy and an
insulator, 9cm long, on top of it; and a VHF aerial, 25cm long,
which has a small white plastic knob on the end of it.
The buoys are fitted with an automatic transmitting radio
unit operating an A2 transmission on 243MHz and 121.5MHz.
The signal transmitted consists of a series of short dashes. Vessels receiving this signal should report the fact, giving their position and, if possible, an indication of signal strength.
Submarine indicator buoys should not be confused with
white or yellow smoke candles or sonabuoys.
White smoke candles are usually fired from submarines to
indicate their positions. They burn for up to 15 minutes emitting white smoke, flame, and a green dye into the water. These
candles can be seen by day or at night and my easily be confused with aircraft marine markers. Yellow smoke candles are
also fired from submarines to indicate their positions. They
burn for about 5 minutes emitting yellow smoke. These candles
can be seen more easily than white smoke candles in rough
weather, but they cannot be seen at night. Sonabuoys are
dropped from aircraft to detect submarines and may be encountered anywhere at sea.
The above objects may frequently be seen in areas where
warships and aircraft exercise, whether or not submarines are
present. In case of doubt, the object should be approached to
confirm, visually, whether or not it is a submarine indicator
buoy before reporting it.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is PAPA (+3). Daylight Savings
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Avenida Colombia 4300,
Buenos Aires.
1. Argentina address
Avenida Colombia 4300
C1425GMN Buenos Aires
2. U.S. address
Unit 4334
APO AA (34034)
U. S. Embassy Argentina Home Page
http://argentina.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Service is located in Bahia Blanca
Pub. 160
14
Argentina
(3848'S., 6216'W.). For further information, see Pub. 124,

Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of South America.
A Vessel Traffic Service and reporting system is in operation
Pub. 160
in the Strait of Magellan and its approaches. For further information, see Pub. 124, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast
of South America.
AUSTRALIA
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Ice
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Mined Areas
16
16
16
16
16
29
34
35
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
15
Offshore Drilling
39
Pollution
39
Regulations
40
Search and Rescue
44
45
Signals
45
47
Time Zone
48
Traffic Separation Schemes
48
U.S. Embassy
48
48
Appendix IMASTREP (Modernized Australian Ship
Tracking and Reporting System)
51
Appendix IIReporting Formats for Australian Pollution
Reports
53
Pub. 160
Australia
16
General
and counterclockwise around Tasmania.
Australia, the worlds sixth-largest country and smallest continent, is located S of the Indonesian archipelago and is bounded on the E by the Pacific Ocean and on the W and S by the
Indian Ocean.
The Great Barrier Reef fringes the NE coast of the country
and extends for about 1,200 miles.
Most of the country consists of low irregular plateaus. The
desert-like center is flat, barren, and dry. Large areas of fertile
plain are located in the SE part.
The climate is generally arid to semiarid but there are wide
variations. The N part is tropical and the S and E parts are temperate.
Cautions
General
The volume of commercial shipping passing through Torres
Strait is considerable. A large number of local craft also operate between the islands.
Seismic Surveys
In connection with the exploration for oil and gas, seismic
survey vessels are operating off the Australian coast. When
possible, general details of these activities will be broadcast as
AUSCOAST Warnings. However, vessels carrying out such
surveys may be encountered without warning.
Areas to be Avoided
Off the Ningaloo Coast.In order to reduce the risk of a
marine casualty and resulting pollution and damage to the sensitive marine environment off the Ningaloo coast, all vessels
over 150 gross tons and all vessels engaged in towing operations, regardless of size, should avoid the area bounded by the
coast and lines joining the following positions:
a. 2147'00''S, 11409'45''E.
b. 2147'00''S, 11412'30''E.
c. 2144'00''S, 11412'30''E.
d. 2142'00''S, 11410'30''E.
e. 2142'00''S, 11400'00''E.
f. 2147'00''S, 11350'00''E.
g. 2240'00''S, 11329'00''E.
h. 2250'00''S, 11333'48''E.
i. The coast at 2250'00''S.
Buoyage System
The general direction of buoyage for the purposes of the IALA Buoyage System is E to W along the S coast of Australia, S
to N along the W coast of Australia, W to E along the N coast
of Australia, counterclockwise in the Gulf of Carpentaria, from
W to E in Torres Strait, N to S along the E coast of Australia,
Aids to Navigation
Due to the exposed position of many of the navigational
buoys moored off the N and NW coasts of Australia and the
frequency of cyclonic storms, no reliance should be placed on
these buoys always maintaining their exact position. This applies especially to the buoys marking the outer approaches to
Port Hedland, Port Walcott, and Dampier.
Magnetic Anomalies
Local magnetic anomalies have been reported, as follows:
1. In the approaches to Port Hedland, about 9 miles NW
of Turtle Island (1953.4'S., 11853.9'E.). The normal magnetic variation is increased by 9 to 10 in this area.
2. In the main approach channel to Port Hedland, about 5
miles N of Cooke Point (2018.'S., 11838.4'E.).
3. Between 3 and 4.5 miles SSW of Cape Lookout
(2035.6'S., 11711.0'E.), with compass deflections of as
much as 55
4. In the approaches to Geraldton, about 80 miles WNW
of North Island, in position 2805'S, 11203'E.
5. Off the coast between Fremantle and Cape Leeuwin.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Australian dollar, consisting of 100 cents.
RESTRICTED AND DANGER AREAS WITH ASSOCIATED AIRSPACE

NORTHERN TERRITORIES
Area
YBBB/R230
Pub. 160
Name
Darwin
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
Area limits bound by lines joining

positions stated, unless otherwise
indicated
R230A1105'02"S, 13053'39"E;
then the minor arc of a circle 80 NM
in radius centered on Darwin DME
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1120'50"S, 13142'58"E;
1205'13"S, 13109'35"E; then the
minor arc of a circle 25 NM in radius
centered on Darwin DME to
1200'17"S, 13054'53"E.
Chartlet
No.
7
Australia
17

Area
YBBB/R230
Name
Darwin

indicated
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
Chartlet
No.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R230B1024'52"S, 13052'46"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1048'30"S, 13207'07"E;
1120'50"S, 13142'58"E; then the
1105'02"S, 13053'39"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R230C954'44"S, 13052'07"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1024'14"S, 13225'11"E;
1048'30"S, 13207'07"E; then the
minor arc of a circle 120 NM in
radius centered on Darwin DME to
1024'52"S, 13052'46"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R230D1120'50"S, 13142'58"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1202'20"S, 13212'38"E;
1218'53"S, 13119'03"E; then the
1205'13"S, 13109'35"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R230E1048'30"S, 13207'07"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1150'11"S, 13251'32"E;
1202'20"S, 13212'38"E; then the
1120'50"S, 13142'58"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R230F1024'14"S, 13225'11"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1141'01"S, 13320'40"E;
1150'11"S, 13251'32"E; then the
1048'30"S, 13207'07"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
18

Area
YBBB/R264
Pub. 160
Name
Darwin

indicated
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
Chartlet
No.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264A1232'35"S, 13029'53"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1218'12"S, 13029'54"E;
1212'26"S, 13010'20"E; then the
1238'16"S, 13010'16"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264B1238'16"S, 13010'16"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1212'26"S, 13010'20"E;
1202'16"S, 12936'08"E; then the
1248'09"S, 12935'54"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264C1248'09"S, 12935'54"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1202'16"S, 12936'08"E;
1150'34"S, 12857'06"E; then the
1259'22"S, 12856'35"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264D1259'22"S, 12856'35"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1150'34"S, 12857'06"E;
1135'48"S, 12808'23"E; then the
1313'15"S, 12807'20"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264E1232'35"S, 13029'53"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1244'26"S, 13037'42"E;
1326'16"S, 13000'54"E; then the
1248'09"S, 12935'54"E.
Australia
19

Area
YBBB/R264
YBBB/R272
Name
Darwin
Bathurst
Island

indicated
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
Chartlet
No.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264F1248'09"S, 12935'54"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1326'16"S, 13000'54"E;
1356'38"S, 12934'00"E; then the
1259'22"S, 12856'35"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264G1259'22"S, 12856'35"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1356'38"S, 12934'00"E;
1434'32"S, 12900'13"E; then the
1313'15"S, 12807'20"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264H1244'26"S, 13037'42"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1249'20"S, 13046'39"E;
1341'06"S, 13026'55"E; then the
1326'16"S, 13000'54"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264J1326'16"S, 13000'54"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1341'06"S, 13026'55"E;
1418'44"S, 13012'30"E; then the
1356'38"S, 12934'00"E.
Military
flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R264K1356'38"S, 12934'00"E;
(1225'24"S, 13054'23"E) to
1418'44"S, 13012'30"E;
1505'44"S, 12954'21"E; then the
1434'32"S, 12900'13"E.
Military
non-flying
NOTAM
A circle 1 NM in radius centered on

1145'34"S, 13002'05"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
20

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R140
YMMM/R146
YMMM/R162
Pub. 160
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
Greenough
Firing
HJ
NOTAM
a. 2857'50"S, 11443'17"E., then

along the coast to
b. 2858'09"S, 11443'38"E.
c. 2858'28"S, 11443'16"E.
d. 2858'10"S, 11442'55"E.
Garden Island
Military
non-flying
H24
R140AA circle 1.0 NM in radius

centered on 3210'36"S, 11540'18"E.
Military
non-flying
NOTAM
R140BA circle 1.0 NM in radius

centered on 3210'36"S, 11540'18"E.
Military flying/non-flying
NOTAM
R146A
a. 3054'00"S, 11456'00"E.
b. 3045'30"S, 11517'30"E.
c. 3055'00"S, 11524'00"E.
d. 3107'30"S, 11505'00"E.
NOTAM
R146B
a. 3045'30"S, 11517'30"E.
b. 3041'00"S, 11527'00"E.
c. 3050'00"S, 11533'00"E.
d. 3055'00"S, 11524'00"E.
NOTAM
R146C
a. 3041'00"S, 11527'00"E.
b. 3045'30"S, 11517'30"E.
c. 3047'56"S, 11511'21"E., then
along the coast to
d. 3038'57"S, 11507'36"E.
Military flying
NOTAM
3214'51"S, 11541'24"E;
3213'29"S, 11540'47"E;
3213'49"S, 11556'52"E;
3213'36"S, 11604'27"E;
3302'56"S, 11624'49"E; then the
centered on PH/DME (3156'42"S,
11557'34"E) to 3258'36"S,
11518'38"E; 3228'35"S,
11537'42"E; 3222'32"S,
11539'30"E.
Lancelin
Pearce
Australia
21

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
YMMM/R163
Pearce
NOTAM
3209'27"S, 11539'42"E;
3214'47"S, 11529'22"E; then the
11557'34"E) to 3152'31"S,
11522'40"E; 3152'46"S,
11524'56"E; 3145'43"S,
11546'02"E; 3147'22"S,
11550'43"E; then the minor arc of a
circle 11 NM in radius centered on
PH/DME to 3148'23"S,
11549'06"E; 3157'14"S,
11537'02"E.
YMMM/R165
Pearce
NOTAM
3152'46"S, 11524'56"E;
3148'30"S, 11447'46"E; then the
11557'34"E) to 3106'08"S,
11523'36"E; then along the coast to
3145'43"S, 11546'02"E.
YMMM/R167
Pearce
NOTAM
R167A3207'13"S, 11517'04"E;
in radius centered on PH/DME
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3151'43"S, 11515'41"E;
3152'31"S, 11522'40"E; then the
centered on PH/DME to 3205'28"S,
11523'49"E.
NOTAM
R167B3218'24"S, 11523'42"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3207'13"S, 11517'04"E;
3205'28"S, 11523'49"E; then the
11529'22"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
22

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R168
Name
Pearce
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R168A3050'33"S, 11400'29"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3010'34"S, 11451'52"E; then the
11457'33"E; then along the coast to
3106'08"S, 11519'35"E; then the
11458'43"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R168B3140'00"S, 11338'07"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3050'33"S, 11400'29"E;
3123'49"S, 11458'43"E; then the
11447'46"E.
YMMM/D169
Swanbourne
Firing
H24
a.
b.
c.
d.
YMMM/R184
Lancelin
NOTAM
A circle 1.5 NM in radius centered on

3052'54"S, 11516'12"E.
YMMM/R190
Stirling
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
3152'46"S, 11524'56"E;
3148'30"S, 11447'46"E; then the
11557'34"E) to 3123'49"S,
11458'43"E; 3138'11"S,
11529'51"E; 3150'01"S,
11533'12"E.
YMMM/R191
Stirling
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
3140'00"S, 11300'00"E;
3000'03"S, 11300'00"E;
3003'13"S, 11349'39"E;
3000'00"S, 11430'00"E;
3010'34"S, 11451'52"E; then the
11557'34"E) to 3140'00"S,
11338'07"E.
Pub. 160
3156'49"S, 11546'00"E.
3156'49"S, 11543'00"E.
3158'47"S, 11543'00"E.
3158'47"S, 11546'00"E.
Australia
23

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R192
Name
Stirling
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192A3230'51"S, 11341'55"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3140'00"S, 11338'07"E;
3147'08"S, 11436'09"E; then the
11438'39"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192B3216'55"S, 11438'39"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3147'08"S, 11436'09"E;
3151'43"S, 11515'41"E; then the
11517'04"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192C3308'23"S, 11403'35"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3230'51"S, 11341'55"E;
3216'55"S, 11438'39"E; then the
11451'27"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192D3238'44"S, 11451'27"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3216'55"S, 11438'39"E;
3207'13"S, 11517'04"E; then the
11523'42"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192E3342'40"S, 11450'16"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3308'23"S, 11403'35"E;
3238'44"S, 11451'27"E; then the
11518'38"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
24

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R192
Name
Stirling
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192F3258'36"S, 11518'38"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3238'44"S, 11451'27"E;
3218'24"S, 11523'42"E; then the
11537'42"E.
Flying/nonflying
NOTAM
R192G3228'35"S, 11537'42"E;
(3156'42"S, 11557'34"E) to
3218'24"S, 11523'42"E;
3214'47"S, 11529'22"E; then the
11539'30"E.
YBBB/R803 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
1620'06"S, 12354'41"E; then the

centered on Curtin VOR (1735'20"S,
12351'07"E) to 1815'53"S,
12457'23"E; 1748'57"S,
Curtin VOR to 1710'15"S,
12352'15"E.
12
YBBB/R805 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
1734'12"S, 12324'58"E; then the

12351'07"E) to 1758'28"S,
12340'58"E; 1844'45"S,
12232'42"E.
12
YBBB/R806 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
1710'15"S, 12352'15"E; then the

12351'07"E) to 1734'12"S,
12324'58"E; 1731'38"S,
12354'41"E.
12
Pub. 160
Australia
25

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
YBBB/R807 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
R807A1504'52"S, 12358'17"E;
in radius centered on Curtin VOR
(1735'20"S, 12351'07"E) to
1855'58"S, 12604'13"E;
1815'53"S, 12457'23"E; then the
centered on Curtin VOR to
1620'06"S, 12354'41"E.
12
YBBB/R809 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
R809A1954'05"S, 12249'43"E;
(1735'20"S, 12351'07"E) to
1727'20"S, 12114'21"E;
1731'38"S, 12232'42"E; then the
1844'45"S, 12320'36"E.
12
YBBB/R810 A/B
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
R810A1727'20"S, 12114'21"E;
(1735'20"S, 12351'07"E) to
1504'52"S, 12358'17"E;
1620'06"S, 12354'51"E; then the
1731'38"S, 12232'42"E.
12
YBBB/R811
Curtin
Military flying
NOTAM
a.
b.
c.
d.
12
YMMM/R850A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R850A/B2254'26"S, 11607'49"E;
in radius centered on Learmonth
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2407'12"S, 11321'00"E;
2251'49"S, 11350'54"E; then the
centered on Learmonth DME to
2227'47"S, 11446'13"E.
YMMM/R851A/B/C
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R851A/B/C2122'24"S,
Learmonth DME (2214'05"S,
11405'38"E) to 2254'26"S,
11607'49"E; 2227'47"S,
Learmonth DME to 2157'04"S,
11444'39"E.
1604'26"S, 12056'17"E.
1404'27"S, 12256'24"E.
1504'57"S. 12358'17"E.
1704'28"S, 12156'18"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
26

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
YMMM/R852A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R852A/B2024'43"S, 11459'27"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2122'24"S, 11602'08"E;
2157'04"S, 11444'39"E; then the
2137'40"S, 11423'44"E.
YMMM/R853A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R853A/B1952'35"S, 11310'54"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
1957'19"S, 11512'42"E;
2052'05"S, 11446'07"E; then the
2049'14"S, 11332'34"E.
YMMM/R854A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R854A/B2049'14"S, 11332'34"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2052'05"S, 11446'07"E;
2137'40"S, 11423'44"E; then the
centered on Learmonth DME, to
2136'25"S, 11350'49"E.
YMMM/R859A/B/C
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R859A/B/CA circle 40 NM in
radius centered on Learmonth DME
(2214'05''S, 11405'38"E).
YMMM/R860A/B/C
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R860A/B/CA circle 25 NM in
radius centered on Learmonth DME
(2214'05''S, 11405'38"E).
YMMM/R861A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R861A/B2229'33"S, 11229'59"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2049'14"S, 11332'34"E;
2136'25"S, 11350'49"E; then the
2221'08"S, 11323'11"E.
YMMM/R862A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R862A/B2239'16"S, 11126'00"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
1952'35"S, 11310'54"E;
2049'14"S, 11332'34"E; then the
2229'33"S, 11229'59"E.
Pub. 160
Australia
27

WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Area
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
Chartlet
No.
YMMM/R863A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R863A/B2229'33"S, 11229'59"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2338'56"S, 11332'16"E;
2435'26"S, 11309'38"E; then the
2239'16"S, 11126'00"E.
YMMM/R864A/B
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R864A/B2338'56"S, 11332'16"E;
DME (2214' 05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2229'33"S, 11229'59"E;
2221'08"S, 11323'11"E; then the
2251'49"S, 11350'54"E.
YMMM/R870
Learmonth
Military flying
NOTAM
R870A2210'43"S, 11359'06"E;
then along Line Road to 2214'09"S,
11358'01"E; 2228'39"S,
Learmonth DME (2214'05"S,
11405'38"E) to 2206'41"S,
11351'35"E.
Military flying
NOTAM
R870B2206'41"S, 11351'35"E;
DME (2214'05"S, 11405'38"E) to
2228'55"S, 11402'50"E;
2253'37"S, 11358'10"E; then the
2154'07"S, 11328'18"E.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R231
Name
Adelaide
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
Military flying
NOTAM

indicated
3447'27"S, 13824'26"E; then the
centered on Adelaide DME
(3456'49"S, 13831'28"E) to
3457'08"S, 13818'06"E; 3458'09"S,
Adelaide DME to 3426'08"S,
13808'33"E.
Chartlet
No.
10
Pub. 160
Australia
28

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Area
Name
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use

indicated
10
YMMM/R252
Alamein
NOTAM
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
YMMM/R254
North East
Rock
Military flying
NOTAM
3507'00"S, 13621'43"E; then the

major arc of a circle 7 NM in radius
centered on 3504'30"S, 13629'40"E
to 3507'00"S, 13637'37"E.
10
YMMM/R279
Edinburgh
NOTAM
3518'08"S, 13652'48"E; then N

along the coast of the Yorke Peninsula
to 3458'12"S, 13746'05"E;
3457'38"S, 13803'31"E; then the
centered on Adelaide DME
(3456'49"S, 13831'28"E) to
3505'02"S, 13805'19"E; 3535'27"S,
13723'33"E; then W along the N
coast of Kangaroo Island to
3543'19"S, 13643'13"E; then the
centered on Adelaide DME to
3521'44"S, 13633'21"E.
10
YMMM/R282
Adelaide
NOTAM
3610'00"S, 13810'00"E; 3615'26"S,

13731'00"E; 3652'11"S,
Edinburgh TAC (3442'17"S,
13836'45"E) to 3703'57"S,
13938'12"E; 3554'48"S,
13907'39"E; 3542'02"S,
Adelaide DME (3456'49"S,
13831'28"E) to 3545'40"S,
13818'03"E.
10
YMMM/R292
Port Wakefield
H24
R292A
a. 3427'06"S, 13808'30"E.
b. 3413'30"S, 13808'30"E.
c. 3413'30"S, 13811'59"E., then
SE along Port Wakefield Road to
d. 3419'57"S, 13816'15"E.
e. 3425'18"S, 13816'06"E.
f. 3427'15"S, 13813'29"E.
10
Pub. 160
3249'39"S, 13736'33"E.
3240'46"S, 13740'04"E.
3240'49"S, 13746'44"E.
3244'36"S, 13748'35"E.
3254'06"S, 13748'34"E.
3258'24"S, 13742'43"E.
3253'28"S, 13736'53"E.
Chartlet
No.
Australia
29

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Area
YMMM/R292
Name
Port Wakefield

indicated
Nature of
Activity
Times of
Use
NOTAM
R292B
a. 3427'06"S, 13808'30"E.
b. 3413'30"S, 13808'30"E.
c. 3413'30"S, 13811'59"E., then
SE along Port Wakefield Road to
d. 3419'57"S, 13816'15"E.
e. 3425'18"S, 13816'06"E.
f. 3427'15"S, 13813'29"E.
10
NOTAM
R292C
a. 3425'47"S, 13815'27"E.
b. 3429'30"S, 13816'30"E.
c. 3429'30"S, 13808'30"E.
d. 3427'06"S, 13808'30"E.
e. 3427'15"S, 13813'29"E.
10
NOTAM
R292D
a. 3429'30"S, 13816'30"E.
b. 3434'00"S, 13818'00"E.
c. 3434'00"S, 13808'30"E.
d. 3429'30"S, 13808'30"E.
10
NOTAM
R292E
a. 3424'00"S, 13803'30"E.
b. 3413'30"S, 13803'30"E.
c. 3413'30"S, 13808'30"E.
d. 3424'00"S, 13808'30"E.
10
NOTAL
R292F
a. 3424'00"S, 13803'30"E.
b. 3429'27"S, 13803'30"E.
c. 3434'00"S, 13806'30"E.
d. 3434'00"S, 13808'30"E.
e. 3424'00"S, 13808'30"E.
10
Firing Areas
Firing Practice and Exercise Areas
The tables and graphics displayed below indicate details
concerning the declared firing practice areas under Australian
Army, Air Force, and Naval Forces Regulations.
Firing practice areas may be selected anywhere and details
are published in the Australian Government Gazette and the
Designated Airspace Handbook.
In view of the responsibility of range authorities to avoid accidents, the limits of practice areas are not shown on charts and
descriptions of areas do not appear in the Sailing Directions
(Enroute). However, beacons, lights, and buoys associated with
the areas, which may be of assistance to the mariner, and targets, which might be a danger to navigation, will generally be
shown on charts and, when appropriate, will be mentioned in
the Sailing Directions.
Types of Firing Practices
The principal types of practice include the following:
1. Bombing practice from aircraft.Warning signals
usually shown.
Chartlet
No.
2. Air-to-air, air-to-sea or air-to-ground firing.Air-toair firing is carried out by aircraft at a large white or red
sleeve, a winged target, or a flag towed by another aircraft
moving on a steady course. Air-to-sea firing or air-to-ground
firing is carried out from an aircraft at towed or stationary
targets on sea or land, the firing in each case being directed
seawards.
3. Anti-aircraft firing.This may from anti-aircraft guns
or machine guns directed at a target towed by an aircraft, a
unpiloted aircraft, a balloon, or a kite. Firing may take place
from shore batteries or ships.
4. Firing from shore batteries or ships.Firing at fixed
or floating targets.
5. Remote-controlled craft.Surface craft, orange in
color and 6.4m long, carry no distinctive shapes or lights.
They are, however, fitted with navigation lights appropriate
to the size in accordance with 72COLREGS. These craft are
remotely controlled from helicopters, ships, and, occasionally, from shore.
6. Rocket and guided weapons firing.These may take
the forms as listed in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 above. All such
firings are conducted under Clear (Air and Sea) Range proPub. 160
30
Pub. 160
Australia
Courtesy of the Australian Hydrographic Service
Chartlet No. 7
Australia
31
Chartlet No. 8
cedures. Devices are generally incorporated whereby the
missiles may be destroyed should their flight be erratic.
Visual Warning Signals
Visual warning signals are used, as follows:
1. Ships engaged in firing operations fly a red flag during
daylight hours.
2. Range safety craft, target towers, or control launches
for radio-controlled towers will display the following:
a. A large red flag at the masthead.

b. A painted canvas strip (dimensions: 1.8m by 0.9m)
with red and white or red and yellow checks in 0.3m
squares on the foredeck or cabin roof.
Ships and aircraft engaged in night exercises may illuminate
the area with bright white flares.
Vessels should comply with all requests made by range safety craft.
The absence of warning signals should not be used as evi-
Pub. 160
32
Australia
Chartlet No. 9
Pub. 160
Australia
33
Chartlet No. 10
Pub. 160
34
Australia
Chartlet No. 12
dence that an exercise is not underway.
Definitions
A Restricted Area (R) is an area of defined dimensions within which certain restrictions are applied to aircraft. When
shown as an R Area in Notices to Mariners, the air activity extends to sea level and the nature of the activity is such that dangers to maritime traffic may exist at specified times within the
area.
A Prohibited Area (P) is an area of defined dimensions within which ships are not permitted at any time under any circumstances.
A Surface Restricted Area (SR) is a surface area of defined
Pub. 160
dimensions within which activities dangerous to maritime traffic may exist at specified times. The restriction is applicable to
maritime traffic only.
The limits of all the areas are laid down numerically by
States. Naval practice firings outside of the declared areas may
be approved by the Department of Defense (Navy Office) from
time to time. Warnings concerning firing practices are promulgated by Notices to Airmen (NOTAM) originated by the RAN
and RAAF.
Fishing Areas
Extensive commercial fishing activities take place off the
Australia
35
AustraliaFishing Areas
coast. Floating buoys and their associated moorings should be
avoided.
South Australia.Extensive lobster fishing is carried out
from November to June between the vicinity of Margaret
Brock Reef (3658'S., 13936'E.) and Cape Nelson (3826'S.,
14132'E.) and between the shore and the 150m curve. Vessels
are requested to keep at least 10 miles clear of Cape Banks
(3754'S., 14023'E.).
General
Vessels are requested to transit off the coast in accordance
with the following recommendations, if possible:
1. South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australiaoutside the 200m curve.
2. New South Walesoutside the 220m curve.
A significant level of commercial fishing takes place in Torres Strait during the prawn season, which occurs from May
through September. These vessels work exclusively at night
and anchor in the lee of the islands by day.
Pearl beds, which may be floating or fixed structures, and
their associated moorings should be avoided. The beds are generally marked by buoys or beacons, which may be lit.
Flag of Australia
divided into six states and two territories.
Elizabeth II, recognized as the Chief of State, appoints a
Governor-General. The bicameral Parliament is composed of a
76-member Senate (directly elected to 6-year terms) and a 150member House of Representatives (directly elected through
proportional representation to 3-year terms).
The legal system is base on English common law.
The capital is Canberra.
Dependent Islands
Government
Australia, a fully independent nation within the British Commonwealth of Nations, is a democratic federal/state system
recognizing the British monarch as sovereign. The country is
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1205'S., 9653'E.) lie in the
Indian Ocean about 2,770 miles NW of Perth. The group is
formed by two separate atolls and consists of some 27 small
Pub. 160
36
Australia
coral islands with a total area of about 14.2 km2.

The islands are low-lying, flat, and thickly covered by coconut palms. They surround a lagoon in which vessels, with
drafts of up to 7m, may anchor, but which is extremely difficult
for navigation.
The islands were placed (1955) under the authority of the
Australian Government as the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. An Administrator, appointed by the Governor-General,
is the governments representative in the Territory and is responsible to the Minister for Territories and Local Government.
West Island is the largest of the group and the site of the airport. The climate is pleasant, being moderated by the SE trade
winds for 9 months of the year.
The observed Standard Time is 6 hours 30 minutes fast of
UTC. Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
Christmas Island
Christmas Island (1025'S., 10540'E.), an isolated peak,
lies in the Indian Ocean, about 225 miles S of the W end of Java. It is under the control of the Australian Government with an
Administrator responsible for local administration. Extraction
and export of rock phosphate dust is the islands only industry.
The island is about 11 miles long and 4.5 miles wide.
The Time Zone description is GOLF (-7). Daylight Savings
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (5300'S., 7300'E.)
lie about 2,500 miles SW of Fremantle and are under the control of the Australian Government. Heard Island, of volcanic
origin, is about 27 miles long and 13 miles wide; Shag Island
lies about 5 miles N of it. The McDonald Islands lie 26 miles
W of Heard Island and consist of two small islands and a rock.
All the islands are barren and uninhabited.
The islands are located within a marine reserve. Vessels may
transit the territorial sea under innocent passage but a permit is
required for all other activities.
Macquarie Island
Macquarie Island (5436'S., 15853'E.) is located in the
Southern Ocean approximately 810 miles SE of Tasmania.
Sovereignty was claimed by Britain in 1825 and Macquarie Island became part of the colony of Van Diemans Land, which
subsequently became Tasmania, and part of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Macquarie Island is 21 miles long and approximately 3 miles
wide. It is geologically unique, being the only place on Earth
where rocks from the Earth's mantle are exposed above sea level. There are no trees on the island, which is covered by tussock grass and other low growing plants. Most of the island
consists of a plateau at a general elevation of 245m, rising to
low rounded spurs and hills ranging in height from 365 to
425m. The edge of the plateau falls away abruptly to the sea or
to narrow beaches. Landing is difficult.
The island is home to a variety of wildlife, including elephant
and fur seals, penguins, and numerous sea birds. A penguin
colony at Hurd Point is home to over 1 million birds during the
breeding season.
Pub. 160
The climate is sub-Antarctic and characterized by persistent

strong winds, cloudy skies, and frequent precipitation of rain or
snow. Winds are predominantly from the W and NW at an average speed of about 16 knots. Mean annual temperatures
range from about 3C to 7C. There is no permanent snow or
ice cover. The island is often obscured by mist or low cloud.
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (2902'S., 16757'E.) lies in the Pacific
Ocean about 860 miles NE of Sydney. The island, discovered
by James Cook in 1714, became part of Australia in 1914 when
it was accepted as a Territory under the authority of the Australian Government
The Territory of Norfolk Island comprises Norfolk Island,
Philip Island, and Nepean Island.
Norfolk Island is a self-governing territory, controls its own
treasury, and raises revenue under its own system of laws.
Coral Sea Islands
The Coral Sea Islands Territory, situated in two areas of the
Coral Sea, is approximately 782,000 square kilometers in area.
The territory was established in 1969.
The coral and sand islands are quite small with some grass
and low vegetation cover. There is no fresh water. Most of the
islands have been declared nature reserves and are normally
uninhabited.
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Island, comprising
West Island, Middle Island and East Island of Ashmore Reef;
Cartier Island; and the 12-mile territorial sea generated by
those islands, lies about 450 miles W of Darwin and about 170
miles off the NW coast of Australia.
Ashmore Island (1214'S., 12304'E.) is located on the outer edge of the Australian continental shelf in the Indian Ocean;
Cartier Island lies about 33 miles SE of Ashmore Island.
Much of the territory is declared a Nature Reserve and Marine Reserve, with many areas closed to the public. Access to
East Island and Middle Island is by permit only. The area within 4 miles of Cartier Island is closed to all persons. An agreement between Australia and Indonesia allows traditional
Indonesian fishermen access to certain parts of Ashmore Reserve to access fresh water, seek shelter, and visit grave sites.
Holidays
January 1 *
New Years Day
January 26 *
Australia Day
First Monday in March
Labor Day (Western Australia only)
Second Monday in March
Labor Day (Victoria only)
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Saturday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
Australia
37
April 25
ANZAC Day
Mari Raya Haji
Variable
First Monday in May
Labor Day (Northern

Territory and Queensland
only)
December 25
Christmas Day
Second Monday in June
Queens Birthday
Western Australia)
Last Monday in September/first Monday in October
Queens Birthday (Western

Australia only)
Icebergs, some of immense size, may drift in from Antarctica. The mean northernmost limit, usually reached during the
first quarter, extends from a point about 150 miles S of Cape
Leeuwin, then E to near longitude 13000'E, and then SE to a
position about 400 miles S of Cape Northumberland.
First Monday in October
Labor Day (Australian Capital Territory, South Australia,

and New South Wales only)
Industries
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
(except
* If the holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, it is observed

on the following Monday.
The following additional holidays in Australia are observed
locally:
1. Northern Territory:
Alice Springs Show Day (July)
Tennant Creek Day (July)
Katherine Show Day (July)
Darwin Show Day (July)
Borroloola Show Day (June)
Picnic Day (August)
2. Australian Capital Territory:
Canberra Day (March)
Family and Community Day (September)
3. South Australia:
Adelaide Cup Day (March)
Proclamation Day (December 26)
4. Tasmania:
Devonport Cup Day (January)
Hobart Regatta (February)
Launceton Cup Day (February)
Eight Hours Day (March)
King Island Show Day (March)
AGFEST (May)
Burnie Show Day (October)
Royal Launceton Show Day (October)
Flinders Island Show Day (October)
Royal Hobart Show Day (October)
Recreation Day (November) (northern Tasmania only)
Devonport Show Day (December)
5. Western Australia:
Foundation Cup Day (June)
Melbourne Cup Day (November)
The following holidays are observed on Christmas Island:
January 1
New Years Day
Chinese New Year
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Hari Raya Puasa
Variable
Ice
The main industries are mining, industrial and transportation

equipment, food processing, chemicals, and steel.
The main exports are coal, gold, meat, wool, aluminum, iron
ore, wheat, machinery, and transport equipment. The main export trading partners are China, Japan, South Korea, and India.
The main imports are machinery and transport equipment,
computers and office machines, telecommunications equipment and parts, and crude oil and petroleum products. The
main import-trading partners are China, the United States, Japan, and Singapore.
Languages
English is the official language. There are some native dialects in use.
Meteorology
Marine weather forecasts and high seas warnings are available in English from the Australian Commonwealth Bureau of
Meteorology.
Bureau of Meteorology Home Page
http://www.bom.gov.au/marine
Mined Areas
The following areas are declared dangerous due to mines
laid during the war of 1939-1945:
1. Napier Broome Bay.An area within a circle, with a
radius of 1 mile, centered on position 1404'S, 12640'E.
2. Cartier Island.An area within a circle, with a radius
of 5 miles, centered on position 1232.0'S, 12332.5'E.
Due to the elapse of time, the risk in these areas to surface
navigation is now considered no more dangerous than the ordinary risks of navigation. However, a very real risk still exists
with regard to anchoring, fishing, or carrying out any form of
submarine or sea bed activity.
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 127, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of Australia and New Zealand.
Pub. 175, Sailing Directions (Enroute) North, West, and
Pub. 160
38
Australia
Courtesy of Geoscience Australia (http://www.ga.gov.au)
Australias Maritime Jurisdiction
Pub. 160
Australia
South Coasts of Australia
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Australia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles. **
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
39
lowing information:
1. Vessel name.
2. Owners name.
3. Name and business address of insurance provider.
4. Commencement date of insurance coverage.
5. Amount of coverage provided.
Further information on these requirements can be obtained
from Environment Protection Standards of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), as follows:
1. Telephone: 02-6279-5007
2. E-mail:
Using the contact form found at the
AMSA web address listed below:
* Claims straight baselines. Claims Anxious Bay, Rivoli

Bay, Encounter Bay, and Lacepede Bay as historic waters.
http://www.amsa.gov.au/Contact_Us
** Certain islands in Torres Strait retain a territorial sea

limit of 3 miles. A special claim extends the territorial sea
limit to include a roadstead of the port of Karumba in the
Gulf of Carpentaria.
Pollution Reports
All vessels navigating within Australian territorial waters
must report incidents involving the following:
1. A discharge or probable discharge of oil, or noxious
liquid substances in bulk, resulting from damage to the vessel or its equipment, or for the purposes of securing the safety of a vessel or saving life at sea (Harmful Substances
(HS) Report).
2. A discharge or probable discharge of harmful substances in packaged form, including those of freight containers, portable tanks, road and rail vehicles, and shipborne
barges (Marine Pollutants (MP) Report).
3. A loss or likely loss overboard into the sea of packaged
dangerous goods, including those in freight containers, portable tanks, road and rail vehicles, and shipborne barges
(Dangerous Goods (DG) Report).
4. Damage, failure, or breakdown of a vessel 15m long or
greater which either:
a. Affects the safety of the ship, including but not limited to collision, grounding, fire, explosion, structural failure, flooding, and cargo shifting.
b. Results in impairment of the safety of navigation,
including but not limited to failure or breakdown of steering gear, propulsion plant, electrical generating system,
and essential shipborne navigational aids.
5. A discharge during the operation of the ship of oil or
noxious liquid substances in excess of the quantity or instantaneous rate permitted under the current MARPOL Convention.
The pollution report (POLREP) should be sent to the General Manager, Ship Safety Division in the Australian Maritime
Safety Authority (AMSA), Canberra through JRCC Australia.
JRCC Australia can be contacted 24 hours, as follows:
1. Telephone:
61-2-6230-6811
1-800-641-792 (toll free in Australia)

Indonesian groups have challenged Australias claim to Ashmore Reef (1215'S., 12303'E.) and Cartier Island (1232'S.,
12332'E.).
Offshore Drilling
Petroleum exploration rigs and production platforms may be
encountered off the coasts of Australia. The main areas of activity are in Bass Strait and off the NW coast of Australia, especially in the vicinity of Varanus Island (2039'S., 11535'E.),
E of Barrow Island and the Montebello Islands, up to 85 miles
WNW through N of the Dampier Archipelago, NW of Mary
Ann Passage (2112'S., 11528'E.), and about 25 miles NNW
of North West Cape (2148'S. 11410'E.). Isolated rigs may be
encountered anywhere.
Safety zones extend a radius of 500m around fixed structures. Only authorized vessels may enter the safety zones. A
cautionary zone may also extend a radius of 2.5 miles around
the structure.
Drill rigs are moored within a ring of large anchor buoys;
this ring may exceed a diameter of 1 mile. The anchor buoys
are unlit and may not give a good radar return.
When there is sufficient sea room to do so, vessels should
not pass within 2.5 miles of exploration rigs or production platforms, giving sufficient allowance for prevailing weather conditions and the possibility of engine, steering, or other
mechanical failure.
Production platforms and exploration rigs maintain a continuous listening watch on VHF channel 16.
Pollution
Insurance Requirements
All vessels 400 gross tons and over carrying oil as cargo or
bunkers must have a relevant insurance certificate when visiting an Australian port. This requirement does not apply to oil
tankers already required to have insurance under the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
1992. The relevant insurance certificate must contain the fol-
2. Facsimile:
61-2-6230-6868
3. E-mail:
rccaus@amsa.gov.au
Information required in the three reports can be found in Appendix II in the table titled AustraliaPollution Reports by
Vessels Suffering a Casualty.
Vessels rendering assistance or undertaking salvage work
with vessels who have submitted an HS Report or an MP Report are also required to submit these reports. Information re-
Pub. 160
Australia
40
quired by these reports can be found in Appendix II in the table

titled AustraliaPollution Reports by Vessels Rendering
Assistance or Undertaking Salvage Work.
Regulations
Ship Pre-Arrival Report
Foreign flag vessels are required to submit pre-arrival information using the Australian Customs Services Form 13 (Ship
Pre-Arrival Report); this information should be sent at least 96
hours prior to arrival or, as follows:
1. If the duration of the voyage from the previous port is
less than 96 hours, the report should be submitted 72 hours
in advance.
in advance.
in advance.
in advance.
Australian Customs Services Form 13 (Ship Pre-Arrival Report) can be obtained from the Australian Customs Service
web site, as follows:
DAFF eQPAR Form 009

http://www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity/avm/vessels/
vessel-clearance/vessels
Australia Customs Home Page
Vessels require written permission to discharge any ballast

water in Australian ports or waters. This permission may only
be granted after the vessel has properly submitted an eQPAR to
DAFF. If the vessels ballast water details change, a revised
eQPAR must be sent to DAFF for clearance prior to discharging any ballast water.
Vessel masters will also be required to complete the AQIS
Ballast Water Management Summary Sheet (Form 026). Copies of the form can be accessed from the DAFF web site.
Vessels intending to visit a non-proclaimed port, defined as a
remote port with no active DAFF presence, must obtain prior
permission to do so by submitting DAFF Form 20AA at least
10 days prior to arrival at the port. Copies of the form can be
accessed from the DAFF web site.
http://www.customs.gov.au
DAFF Form 20AA
The Ship Pre-Arrival Report contains security related fields

requiring the following information:
1. Details of the International Ship Security Certificate
(ISSC).
2. The current security level at which the ship is currently
operating.
3. The last ten ports of call, with departure dates, and the
security level at each port.
4. When the security level at any of these ports is different from that of the ship, details of any special/specific security measures implemented by the ship.
5. Details of any ship-to-ship activity within the last ten
ports of call.
6. Next four ports of call, including Australian ports,
where known.
Quarantine
The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry
(DAFF) Biosecurity (formerly AQIS) currently requires all
vessels 25m long and over arriving in Australia from overseas,
or who have been in contact with overseas vessels or sea installations, to submit Form 009Electronic Quarantine Pre-Arrival Report (eQPAR) to DAFF via e-mail. The report can be
accessed from the DAFF web site.
DAFF Home Page
http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis
Pub. 160
The eQPAR details the condition of the vessel, including human health, cargo, and ballast water management. The eQPAR
should be sent to DAFF no more than 96 hours and no less than
12 hours prior to arrival in Australia. This will allow efficient
processing of the eQPAR and avoid any disruption to the vessels arrival. Vessels that do not submit an eQPAR will be met
by a quarantine officer on or shortly after arrival to complete
the quarantine formalities. This will cause a delay to the vessel
and additional DAFF charges.
vessel-clearance/s20aa-s33-applications-guides
DAFF Ballast Water Management Summary
Sheet Form 026
quarantine_concerns/ballast/ballast-log
Note.DAFF is currently (2015) in the testing phase for the
new Maritime Arrivals Reporting System (MARS). Further information can be found on the DAFF home page at the following links:
MARSFrequently Asked Questions
mars/mars-faqs
MARS Factsheet
mars/mars-factsheet
DAFF First Ports of Entry are, as follows:
1. Queensland (listed from N to S)
a. Weipa.
b. Thursday Island.
Australia
c. Cairns.
d. Mourliyan Harbour.
e. Lucinda.
f. Townsville.
g. Abbot Point.
h. Mackay.
i. Hay Point (Dalyrimple Bay).
j. Port Alma.
k. Gladstone.
l. Bundaberg.
m. Brisbane
2. New South Wales
a. Yamba.
b. Coffs Harbour.
c. Lord Howe Island.
d. Newcastle.
e. Sydney, including Port Jackson.
f. Botany Bay (Sydney).
g. Port Kembla.
h. Eden (Twofold Bay).
3. Victoria (listed from E to W)
a. Westernport.
b. Melbourne.
c. Geelong.
d. Portland.
4. Tasmania (listed from E to W)
a. Hobart, including Risdon and Selfs Point.
b. Launceton, including Beauty Point, Bell Bay, and
Long Reach.
c. Devonport.
d. Burnie.
e. Port Latta.
f. Port Huon.
g. Spring Bay.
h. Stanley.
5. South Australia (listed from E to W)
a. Port Adelaide.
a. Port Stanvac.
b. Androssan.
c. Port Giles.
d. Wallaroo.
e. Port Pirie.
f. Port Bonython.
g. Whyalla.
h. Port Lincoln.
i. Cape Thevenard.
6. Western Australia (listed from S to N)
a. Esperance.
b. Albany.
c. Bunbury.
d. Fremantle, including Kwinana.
e. Geraldton.
f. Carnarvon.
g. Exmouth.
h. Dampier.
i. Port Hedland.
j. Broome.
k. Derby.
l. Port Walcott.
m. Wyndham.
7. Northern Territory (listed from W to E)
41
a. Darwin.
b. Gove (Nhulunbuy).
c. Groote Eylandt.
Questions concerning the QPAR and the Ballast Water Log
can be directed, as follows:
AQIS Seaports Program Manager:
Telephone:
61-2-6272-5700
E-mail:
seaports@aqis.gov.au
Ballast Water Advisor:

Telephone:
61-2-6272-4363
Facsimile:
61-2-6272-3276
E-mail:
ballastwater@aqis.gov.au
The nationwide toll-free DAFF number is 1-800-020-504.

Regional DAFF Biosecurity offices can be contacted, as follows:
Adelaide (South Australia):
Telephone:
61-8-8201-6054
Facsimile:
61-8-8201-6084
E-mail:
saaqisseaports@daff.gov.au
Brisbane (Queensland):
Telephone:
61-7-3895-9708
Facsimile:
61-7-3895-9712
E-mail:
seaportsbrisbane@daff.gov.au
Cairns (N Queensland):
Telephone:
61-7-4030-7852
Facsimile:
61-7-4030-7843
E-mail:
cdo@daff.gov.au
Canberra
Telephone:
61-2-6272-5557
Facsimile:
61-2-6272-3200
E-mail:
seaports@daff.gov.au
Darwin (Northern Territory):

Telephone:
61-8-8920-7040
Facsimile:
61-8-8920-7012
E-mail:
ntcargo@daff.gov.au
Hobart (Tasmania):
Telephone:
61-3-6233-3352
Facsimile:
61-3-6233-8885
E-mail:
seaportstasmania@daff.gov.au
Melbourne (Victoria):
Telephone:
61-3-8387-0100
Facsimile:
61-3-9372-6332
Pub. 160
Australia
42
E-mail:
vicdaff.shipping@daff.gov.au
Perth (Western Australia):

Telephone:
61-8-9430-2300
Facsimile:
61-8-9430-8392
E-mail:
aqis.shippingdesk@daff.gov.au
Sydney (New South Wales):

Telephone:
61-2-8334-7200
Facsimile:
61-2-8334-7222
E-mail:
seaportssydney@daff.gov.au
Townsville (Queensland):
Telephone:
61-7-4789-7888
Facsimile:
61-7-4789-7821
E-mail:
duty.officer@daff.gov.au
Single Hull Oil Tankers (SHOT)

Australia is in the process of phasing in a ban on all SHOT
by 2010. Further information can be found in Australian Maritime Safety Organization (AMSA) Marine Notice 13/2004, at
the AMSA website, as follows:
AMSA Marine Notices 2004
http://www.amsa.gov.au/shipping_safety/Marine_Notices/
2004/index.asp
Submarine Cable Protection Zones
Australia has established Submarine Cable Protection Zones
to prevent damage to critical underwater telecommunications
cables, as follows:
1. Western AustraliaPerth Protection Zone.Extends from City Beach, Perth for 51 miles offshore or to a
depth of 2,000m. The zone extends 1 mile on either side of
the SEA-ME-WE3 Cable, which links Australias communications network with Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and
western Europe.
2. New South Wales:
a. Northern Sydney Protection Zone.Extends from
Narrabeen Beach for 40 miles offshore or to a depth of
2,000m, covering the N branches of the Australia-Japan

Cable, the Southern Cross Cable, the Pipe Pacific Cable,
the Australia-Papua New Guinea Cable, and the
Gondwana Cable. The zone extends 1 mile on either side
of each cable and includes the area between the two
cables.
b. Southern Sydney Protection Zone.Extends
from Tamarara Beach and Clovelly Beach for 30 miles
offshore or to a depth of 2,000m, covering the S branches
of the Australia-Japan Cable, the Southern Cross Cable,
the Tasman 2 Cable, and the Endeavor Cable. The zone
extends 1 mile on either side of each cable and includes
the area between the two cables.
Further information concerning the exact location of Submarine Cable Protection Zones, as well as prohibited and regulated activities within these areas, can be found at the Australian
Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) web site, as
follows:
ACMA Home Page (Submarine Cables)
http://www.acma.gov.au/subcables
Marine Mammals
Cetaceans (including porpoises, dolphins and whales) in
Commonwealth waters are protected under the Environmental
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 which
established the Australian Whale Sanctuary encompassing the
waters of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone.
It is an offense to kill, interfere with, injure, take, trade, keep,
or move a cetacean in the Australian Whale Sanctuary.
Interference with a cetacean includes harassing, chasing,
herding, tagging, marking, or branding.
Regulations for watching whales and dolphins are in place in
all Australian waters. These aim to minimize disturbance and
interruptions to the normal behavior patterns of the animals.
The diagrams in the graphics titled Approach Distances for
Whales and Approach Distances for Dolphins give the
minimum approach distance and show the best strategies for
vessels to approach whales and dolphins.
Whales and dolphins may come close to vessels. In this
instance ship masters should take precautions to avoid a
collision, either by slowing down and steering away from the
animal or placing the engines in neutral and let the animal pass.
AustraliaWhale Information
Species
Status
Location
Blue whale
Endangered
All Australian waters but primarily off the Perth Canyon (Western Australia), Geographe Bay (Western
Australia), and the Bonney Upwelling (southeast
Australia to western Victoria).
Migration patterns are

poorly known.
Southern right whale
Endangered
All Australian waters, except off Northern Territory,

but primarily off the S coast of Australia from Perth
(Western Australia) to Eden (New South Wales).
May to November.
Humpback whale
Vulnerable
All Australian waters, except off Northern Territory,

but primarily off the S. Migration occurs along the E
and W coasts of Australia.
May to November.
Pub. 160
Time Frame
Australia
43
AustraliaWhale Information
Species
Status
Location
Time Frame
Sei whale
Vulnerable
Recorded in the waters of Western Australia, South

Australia, Tasmania, and Queensland.

poorly known.
Fin whale
Vulnerable
Recorded in the waters of Western Australia, South

Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Queensland.

poorly known.
Courtesy of Australian Seafarers Handbook
Approach Distances for Whales

Queensland
Vessels on arrival at any port in Queensland should obtain a
copy of the port regulations.
The following sound signals are in force in Queensland rivers:
1. The master of every powered vessel shall, immediately
before casting off from any wharf or jetty in any river in
Queensland, signify his purpose to do so by a prolonged
blast on the whistle or siren.
2. The master of every powered vessel proceeding up any
river in Queensland and approaching any bend shall sound
on the whistle or siren a short blast followed by a long blast.
The master of any vessel proceeding down any river and approaching any bend shall sound on the whistle or siren a long
blast followed by a short blast.
3. When a powered vessel underway in any river in
Queensland is about to turn around, the master shall signify
such purpose by four short blasts on the whistle or siren followed, after a short interval, if turning with its head to starboard, by one short blast and, if with its head to port, by two
short blasts; and, while such vessel is turning shall repeat
such signal to any approaching vessel; the master of the latter vessel shall take action to avoid collision.
4. Power-driven ferries operating across Queensland rivers, exhibit a green light visible all-round the horizon, at
each end of the vessel.
5. In the Brisbane River, when such vessels are underway,
they exhibit an additional red flashing light visible all-round
the horizon, from a position midway between the center of
Approach Distances for Dolphins

the ferry and the forward green light.
Speed.Every powered vessel when underway within the
limits of any port in Queensland, shall be navigated at such reduced speed as to not endanger the safety of any other vessel or
vessels or moorings, or cause damage thereto, or to the banks
of any river, or to any wharf, jetty, dredged channel, beacon,
buoy, or other harbor improvement.
When passing a berthed container vessel with the portainer
boom in the lowered position, vessels should approach at the
minimum possible speed and, if possible, stop their engines
when passing.
Vessels with drafts over 2m must not exceed the prescribed
speed limits for the various ports.
Customs.The Collector of Customs has appointed certain
stations for the boarding or landing of customs officers at the
various ports in Queensland.
The signal to be shown for stopping vessels at such stations
shall be SQ of the International Code of Signals, or a red
light at night.
Explosives.Vessels carrying explosives in excess of 20
pounds are forbidden to proceed beyond certain points at ports
in Queensland. For details, see Pub. 127, Sailing Directions
(Enroute) East Coast of Australia and New Zealand.
Western Australia
Masters of vessels must obey all directions given by the harbormaster regarding the anchorage location and the vessels
approach to it, coming alongside or leaving a jetty or wharf,
and the mooring and securing of the vessel.
Pub. 160
Australia
44
Vessels shall not anchor in or near the middle of any fairway,

channel, or river. Vessels detained in the fairway, channel, or
river shall lie as close to one side as possible. Cables, chains,
hawsers, or ropes shall not be placed across any fairway, channel, or river without permission from the harbormaster.
Only the pilot or Health Officer shall be allowed alongside or
on board a vessel en route from a non-Australian port prior to
being cleared by the Health Officer. Personnel on board the
vessel will not be allowed to leave the vessel until it has been
cleared by the Health Officer and the Customs Officer.
Search and Rescue

JRCC Australia, a unit of the Australian Maritime Safety
Authority (AMSA), is responsible for both maritime and aviation search and rescue operations.
When a ship or an aircraft is in distress in the Australian
Search and Rescue Region (SRR), the boundaries of which are
identical to the boundaries of the Modernized Australian Ship
Tracking and Reporting System (MASTREP) area, assistance
may be given by vessels in the vicinity and/or the following
authorities:
1. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA),
through the Rescue Coordination Center Australia (JRCC
Australia), is responsible for search and rescue for civil
aircraft, for merchant ships outside port limits, and for small
craft beyond the capacity of regional SAR resources. JRCC
Australia, located in Canberra, coordinates aircraft and
surface vessels involved in search and rescue operations
within the Australian SRR and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
61-2-6230-6811
2. Facsimile:
61-2-6230-6868
3. E-mail:
rccaus@amsa.gov.au
JRCC Australia is also the Australian Mission Control
Center (AUMCC) for the COSPAS/SARSAT International
Satellite System used for the detection of distress beacons. It
is manned continuously and may be contacted through the
AMSA HF DSC network or via INMARSAT.
Australian Maritime Safety Authority (Search and
Rescue)
http://www.amsa.gov.au/search_and_rescue
4. The AMSA HF DSC Network, which has stations located in Wiluna (Western Australia) and Charleville
(Queensland), is controlled from JRCC Australia and will respond to initial calls on HF DSC. Vessels wishing to communicate with the HF DSC network (station identifier: JRCC
Australia; call sign: VIC; MMSI number 005030001) are required to initiate a DSC call on the International Distress
Alerting Frequencies (4207.5 kHz, 6312.0 kHz, 8414.5 kHz,
12577.0 kHz, and 16804.5 kHz). The INMARSAT Land
Earth Station (LES) at Perth provides communications

through both the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and Pacific
Ocean Region (POR) satellites. Details of Australian Maritime Communications Stations (MCS) can be found in relevant International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and
ALRS publications.
5. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is responsible
for SAR operations involving Australian and foreign military
land-based aircraft, but may provide assistance to other SAR
authorities.
6. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is responsible for
SAR in respect to naval ships and aircraft.
7. State and Territory Police Forces are responsible for
SAR operations involving fishing vessels and pleasure craft
within the limitations of their SAR resources, but may provide assistance to other SAR authorities.
Ships fitted with suitable radio equipment can make a significant contribution to safety by guarding an appropriate International distress frequency for as long as practicable, whether or
not required to do so by regulations.
All Australian port radio stations use VHF channel 67 to
supplement VHF channel 16 as a distress, safety, and calling
frequency.
Masters of vessels operating within the Australian Search
and Rescue Region (SRR) are advised that an Australian Government protocol for ships assisting people in distress at sea is
in place. This protocol sets out important principles that must
be recognized to ensure a smooth post-rescue effort while minimizing the disruption to the intended voyage of the rescuing
vessel. It provides guidance to ships masters on the processes
to be followed in relation to landing people who have been rescued at sea. Copies of the protocol can be obtained from the
web site listed below.
Protocol for Commercial Shipping Rescuing
Persons at Sea in or Adjacent to the Australian
Search and Rescue Region
http://www.dotars.gov.au/transinfra/
sea_rescue.aspx
The protocol requires the master of a vessel participating in a
rescue that is being coordinated by JRCC Australia to provide
certain information to JRCC Australia. Reports can be made 24
hours, as follows:
AMSA HF DSC Network:
MMSI 00503001
Toll-free:
1-800-641-792
Telephone:
61-2-6230-6811
Facsimile:
61-2-6230-6868
E-mail
rccaus@amsa.gov.au
Contact InformationAustralia Volunteer Rescue Services

Organization
Pub. 160
Web Site
Australian Volunteer Coast Guard
http://www.coastguard.com.au
Marine Rescue New South Wales
http://www.marinerescuensw.com.au
Australia
45
Contact InformationAustralia Volunteer Rescue Services

Organization
Web Site
Volunteer Marine Rescue Association Queensland
http://www.marineresuceqld.org.au
Volunteer Marine Rescue Western Australia
http://www.vmrwa.org.au
Northern Territory Emergency Service
http://www.nt.gov.au
Volunteer Marine Rescue Tasmania
http://www.slst.asn.au
South Australia Sea Rescue Squadron
http://www.sasearescue.org.au
Volunteer Marine Rescue Groups

A number of volunteer marine rescue services operate closely with state marine authorities, police, customs, and various
state rescue services. Assistance provided by these groups include radio monitoring, safety patrols, search and rescue assistance, and marshaling at sporting/leisure events. Further
information about these groups can be obtained at the web sites
listed in the table titled Contact InformationAustralia Volunteer Rescue Services.
to indicate navigational risk due to the state of the sea on a bar,

or to strong tidal currents or freshets in a river. These signals
are given in the accompanying table.
Navigation Signals
Condition
Normal
Signals
Port Control Signals
When a port in Australia is closed to navigation, the following signals are shown:
1. By day, a black cone, point up, between two black
balls, vertically disposed.
2. At night, a green light between two red lights, vertically disposed at the signal masthead.
Note.When these signals are shown, no other masthead
signals will be shown.
Caution.Some ports have their own signals. See the appropriate Sailing Directions (Enroute) publication for the port
concerned.
Port Priority Signals
In certain Australian ports, vessels of 35m or more in length
(less in some ports), when navigating within the pilotage waters of the port and requiring a priority or right-of-way over
other vessels, may display the following:
1. By day, when berthing or unberthing, the flag signals
as prescribed in the Port Authority By-laws.
2. At night, two lights mounted vertically, 2m apart, the
upper being green and the lower being red.
Moderate
Black cone, point

down
Quick flashing
green light
Dangerous
Two black cones,

points down, vertically disposed
Quick flashing
red light
Datum Signals.This signal indicates that the yardarm

Depth Signals are to be subtracted. If shown at the same time
as Navigational Signals, the Datum Signal will be shown 2m
below the Tide Signals and the Navigational Signals.
The Datum Signals are, as follows:
1. Day signalBlack cylinder.
2. Night signalWhite light.
Tidal Signals
Tide Signals.Tide Signals, shown from the masthead, refer to vertical movements of the tide only and are given in the
accompanying table.
Tide Signals
Tide
Day signal
Night signal
Flood tide
Black cone, point up
Green light
Ebb tide
Black ball
Red light
Slack water
Black cylinder
White light
Quarter Tide Signals.When shown with other signals,

they are displayed on the mast below the cross tree or the normal position of the crosstree. Quarter Tide Signals are not
shown with Depth Signals. When considered sufficient by local authorities, only 1st Quarter and 3rd Quarter Signals will be
shown to indicate 1st Half Tide and 2nd Half Tide. The signals
are given in the accompanying tables.
Flood Tide Quarter Tide Signals
Tide
Navigation Signals
Navigation signals, shown 2m below the masthead, are used
Night signal
No signal shown

The Modernized Australian Ship Tracking and Reporting
System (MASTREP)
System (MASTREP) is compulsory for foreign vessels from
their arrival at their first Australian port until their departure
from their final Australian port and for all regulated Australian
vessels while in the MASTREP area. All other vessels are encouraged to participate when within the MASTREP area. Further information can be found in Appendix IMASTREP.
Day signal
1st Quarter
Day signal
Night signal
Green light
Pub. 160
Australia
46
Depth Signals
Flood Tide Quarter Tide Signals

Tide
Day signal
Night signal
2nd Quarter

over black cylinder
Green light over

white light
3rd Quarter
Two black cones,

points up, vertically
disposed
Two green lights,

vertically disposed
4th Quarter
Black cylinder over

black cone, point up
White light over

green light
Ebb Tide Quarter Tide Signals

Tide
Day signal
Night signal
1st Quarter
Black ball
Red light
2nd Quarter
Black ball over

black cylinder
Red light over

white light
3rd Quarter
Two black balls,

vertically disposed
Two red lights,

vertically disposed
4th Quarter
Black cylinder over

black ball
White light over

red light
Depth Signals
Depths signals are shown at the yardarm, with whole meter
signals being shown at the yardarm opposite the decimal signals.
The signals indicate the depth, in meters, above local port
datum, which may differ from chart datum. Depth Signals,
which are not displayed with Quarter Tide Signals, are given in
the accompanying table.
Depth Signals
Depth
Day signal
Night signal
0.25m
Black ball
Red light
0.50m
Green light
0.75m
Black cylinder
White light
1m
Black ball over black

cone, point up
Red light over

green light
2m
Black ball over black

cylinder
Red light over

white light
3m
Black cone, point up,

over black ball
Green light over

red light
4m
Black cone, point up,

over black cylinder
Green light over

white light
5m
Two black cones,

points up, vertically
disposed
Two green lights,

vertically disposed
6m
Black cylinder over

black ball
White light over

red light
7m
Black cylinder over

black cone, point up
White light over

green light
Pub. 160
Depth
8m
Day signal
Night signal
Two black cylinders,

vertically disposed
Two white lights,

vertically disposed
Storm Warning Signals

When bad weather prevails or is expected, special reports
and storm warnings are transmitted from the radio stations in
the area affected. Daily weather reports and forecasts are also
transmitted.
The following signals may be displayed when winds of force
8 or greater are expected:
1. Day signalOne black diamond.
2. Night signalTwo red lights, vertically disposed.
Weather reports and forecasts are posted up in post offices at
various ports in Australia.
Within Queensland, warnings of tropical cyclones are sent
by the Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane, by telegram daily (including Sundays) to coastal radio stations.
Such warnings are also sent to postmasters, harbormasters,
police, and general public broadcasting stations in and adjacent
to areas likely to be affected. Coastal Radio Stations broadcast
such warnings to all ships on receipt. The Bureau issues warnings at 6 hour intervals when a cyclone center is more than 150
miles from the coast. If less than 150 miles from the coast, additional warnings are issued.
For the information of vessels not fitted with a radio, a red
pendant will be displayed at various ports and signal stations
along the Queensland coast. (See Pub. 127, Sailing Directions
(Enroute) East Coast of Australia and New Zealand).
This red pennant indicates that a storm warning message has
been received, details of which may be obtained from the harbor officials or postmaster at any port or place where the signal
is displayed; when it is displayed at a signal station or lighthouse, the details will be signaled, on demand; the reply to a
demand for a storm warning message is made by the International Code, by day, and by light at night.
In addition, there are certain places where storm warning
messages are available at the Post Office, but where no red
pendent is displayed.
General Signals
General signals should be used by vessels in Australian
ports. A vessel having pilotage exemption should display a
white flag at the main or where it can best be seen.
The signals laid down in the International Code of Signals
should be used by vessels having explosives on board or waiting for clearance from quarantine or requiring any of the following; pilot, customs, water, police, or medical assistance.
A vessel having inflammable cargo on board shall display at the
masthead, by day, Flag B of the International Code of Signals,
and by night will exhibit a red light, visible all-round the horizon.
A vessel swinging in a river or narrow channel should sound
four short blasts on its whistle or siren, followed after a short
interval by the appropriate sound signal to indicate its direction
of movement.
Australia
The entire Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a
permanently-established Australian submarine exercise area.
Australian submarines may be encountered by day or at night
while operating in any of the waters off the Australian coast.
Under certain circumstances, warnings that submarines are exercising in specified areas may be broadcast by local coastal radio stations.
Warning Signals
Australian escort vessels fly the International Code Group
NE2 to denote that submarines, which may be submerged or
surfaced, are exercising in the vicinity. Vessels are cautioned to
give a wide berth to any vessel flying this signal.
A submarine submerged in an exercise area at a depth too
great to show the periscope may show the following pyrotechnic or smoke candle signals:
1. White smoke candles (with flame) indicate the submarines position in response to a request from a ship or aircraft
or as required.
2. Red pyrotechnic flares (may be accompanied by
smoke candles repeated as often as possible) indicate that the
submarine is carrying out emergency surfacing procedures.
Vessels should keep clear and must not stop their propellers.
Vessels must also standby to render assistance.
If the red pyrotechnic flare signal is sighted and the submarine does not surface within 5 minutes, it should be assumed
that the submarine is in distress and has sunk. An immediate
attempt should be made to fix the position in which the signal
was sighted.
White smoke candles burn for up to 6 minutes; they emit
white smoke and flame and can be seen day and night. Caution
is necessary as they can be easily confused with the smoke and
flame of aircraft marine markers and floats.
The red pyrotechnic flare is ejected up to an altitude of
100m. Its duration is 30-40 seconds and can be seen day and
night.
These signals may frequently be encountered in areas where
Australian naval ships and aircraft exercise, whether or not
submarines are present, and should not be confused with a submarine emergency radio beacon (SERB). In case of doubt, the
object should be approached to visually confirm whether or not
it is a SERB before reporting it.
Navigation Lights
Australian submarines have their masthead and side lights
placed well forward and very low over the water in proportion
to their length and tonnage. In particular, some submarines can
only show a forward masthead light in calm confined waters.
Other submarines may have the forward masthead light situated lower than the side lights. In addition, the main masthead
light may be situated well forward of the midpoint of the submarines length.
The stern light may be placed very low and may, at times, be
partially obscured by spray and wash. In some cases, the stern
light will be well forward of the aft part of the submarine and
will not give a true indication of the submarines length. The
stern lights are invariably situated lower than the side lights.
47
The aft anchor light of a nuclear submarine at anchor is

mounted on the upper rudder which is some distance astern of
the hulls surface waterline. Hence, care must be taken to avoid
confusing the submarine with two separate vessels of less than
50m in length.
The overall arrangement of submarine lights is unusual and
the surface and the fact that some submarines are nuclear powered dictates particular caution when approaching such vessels.
Nearly all Australian submarines are fitted with an amber
quick-flashing light situated above or abaft the main steaming
light. This additional light is for use as an aid to identification
in narrow waters and areas of dense traffic. Australian submarines will normally exhibit this identification light under the
above conditions and when entering or leaving a harbor at
night.
Australian Collins class submarines exhibit a very quick
flashing yellow identification light (120 flashes per minute).
This identification light should not be confused with an aircushioned vessel operating in a non-displacement mode, which
displays the same light.
Sunken Submarine
A submarine which is disabled or in distress and unable to
surface will try to indicate its position by firing red pyrotechnic
flares and submarine emergency radiobeacons (SERB).
It may be impossible for a submarine to fire its flares or
smoke candles. Correspondingly, a partially-flooded submarine may have only a certain number of smoke candles available and searching ships should not therefore expect many to
appear.
which might appear to have come from a submarine while they
are in the submarine probability area. Searching ships and aircraft can waste many valuable hours in investigating these false
contacts.
Some Australian submarine pyrotechnics can be fitted with
message carriers. If a message has been attached, the pyrotechnic will be fitted with a dye marker, giving off a green color on
the surface. Such a pyrotechnic should be recovered as soon as
it has finished burning.
Australian Collins class submarines are fitted with a Submarine Launched EPIRB (SERB), which will be described later in
this section.
In any submarine accident, time is the most vital factor affecting the chances of rescue of survivors, and, as the sighting
of an indicator buoy may be the first indication that an accident
has in fact occurred, it is vital that no time should be lost in taking action. The sighting of any flare or beacon should be reported at once to the nearest Australian Maritime Safety
Authority (AMSA) Rescue Coordination Center (telephone: 1800-641-792 or 61-2-6230-6811), the Navy, or the police.
However, if vessels are unable to establish communications
without leaving the vicinity of the submarine, it should be
borne in mind that the primary consideration should be for vessels to remain standing by to rescue survivors and not leave the
scene of the accident. Every effort should be made to include in
the report the serial number of the beacon; this number is afPub. 160
48
Australia
fixed on top of the SERB.

wait before escaping, as follows:
1. Until rescue vessels are known to be standing by.
2. Conditions inside the submarine deteriorate to such an
extent that an escape must be attempted.
It should be noted that, in certain circumstances, the latter
situation may not arise through lack of air supply until several
days after the accident. However, if the submarine is badly
damaged, survivors may have to make an escape attempt immediately. Any ship finding a SERB should not therefore leave
the position but stand by well-clear ready to pick up survivors.
The escapees will ascend nearly vertically and it is important
to give plenty of sea room to enable them to do so safely.
On arrival at the surface, crew members may be exhausted or
ill, and, if circumstances permit, the presence of a boat already
lowered is very desirable. Some crew members may require a
decompression chamber. Therefore, it is the aim of the authorities to get such a chamber to the scene as soon as possible.
sounder or the banging of the outer skin of the ships hull with
Submarines may, at any time, release pyrotechnic floats
which, on reaching the surface burn, with a flame and/or emit
smoke which serve to mark the position of the wreck. They are
also like to use this means to acknowledge sound signals.
In summary, the aims of a submarine rescue operation are, as
follows:
1. Fixing the exact position of the submarine.
2. Getting a ship standing by to pick up survivors, if practicable, with boats already lowered.
3. Getting medical assistance to survivors picked up.
4. Getting a divers decompression chamber to the scene
in case this is required by those seriously ill after being exposed to great pressure.
5. Informing the trapped crew that help is at hand.
6. Notifying the appropriate authorities.
Submarine Emergency Radio Beacon (SERB)
The SERB is made of aluminum, colored orange, and is cylindrical in shape, with two whip aerials. The beacon is fitted
with an automatic transmitting unit, with a battery life of 48
hours, and operating on the following frequencies:
a. 406.025 MHzCOSPAS/SARSAT/EPIRB.
b. 243 MHzMilitary Air Guard.
c. 121.5 MHzCivil Air Guard.
Pub. 160
Time Zone
Australia is covered by multiple Time Zones, as follows:
1. Northern TerritoryThe observed Standard Time is 9
hours 30 minutes fast of UTC. Daylight Savings Time is not
observed.
2. South AustraliaThe observed Standard Time is 9
hours 30 minutes fast of UTC. Daylight Savings Time (10
hours 30 minutes fast of UTC) is maintained from the first
Sunday in October until the first Sunday in April of the following year.
3. Western AustraliaThe Time Zone description is HOTEL (-8). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
4. Christmas IslandThe Time Zone description is
GOLF (-7). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
5. Cocos (Keeling) IslandThe observed Standard Time
is 6 hours 30 minutes fast of UTC. Daylight Savings Time is
not observed.

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) off the coasts of Australia
are, as follows:
1. South of Wilson Point in Bass Strait. (IMO adopted)
2. In Bass Strait. (IMO adopted)
3. Port Jackson. (Government of Australia)
4. Botany Bay. (Government of Australia)
5. Newcastle. (Government of Australia)
6. Port Darwin. (Government of Australia)
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Moonah Place, Yarralumla,
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600.
1. Australia address
Moonah Place
Yarralumla, ACT 2600
2. U. S. address
APO AP (96549)
U. S. Embassy Australia Home Page
http://canberra.usembassy.gov

Vessel Traffic Services are in operation, as follows:
1. Brisbane, Queensland (2727'S., 15305'E.). 1
2. Bundaberg, Queensland (2446'S., 15223'E.). 1
3. Gladstone, Queensland (2350'S., 15115'E.). 1
4. Mackay, Queensland (2106'S., 14914'E.). 1
5. Townsville, Queensland (1915'S., 14650'E.). 1
6. Melbourne (including Port Philip), Victoria (3751'S.,
14456'E.). 1
7. Whitsunday
Group,
Queensland
(2015'S.,
14900'E.). 1
Australia
8. Port Kembla, New South Wales (3428'S., 15055'E.).1
9. Sydney (Port Jackson), New South Wales (3351'S.,
15113'E.).1
10. Fremantle, Western Australia (3203'S., 11544'E.). 2
11. Weipa, Queensland (1240'S., 14151'E.). 2
49
See Pub. 127, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of

Australia and New Zealand for further information
2
See Pub. 175, Sailing Directions (Enroute) North, West,

and South Coasts of Australia for further information
Pub. 160
Australia
51
Appendix IMASTREP (Modernized Australian Ship Tracking and Reporting System)

System (MASTREP) is a ship reporting system designed to
contribute to safety of life at sea and is operated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) through the Australian Rescue Coordination Centre (JRCC Australia) in
Canberra.
Participation in MASTREP is compulsory for the following
vessels:
1. All foreign vessels from their arrival at their first Australian port until their departure from their final Australian
port
2. All regulated Australian vessels while in the MASTREP area
All other vessels are encouraged to participate when within
the MASTREP area.
MASTREP provides positional data on vessels transiting the
Australian Search and Rescue Region (SRR) via AIS technology, which ensures that only the closest vessels are requested to
assist in a search and rescue incident, reducing the need for
vessels to steam long distances from their intended voyage
plan. The Search and Rescue Officers conducting such operations in the Australian SRR routinely use this facet of MASTREP. Given the expansiveness of the Australian SRR,
merchant vessels are often the only resources available that can
quickly respond to an incident.
The MASTREP area and Australian SRR cover the coast of
Australia, as well as the coast of Antarctica between 75E and
163E, and extends N to approximately 6S at its W limit and
to 12S at its E limit. This area, which is best seen on the accompanying graphic, is bounded by the coast and lines joining
the following positions:
a. The coast of Antarctica at longitude 7500'E.
b. 600'S, 7500'E.
c. 200'S, 7800'E.
d. 200'S, 9200'E.
e. 1200'S, 10700'E.
f. 1200'S, 12320'E.
g. 920'S, 12650'E.
h. 700'S, 13500'E.
i. 950'S, 13940'E.
j. 950'S, 14100'E.
k. 937'S, 14101'E.
l. 908'S, 14353'E.
m. 924'S, 14413'E.
n. 1200'S, 14400'E.
o. 1200'S, 15500'E.
p. 1400'S, 15500'E.
q. 1400'S, 16115'E.
r. 1740'S, 16300'E.
s. The coast of Antarctica at longitude 16300'E.
MASTREP uses Position Reports, which must be transmitted by AIS in accordance with the International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), Chapter 5, Regulation
19.2.4. Position Reports must include the following information:
1. Vessel name.
2. Vessel type.
3. Position.
4. Course.
5. Speed.
6. Navigational status.
7. Safety related information.
Position reporting is automated and the data is fed in to the
system using AIS. Positional data is usually updated at time intervals between 5 minutes and 5 hours, depending on the location and source. There is no requirement in MASTREP to
transmit Sailing Plans (SP), Deviation Reports (DR), or Final
Reports (FR).
No positive search and rescue watch is maintained in MASTREP. MASTREP is a passive ship reporting system and does
not involve shore to vessel communications. All distress messages should be sent directly to JRCC AUSTRALIA while in
the MASTREP area. Similarly, any vessel copying an SOS,
MAYDAY, or DSC alert from a distressed vessel, or otherwise
becoming aware that a distress incident has occurred, should
contact JRCC Australia.
The master of a vessel must report any malfunction of the
vessels AIS equipment to JRCC Australia.
Communications with JRCC AUSTRALIA.The primary means of communicating with MASTREP are, as follows:
1. INMARSAT-C.Messages sent to MASTREP using
special access code (SAC 1243) through Perth LES (POR
Satellite Code 212 or IOR Satellite Code 312) will be reverse
charged to JRCC Australia.
2. HF DSC Network.Messages sent via the AMSA HF
DSC network will be free of charge. The initial contact
through the AMSA HF DSC station is made by using a DSC
safety priority call to MMSI 005030001. The message can
then be passed on an appropriate radiotelephone frequency.
All reports sent by voice should include the mandatory
fields, including the identifying letter.
3. If INMARSAT-C reports are not sent using SAC 1243
via Satellite Code 212 or Satellite Code 312, it is likely that
the message will not be received by JRCC Australia and
charges will apply to the ship.
If for any reason communications are not possible via INMARSAT-C or via the AMSA HF DSC station, the required information must be passed by alternative means to JRCC
Australia using one of the following methods:
1. Other INMARSAT telephone/facsimile services.
Vessels will be charged for messages sent to JRCC Australia
using INMARSAT systems other than INMARSAT-C.
2. Other non-INMARSAT satellite telephone/facsimile
services.A reverse charge telephone call or facsimile may
be used to pass reports when in port.
For further information or advice concerning MASTREP or
to obtain copies of MASTREP instructions, contact JRCC
Australia, as follows:
1. Telephone:
61-2-6230-6811
2. Facsimile:
61-2-6230-6868
3. E-mail:
rccaus@amsa.gov.au
4. Web site:
http://ww.amsa.gov.au
Reports to other reporting systems.Reports from ships
to other reporting systems (AMVER, JASREP, etc.) are not
forwarded by JRCC Australia. Ships are requested to pass
these reports direct.
Pub. 160
Australia
52
MASTREP Area
REEFVTS interaction.The following applies to ships

transiting through the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait:
1. Ships must report to REEFVTS.
2. REEFTVS automatically forwards regular position reports to JRCC Australia. When a vessel departs a port within
the REEFVTS Area and intends to report to MASTREP
when it exits the REEFVTS Area, the vessel should ensure
that Position Reports are transmitted by AIS in accordance
with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS), Chapter 5, Regulation 19.2.4.
3. When a vessel departs the REEFVTS Area and is reporting to MASTREP, the master must report any malfunction of the vessels AIS equipment to JRCC Australia.
Further information about REEFVTS can be found in Pub.
127, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of Australia and
New Zealand.
Procedures for reporting to REEFVTS are provided in the
Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait Vessel Traffic Service User Manual available from AMSA and Maritime Safety
Queensland, as well as at the following web sites:
1.
Marine Safety Queensland:
http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Publications
2.
AMSA:
http://www.amsa.gov.au
Pub. 160
Australia
53
Appendix IIReporting Formats for Australian Pollution Reports

AustraliaPollution Reports by Vessels Suffering a Casualty
Identifier
Content
HS*
MP*
DG*
Vessel name, call sign/ship station identifier, and flag
Date and time (UTC) of event
Latitude/Longitude
X1
X1
True bearing and distance
X1
X1
True course
Speed in knots and tenths of knots
Intended track
Radio communications (full names of stations)
Time of next report
Pollution details, as described in the Key below
X2
X3
X3
Ship information, as described in the Key below
X4
X4
X4
Dangerous cargo lost overboard, as described in the Key below
X5
X6
X6
Weather conditions
Name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address (if applicable) of ships owner
and representative s (charterer, manager, or agent)
Vessel size and type (details of length, breadth, tonnage, etc.)
Remarks, as described in Key below
X7
X7
Key
*
Sections of the reporting format which are inappropriate may be omitted from the report.
Required information. Information not immediately available should be sent in a supplementary message or messages.
X1
Either C or D may be used.
X2
This information is required in the event of probable discharge. The following details should be included:
1 Type of oil or the correct technical name(s) of the noxious liquid substance on board.
2 UN number(s).
3 Pollution category (A, B, C, or D) for noxious liquid substances.
4 Name(s) of manufacturer(s) of substances, if appropriate, when known, or consignee(s) or consignor(s).
5 Quantity.
X3
1 Correct technical name(s) of cargo.
2 UN number(s).
3 IMO hazard class(es).
4 Name(s) of manufacturer(s), when known, or consignee(s) or consignor(s).
5 Types of packages, including identification marks. Specify whether portable tanks or tank vehicles, whether vehicle or freight container, or other transport unit containing packages. Include official registration
marks and numbers assigned to the unit.
6 An estimate of the quantity and likely condition of the cargo.
X4
The following details should be included:

1 Condition of the vessel.
2 Ability to transfer cargo/ballast/fuel.
Pub. 160
Australia
54
Key
X5

1 Type of oil or the correct technical name(s) of the noxious liquid discharged into the sea.
2 UN number(s).
5 An estimate of the quantity of the substances.
6 Whether lost substances floated or sank.
7 Whether loss is continuing.
8 Cause of loss.
9 Estimate of the movement of the discharge or lost substances, giving current conditions, if known.
10 Estimate of the surface area of the spill, if possible.
X6

2 UN number(s).
7 Whether lost cargo floated or sank.
9 Cause of loss.
X7

1 Action being taken with regard to the discharge and the movement of the vessel.
2 Assistance or salvage efforts which have been requested or which have been provided by others.
3 The master of an assisting or salvaging vessel should report the particulars of the action undertaken or
planned.
Pub. 160
Australia
55
AustraliaPollution Reports by Vessels Rendering Assistance or Undertaking Salvage Work

Identifier
Content
HS*
MP*
Vessel name, call sign/ship station identifier, and flag
Date and time (UTC) of event
Latitude/Longitude
X1
X1
True bearing and distance
X1
X1
True course
Speed in knots and tenths of knots
Intended track
Radio communications (full names of stations)
Time of next report
X2
X3
X4
X4
X5
X6
Weather conditions
Name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address (if applicable) of ships owner and representative s (charterer, manager, or agent)
Vessel size and type (details of length, breadth, tonnage, etc.)
Remarks, as described in Key below
X7
X7
Key
*
Sections of the reporting format which are inappropriate may be omitted from the report.
Required information. Information not immediately available should be sent in a supplementary message or messages.
X1
Either C or D may be used.
X2
2 UN number(s).
5 Quantity.
X3
2 UN number(s).
X4

Pub. 160
Australia
56
Key
X5

2 UN number(s).
8 Cause of loss.
9 Estimate of the movement of the discharge or lost substances, giving current conditions, if known.
X6

2 UN number(s).
9 Cause of loss.
X7

1
Action being taken with regard to the discharge and the movement of the vessel.
2
Assistance or salvage efforts which have been requested or which have been provided by others.
planned.
Pub. 160
BAHRAIN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
57
57
57
57
57
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
59
59
57
The climate is hot and humid during the summer, with somewhat mild winters.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Gulf RegionCombined Maritime Forces (CMF) Special
Warning
See Red Sea and the Persian GulfCautions for further
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
General
Bahrain is comprised of a group of islands in the Persian
Gulf lying midway between Qatar and the mainland of Saudi
Arabia. Bahrain, the largest and highest island of the group, is
about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. Al Muharraq, lying
close NE, is about 4 miles long and1 mile wide; it is connected
to Bahrain by a causeway. The country also includes the islands of Sitrah, Umm Nasan, Jiddah, and several other small islets. Bahrain has a dispute with Qatar concerning territorial
claims over the Hawar Islands.
The terrain is formed by mostly low, desert plain.
The official unit of currency is the Bahraini dinar, consisting

of 1,000 fils.
Firing Areas
Naval firing practices (surface-to-surface and surface-to-air)
take place within an exercise area enclosed by the following:
a. 2634'N, 5050'E.
b. 2634'N, 5036'E.
c. 2640'N, 5036'E.
d. 2640'N, 5050'E.
Pub. 160
Bahrain
58
Government
Meteorology
Internet Weather Services
Marine weather forecasts in English are available from the
Meteorological Directorate (http://www.bahrainweather.com).
Mined Areas
Flag of Bahrain
Bahrain is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The country
is divided into five governorates.
Bahrain is governed by a king, who appoints the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The bicameral National Assembly consists of a 40-member Consultive Council (appointed by the
king) and a 40-member Chamber of Deputies (directly elected
to 4-year terms).
The legal system is based on Islamic law and English common law.
The capital is Manama (Al Manamah), on the island of Bahrain.
Holidays
Vessels are advised that Mined Areas exist in the N part of

the Persian Gulf. Further information should be obtained from
the local authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the
naval authorities by INMARSAT (150 5612) or to Coalition
naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported to be dangerous due to mines are also promulgated by Notice to Mariners issued by the Middle East Navigation Aids
Service (MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
Enroute Volume
Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Bahrain are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.

December 16 or 17
Bahrain National Day
Islamic holidays, which are subject to the appearance of the

moon, include Eid Al-Fitr (End of Ramadan), Eid Al-Adha
(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Ashoora, and
the Prophets Birthday.
Industries
The main industries are petroleum processing and refining,
aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, offshore
banking, insurance, ship repair, and tourism.
The main exports are petroleum and petroleum products,
aluminum, and textiles. The main export-trading partners are
Saudi Arabia, India, the United Arab Emirates, and South Korea.
The main imports are crude oil, machinery, and chemicals.
The main import-trading partners are Saudi Arabia, the United
States, China, and Japan.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English, Farsi, and Urdu are
also widely spoken.
Pub. 160
Pollution
Ballast Water Management
The coast of Bahrain lies within the Regional Organization
for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea
Area. For further information on the ballast water exchange requirements in this area, see Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
PollutionPersian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management
Regulations.
Regulations
General
Liquor trafficking between vessels alongside wharves or between vessels and the shore is strictly prohibited.
All foreign-flagged self-propelled vessels operating in Bahraini waters are required to have an operational Automatic
Identification System (AIS) on board.
Notification
It is compulsory for all ships entering Bahrain waters for reasons other than berthing at Mina Salman, ASRY, BAPCO, ALBA, or any other private jetties to obtain prior written
permission from the Port Director before anchoring in Bahrain
waters.
Bahrain
Single-hull Tankers
Single-hull tankers are prohibited from entering ports and
terminals in Bahrain.
Search and Rescue

The Directorate of Ports is responsible for coordinating maritime search and rescue operations in Bahrani territorial waters.
RCC Bahrain can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
973-17-719404
973-17-727447
2. Facsimile:
973-17-727985
Bahrain Maritime Operations Center (A9M) maintains a
continuous listening watch on international distress frequencies.

Middle East Merchant Vessel Voluntary Reporting System
A voluntary reporting system covers the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean N of 1000'S, as well as the Arabian Sea. Merchant
vessels of any flag or ownership are invited to participate in
this system. For further information, see Red Sea and the Persian GulfShip Reporting System.
59
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is CHARLIE (-3). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Building 979, Road 3119,
Block 331, Zinj, Manama (Al Manamah).
1. Bahrain address
Box 26431
Manama
2. U.S. address
PSC 451
Box 660
FPO AE (09834-5100)
U. S. Embassy Bahrain Home Page
http://bahrain.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in Mina Salman
(2618'N., 5049'E.). For further information, see Pub. 172,
Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Pub. 160
BANGLADESH
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
61
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
61
cool.
Buoyage System
However, less important areas may not conform to this system.
Buoys may be removed during the monsoon season (midMay to mid-September).
Currency
The official unit of currency is the taka, consisting of 100
poisha.
General
Firing Areas
Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan, lies in southern Asia

and borders the Bay of Bengal. It is bounded on the W, N, and
NE by India; on the S by the Bay of Bengal; and on the SE by
Burma. In 1992, India granted Bangladesh a 999-year lease of
the Tin Bigha corridor linking the enclaves of Angarpota and
Dahagram.
The terrain consists mostly of a flat alluvial plain, with some
hills in the SE part.
The climate is tropical monsoon with heavy rains, heat, and
extreme humidity. Rain falls heavily during the monsoon season from June to October.
The short winter season, from October to March, is dry and
Military firing practice takes place regularly off the coast of

Bangladesh. Notice of firing exercises and the areas involved
are promulgated through coastal warnings and by local notices
to mariners. Vessels should navigate with caution.
Fishing Areas
Heavy concentrations of large and small fishing vessels will
be encountered, especially from September to May, off the
ports and harbors of Bangladesh.
Mariners should keep a good lookout, especially at night and
around sunrise and sunset, when navigating in coastal waters.
Pub. 160
Bangladesh
62
Fishing stakes and enclosures are generally found on off-lying banks and off the coast in depths of 5 to 10m, but occasionally in greater depths. Their positions are subject to considerable change.
Government
Industries
The main industries are cotton, jute, garments, paper, leather,
fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco,
pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and
detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, and natural
gas.
The main exports are garments, jute and jute products, leather, agricultural products, knitwear, and frozen fish and seafood.
The main export-trading partners are the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France.
The main imports are machinery and equipment, chemicals,
iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, and cement. The main import-trading partners are China, India, and
Malaysia.
Languages
Flag of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy. The country is divided into seven divisions.
Bangladesh is governed by a President, who is elected for a
5-year term by the Parliament. The Prime Minister is appointed
by the President. The unicameral Parliament consists of 300 directly-elected members serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law and Islamic law.
The capital is Dhaka (Dacca).
Holidays
February 21
Shahid Day (Martyrs Day)
March 26
Independence Day
April 15
Bengali New Years Day
May 1 (plus or
minus 1 day)
Labor Day
First Monday in
July
Bank Holiday
August 15
National Mourning Day
November 7
National Revolution and Solidarity Day
December 16
Victory Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
Bank Holiday
Hindu holidays, which are subject to the appearance of the

moon, include Jamat-Ul-Vida, Buddha Purnima, Janamashtami, and Durga Puja (Dashami).
moon, include Shab-e-Barat, Shab-e-Qadr, Eid Al-Fitr (End of
Ramadan), Eid Al-Adha (End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic
New Year), Ashoora, and the Prophets Birthday.
Pub. 160
Bengali is the official language. English is also used.
Enroute Volume
Pub. 173, Sailing Directions (Enroute) India and the Bay of
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Bangladesh are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
18 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
The Continental Margin.
* Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Nuclearpowered vessels and vessels transporting nuclear materials
or other radioactive substances are required to give notice
prior to entering the territorial sea. Claims straight baseline between points along the 18m curve.
* * Also considered a Security Zone.
A dispute with India over New Moore Island (South Talpatty
Island) (Purbasha Island) (2137'N., 8909'E.), in the Bay of
Bengal, has prevented the establishment of a maritime boundary. It has been reported (2010) that the island is now submerged and no longer visible.
Bangladesh, Burma, and India have referred their maritime
boundary claims to the International Tribune on the Law of the
Sea.
Search and Rescue

The Bangladesh Department of Shipping is responsible for
coordinating search and rescue operations and can be contacted, as follows:
Bangladesh
1. Telephone:
880-2-9555128
880-2-9553584
2. Facsimile:
880-2-7168363
3. E-mail:
dosdgbd@bttb.net.bd
A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) is located
in Dhaka and can be contacted by telephone at 880-2-407643
or 880-2-405434.
A network of coast radio stations maintains a continuous listening watch on international distress frequencies.
63
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is FOXTROT (-6). Daylight Savings Time is not maintained.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at the Diplomatic Enclave,
Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka.
Signals
The mailing address is GPO Box 323, Dhaka 1000
Storm Signals
The General System is used in Chittagong (2218'N.,
9149'E.) and Coxs Bazar (2126'N., 9159'E.). For further information, see IndiaSignalsStorm Signals.
U. S. Embassy Bangladesh Home Page

http://dhaka.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
BENIN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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65
65
65
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
65
from the coast, with some inland areas having rain only between May and September.
The country has average temperatures of 27.8C in January
and 25C in July.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in Benin are unreliable. Lights may be extinguished; buoys and beacons may be missing, unlit, or out of
position.
General
Cautions
Benin, formerly Dahomey, is bounded on the E by Nigeria,

on the N by Niger and Burkina Faso, on the W by Togo, and on
the S by the Gulf of Guinea. Its coast, 65 miles long, is flat and
sandy with scattered lagoons and mangrove swamps.
The country extending inland is flat and covered with tropical vegetation. The ground rises gradually, about 50 miles inland, to a plateau that attains elevations of 304 to 487m.
The far N region of the country consists of a featureless plateau that attains an elevation of about 760m and slopes down
toward the Niger River, on the N border.
The climate is equatorial in the coastal region, with a long
rainy season from March to July and a short rainy season from
October through November. The dry season increases away
The West African Gas Pipeline lies off the coast of Benin.
For further information, see South Atlantic OceanCautions.
MARAD Advisory No. 10-7, containing guidance for vessels transiting territorial waters of the Gulf of Guinea, is in effect. For further information, see South Atlantic Ocean
Cautions.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the franc CFA (French African Community franc), consisting of 100 centimes.
Pub. 160
Benin
66
Fishing Areas
Industries
Fishing vessels, many of which are unlit, may be encountered off the coast.
When near the coast, a sharp lookout should be kept for canoes.
The main industries are agriculture, textiles, food processing, construction materials, and cement.
The main exports are cotton, cashews, shea butter, textiles,
palm products, and seafood. The main export-trading partners
are China, India, and Lebanon.
The main imports are foodstuffs, capital goods, and petroleum products. The main import-trading partners are China, the
United States, India, France, and Malaysia.
Government
Languages
French is the official language. The tribal languages of Fon
and Yoruba are used in the S region; at least six other tribal dialects are used in the N.
Flag of Benin
Benin is a republic. The country is divided into 12 departments.
Benin is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
5-year term.The unicameral National Assembly consists of 83
directly-elected members serving 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on French civil law and customary
law.
The capital is Porto-Novo. Cotonou is the seat of government.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Benin are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
200 miles. *
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
200 miles.
* Informal notice of a 12-mile territorial sea provided in

1998.
Holidays
Search and Rescue

January 1
New Years Day
January 10
Traditional Religions Day
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
August 1
Independence Day
Assumption Day
Variable
October 26
Armed Forces Day
November 1
All Saints Day
November 30
National Day
December 25
Christmas Day

(End of Pilgrimage), and the Prophets Birthday.
Pub. 160
The Port of Cotonou is responsible for coordinating search

and rescue operations. A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) is located at Cotonou and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
229-21-314033
2. Facsimile:
229-21-312891
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Rue Caporal Bernard Anani,
Cotonou.
The mailing address is 01 BP 2012, Cotonou.
U. S. Embassy Benin Home Page
http://cotonou.usembassy.gov
BRAZIL
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Offshore Drilling
Pilotage
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
AppendixSISTRAM
67
67
68
68
68
68
70
71
71
71
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
General
Brazil is located in the NE part of South America and bor-
67
ders the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the N by French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela; on the W by
Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina; and on the
S by Uruguay.
The greater part of the country consists of hilly uplands, plateaus, and low mountains. There is a narrow coastal belt but
very little of the land can be considered a plain, except for the
area in the upper Amazon Basin.
The Amazon River and its tributaries, which traverse the
heavily-wooded N lowlands, form the greatest river system in
the world and provide over 13,700 miles of channels that are
safe for navigation. The headwaters of the Amazon drain the
Andes from Colombia to Bolivia. The river is 3,500 miles long
and rises in Lago Lauricocha, Peru, about 100 miles NNE of
Lima.
The coast is about 4,000 miles long and is mostly fronted by
low flat beaches. Numerous small rivers reach the shore but are
seldom navigable for more than a few miles.
The climate is mostly tropical, but factors such as elevation,
distance from the sea, and prevailing winds cause some variation and temperatures are not extreme.
Areas to be Avoided
Campos Basin.In order to avoid risks of collision, pollution, and environmental damage in an area with a high concentration of oil rigs, production systems, and FPSOs, all vessels,
except those involved in support activities to oil and gas production and prospecting, should avoid the area bounded by
Pub. 160
68
Brazil

a. 2302'34.2''S, 4103'16.2'W.
b. 2241'54.0''S, 4056'24.0'W.
c. 2207'24.0''S, 4022'34.2'W.
d. 2135'30.0''S, 3934'30.0'W.
e. 2154'34.2''S, 3913'25.8'W.
f. 2257'13.8''S, 4114'18.0'W.
Vessels should also use caution when transiting the area between the port of Macae and the above-described Area to be
Avoided due to the considerable volume of supply vessels transiting this area.
Golfinho Oil Field.A circle with a radius of 7 miles
centered on position 2000'10''S, 3934'35''W. All vessels not
engaged in offshore activities are requested to avoid this area.
Jubarte Oil Field.A circle with a radius of 7.5 miles
centered on position 2116'25''S, 4001'54''W. All vessels not
engaged in offshore activities are requested to avoid this area.
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region B) is in effect. See
Brazilian authorities have authorized the use of private buoyage, particularly in the access channels to private terminals or
yacht clubs. These private aids are not corrected by notice to
mariners.
Cautions
Light Vessels
Light vessels in Brazil display a secondary light from their
sterns, which should be taken into account when passing a light
vessel.
Piracy
Acts of piracy and armed robbery occur within Brazilian waters and in many of the ports of Brazil.
Whales
Southern Right Whales, a protected species threatened with
extinction, approach the S coast of Brazil between Ihla de Bom
Abriga (2507'S., 4751'W.) and Cabo de Santa Marta Grande
(283'S., 4849'W.) from May to November. These animals
may be as long as 18m and weigh up to 40 tons. Vessels should
exercise due caution when in the vicinity of these whales.
Floating Hazards
In the Amazon River and its tributaries, as well as in the
Amazon delta, floating debris may be encountered when the
rivers are high. Submerged logs floating downstream can
disable vessels by striking and damaging propellers. Floating
islands of vegetation may also be encountered, sometimes
getting caught on a vessels bow and dramatically reducing the
vessels speed.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the real, consisting of 100
centavos.
Pub. 160
Firing Areas
Naval Firing Exercise Areas
Firing exercises are promulgated by local Radio Navigational Warnings. The following exercise areas are used by the Brazilian Navy:
1. Area B-1 (SSE of Ponta Negra)Naval exercises
Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2310'00"S, 4212'30"W.
b. 2310'00"S, 4245'06"W.
c. 2335'00"S, 4245'06"W.
d. 2335'00"S, 4212'30"W.
2. Area B-2 (S of Cabo Frio)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2310'00"S, 4140'12"W.
b. 2310'00"S, 4212'30"W.
c. 2335'00"S, 4212'30"W.
d. 2335'00"S, 4140'12"W.
3. Area B-3 (S of Cabo Frio)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2335'00"S, 4140'12"W.
b. 2335'00"S, 4212'30"W.
c. 2400'00"S, 4212'30"W.
d. 2400'00"S, 4140'12"W.
4. Area B-4 (SSE of Ponta Negra)Naval exercises.
a. 2335'00"S, 4212'30"W.
b. 2335'00"S, 4245'12"W.
c. 2400'00"S, 4245'12"W.
d. 2400'00"S, 4212'30"W.
5. Area C-1 (Saquarema approaches)Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2256'12"S, 4245'06"W.
b. 2256'12"S, 4212'30"W.
c. 2310'00"S, 4212'30"W.
d. 2310'00"S, 4245'06"W.
Anchorage and fishing are prohibited.
6. Area C-2 (Cabo Frio)Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2245'00"S, 4158'00"W.
b. 2245'00"S, 4140'12"W.
c. 2310'00"S, 4140'12"W.
d. 2310'00"S, 4212'30"W.
e. 2256'12"S, 4212'30"W.
7. Area C-3 (E of Cabo Frio)Gunnery exercises.
a. 2245'00"S, 4108'06"W.
c. 2245'00"S, 4140'12"W.
b. 2310'00"S, 4140'12"W.
d. 2310'00"S, 4108'06"W.
8. Area C-4 (E of Cabo Frio)Gunnery exercises.
a. 2310'00"S, 4140'12"W.
b. 2310'00"S, 4108'06"W.
c. 2335'00"S, 4108'06"W.
d. 2335'00"S, 4140'12"W.
Brazil
9. Area C-5 (ESE of Cabo Frio)Gunnery exercises.
a. 2335'00"S, 4140'12"W.
b. 2335'00"S, 4108'06"W.
c. 2400'00"S, 4108'06"W.
d. 2400'00"S, 4140'12"W.
10. Area Delta (Ilha de Alcatrazes).Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2406'00"S, 4527'00"W.
b. 2401'00"S, 4535'00"W.
c. 2402'00"S, 4546'30"W.
d. 2414'00"S, 4551'00"W.
e. 2415'00"S, 4536'00"W.
11. Area D-1 (Barra do Porto do Rio de Janeiro)Naval
exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2256'12''S, 4316'42''W.
b. 2256'12''S, 4245'06''W.
c. 2312'00''S, 4245'06''W.
d. 2313'30''S, 4246'30''W.
e. 2306'06''S, 4254'00''W.
f. 2313'30''S, 4301'30''W.
g. 2306'06''S, 4309'12''W.
h. 2313'30''S, 4316'42''W.
12. Area D-2 (Ilha Maricas)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2312'00''S, 4245'06''W.
b. 2328'12''S, 4245'06''W.
c. 2320'00''S, 4254'00''W.
13. Area D-3 (SE of Ilha Rasa)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2327'12''S, 4246'30''W.
b. 2328'12''S, 4245'06''W.
c. 2342'18''S, 4245'06''W.
d. 2334'18''S, 4254'00''W.
14. Area D-4 (SSE of Ilha Rasa)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2327'12''S, 4301'30''W.
b. 2342'18''S, 4245'06"W.
c. 2350'00''S, 4245'06"W.
d. 2350'00''S, 4316'42''W.
e. 2341'06"S, 4316'42''W.
15. Area D-5 (SSE of Ilha Rasa)Naval exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2313'30''S, 4316'42''W.
b. 2320'00''S, 4309'12''W.
c. 2327'12''S, 4316'42''W.
d. 2320'00''S, 4324'12''W.
16. Area E-1 (Baia da Ilha Grande)Naval exercises.
a. 2300'00''S, 4400'00''W.
b. 2300'00''S, 4441'00''W.
c. 2325'00''S, 4441'00''W.
d. 2325'00''S, 4400'00''W.
17. Area E-2 (Ilha Grande)Naval exercises.Enclosed
by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2300'00''S, 4400'00''W.
b. 2300'00''S, 4316'42''W.
c. 2313'30''S, 4316'42''W.
69
d. 2325'00''S, 4329'24''W.
e. 2325'00''S, 4400'00''W.
18. Area E-3 (Ilha Grande)Naval exercises.Enclosed
a. 2325'00''S, 4400'00''W.
b. 2325'00''S, 4329'24''W.
c. 2320'00''S, 4324'12''W.
d. 2334'18''S, 4309'12''W.
e. 2341'06''S, 4316'42''W.
f. 2350'00''S, 4316'42''W.
g. 2350'00''S, 4400'00''W.
19. Area E-4 (Restinga da Marambaia)Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2350'00''S, 4316'42''W.
b. 2350'00''S, 4400'00''W.
c. 2415'00''S, 4400'00''W.
d. 2415'00''S, 4316'42''W.
20. Area E-5 (S of Restinga da Marambaia)Gunnery
a. 2325'00''S, 4430'00''W.
b. 2325'00''S, 4400'00''W.
c. 2415'00''S, 4400'00''W.
d. 2415'00''S, 4430'00''W.
21. Area F-1 (SW of Ilha de Sao Sebastiao)Gunnery
a. 2325'00''S, 4508'42''W.
b. 2325'00''S, 4504'18''W.
c. 2415'00''S, 4504'18''W.
d. 2415'00''S, 4534'30''W.
e. 2345'18''S, 4534'30''W.
22. Area F-2 (Approaches to Ilha de Sao Sebastiao)
Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2325'00''S, 4504'18''W.
b. 2325'00''S, 4430'00''W.
c. 2415'00''S, 4430'00''W.
d. 2415'00''S, 4504'18''W.
23. Area R-1 (S of Ilha Rasa)Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2350'00''S, 4316'42''W.
b. 2350'00''S, 4245'06''W.
c. 2415'00''S, 4245'06''W.
d. 2415'00''S, 4316'42''W.
24. Area R-2 (S of Ilha Rasa)Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2415'00''S, 4316'42''W.
b. 2415'00''S, 4245'06''W.
c. 2445'00''S, 4245'06''W.
d. 2445'00''S, 4316'42''W.
25. Area S-1 (W of Ilha Rasa)Gunnery exercises.
a. 2415'00''S, 4400'00''W.
b. 2415'00''S, 4316'42''W.
c. 2445'00''S, 4316'42''W.
d. 2445'00''S, 4400'00''W.
26. Area S-2 (Approaches to Ilha de Sao Sebastiao)
Gunnery exercises.Enclosed by a line joining the followPub. 160
70
Brazil
ing positions:
a. 2415'00''S, 4504'18''W.
b. 2415'00''S, 4400'00''W.
c. 2445'00''S, 4400'00''W.
d. 2445'00''S, 4504'18''W.
Firing Practice and Rocket Areas
The following restricted areas are aerial spaces for firing
practices and rocket launching, whose limits cover maritime
areas:
1. Aquiraz Area.A circular area, with a radius of 2.7
miles centered on position 355'00"S, 3820'00"W, used for
gunnery exercises. The area comes into operation once the
NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) is promulgated.
2. Jangada Area.A permanent area enclosed by a line
joining positions a, b, c, d, and e, having positions c and d
joined by an arc of 10 miles radius centered in position f.
a. 303'00"S, 3822'00"W.
b. 314'00"S, 3754'00"W.
c. 336'00"S, 3821'00"W.
d. 338'00"S, 3837'00"W.
e. 337'00"S, 3840'00"W.
f. 343'00"S, 3828'00"W.
3. Barreira Area.A permanent area for missile
launching enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 554'00"S, 3511'00"W.
b. 556'00"S, 3511'00"W.
c. 547'00"S, 3456'18"W.
d. 603'54"S, 3457'12"W.
4. Satellite Area.An area for rocket launchings enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 459'18"S, 3431'36"W.
b. 528'18"S, 3409'42"W.
c. 538'48"S, 3502'30"W.
d. 554'00"S, 3511'00"W.
e. 556'00"S, 3511'00"W.
f. 623'36"S, 3419'54"W.
The area comes into operation once the NOTAM is promulgated.
5. Pirangi Area.An area for firing exercises enclosed
by a line joining positions a, b, c, and d, having as an inner
limit an arc of 24 miles radius and as an outer limit an arc of
32 miles radius, both centered on position e.
a. 603'54"S, 3452'42"W.
b. 549'30"S, 3451'18"W.
c. 547'48"S, 3443'30"W.
d. 607'00"S, 3445'18"W.
e. 554'30"S, 3514'54"W.
6. Touros Area.An area for firing exercises enclosed
a. 515'00"S, 3445'00"W.
b. 507'00"S, 3438'00"W.
c. 451'00"S, 3457'00"W.
d. 500'00"S, 3503'00"W.
7. Marte Area.An area for gunnery exercises enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 526'00"S, 3505'00"W.
Pub. 160
b. 518'00"S, 3458'00"W.
c. 501'00"S, 3506'00"W.
d. 501'00"S, 3518'00"W.
8. Restinga Area.A circular area for firing exercises,
permanent in nature, with a radius of 5.5 miles centered at
position a, limited by a straight line joining positions b and c.
a. 2304'00"S, 4352'00"W.
b. 2304'00"S, 4347'20"W.
c. 2310'00"S, 4352'00"W.
9. Marambaia Area.An area for firing exercises enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2302'00"S, 4351'00"W.
b. 2305'00"S, 4351'00"W.
c. 2304'00"S, 4335'00"W.
d. 2302'00"S, 4335'00"W.
This is a permanent area under visual meteorological
conditions and may come into operation once the NOTAM
is promulgated.
10. Atlantico Area.An exercise area enclosed by a line
joining the following positions:
a. 2302'00"S, 4336'00"W.
b. 2303'00"S, 4335'00"W.
c. 2337'00"S, 4407'00"W.
d. 2320'00"S, 4422'00"W.
11. Moreia Area.An area for firing exercises enclosed
a. 2345'00"S, 4230'00"W.
b. 2345'00"S, 4310'00"W.
c. 2420'00"S, 4310'00"W.
d. 2420'00"S, 4230'00"W.
12. Campos Novos Area.A circular area, with a radius
of 1.1 miles centered on position 2242'30"S, 4200'00"W,
used for firing exercises. The area comes into operation once
the NOTAM is promulgated.
13. Oceano Area.A permanent area for military aircraft and firing practices enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 2327'00"S, 4352'00"W.
b. 2330'00"S, 4350'00"W.
c. 2408'00"S, 4435'00"W.
d. 2345'00"S, 4444'00"W.
14. Pinhal Area.An area bound by true bearings of
108 and 123 of Salgado Filho Radiobeacon (Porto Alegre),
forming a sector whose internal limit is an arc with a radius
of 60 miles and whose outer limit is an arc with a radius of
85 miles, both centered on position 2959'25.2"S,
5109'48.0"W.
Fishing Areas
Fishing craft in large numbers operate at night off the NE
coast of Brazil.
Many low fishing vessels may be encountered during the day
up to 20 miles offshore from Mucuripe (342'S., 3829'W.).
Brazil
Government
71
Industries
The main industries are textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement,
lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts,
and other machinery and equipment.
The main exports are transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, and automobiles. The main export
trading partners are China, the United States, Argentina, and
the Netherlands.
The main imports are machinery, electrical and transport
equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, and electronics. The main import-trading partners are China, the United
States, Argentina, and Germany.
Flag of Brazil
Brazil is a federal republic. The country is divided into 26

states and one federal district.
Brazil is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
4-year term. The bicameral National Congress consists of an
81-member directly-elected Senate serving 8-year terms and a
513-member Chamber of Deputies (directly elected using a
system of proportional representation) serving 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on civil law.
The capital is Brasilia.
Languages
Portuguese is the official language. Spanish, English, and
French are also used.
Meteorology
Weather warnings, weather forecasts, and meteorological
charts are available in English and Portuguese from the Directoria de Hidrografia e Navegacao (DHN).
DHM Home Page
Holidays
http://www.mar.mil.br/dhn
January 1
New Years Day
Carnival (the
two days before
Ash Wednesday)
Variable
Enroute Volume
America.
Ash Wednesday
(half day until
1300)
Variable
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Brazil are, as follows:
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
April 21
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Martyrdom of Tiradentes
Zone **
200 miles.
May 1
Labor Day
Continental Shelf
Corpus Christi
Variable
September 7
Independence Day
October 12
Nossa Senhora Aparecida
November 1
All Saints Day
November 2
All Souls Day
November 15
Proclamation of the Republic
December 24
Christmas Eve (half day)
December 25
Christmas Day
Offshore Drilling
December 31
New Years Eve (half day)
Offshore oil exploration is taking place on the continental

shelf off the N and E coasts of Brazil. The main areas of exploration are, as follows:
1. The N approaches to the Amazon River.
In addition, numerous local holidays (religious and traditional) are observed at the various ports.

or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims to require permission for more than
three warships of the same flag to be in the territorial sea
at the same time.
** Military exercises in the EEZ can only be conducted
with prior permission.
Pub. 160
Brazil
72
2. Between Ponta de Itapage (251'S., 3957'W.) and Cabo Calcanhar (510'S., 3529'W.), including lighted production platforms in a designated oil field area about 27 miles
ENE of Ponta Mundau (311'S., 3922'W.) and Guamare Oil
Terminal (452'S., 3621'W.) and its associated infrastructure within a designated area about 23 miles NW of Ponta
dos Tres Irmaos (503'S., 3559'W.).
3. Between Maceio (940'S., 3540'W.) and Aracaju
(1100'S., 3702'W.).
4. Off Salvador (1300'S., 3830'W.), especially in Baie
de Todos os Santos.
5. Off Caravelas (1745'S., 3910'W.).
6. Off Vitoria (2010'S., 4015'W.).
7. Between Arquipelago dos Abrolhos (1758'S.,
3842'W.) and Ponta do Ubu (2048'S., 4035'W.).
8. Southeast of Cabo de Sao Tome (2200'S., 4059'W.),
including Pampo Oil Field (2223'S., 4007'W.).
9. Up to 100 miles offshore between an area SE of Santos
(2357'S., 4620'W.) and ESE of Sao Francisco do Sul
(2614'S., 4838'W.).
Within these areas, numerous oil drilling rigs, platforms, and
associated structures may be encountered. In addition, vessels
should use caution as drilling rigs may also be carrying out operations on the continental shelf outside of the above areas.
Mobile drilling rigs and temporary lighted buoys are not
charted; however, their positions may be promulgated from
time to time by Brazilian Notice to Mariners.
Pilotage
Pilotage is compulsory for foreign vessels of any gross
tonnage and for all Brazilian vessels over 2,000 gt carrying oil,
gas, or dangerous cargo.
Brazilian ports with an official pilot service have pilot boats
painted red with the black letter P on either bow; they also display a red flag with the black letter P.
Vessels approaching a Brazilian port and requiring a pilot
must indicate its draft by using the International Code of Signals.
For pilot boat/watch boat signals, see Signals.
Pollution
Brazil introduced legislation in December 2006 concerning
ballast water management. All ships intending to discharge
ballast water into waters under Brazilian jurisdiction should
carry a ballast water management plan approved by their flag
administration or recognized classification society. For further

information, see South Atlantic OceanPollutionBallast
Water Management.
Regulations
Vessels must fly the Brazilian flag at the foremast in Brazilian waters from 0800 to sunset daily. The customs flag, blue
with a white star, must be flown 24 hours after clearance is
granted.
In order for forts, patrol craft, and lookout posts to establish
the identity of ships in the approaches to ports, vessels entering
or leaving must display their ensign when within 3 miles of the
entrance to a port or anchorage and, by day, also display their
name (call sign) in flags of the International Code of Signals.
Vessels navigating within 200 miles of the Brazilian coast
should maintain a continuous listening watch on VHF channel
16.
Anchoring and fishing are prohibited within 500m of all submarine cables.
The local representative at each port of the Brazilian Maritime Authority may declare the bar to be impassable if the following conditions exist:
1. The sea state at the pilot boarding position is greater
than force 6.
2. The sea state in the turning basin is greater than force
4.
3. Visibility is less than 0.25 mile.
In this situation, vessels are prohibited from entering or departing the port.
Vessels carrying hazardous cargo, whether for delivery or in
transit, shall forward the following information to the port authority at least 24 hours prior to arrival:
1. The technical name(s) of the hazardous cargo.
2. The IMDG Code classification.
3. The amount of hazardous cargo on board.
4. Destination and ETA of the vessel.
Search and Rescue

A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) and a series of Rescue Coordination Centers (RCC) operate in Brazil.
Contact information can be found in the table titled Brazil
MRCC and RCC Contact Information.
BrazilMRCC and RCC Contact Information

Office and Location
Telephone
Facsimile
E-mail
55-21-21046056
MRCC Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
55-21-21046863
55-21-21046038
mrccbrazil@con.mar.mil.br
55-53-32311519
rccsouth@5dn.mar.mil.br
55-2122538824
55-53-32336130
RCC South
Rio Grande
55-53-32336131
55-53-32336139
Pub. 160
Brazil
73
BrazilMRCC and RCC Contact Information

Office and Location
Telephone
Facsimile
E-mail
RCC Southeast
Rio de Janeiro
55-21-22536572
55-21-21046119
55-21-21046104
55-21-21046196
mrccrio@1dn.mar.mil.br
RCC East
Salvador
55-71-35073730
55-71-35073711
55-71-35073772
rcceast@2dn.mar.mil.br
RCC Northeast
Natal
55-84-32211947
55-84-32163049
55-84-32163057
mrccnortheast@3dn.mar.mil.br
RCC North
Belem
55-91-32164030
55-91-32164031
55-91-32164123
55-91-32164030
55-91-32164030
30msg@4dn.mar.mil.br
RCC West
Ladario
55-67-32341180
55-67-32341008
55-67-32414700
cc@6dn.mar.mil.br
RCC Northwest
Manaus
55-92-21232238
55-92-21232238
55-92-21232239
cop@9dn.mar.mil.br
Naval rescue vessels are located, as follows:

1. Natal (547'S., 3512'W.).
2. Recife (803'S., 3452'W.).
3. Salvador (1258'S., 3831'W.).
4. Rio de Janeiro (2254'S., 4312'W.).
5. Itajai (2654'S., 4840'W.).
6. Rio Grande (3202'S., 5205'W.).

Maritime Traffic Information System (SISTRAM)
Brazil has signed the International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea and the International Convention on Maritime
Search and Rescue (SAR). Therefore, Brazil is required to
utilize all available means to help any merchant ship in distress
within its own SAR maritime area of responsibility.
To achieve this goal, Brazil uses the Maritime Traffic Information System (SISTRAM), an electronic information system
for maritime traffic operated by the Naval Command for the
Control of Maritime Traffic (COMCONTRAM). This system
tracks all merchant vessels engaged in ocean, coastal, and inland navigation within the Brazilian SAR area.
For further information on SISTRAM, see the Appendix.
Local Ship Reporting Systems
Mandatory ship reporting systems are in effect in the following Brazilian ports;
1. Vitoria (2013.3'S., 4019.8'W.).
2. Tubarao (2017.6'S., 4015.1'W.).
3. Rio de Janiero (2253.4'S., 4310.2'W.).
4. Santos (2358.9'S., 4617.3'W.).
For further information, see Pub. 124, Sailing Eirections
(Enroute) East Coast of South America.
Signals
At some Brazilian ports, weather conditions may prevent the
pilot from boarding a vessel. In these circumstances, vessels
can be guided into port by signals given from the pilot vessel or
a watch boat, as follows:
1. Pilot boat.Signals are given by hand using a red sig-
nal flag. The flag is lowered towards the side of the pilot boat
which the vessel should steer; if the signal flag is upright, the
vessels rudder should be amidships. The speed with which
the signal flag is displaced indicates the speed with which
the rudder should be applied to keep the vessel in the channel.
2. Watch boat.Signals are given from a mast, by a
black sphere, which runs under the yardarm. The position of
the sphere in relation to the mast indicates the side the vessel
should steer towards; if the sphere is in the center, the vessels rudder should be amidships. The speed with which the
sphere is displaced indicates the speed with which the rudder
should be applied to keep the vessel in the channel.

Submarines of the Brazilian Navy when engaged in submerged exercises, may, or may not be accompanied by escorting warships. If accompanied, an escorting vessel will display
the signal NE2 from the International Code of Signals,
meaning that one or more submarines are exercising in the vicinity.
All other vessels, military and commercial, not taking part in
the exercises shall clear the area.
Submarines exercise in an area S of the entrance to Baia de
Guanabara.
When vessels sight one or two orange buoys on the surface
showing flashing or fixed white lights of low intensity, they
should investigate, as these buoys could belong to a submarine
in distress or in need of help. Sometimes the buoys are
unlighted.
Brazilian Tupi class submarines have a marking/transmitting
buoy moored to them. The buoy is orange, 86cm in diameter,
and 2.47m high, with gray vertical bands, and a white light that
flashes 33 times per minute. The buoy has reflectors and a plate
with a number and the instructions Avisar A Autrodade Naval
Competente Submarino Afundado/Finder Inform Navy Coast
Guard Or Police Do Not Secure To Or Touch inscribed in Portuguese and English. The buoy transmitter operates on
8364kHz and 243MHz for up to 72 hours.
Pub. 160
74
Brazil
The signal, transmitted in morse, is silence for 120 seconds;

the serial number of submarine repeated three times in 30 seconds; SOS repeated six times in 27 seconds; SUBSUNK repeated three times in 36 seconds; and a goniometric signal for
30 seconds. The entire cycle is then repeated.
In addition to the marking/transmitting buoys, a submarine
in distress may signal with air or oil bubbles. If vessels sight
any of these buoys or receives any of the radio signals mentioned above, they should report this information immediately
to the nearest Brazilian Naval vessel or to the first authority
with which it can establish contact. Under no circumstances
should vessels or boats moor to any of these buoys.
Submarines operating within Brazilian territorial waters and
navigating on the surface, may exhibit, in addition to the conventional lights prescribed by the International Rules, an allround intermittent yellow (amber) light with 90 flashes per
minute. If necessary, they may exhibit only the intermittent
light.
The following exercise areas, promulgated by local Radio
Navigational Warnings, are used by submarines of the Brazilian Navy:
1. Area A-1 (SSE of Ilha Rasa)Enclosed by a line joining the following:
a. 2313'30"S, 4301'30"W.
b. 2320'00"S, 4254'00"W.
c. 2327'12"S, 4301'30"W.
d. 2320'00"S, 4309'12"W.
2. Area A-2 (S of Ilha Rasa)Enclosed by a line joining
the following:
a. 2306'06"S, 4309'12"W.
b. 2313'30"S, 4301'30"W.
c. 2320'00"S, 4309'12"W.
d. 2313'30"S, 4316'42"W.
3. Area A-3 (SE of Ilha Rasa)Enclosed by a line joining the following:
a. 2306'06"S, 4254'00"W.
b. 2313'30"S, 4246'30"W.
c. 2320'00"S, 4254'00"W.
d. 2313'30"S, 4301'30"W.
4. Area A-4 (S of Ilha Rasa)Enclosed by a line joining
the following:
a. 2320'00"S, 4309'12"W.
b. 2327'12"S, 4301'30"W.
c. 2334'18"S, 4309'12"W.
Pub. 160
d. 2327'12"S, 4316'42"W.
5. Area A-5 (SSE of Ilha Rasa)Enclosed by a line joining the following:
a. 2320'00"S, 4254'00"W.
b. 2327'12"S, 4246'30"W.
c. 2334'18"S, 4254'00"W.
d. 2327'12"S, 4301'30"W.
Time Zone
Brazil is covered by multiple Time Zones, as follows:
1. Northeast states and ParaThe Time Zone description
is PAPA (+3). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
2. Acre, Amazonas, Rondonia, and RoraimaThe Time
Zone description is ROMEO (+5). Daylight Savings Time is
not observed.
3. Bahia, Espirito Santo, Parana, Rio de Janiero, Rio
Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Sao PauloThe Time
Zone description is PAPA (+3). Daylight Savings Time (OSCAR (+2)) is maintained from the third Sunday in October
through the third Sunday in February of the following year.
4. Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do SulThe Time
Zone description is QUEBEC (+4). Daylight Savings Time
(PAPA (+3)) is maintained from the third Sunday in October
through the third Sunday in February of the following year.
5. Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha and Ilha de TrindadeThe Time Zone description is OSCAR (+2). Daylight
Savings Time is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra
801, Lote 3, 70403-900, Brasilia, Distrito Federal.
The mailing address is Unit 7500, APO AA (34030).
U. S. Embassy Brazil Home Page
http://brazil.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Service operates in Sao Francisco do Sul
(2614'S., 4838'W.). For further information, see Pub. 124,
Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of South America.
Brazil
75
AppendixSISTRAM
Maritime Traffic Information System (SISTRAM)
The Maritime Traffic Information System (SISTRAM) is
used to improve search and rescue efforts within the Brazilian
maritime area. This is accomplished by gathering navigational
information from participating vessels. This information is
then used during search and rescue efforts to route nearby vessels to the scene. The ability to quickly divert nearby vessels to
the scene provides faster response than can be provided from
shore and increases the safety of life at sea.
Participation by Brazilian ships is mandatory. Participation
by foreign vessels is voluntary when outside the territorial waters of Brazil, but is mandatory when navigating within Brazilian territorial waters.
Participation in SISTRAM begins when a vessel sends a
Type 1 message (Sailing Plan) and ends when the vessel sends
a Type 4 message (Final Report).
Any non-participating vessel may join SISTRAM at any
time by sending a Type 1 message. Such a vessel may leave
SISTRAM at any time by sending a Type 4 message. Line X
should be completed in the Final Report, including the reason
for terminating participation.
SISTRAM Area
The SISTRAM area is bounded by a line joining the following positions:
a. 430.5'N, 5138.2'W.
b. 835.0'N, 4800.0'W.
c. 1000.0'N, 4800.0'W.
d. 1000.0'N, 3600.0'W.
e. 740.0'N, 3500.0'W.
f. 622.0'S, 1600.0'W.
g. 622.0'S, 1000.0'W.
h. 3400.0'S, 1000.0'W.
i. 3400.0'S, 4827.0'W.
j. 3548.0'S, 5010.0'W.
k. 3400.0'S, 5300.0'W.
Types of Messages
Type 1 (Sailing Plan).This report provides the basic information required to estimate the ships position and should
be sent when the ship joins SISTRAM, when the vessel departs
from a Brazilian port, or when a vessel enters the SISTRAM
area from other ports.
The report should be sent as early as possible prior to entering the SISTRAM area or prior to departure from a Brazilian
port. When in port, the report may be sent as a written document.
Type 2 (Position Report).This report confirms that the
vessel has departed or if its position in the Sailing Plan is correct. It must be sent within the first 24 hours after departing
from a Brazilian port.
Type 3 (Deviation Report).This report provides information for necessary corrections to the existing Sailing Plan. A
deviation report should be sent whenever the ships position
deviates 25 miles or more from the original track, the destination port is changed, or other changes occur which result in
changing the Sailing Plan.
Type 4 (Final Report).The Final Report provides the information which terminates the vessels participation in SISTRAM. Accordingly, reports should be sent at least 1 hour
before entering the destination port or when exiting the SISTRAM area.
Reporting Format
Each message consists of a selection of items from the message format list. Message items should be separated by a stroke
(/), omitted items by a dash between two strokes (/-/), and the
end of the message item by a double stroke (//). The system
name (SISTRAM), type of message, and date-time group
should precede every message.
The message always begins, as follows:
System Name (SISTRAM)/Type of Message (1, 2, 3, or 4)/
Date-Time-Month-Year of Transmission//
The message formats for the four types of messages are given in the accompany table titled SISTRAMMessage Formats.
Transmission of Messages
Participation in SISTRAM is free of charge when reports are
sent through the Brazilian Coastal Radio Station Network
(RENEC). The preferred and most effective means of transmitting SISTRAM reports is via e-mail. Reports may also be sent
via facsimile or telephone. The contact information is, as follows:
1. Surface mail address:
Edificio Almirante Tamandare - 6 andar
Praca Barao de Ladario, S/N Centro
Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil CEP: 20091-000
2. Telephone:
55-21-2104-6353
3. Facsimile:
55-21-2104-6341
4. E-mail:
controle@cotram.mar.mil.br
5. Web site:
http://www.comcontram.mar.mil.br
Note.Vessels can also register through the SISTRAM web
site to send their SISTRAM messages:
SISTRAM Home Page
http://www.sistram.mar.mil.br
The Brazilian Coast Radio Station Network stations which
accept SISTRAM messages are, as follows:
1. Almerim.
2. Angra dos Reis.
3. Aracaju.
4. Aracati.
5. Belem.
6. Belem Mosqueiro.
7. Breves.
8. Cabedelo.
9. Campos.
10. Casimiro de Abreu.
11. Cavalinho.
Pub. 160
Brazil
76
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Fernando de Noronha.
Florianapolis.
Fortaleza.
Ilheus.
Itacoatiara.
Itajai.
Joinville.
Juncao.
Laguna.
Macapa.
Maceio.
Manaus.
Morro do Meio
Morro Reuter.
Mossoro.
Natal.
Olinda.
Osorio.
Paranagua.
Parintins.
Porto Alegre.
Rio de Janeiro (Livramento).
Rio de Janeiro (Santa Cruz).
Rio de Janeiro (Sumare).
Rio Novo do Sul.
Salvador.
Santarem.
Santos (GJA).
Santos (PARP).
Sao Luis.
Sao Mateus.
Sao Sebasitiao.
Teixeira de Freita.
Vitoria.
SISTRAMMessage Formats
Designator
Information
Type 1
(Sailing
Plan)
Type 2
(Position
Report)
Type 3
(Deviation
Report)
Type 4
(Final
Report)
Remarks
Call sign/Vessel name/Flag/Type//
See Note 1.
Date-time of departure//
See Note 2.
Latitude/Longitude//
See Note 3.
Current course//
See Note 4.
Estimated average speed//
See Note 5.
Port of departure/Latitude/Longitude//
Port of destination/Latitude/Longitude//
Port of arrival or exit point/Latitude/

Longitude/ETA//
Average speed/Latitude/Longitude/ETA//
Current coastal radio station/Next coastal

radio station//
Onboard medical resources//
Amplifying comments (up to 65

characters)//
See Note 9.
Comments//
See Note 10.
See Note 3.
X
See Notes 3 and 11.

X
See Notes 3, 6, and

7.
X
X
See Note 3.
X
See Note 8.
XMandatory field.
OOptional field.
Note 1
Pub. 160
Select vessel type as appropriate:

TM-General cargo
TMO-Tanker
TMB-Bulk carrier
TMF-Ferry
TMT-Tug
TMC-Container
TME-Roll-on/roll-off
TMM-Research
Select vessel type as appropriate:

PLAT-Platform
TMGB-Icebreaker
TMK-Cable layer
TMH-Heavy lift
TMOS-Special liquids
FPOS-Floating production, storage, and off-loading
OTR-Other
Brazil
77
SISTRAMMessage Formats
Designator
Information
Type 1
(Sailing
Plan)
Type 2
(Position
Report)
Type 3
(Deviation
Report)
Type 4
(Final
Report)
Remarks
Note 2
All date-time groups start with six (6) digits. The first two (2) digits are the day of the month. The next four (4) digits
are hours and minutes using the 24-hour clock. Only Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) is to be used. The datetime group (six-digit) must be followed by the capital letter Z. The remainder of the date-time group must contain
the first three letters of the month and the last two digits of the year.
Note 3
Latitude is a four-digit group expressed in degrees and minutes and suffixed with N for North or S for South.
Longitude is a five-digit group expressed in degrees and minutes and suffixed with E for East or W for West.
Note 4
Current course as a three-digit group.
Note 5
Estimated average speed for the entire passage is expressed in a three-digit group representing knots and tenths of a
knot.
Note 6
The information about the proposed route, in line L, is expressed by at least three (3) points. When a ship enters the
SISTRAM area, show in the first line L of the Type 1 message (Sailing Plan) the latitude/longitude of that point
and the estimated time of arrival (ETA). In the Type 3 message (Deviation Report), in the first line L, insert the data about the points where the course changes or of the first point which confirms deviation (if greater than 25 miles)
from the planned route.
Note 7
Estimated average speed to the intended turn point is expressed in a three digit group representing knots and tenths
of knots.
Note 8
Select onboard medical resources as appropriate:

MD-Physician
PA-Physicians assistant or Health Supervisor
NURSE-Nurse
NONE-None
Note 9
Optional information such as reference data for SISTRAM. Examples include date-time estimates for the next transmission, type of cargo, or INMARSAT number.
Note 10
Can be used for any other type of communication at the discretion of the merchant vessel.
Note 11
Course Deviation Data Items.This is used to specify changes to the Type 1 message (Sailing Plan). An example
shown below indicates the destination port was changed to Salvador:
I/Salvador/1258S/03831W/051800Z//
Pub. 160
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Fishing Areas
Government
Industries
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
79
79
79
79
79
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
General
The British Indian Ocean Territory, which includes the entire
Chagos Archipelago, lies about midway between Indonesia
and Africa and is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
It is composed of a group of five atolls. The numerous coral islands and banks forming the atolls are flat and only attain
heights of up to 4m.
Diego Garcia (720'S., 7227'E.) is the largest and southernmost atoll of the group. It is the site of a joint US/UK military
facility. There is no permanent population.
The climate is tropical. It is hot, humid, and moderated
somewhat by the trade winds.
79
Buoyage System
Cautions
Antipollution laws are strictly enforced in the area of the
atolls.
Fishing Areas
The entire British Indian Ocean Territory has been declared a
Marine Protected Area (MPA). No commercial fishing is allowed.
Recreational fishing by personnel based at Diego Grarcia
and subsistence fishing by yachts sailing through the MPA are
strictly regulated.
Government
The British Indian Ocean Territory is an overseas territory of
the United Kingdom.
The British Indian Ocean Territory is governed by a Commissioner and Administrator appointed by the British monarch.
The legal system is based on the laws of the United Kingdom.
Pub. 160
British Indian Ocean Territory
80
Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory
Industries
There is no agricultural or industrial activity on the atolls.
Enroute Volume
Pub. 171, Sailing Directions (Enroute) East Coast of Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the British Indian Ocean
Territory are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
3 miles.
Zone *
200 miles.
* Claims a 200-mile Environment Protection and

Preservation Zone.
Commonwealth Office in London (http://www.fco.gov.uk) is

responsible for issuing permits.
The are no medical facilities in the territory. Search and rescue facilities are limited. Comprehensive travel insurance, to
include medical evacuation to the value of $100,000, and yacht
insurance, to include wreck clean up and disposal, should be
obtained before traveling.
Vessels are not allowed to approach within 3 miles of Danger
Island (623'S., 7114'E.). Cow Island (614'S., 7118'E.), or
Three Brothers (609'S., 7131'E.).
Vessel fuel tanks may not be cleaned or blown down within 3
miles of Diego Garcia.
Search and Rescue

A continuous listening watch is maintained for distress traffic on 282.8 MHz, 243.0 MHz, 121.5 MHz, and VHF channel
16 (Port Control).
The British Representative can be contacted via the British
Indian Ocean Territory Police by telephone, as follows:
a. 246-370-2938
b. 246-370-2939
c. 246-370-3970
Port Control can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
246-370-4301
2. Facsimile:
246-370-3028
Maritime Disputes
The Chagos Archipelago is claimed by both Mauritius and
Seychelles.

Regulations
Time Zone
Access to the British Indian Ocean Territory is restricted and

a permit is required. There are no commercial airline flights to
the territory and permits are only issued to yachts in safe passage. The territory is not a tourist destination.
Access to Diego Garcia is only permitted to those with connections to the military facility. The British Indian Ocean Territory Administration in the United Kingdom Foreign and
The Time Zone description is FOXTROT (-6). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
Pub. 160
U.S. Embassy
The British Indian Ocean Territory is an overseas territory of
the United Kingdom. There is no diplomatic representation.
BURMA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
81
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
83
Search and Rescue

Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
81
83
83
83
83
General
Burma, also known as Myanmar, is located in Southeast Asia
and borders the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It is
bounded on the W by Bangladesh and India, on the N by Chi-
Pub. 160
Burma
82
na, and on the E by Laos and Thailand.

The terrain consists of a central lowland ringed by steep rugged highlands.
The climate is mostly tropical monsoon. The summer is
rainy, hot, and humid during the Southwest Monsoon (June to
September). The winter is mild, with lower humidity during
the Northeast Monsoon (December to April).
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region A) is in effect; caution
is necessary, however, as in some areas buoys and beacons may
not conform to the system. See Chart No. 1 for further IALA
Buoyage System information.
Buoys may be removed during the monsoon season (midMay to mid-September).
nominal parliamentary system. The country is divided into seven states and seven regions.
Burma is governed by President elected by the Parliament
from among three vice presidents to a 5-year term. The legislature consists of the 224-member House of Nationalities (168
directly-elected members and 56 members appointed by the
military) and the 440-member House of Representatives (330
directly-elected members and 110 members appointed by the
military), all serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on remnants of the British era, but
there is no guarantee of fair trials, as the judiciary is not independent of the military regime.
The capital is Rangoon (referred to by the regime as Yangon). Nay Pyi Taw, about 375 miles N of Rangoon (Yangon), is
the administrative capital.
Holidays
Cautions
Uncharted drilling rigs may be temporarily located in the
Andaman Sea. Uncharted well heads and other obstructions
may also be located in the Andaman Sea.
Currency

January 4
Independence Day
February 12
Union Day
March 2
Peasants Day
The official unit of currency is the kyat, consisting of 100

pyas.
March 27
Armed Forces Day
May 1
May Day
Fishing Areas
July 19
Martyrs Day
November 11
National Day
December 25
Christmas Day

ports and harbors of Burma.
Fishing stakes and enclosures are generally found on off-lying banks and off the coast in depths of 5 to 10m, but occasionally in greater depths. Their positions are subject to considerable change.
Other holidays, which are subject to the appearance of the

moon, are Full Moon of Tabaung, Thingyan (Burmese Water
Festival), Burmese New Year's Day, Full Moon of Kason (Beginning of Buddhist Lent), Full Moon of Waso, Full Moon of
Thadingyut (End of Buddhist Lent), Tazaungdaing, National
Day, Karen New Year, Idul Athwaha, and Dewali.
Government
Industries
The principal industries are agriculture, wood and wood
products, mining (copper, tin, tungsten, and iron), cement, construction materials, pharmaceuticals, fertilizer, oil and natural
gas, garments, jade, and gems.
The main exports are natural gas, wood products, pulses,
beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade, and gems. The main exporttrading partners are Thailand, India, China, and Japan.
The main imports are fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer,
plastics, machinery, transport equipment, cement, construction
materials, crude oil, edible oil, and food products. The main
import-trading partners are China, Thailand, Singapore, South
Korea, and Japan.
Languages
Flag of Burma
Burma, also known as Myanmar, is a military regime with a
Pub. 160
Burmese is the official language. The use of English is permitted in commerce and education.
Burma
Enroute Volume
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Burma are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
* Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims the
following as internal waters:
1. All waters inside a 223-mile baseline closing the
Gulf of Martaban.
2. All waters inside straight baselines connecting
coastal islands.
** Also considered a Security Zone.
Sea.
83
il Aviation, and the Department of Marine Administration. A

Maritime Rescue Coordination Center is located in Rangoon
(Yangon) and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
95-3131642
2. Facsimile:
95-1202417
3. E-mail:
mrcc.yangon@mptmail.com.mm
Rangoon (Yangon) Coast Radio Station (XYR) maintains a
continuous listening watch on international distress frequencies. Myeik Coast Radio Station (XYM) maintains a continuous listening watch on VHF channels 16 and 70.
Signals
Storm Signals
The General System is used in Dawei (1404'N., 9811'E),
Mawlamyine (Moulmein) (1629'N., 9737'E.), and Meyeik
(1226'N., 9836'E.). The Extended System is used in Sittwe
(Akyab) (2008'N., 9255'E.), Thamihla Kyan (1552'N.,
9417'E.), and Yangon (Rangoon) (1646'N., 9610'E.). For
further information, see IndiaSignalsStorm Signals.
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon.
The mailing address is Box B, APO AP (96546).
Search and Rescue

Search and rescue operations are coordinated between the
Myanmar air force, the Myanmar navy, the Department of Civ-
U. S. Embassy Burma Home Page

http://burma.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
CAMEROON
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
87
General
Cameroon, located on the SW coast of Africa, is bounded on
the NW by Nigeria; on the E by Chad and the Central African
Republic; and on the S by the Republic of Congo, Gabon, and
Equatorial Guinea.
The country may be divided into four distinct physical regions, as follows:
1. The S region consists of a coastal plain covered by
dense rain forests.
2. The central region consists of the Adamawa Plateau,
which is 1,370m high.
3. The N region is a transitional area, with forests giving
way to savanna country. In the far N part of this region, the
savanna gradually slopes into marshland surrounding Lake
85
Chad.
4. The W region consists of forested mountains up to
4,090m high.
Numerous rivers are located along the coast but are generally
encumbered with rapids.
The climate is equatorial, with high temperatures and plentiful rainfall occurring during all seasons. The heaviest rain falls
from March to June and from September to November.
Buoyage System
Cautions
the coast of Cameroon.
Cautions.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the French African Community franc, consisting of 100 centimes.
Pub. 160
Cameroon
86
Government
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, petroleum production
and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, and ship repair.
The main exports are crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, and cotton. The main export-trading partners are China, the Netherlands, Spain, India,
Portugal, Italy, and the United States.
The main imports are machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, and food. The main import-trading partners are China, France, Nigeria, and Belgium.
Flag of Cameroon
Cameroon is a republic. The country is divided into ten regions.

Cameroon is governed by a directly-elected President serving a 7-year term. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the President. The bicameral
Legislature consists of a 100-member Senate (70 members indirectly elected by municipal councils and 30 members appointed by the President) and a 180-member directly-elected
National Assembly, all serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on French civil law, English common law, and customary law.
The capital is Yaounde.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day/Independence Day
Languages
English and French are the official languages; however, 24
major African dialects are also spoken.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Cameroon are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
**
Continental Shelf
January 12
Feast of the Lamb
February 11
Youth Day
Good Friday
Variable
Holy Saturday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 20
National Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Search and Rescue
August 15
Assumption of the Blessed

Virgin Mary
December 25
Christmas Day
Douala Coast Radio Station (TJC) maintain a continuous listening watch for distress calls on 2182 kHz.
RSC Douala can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
237-33423975
237-33421539
2. Facsimile:
237-33423139

moon, include Eid Al-Fitr (End of Ramadan) and Eid Al-Adha
(End of Pilgrimage).
In addition, two or more local holidays are usually celebrated in each region. Autonomous provinces may celebrate certain local holidays instead of some of the general holidays.
Pub. 160
** Extends from the external boundary of the territorial

sea to the limit placed under its jurisdiction under international law.
An equidistant settlement of the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary was reached in 2002, but a dispute remains between Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea over
an island at the mouth of the Riviere Ntem and imprecisely-defined maritime coordinates in the settlement.
Time Zone
Cameroon
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Avenue Rosa Parks,
Yaounde.
1. Cameroon address
P.O. Box 817
Yaounde
87
2. U.S. address
American Embassy Yaounde
Department of State
U. S. Embassy Cameroon Home Page
http://yaounde.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
89
COMOROS
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
89
89
89
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
91
91
Buoyage System
Buoyage around the three westernmost islands cannot be relied upon and navigational lights on the coasts are frequently
reported to be extinguished or irregular.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Comorian franc, consisting of 100 centimes.
Firing Areas
General
The Comoros (Iles Comores), a group of four islands, lie W
of the N end of Madagascar, in the middle of the N entrance to
the Mozambique Channel.
The islands are of volcanic origin and their interiors vary
from low hills to steep mountains. The climate is tropical, affected by the Indian monsoon winds from N, with a wet season
from November to April.
For information on firing practice areas off Ile de Mayotte,

see ReunionFiring Areas.
Fishing Areas
Information on fishing activities in the vicinity of the Comoros is given in the table titled ComorosFishing Operations.
ComorosFishing Operations
Type of Fishing
Sailing canoes
Fishing Technique
Traps, handlines, and gill nets
Season
Year round.
Pub. 160
Comoros
90
ComorosFishing Operations
Type of Fishing
Fishing Technique
Season
Motorized boats less than 10m long
Traps, handlines, trolling, and gill nets
Year round.
Tuna boats less than 30m long
Deep long lines
August to Januarybetween Madagascar

and the Equator.
January to Junesouth of Mauritius.
Tuna boats (600 to 2,500 gross tons)
Purse seining
Year round. The main season is from September to March in the area of Madagascar/
Seychelles Bank/Chagos Archipelago.
Fish aggregating devices have been established around the

coast of Ile de Mayotte. They are marked by strings of orangecolored floats and masts displaying flags. Vessels should maintain a clearance of at least 1.5 miles from these devices.
Government
Comoros
May 1
Labor Day
May 25
Organization of African Unity

Day
May 29
Anniversary of the Death of

ex-President A. Solih
July 6
National Independence Day
November 26

ex-President A. Abdallah
December 25
Christmas Day

The following holidays are observed in Mayotte:
Flag of the Comoros
The Comoros consists of Grand Comore (Njazidja), Moheli
(Mwali), and Anjouan (Nzwani). These three islands, the westernmost of the group, gained independence from France in
1975 after a referendum.
The Comoros is governed by a President, serving a rotating
4-year term, selected from the elected Presidents of the three
islands of the group. The unicameral Assembly of the Union
consists of 33 members serving 5-year terms; 15 members are
selected by the individual islands legislative bodies, with the
remaining 18 members being directly elected.
The legal system is based on French and Muslim law in a
new consolidated code.
The capital is Moroni.
Mayotte
Mayotte (Ile Mayotte), the easternmost island of the group,
is an overseas department of France. After referendums in
1976, the island rejected inclusion into the Comoros.
Holidays
The following holidays are observed in the Comoros:
January 1
New Years Day
March 16

ex-President S. M. Cheikh
Pub. 160
January 1
New Years Day
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
July 14
National Holiday
August 15
Assumption of the Blessed

Virgin Mary
November 1
All Saints Day
November 11
1918 Armistice Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Several Islamic holidays are also observed.
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, fishing, tourism, and
perfume distillation.
The main exports are vanilla, ylang-ylang (a perfume essence), cloves, and copra. The main export-trading partners are
the Netherlands. Singapore, Turkey, France, and India.
The main imports are rice and other foodstuffs, consumer
goods, petroleum products, cement, and transport equipment.
The main import-trading partners are Pakistan, France, the
United Arab Emirates, India, China, Kenya, and Singapore.
Comoros
91
Languages
Regulations
French and Arabic are the official languages. Comoran, a

blend of Swahili and Arabic, is also used.
Foreign fishing vessels that have traditionally fished in the

waters around the Comoros are permitted to do so, but only at a
distance of 6 miles or more from the coasts. Other foreign vessels are prohibited from fishing inside the territorial waters.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the Comoros are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Signals
Storm signals denoting the localities of the Comoros and
Madagascar threatened by a cyclone are indicated by showing
a black cylinder and black cones, displayed from a flagstaff, as
described in the accompanying table titled ComorosStorm
Signals. The signals are numbered from 1 to 14 to permit rapid
transmission by radio.
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
* Claims archipelagic status.

Claims the French-administered island of Mayotte.
Challenges Frances and Madagascars claims to Banc du
Geyser (1241'S., 4626'E.), a drying reef in the Mozambique
Channel.
There is no diplomatic representative in the Comoros. The

U.S. ambassador to Madagascar is accredited to the Comoros.
U. S. Embassy Madagascar Home Page
http://antananarivo.usembassy.gov
ComorosStorm Signals
Signal
No.
Signal
Meaning
Cylinder above two cones, points upward
Between Antsiranana and AntalahaE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder between two cones, points upward
Between Antalaha and Port Sainte Marie (Ambodifototra)E

coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below two cones, points upward
Between Port Sainte Marie (Ambodifototra) and Vatomandry

E coast of Madagascar
Cylinder above two cones, points downward
Between Vatomandry and MananjaryE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder between two cones, points downward
Between Mananjary and FarafanganaE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below two cones, points downward
Between Farafangana and Tolanaro (Faradofay) E coast of

Madagascar
Cylinder below two cones, with the upper cone

point downwards and the lower cone point upwards
Between Antsiranana and Hellville (Andoany)W coast of

Madagascar
Cylinder above a cone, points upwards
Between Hellville (Andoany) and Mahajanga (Majunga)W

coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below a cone, points upwards
Between Mahajanga (Majunga) and MaintiranoW coast of

Madagascar
10
Cylinder above a cone, points downwards
Between Maintirano and MorondavaW coast of Madagascar
11
Cylinder below a cone, points downwards
Between Morondava and ToliariW coast of Madagascar
12
Cylinder above two cones, with the upper cone

point downwards and the lower cone point upwards
Between Toliari and Tolanaro (Faradofay)S extremity of

Madagascar
Pub. 160
Comoros
92
ComorosStorm Signals
Signal
No.
Signal
Meaning
13
Cylinder between two cones, points towards the

cylinder
Comoros
14
Cylinder between two cones, bases towards the

cylinder
E part of the Comoros
Pub. 160
CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
93
93
93
93
93
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
General
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as
Zaire, is located in the central part of Africa. It is bounded on
the N by the Central African Republic; on the NE by Sudan; on
the E by Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; on the S by Zambia;
on the SW by Angola; and on the NW by the Republic of Congo.
Cabinda, an Angolan enclave, lies on the NW side of the
strip that extends to the Atlantic Ocean.
A low plateau extends between the highlands of East Africa
and the coastal ranges of West Africa from the basin of the central part of the country. Dense rain forests cover the central
lowlands. They are bordered to the SE by the Shaba region, a
high plateau, and to the S by the lower lands of the Angola plateau. Rain forests in the E part of the country rise to the moun-
93
tains bordering the lakes.

The climate is varied, the central region having an equatorial
climate with yearlong high temperatures and rain in all seasons. Elsewhere, depending on position N or S of the Equator,
there are well-defined wet and dry seasons. The mountains of
the E and S regions have a temperate climate with the highest
summits having considerable snowfall.
Buoyage System
It is reported that obsolescent buoyage (Uniform System of
Buoyage) may still be encountered in some waters.
Cautions
Piracy
the coast of Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Congo franc.
Government
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a republic. The
country is divided into ten provinces and one city.
Pub. 160
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
94
Languages
French is the official language, but English is also used. Of
the 200 native dialects, four (Swahili, Tshiluba, Kikongo, and
Lingala) have been recognized as national languages.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by a directly-elected President serving a 5-year term. The Cabinet is
appointed by the President. The legislature consists of a 108member Senate, whose members are indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to 5-year terms, and the 500-member National Assembly, consisting of 61 members who are directly
elected and 439 members chosen by open list proportional representation, all serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on Belgian civil law.
The capital is Kinshasa.
Holidays
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles. *
Continental Shelf
350 miles measured from

the baseline or to 100 miles
from the 2,500m curve.
* To median lines or boundaries.

January 1
New Years Day
January 4
Day of the Martyrs
January 16-17
National Heroes Days
May 1
Labor Day
June 30
Independence Day
August 1
Parents Day
October 14
Founders Day/Youth Day
October 27
Naming Day (Three-Z Day)
November 17
Army Day
November 24
New Regime Anniversary
December 25
Christmas Day
Industries
The main industries are mining (gold, copper, cobalt, coltan,
zinc, tin, tungsten, and diamonds), mineral processing, consumer products, timber, metal products, processed foods and
beverages, cement, and commercial ship repair.
The main exports are diamonds, gold, copper, crude oil,
wood products, coffee, and cobalt. The main export-trading
partners are China, Zambia, and Belgium.
The main imports are foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, and fuels. The main import-trading
partners are South Africa, China, Belgium, Zambia, Zimbabwe, France, and Kenya.
Pub. 160
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the Democratic Republic
of Congo are, as follows:

The maritime boundary between the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the Congo River is
indefinite, except in the Pool Malabo/Stanley Pool area.
Search and Rescue

RCC Kinshasa can be contacted by telephone (243-999925964).
Banana Coast Radio Station (9PA) maintains a continuous
listening watch for distress calls on 2182 kHz and VHF
channel 16.
Time Zone
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is covered by two
Time Zones, as follows:
1. Eastern ZoneThe Time Zone description is BRAVO
(-2). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
2. Western ZoneThe Time Zone description is ALFA (1). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs,
Kinshasa-Gombe.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the

1. Congo address
310 Avenue des Aviateurs
B.P. 697
Kinshasa 1
2. U.S. address
Unit 2220
95
APO AE (09828)
U. S. Embassy Democratic Republic of
the Congo (Zaire) Home Page
http://kinshasa.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
CONGO, REPUBLIC OF THE
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
97
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
General
Congo, known as the Republic of the Congo, is located in the
W part of Africa. It is bounded on the W by Gabon; on the NW
by Cameroon; on the NE by the Central African Republic; on
the E and S by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as Zaire); and on the S by the Angolan province of
Cabinda.
The coast, which is 84 miles long, fronts the South Atlantic
Ocean and extends between a position lying 10 miles SE of
Pointe Banda (349'S., 1101'E.) and a point lying 19 miles
SSE of Pointe Noire.
The terrain is partly mountainous, with a dense forest in the
N part.
The climate is equatorial, being constantly hot and humid.
97
There is a long dry season, from May to October, in the SW region. The NE region is more humid, with a heavy annual rainfall.
Buoyage System
It is reported that some obsolescent buoyage (Uniform System of Buoyage) may still be encountered.
Cautions
Aids to Navigation
It is reported that lights and navigational aids on the coast of
Republic of Congo are unreliable; they may be missing, unlit,
or out of position.
Currency
Government
The Republic of the Congo is a republic. The country is
divided into 12 departments.
The Republic of the Congo is governed by a directly-elected
President serving a 7-year term. The President appoints a
Pub. 160
Congo, Republic of the
98
Council of Ministers. The bicameral Parliament consists of a

72-member indirectly-elected Senate serving 5-year terms and
a 139-member directly-elected National Assembly serving 5year terms.
law.
The capital is Brazzaville.
okutuba are the most widely used of several African languages.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the Republic of the Congo
are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Flag of the Republic of the Congo
* Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
February 5
Presidents Day

The maritime boundary between the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the Congo River is
indefinite, except in the Pool Malabo/Stanley Pool area.
February 8
Youth Day
Regulations
March 8
Congolese Womens Day
March 18
Marien Ngoubai Day
May 1
Labor Day
June 10
Commemoration of the National

Sovreign Conference
June 22
National Peoples Army Day
July 31
Congo Revolution Day
August 15
Independence Day (Anniversary

of the Revolution)
Search and Rescue
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
Congolese Labour Party Foundation Day/Republic Day
The Congolese Navy is responsible for coordinating search

and rescue operations.
Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) Navy can be contacted
by telephone (242-22-2941344).
In the event of congestion at the ports, vessels are obligated

to work cargo at night and on Sundays. If they refuse to do this,
vessels may be relegated to the roadstead anchorages and
thereby lose their turn to berth alongside.
As the customs officials are very strict, store lists and crew
declarations must be accurate, as the slightest error is penalized
and a fine imposed.
Industries
Time Zone
The main industries are petroleum extraction, cement, brewing, lumber, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, and cigarettes.
The main exports are petroleum, lumber and plywood, sugar,
cocoa, coffee, and diamonds. The main export-trading partners
are China, the United States, France, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and India.
The main imports are capital equipment, construction materials, and foodstuffs. The main import-trading partners are
France, China, Brazil, the United States, and India.

Languages
French is the official language. Lingala, Kongo, and MonPub. 160
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is located at 70-83 Section D, Maya Maya Boulevard, Brazzaville.
The mailing address is BP 1015 Brazzaville.
U. S. Embassy Republic of the Congo
Home Page
http://brazzaville.usembassy.gov
DJIBOUTI
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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General
Djibouti, located in the NE part of Africa, has a coast, about
195 miles long, and extends for about 48 miles inland. It is bordered on the NW by Eritrea, on the W by Ethiopia, on the SE
by Somalia, and on the E by the Gulf of Aden.
The country has a coastal plain and a plateau, separated by
central mountains.
The climate is dry, with high temperatures and sparse rainfall.
99
Buoyage System
Cautions
Special Warning 125 (Issued 15 March 2010)
Information on Special Warning 125 can be found in YemenCautions.
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Maritime Security Patrol Area
The Commander, U.S. Navy Central Command has directed
the establishment of a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA)
in the Gulf of Aden. For further information, see Red Sea and
the Persian GulfCautionsPiracyMaritime Security
Patrol Area.
Pub. 160
Djibouti
100
Currency
Languages
The official unit of currency is the Djibouti franc, consisting

of 100 centimes.
French and Arabic are the official languages. Several Somali

and Afar dialects are also widely used.
Government
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Djibouti are, as follows:
Flag of Djibouti
Djibouti is a republic. The country is divided into six
districts.
Djiboiti is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
5-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
The unicameral Parliament consists of a 65-member directlyelected Chamber of Deputies serving 5-year terms. Constitutional amendments adopted in 2010 provide for the establishment of a Senate.
The legal system is based on French civil law, Islamic law,
and customary law.
The capital is Djibouti.
Holidays
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
* Claims straight baselines. Nuclear-powered vessels and

vessels transporting nuclear materials or other radioactive
substances are required to give notice prior to entering the
territorial sea.
Pollution
MARPOL Special Area
The Gulf of Aden has been designated as a MARPOL Special Area. MARPOL Special Areas are sea areas where special
mandatory methods for the prevention of oil pollution in the
sea have been adopted.
Further information can be found in Indian OceanPollutionMARPOL Special Areas.
Search and Rescue

January 1
New Years Day
May 1
Labor Day
June 27
Independence Day (2 days)
Djibouti Coast Radio Station (J2A) maintains a continuous

listening watch for distress calls on VHF channel 16.

moon, include Eid-il-Fitr (End of Ramadan), Eid-il-Adha (End
of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Ashoora, and the
Prophets Birthday.
Industries

The main industries are construction and agricultural processing.

The major exports are hides and skins, coffee (in transit), and
the re-exporting of cargo in transit. The main export-trading
partner is Somalia.
The main imports are food, beverages, transport equipment,
chemicals, and petroleum products. The main import partners
are China, Saudi Arabia, India, and Indonesia.
Maritime Liaison Office (MARLO) Bahrain Recommended Reporting Procedures

U.S.-flagged vessels, vessels under effective U.S. control,
and other maritime interests are advised to check in with the
Maritime Liaison Office (MARLO) Bahrain 48 hours prior to
entering the Gulf of Aden recommended transit corridor. For
further information, see Red Sea and the Persian GulfCautionsPiracy.
Pub. 160
Djibouti
101
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Lot 350-B, Haramouss, Djibouti.

The mailing address is B.P. 185, Djibouti.

An IMO-adopted Traffic Separation Scheme is located in the
Strait of Bab al Mandeb.
U. S. Embassy Djibouti Home Page

http://djibouti.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
EGYPT
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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General
Egypt is located in the N part of Africa. It is bordered on the
N by the Mediterranean Sea; on the W side by Libya; on the E
side by the Gaza Strip, Israel, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Red
Sea; and on the S by Sudan. The Sinai Peninsula, which forms
the E part of the country, is bordered on its W by the Gulf of
Suez and the Suez Canal and on its E by the Gulf of Aqaba.
A number of Egyptian islands lie within the Gulf of Suez
and the Red Sea. These include Jazirat Jubal, Jazirat Shakir,
103
Jazair Jiftun, and Jazirat Zabarjad (St. Johns Island).

The Nile River, in the 960 miles of its course through Egypt,
does not receive a single tributary. The First Cataract is near
Aswan (2405'N., 3252'E.), above which has been constructed
the High Dam. Most of the country is an arid desert. Only the
Nile valley, the Nile delta, and some oases are cultivated. Several mountain ranges intersect the desert between the Nile River and the Red Sea. The climate is arid with hot dry summers
and moderate winters.
The Suez Canal, a sea-level waterway, connects Port Said
(Bur Said) on the Mediterranean Sea with Suez (As Suways)
on the Red Sea. Regulations, restrictions, and other operational
details concerning transit of the Suez Canal are fully described
in Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Areas to be Avoided
Several Areas to be Avoided, best seen on the chart, have
been established along the coast on the W side of the S approach to the Strait of Tiran, around several islands on the E
side of the strait, and on the W side of the Red Sea N of the
strait. Three charted Areas to be Avoided are IMO-adopted; the
remainder have not been adopted by the IMO. To avoid the risk
of severe damage to critical ecosystems, the environment, and
the economy of the area, all vessels carrying dangerous or toxic cargo, or any other vessel exceeding 500 gt, should avoid
these areas.
The IMO-adopted areas are located, as follows:
1. North of the Strait of TiranAn area bounded by
the coast and lines joining the following positions:
a. 2846'00.0''N, 3437'30.0''E. (coast)
Pub. 160
Egypt
104
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
2846'00.0''N, 3440'00.0''E.
2824'00.0''N, 3431'00.0''E.
2818'00.0''N, 3426'00.0''E.
2811'00.0''N, 3429'00.0''E.
2806'00.0''N, 3428'00.0''E.
2801'30.0''N, 3425'30.0''E. (coast)
2. North of Sharm el Sheikh HarborAn area bounded by the coast and lines joining the following positions:
a. 2758'00.0''N, 3425'00.0''E. (coast)
b. 2750'30.0''N, 3420'36.0''E.
c. 2751'00.0''N, 3417'12.0''E. (coast)
3. At the Southern Extremity of the Sinai
PeninsulaAn area bounded by the coast and lines joining
a. 2751'06.0''N, 3416'36.0''E. (coast)
b. 2747'10.8''N, 3419'00.0''E.
c. 2742'12.0''N, 3417'00.0''E.
d. 2741'00.0''N, 3407'00.0''E.
e. 2743'00.0''N, 3404'00.0''E.
f. 2748'18.0''N, 3406'00.0''E. (coast)
The non-adopted areas are located, as follows:
1. The area encircling Jazirat Tiran (2758'N., 3433'E.).
2. The area along the W side of the Red Sea extending N
from latitude 2846'N to the Egypt/Israel border.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in the Gulf of Suez are unreliable; they
may be missing, unlit, or out of position.
Cautions
Warning
See Indian OceanCautions for further information.
Oil Exploration
Numerous oil rigs and platforms, most of which are marked
by lights and, in some cases, for structures near the traffic
lanes, by racons, are situated in the Gulf of Suez.
Locust Reports
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Egyptian pound, consisting of 100 piastres.
Government
Egypt is a republic. The country is divided into 27 governorates.
Egypt is governed by a directly-elected President. The unicameral Peoples Assembly, which is the principal legislative
Pub. 160
Flag of Egypt
body, consists of a minimum of 450 directly-elected members
serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law, Islamic
law, and the Napoleonic code.
The capital is Cairo.
Holidays
January 7
Coptic Christmas
April 25
Sinai Liberation Day
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
June 18
Evacuation Day
July 23
Revolution Day
October 6
Armed Forces Day
October 24
Suez Victory Day
December 23
Victory Day

(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Sham El Nessim (Spring Holiday), and the Prophets Birthday.
Industries
The main industries are textiles, food processing, tourism,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, construction, cement,
metals, and light manufacturing.
The main exports are crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, and processed foods.
The main export-trading partners are the Italy, India, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.
The main imports are machinery and equipment, foodstuffs,
chemicals, wood products, and fuels. The main import-trading
partners are China, the United States, Germany, Russia,
Ukraine, Turkey, and Italy.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English and French are widely understood by the educated classes.
Egypt
Mined Areas
Due to dangerous mines, navigation is prohibited within an
area on the W side of the Red Sea in an area bounded by the
following positions:
a. 2838.5'N, 3251.0'E.
b. 2838.5'N, 3253.0'E.
c. 2835.0'N, 3256.0'E.
d. 2833.5'N, 3255.0'E.
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 132, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Eastern Mediterranean.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Egypt are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Depth of 200m or the Limit

of Exploitation.

or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea.
** Also considered a Security Zone. Egypt claims the
right to prior permission for entry of nuclear-powered vessels, vessels carrying nuclear materials, and foreign vessels carrying hazardous or other wastes.
Saudi Arabia claims the Egyptian-administered islands of
Tiran (2756'N., 3433'E.) and Sanafir (2756'N., 3443'E.)
on the E side of the Strait of Tiran.
Pollution
MARPOL Special Area
The Red Sea proper, including the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf
of Aqaba, has been designated as a MARPOL Special Area.
MARPOL Special Areas are sea areas where special mandatory methods for the prevention of oil pollution in the sea have
been adopted.
Further information can be found in Red Sea and the Persian GulfPollutionMARPOL Special Areas.
Regulations
Navigation
Navigation may be prohibited in certain areas within 20
miles of the Egyptian coast.
105
Vessels bound for Egyptian ports or navigating off the Egyptian coast are advised to obtain the latest information from their
agents.
All vessels should send an ETA at least 24 hours in advance
to the port authorities indicating their last port of call, position,
course, and speed. Vessels navigating within 24 miles of the
Egyptian coast should contact the port authorities for entry instructions.
Vessels bound for Egyptian ports in the Red Sea should request permission to enter Egyptian waters from the port authorities, through their agents, at least 48 hours before crossing the
parallel of 23N.
Vessels in the Gulf of Suez (Khalij as Suways) should maintain a listening watch on VHF channel 16.
Quarantine (Pre-arrival Reporting)
Pratique for El Iskandariya (Alexandria), Bur Said (Port
Said), and El Suweis (Port Suez) may be granted prior to the
vessels arrival provided the following conditions are met:
1. The vessel must be a regular liner known to the Quarantine Authorities and have a doctor on board.
2. Details shown on the Quarantine Statement should be
sent to the Quarantine Authorities 24 hours prior to ETA.
3. Prior to arrival, vessels must declare any accidents
which may have taken place on board prior to arrival.
4. The vessel must not have called on any infected port.
The message address is Quarantine (name of port).
For Ain Sukhna and Sidi Kerir, a notification of a healthy
crew holding vaccination certificates should be sent with the
vessels ETA message to SUMED Operations, El Iskandariya
(Alexandria).
Protected Areas
All islands withing Egyptian territorial waters in the Red Sea
are declared Protected Areas. It is forbidden to anchor, fish,
cause pollution, leave litter, or disturb marine life within 1 mile
of each of these islands. In addition, a permit and payment of
park fees is required before entering the areas surrounding the
following islands:
1. Gifatin Islands (2713'N., 3357'E.).
2. El Akhawein (2619'N., 3451'E.).
3. Abu El Kizan (2456'N., 3552'E.).
4. Gaziret Zabargad (2336'N., 3612'E.).
5. Rocky Island (2334'N., 3615'E.).
The coral reefs along the Egyptian coast in the following
areas are also protected areas:
1. Between Ras Muhammad (2743.5'N., 3414.9'E.) and
Ras Nasrani (2758.0'N., 3425.0'E.).
2. The Gulf of Aqaba.
3. Jazirat Tiran.
Routes
The Suez Canal
The Suez Canal, a sea-level waterway, connects Port Said
(Bur Said) on the Mediterranean Sea with Suez (As Suways)
on the Red Sea. It has a total length of 193.5km (including approaches); depths in the canal are generally maintained to a
depth of 24m on the centerline.
Pub. 160
Egypt
106
The canal was originally opened for traffic on November 17,

1869 and nationalized in 1956. It was closed in June 1967 due
to military conflict and reopened in June 1975. Regulations, restrictions, and other operational details concerning transit of
the Suez Canal are fully described in Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Search and Rescue

The Middle East Search and Rescue Center at the Joint Rescue Coordination Center (JRCC) Cairo is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations and can be contacted, as
follows:
1. Telephone:
20-2-24184537
2. Facsimile:
20-2-24184531
3. Telex:
91-21095 RCCCR UN
4. INMARSAT-C: 462299910 RCCE X
5. E-mail:
jrcc136@afmic.com (distress only)

A voluntary reporting system which covers the Red Sea, the
Indian Ocean N of 1000'S, as well as the Arabian Sea. Merchant vessels of any flag or ownership are invited to participate
in this system. For further information, see Red Sea and the
Persian GulfShip Reporting System.
Signals
Visual storm warning signals used in Egypt are given in the
accompanying table titled EgyptStorm Signals.
EgyptStorm Signals
Day
Night
Meaning
One black triangle, point up
Gale from NW
quadrant
One black triangle, point down
Gale from SW
quadrant
Two black triangles, points up,

vertically disposed
Gale from NE
quadrant
Two black triangles, points down,

vertically disposed
Gale from SE
quadrant
Two black triangles, bases together, vertically disposed
Storm
White flag with

yellow anchors
Pub. 160
Four red lights,

vertically disposed
Sea too rough.

Pilots cannot
go out.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is BRAVO (-2). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) on the Mediterranean
coast of Egypt are, as follows:
1. Western Approaches to Mina Dumyat. (IMO adopted)
2. Eastern Approaches to Mina Dumyat. (IMO adopted)
3. Western Approaches to Bur Said. (IMO adopted)
4. Eastern Approaches to Bur Said. (IMO adopted)
Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) on the Red Sea coast of
Egypt are, as follows:
1. In the Gulf of Suez. (IMO adopted)
2. In the Entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba. (IMO adopted)
The following TSS-associated rules for vessels navigating in
the Gulf of Suez have been approved by the IMO:
1. Ships should take into account that crossing traffic
may be encountered in the traffic junction eastward of Ain
Sukhna and in the precautionary area off Ras Shukheir, and
should be in a high state of readiness to maneuver in these
areas.
2. Exceptional care is needed, when overtaking another
ship within a lane, not to enter the separation zone or force
the overtaken ship to do so.
3. Ships navigating in the Gulf of Suez are requested to
keep a continuous listening watch on the Suez Gulf Traffic
Information Broadcasts and report any aids to navigation
which are malfunctioning or are out of position and that are
not already included in the broadcasts.
4. All ocean-going ships should have their radar in effective use by day and at night throughout the passage between
Shaker Island and Suez Port as an aid to achieving maximum
feasible lane conformity and avoiding risk of collision. Particular care is required for strict adherence to the confines of
relevant traffic lanes.
5. Ships proceeding S from Suez should be alert for
tankers heading for the SUMED Oil Terminal, situated off
Ain Sukhna.
6. Northbound tankers heading for the SUMED Oil Terminal should report their intention of using the traffic junction off Ain Sukhna on the appropriate frequencies.
7. All ships, northbound and southbound, when navigating through the precautionary area off Ras Shukheir or in the
vicinity of the July Oil Field should avoid overtaking within
the traffic lanes in these areas.
8. All ships, including service and supply craft serving
the July Oil Field, the Ramadan Oil Field, and the Morgan
Oil Field, proceeding in and out of the Ras Shukheir Oil Terminal should only cross the southbound and northbound traffic flow through the precautionary area. Within this
precautionary area, local rules relating to crossing traffic apply.
9. Tankers leaving the Ras Shukheir Oil Terminal and
intending to join the northbound traffic lane should only do
so when no through southbound traffic is in the vicinity and
should always report their movements to other ships beforehand on VHF.
Egypt
10. Ships anchored in the designated waiting area for Ras
Shukheir should ensure that they are never less than 0.25
mile from the edge of the southbound traffic lane and should
pay special regard to their correct light signals for ships at
anchor. They should also show their deck lights.
107
Box 15
APO AE (09839-4900)
U. S. Embassy Egypt Home Page:
http://egypt.usembassy.gov
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 5 Tawfik Diab Street, Garden City, Cairo.
1. Egypt address
5 Tawfik Diab Street
Garden City, Cairo
2. U.S. address
Unit 64900
A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in the Strait of Tiran.

For further information, see Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
A Vessel Traffic Management and Information System is in
operation in the Gulf of Suez and the N part of the Red Sea.
For further information, see Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Pub. 160
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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109
109
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
111
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General
Equatorial Guinea consists of Isla de Bioko (330'N.,
841'E.), formerly known as Macias Nguema Biyogo or Fernando Poo; Pagalu (126'N., 537'E.), formerly known as Annobon; and an enclave on the mainland, formerly known as Rio
Muni, which includes the adjacent islets of Corsico, Elobey
Grande, and Elobey Chico. The mainland portion of the country is bounded on the N by Cameroon and on the E and S by
Gabon.
Much volcanic activity exists on the various islands. In the
cultivated areas of the islands, mosquitoes, phalaria flies, and
tsetse flies are common up to a height of about 600m. Only
sand flies and mosquitoes are encountered in the townships.
Isla de Bioko is the largest island in the Gulf of Guinea. It
has two large volcanic formations separated by a valley that bi-
109
sects the island at its narrowest point. The coast is high in the S
part, while lower and more accessible in the N.
The climate is very hot and the island has a very heavy annual rainfall, especially in the S part. The period from April to
October is the wettest, while the period from December to February is relatively dry. The warmest period is from January
through May when the average temperature is 26C. The
slightly cooler period is from July to October, when the mean
annual temperature is 24C. The island has recorded extreme
temperatures of 16C and 39C.
Rio Muni has a coastal plain which gives way to a succession of valleys separated by low hills and spurs of the Crystal
Mountains. The terrain is mostly made up of forest and woodland.
The climate is very hot and humid.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation are reported to be unreliable; they may be
missing, unlit, or out of position.
Cautions
General
Vessels entering the territorial waters of Equatorial Guinea
without permission or not flying a courtesy ensign may be subject to heavy fines.
Pub. 160
Equatorial Guinea
110
Piracy
the coast of Isla de Bioko.
Cautions.
Currency
October 12
Independence Day
November 17
St. Isabel of Hungary Day
December 8
December 10
Human Rights Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Other holidays include Victory Day, Declaration of President

Vitalicio S.E. Massie Nguema Biyogo Day, and Ascension of
Equatorial Guineas Life President Day.
Industries
Government
The main industries are petroleum, lumber, and natural gas.

The main exports are petroleum and timber. The main export-trading partners are the Japan, France, China, the United
States, the Netherlands, Spain, and Italy.
The main imports are petroleum sector equipment, construction materials, and transport equipment. The main import-trading partners are Spain, China, the United States, France, Italy,
and Ivory Coast.
Languages
Spanish is the official language. Pidgin English and several
local dialects are also spoken.
Flag of Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea is a republic. The country is divided into
seven provinces.
Equatorial Guinea is governed by a directly-elected President serving a 7-year term. The President appoints the Prime
Minister and a Council of Ministers. The bicameral Parliament
consists of a 70-member Senate (55 directly-elected members
and 15 members appointed by the President) and a 100-member directly-elected Peoples Representatives, all serving 5year terms.
The legal system is based on Spanish civil law and customary law.
The capital is Malabo, located on Isla de Bioko.
Holidays
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Equatorial Guinea are, as
follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 25
Organization of African Unity

Day
June 5
Presidents Birthday
Corpus Christi
Variable
August 3
Armed Forces Day
August 15
Constitution Day
Pub. 160

Creation of a maritime boundary in Corsico Bay with Gabon
has been hampered by a dispute over Islote Mbane (048'N.,
922'E.), which has been occupied and administered by Gabon
since the 1970s.
Search and Rescue

The Captain of the Port of Malabo is responsible for coordi-
Equatorial Guinea
nating search and rescue operations up to 50 miles off the coast
of Equatorial Guinea. Vessels in distress should contact Malabo Port Control on VHF channel 16 or 8790.2 kHz.
Malabo Port Control maintains a continuous listening watch
for distress traffic on VHF channel 16.
111
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea is located at II Carretera de Aeropuerto, Malabo.
The mailing address is Department of State, Washington, DC
(20521-2520).
Time Zone
U. S. Embassy Equatorial Guinea Home Page

http://malabo.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
113
ERITREA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
113
113
113
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
114
115
115
115
General
Eritrea, located in the NE part of Africa, is bounded on the
NE by the Red Sea, on the SE by Djibouti, and on the NW by
Sudan. The Dahlak Archipelago, consisting of about 300 small
and mostly uninhabited islands, lies close off the coast.
Highlands in the W part of the country descend to a desert
strip along the coast.
The climate is hot and dry along the desert strip while the
highlands are cooler and wetter. The rain is heaviest between
June and September except on the coastal desert. Frequent
droughts occur.
Buoyage System
Navigational lights in Eritrea have been reported to be unreliable.
Cautions
Special Warning 125 (Issued 15 March 2010)
Warning
Locust Reports
Oil Exploration
Oil exploration activities are being conducted off the coast of
Eritrea.
Pub. 160
Eritrea
114
in the Gulf of Aden. For further information, see Indian

OceanCautionsPiracyMaritime Security Patrol Area.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the nafka.
Government
small manufactured goods. The main export-trading partners

are Italy, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, China, and the United Kingdom.
The main imports are machinery, petroleum products, food,
and manufactured goods. The main import-trading partners are
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, China, India, Germany, Italy, South Africa, and Brazil.
Languages
Arabic and Tigrinya are the official languages. There are
eight other indigenous languages. English is used in secondary
education.
Flag of Eritrea
Eritrea obtained its independence from Ethiopia in 1993.
The government is still in transition. The country is divided into six regions.
Eritrea is governed by a President who is elected by the National Assembly. The President appoints ministers to the State
Council. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 150
The legal system is based on civil, customary, and Islamic
law.
The capital is Asmara.
An agreement of July, 1993 gives Ethiopia the right to use
the ports of Assab and Massawa.
Holidays
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The only maritime claim of Eritrea is a territorial sea of 12
miles claimed from straight baselines; jurisdiction is claimed to
the limit of the pearl and sedentary fishing grounds.
Pollution
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted.
Regulations
January 1
New Years Day
March 8
International Womens Day
May 24
National Liberation Day
June 20
Martyrs Day
September 1
Launching of Armed Struggle Day

Coptic Christian holidays, which are subject to the appearance of the moon, include Coptic Christmas, Epiphany, Good
Friday, Coptic Easter, Coptic New Year, and Meskal (Finding
of the True Cross).
When entering the territorial waters of Eritrea, vessels may

be challenged by naval vessels. Vessels should be prepared to
identify themselves by their signal letters or by other means.
It is prohibited to stop, anchor, or lower boats while in Eritrean territorial waters.
Vessels arriving at or leaving Eritrean ports are subject to
medical inspections.
Search and Rescue

Port harbormaster offices are responsible for coordinating
maritime search and rescue operations and can be contacted, as
follows:
1. Asseb:
291-3-660077
291-3-660095
291-3-660101
2. Massawa:
291-1-552122
Industries
The main industries are food processing, beverages, clothing
and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, and cement.
The main exports are livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, and
Pub. 160

A voluntary reporting system covers the Red Sea and the In-
Eritrea
dian Ocean N of 1000'S, as well as the Arabian Sea. Merchant
this system. For further information, see Indian OceanShip
Reporting System.
further information, see Indian OceanPiracy.
115

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) off Eritrea are, as follows:
1. In Bab-el-Mandeb. (IMO adopted)
2. West and S of Hanish al Kubra. (IMO adopted)
3. East of Az Zuqar (Jabal Zuqar). (IMO adopted)
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 179 Ala Street, Asmara.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 211, Asmara.
Time Zone
U. S. Embassy Eritrea Home Page

http://eritrea.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
FALKLAND ISLANDS
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Offshore Islands
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
117
117
117
117
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
119
119
119
120
120
117
provides numerous sounds and bays which form excellent

harbors. The S part of East Falkland Island is low, but the N
part rises to a considerable elevation.
The aspect of the islands is not striking. Ridges of rocky
hills, more than 300m high, traverse extensive tracts of treeless
moorland, which are bounded by rocky coasts.
West Falkland Island is slightly greater in average elevation
than East Falkland Island. Steep cliffs, exposed to the fury of
the W seas, front the W sides of this island and the adjoining
islets.
The islands have a cool temperate climate, very much affected by strong winds, particularly in the spring.
Buoyage System
General
Cautions
The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), consisting of a group
of numerous islands, are a Crown Colony of Great Britain and
are claimed by Argentina. In April 1982, Argentine forces occupied the islands but the United Nations Security Council voted for their immediate withdrawal. After a military campaign,
the Argentine forces surrendered and the United Kingdom regained possession in June 1982.
East Falkland Island and West Falkland Island, the only two
islands of any size, are separated from each other by a sound
that varies in width from 2.3 to 12 miles. The group as a whole
Vessels remaining within a harbor for more than a few hours

must clean their sea water intakes daily to prevent fouling by
krill. The most serious fouling occurs at night; it is suspected
the krill is attracted by bright lights.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Falkland Islands pound,
consisting of 100 pence.
Pub. 160
Falkland Islands
118
Fishing Areas
Holiday.
Large numbers of fishing vessels operate off the Falkland

Islands. Fishing vessels transfer their catches to factory vessels
in Berkely Sound (5134'S., 5754'W.).
Industries
Government
Queen Elizabeth II is recognized as the Chief of State and
appoints a Governor.
The Falkland Islands are administered by the appointed Governor, assisted by an Executive Council (which is the equivalent of a cabinet) and a 10-member elected Legislative Council,
two of which are appointed and eight of which are directly
elected, all serving 4-year terms. A Military Commissioner is
responsible for defense and internal security.
The legal system is based on English common law.
Stanley, the principal city, stands at the E side of East Falkland Island and is the location of the seat of government.
Flag of Falkland Islands
Holidays
The main industries are fish processing, wool processing,

and tourism.
The main exports are wool, hides, meat, fish, and squid. The
main export-trading partners are Spain and the United States.
The main imports are fuel, food and beverages, building materials, and clothing. The main import-trading partners are the
United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands.
Languages
English is the official language.
Mined Areas
Mines laid in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands during the
1982 conflict have been cleared and hazards to shipping have
been marked; however, undiscovered dangers to navigation
may still exist. Vessels wishing to enter Falkland Islands waters are advised to contact the Harbor Master in Stanley.
Dangerous materials and ammunition may be found on many
of the shores.
Stanley, Port Fitzroy, Goose Green Settlement, Darwin Settlement, Port Howard, and Fox Bay are areas within which land
mines or booby traps are known to exist. There is no evidence
that other areas contain land mines or booby traps; however,
they may contain unexploded bombs or missiles. Mines have
been found on beaches and river banks outside of known mine
fields. The seaward approaches to land mine fields are not
marked. Special care is required when approaching the beaches
and rivers lying adjacent to the above-mentioned areas.
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
April 21
The Queens Birthday
First Monday
in May
May Day
Last Monday in
May
Bank Holiday
June 14
Liberation Day
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
August 14
Falklands Day
200 miles. **
Last Monday in
August
Summer Bank Holiday
Zone
December 8
Battle Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
** Only enforced to a distance of 150 miles on the W of

the Falkland Islands, with a rhumb line between position
5230'00.0''S, 6319'15.0''W and position 5408'40.8''S,
6000'00.0''W.
In addition, the first business day after Boxing Day is a public holiday known as Christmas Holiday. A government holiday is celebrated the two business days following Christmas

Argentina claims the United Kingdom-administered Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands.
Pub. 160
Enroute Volume
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the Falkland Islands are, as
follows:
Falkland Islands
The United Kingdom rejects sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina.
Offshore Islands
The South Atlantic Territories of South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands
119
The terrain is high and consists of very steep glacier-covered

mountains. Mount Paget, the summit, is 2,934m high and saddle-shaped. In summer, the lower hills standing near the coast
appear to be light brown in color, being free from snow and, in
most cases, covered with grass and moss. There is little flat
land and the island, except for patches of sparse grass and
moss, is almost entirely barren. The SW side of the island is
permanently frozen. The shores, especially at the N side, are
deeply indented, but the bays are dangerous during most of the
year because of large quantities of loose ice.
The climate is the same as for the Falkland Islands, being
cloudy and humid with strong W winds.
The South Sandwich Islands have an area of about 130
square miles and lie 470 miles SE of South Georgia Island. The
group consists of a chain of nine uninhabited islands, connected by a low submarine ledge. The islands, which offer little
shelter, are mostly volcanic with some showing signs of activity. Zavodovski, the northernmost island, is reported to be in
constant eruption.
The climate consists of fog, mist, and snow. The inclement
weather and poor visibility render the islands difficult to approach. During the winter and spring, the group is completely
surrounded by pack ice.
The maritime territorial claims of South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
*South Georgia claims straight baselines.
Search and Rescue

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

South Georgia Island, the South Sandwich Islands, Shag
Rocks, and Clerke Rocks are all overseas territories of the
United Kingdom.
South Georgia Island lies 800 miles SE of the Falkland Islands and has an area of about 1,450 square miles. It has no
permanent population and is administered by a Commissioner,
who resides in the Falkland Islands. A small military garrison
is situated at Grytviken, on South Georgia, and a biological station, maintained by the British Antarctic Survey, is reported to
be located on Bird Island.
Argentine forces invaded the island on 3 April 1982; however, a British naval task force recovered the territory on 25 April
1992.
The Falkland Islands Rescue Coordination Center (FIRCC)

is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations.
The FIRCC maintains a continuous listening watch on VHF
channel 16 and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Call sign:
Falklands Rescue
2. Telephone:
500-74252
500-74235
500-74344
3. Facsimile:
500-74368
4. E-mail:
irics@horizon.co.fk
The Falkland Islands Fisheries Department maintains a continuous listening watch on VHF channel 16 and 2182 kHz, a
daylight hours only listening watch on 4066.1 kHz, and can be
contacted, as follows:
1. Call signs:
Fishops
Stanley Port Control
2. Telephone:
500-27260 (main office)
500-27266 (operations room)
500-27867 (after office hours)
3. Facsimile:
500-27265 (main office)
4. E-mail:
fishops@fisheries.gov.fk

Vessel Reporting System
Vessels are advised to send in their ETA 24 hours in advance.
Pub. 160
120
Falkland Islands
All vessels engaged in transshipment operations in Falkland

waters and entering or leaving Berkeley Sound, Port William,
or Stanley Harbor are required to report to Stanley Port Control. For further information, see Pub. 124, Sailing Directions
(Enroute) East Coast of South America.
Time Zone
For the Falkland Islands, the Time Zone description is PAPA
(+3). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
Pub. 160
For the South Atlantic Territories of South Georgia and the

South Sandwich Islands, the Time Zone description is OSCAR
(+2). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
There is no U.S. Embassy in the Falkland Islands or the
South Atlantic Territories of South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands.
These groups are dependencies of the United Kingdom.
121
FRENCH GUIANA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
AppendixSURNAV
121
121
121
121
121
121
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
125
General
French Guiana, located in the N part of South America, is
bounded on the W by Suriname and on the S and E by Brazil. It
includes the offshore islands of Devil's Island, Royal Island,
and St. Joseph Island.
The land rises gradually from a low swampy coastline, 200
miles long, to higher slopes and plains about 50 miles inland.
The low mountains are composed entirely of granite and extend in an E/W direction.
The country is well drained, with more than 20 rivers discharging into the ocean. Immense forests of rich timber cover
about 90 per cent of the land.
The climate is tropical, hot, and humid with very little seasonal temperature variation.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Heavy rollers may occur along the coast from December
through February, but especially in December and January,
when the Northeast Trade Winds are strong. Rollers appear
where the depths decrease irregularly or in depths of about 9m
over coastal sand banks and mud banks.
Currency
The official monetary unit is the Euro, consisting of 100
cents.
Firing Areas
Rocket firings, associated with the space program at the Centre Spatial de Kourou (515'N., 5245'W.), are conducted off
the coast of French Guiana.
Danger areas are promulgated by Radio Navigational Warning Messages.
Government
French Guiana is an overseas department of France.
Pub. 160
French Guiana
122
French Guiana is administered by a directly-elected 19member General Council and a 31-member Regional Council;
members of both bodies serve 6-year terms. It is represented in
the French National Assembly and Senate. The French government is represented by an appointed Prefect.
The legal system is based on French civil law.
The capital is Cayenne.
sence, and clothing. The main export-trading partners are

France and Switzerland.
The main imports are food, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, and chemicals. The main import-trading partners
are France, the United States, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Languages
French is the official language.
Meteorology
Marine weather forecasts are available in French from Meteo
Antilles-Guyane (http://www.meteo.gp).
Flag of French Guiana
Holidays
Enroute Volume
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of French Guiana are, as follows:
January 1
New Years Day
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Mardi Gras
Variable
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Ash Wednesday
Variable
Variable
Zone
200 miles.
Mid Lent
Good Friday
Variable
Continental Shelf
Easter Sunday
Variable

of Exploitation.
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 8
World War II Victory Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
June 10
Abolition of Slavery
July 14
Bastille Day
August 15
Assumption Day
October 15
Cayenne Festival
November 1
All Saints Day
November 2
All Souls Day
November 11
Armistice Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Industries
The main industries are construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, and gold mining.
The main exports are shrimp timber, gold, rum, rosewood es-
Pub. 160
Regulations
Vessels in transit or stationary within the territorial waters,
except when alongside in port, should maintain a continuous
listening watch on VHF channel 16 and respond to calls by official vessels and French coast radio stations.
Dangerous cargo is handled during daylight hours only. Vessels must provide an advance notice of 24 hours when carrying
dangerous cargo.
Radio pratique will be granted by radio provided it is requested in the ETA message to Cayenne.
Search and Rescue

Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenter (MRSC) Cayenne
is associated with MRCC Fort-de-France, which is located on
Martinique and is the Centre Regional de Surveillance et de
Sauvetage aux Antilles-Guyana (CROSSAG). CROSSAG is
responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations in its
area of responsibility and maintains a continuous listening
watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz and VHF channel 16.
MRSC Cayenne can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
594-594-304444
2. Facsimile:
594-594-395790
3. E-mail:
cayenne@mrscfr.eu
French Guiana
mrsc@netfag.fr
MRCC Fort-de-France can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
596-596-709292
596-596-731616
2. Facsimile:
596-596-632450
3. E-mail:
antilles@mrccfr.eu

SURNAV.The SURNAV system is intended to prevent accidental pollution in the territorial water of French Guiana and
the waters within 50 miles of the coast of French Guiana. For
further information, see the Appendix.
123
the port authorities.

Meaning
Day signal
Night signal
Port closed
Three red balls, vertically disposed
Three red lights, vertically disposed
Port open
The appropriate signal from the International Code of

Signals
Three red lights, vertically disposed
Time Zone
Signals
U.S. Embassy
Special signals, which may be used in certain ports, are given in the accompanying table. The use of these signals may
signify that obstructions may exist in the fairway; vessels must
proceed with extreme caution and obey any signals given by
The U.S. maintains no resident representation in French Guiana. The country lies within the consular district of the U.S.
Consulate General at Fort-de-France, Martinique.
Pub. 160
French Guiana
125
AppendixSURNAV
The SURNAV system is intended to prevent accidental pollution in the territorial water of French Guiana and the waters
within 50 miles of the coast of French Guiana.
Covered Vessels.The regulations are mandatory for the
following vessels:
1. Vessels carrying hydrocarbons or the gaseous residues
of hydrocarbons as specified in Annex 1 of MARPOL 73.
2. Non-inert tankers and vessels carrying the following:
a. Noxious liquid substances as specified in Annex 2
of MARPOL 73 and classed in Category A and Category
B in Chapter 17 of the IBC Code.
b. Liquefied gas in bulk.
c. Plutonium-239, uranium-233, uranium-235, uranium-238, thorium, or all materials containing them, with
the exception of ores.
d. Acetaldehyde (UN 1089), ether ethyl (UN 1155),
ethyl vinylic ether (UN 1302), monoethylamine (UN
1036), ammonium nitrate (UN 0222), or propylene oxide
(UN 1280).
e. Composite organochlorides, such as organochloride
pesticides (UN 2761, UN 2762, UN 2995, and UN 2996).
3. Vessels carrying the following:
of MARPOL 73 and not listed above.
b. Harmful liquid substances as specified in Annex 3
of MARPOL 73.
c. Dangerous cargo as specified in the International
Maritime Code of Dangerous Goods (IMDG), including
radioactive materials specified in the INF Code.
d. Dangerous cargo as specified in Chapter 17 of the
IBC Code and Chapter 19 of the IGC Code.
SURNAV-FRANCE Messages.All vessels listed in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Covered Vessels preparing to pass
through or stay in the territorial waters of French Guiana must
send a SURNAV-FRANCE message to CROSS Antilles-Guyane 6 hours prior to entering the territorial waters of French Guiana or 6 hours prior to departing from a port or anchorage in
French Guiana.
The message covers the entire planned voyage in the territorial waters until departure or until arrival at the destination,
even if the vessels route takes it out of these waters and back
in again. If there is a change in the vessels planned route, or
the vessel is unable to maneuver or navigate, the vessel must
send a correcting message as soon as possible.
SURNAV-FRANCE messages should be send to CROSS
Antilles-Guyane and prefixed SURNAV-FRANCE using any
method available to the vessel. Messages should be sent in the
format given in the table titled SURNAV-FRANCE Message
and should also include the following additional information:
1. Intended movements within territorial waters.
2. Current ability to maneuver and navigate.
SURNAV-FRANCE Message
Designator
Information required
ALFA
Vessels name, call sign, and flag.
BRAVO
Date and time (UTC), suffixed ZULU

(6 figures DD/HH/MM).
Designator
CHARLIE
Position (latitude/longitude).
ECHO
Course.
FOXTROT
Speed.
GOLF
Last port of call.
HOTEL
1. Date and time (UTC) and position of entering territorial waters. *

2. Date and time (UTC) and place
of departure. *
*Whichever is appropriate.
INDIA
Destination.
KILO
1. Date and time (UTC) and position of leaving territorial waters. *

2. Date and time (UTC) of arrival
at destination (port, anchorage, waiting position, deballasting position)
within territorial waters. *
*Whichever is appropriate.
MIKE
Radio watch maintained.
OSCAR
Draft.
PAPA **
Cargotype (as defined by MARPOL

73) and quantity.
QUEBEC **
Any defects, damage, faults, or restrictions.
UNIFORM
Type of vessel.
XRAY **
Other remarks.
ZULU
End of message.
** Vessels should refer to IMO Resolution A.851(20)

in order to correctly give the information requested.
Vessels arriving from outside the European Union.All
vessels listed in paragraph 1, paragraph 2, and paragraph 3 of
Covered Vessels arriving from a port outside the European
Union must send a message when departing from the loading
port, or as soon as possible if changing destinations, using any
method available to the vessel to CROSS Antilles-Guyane stating either the following information or indicating the authority
holding this information in the European Union:
1. Vessel name and call sign.
2. Flag.
3. Draft and loa.
4. Destination port.
5. ETA at destination port, pilot station, or designated
anchorage, as requested by the local authority
6. ETD.
7. Planned itinerary.
8. Precise technical names of dangerous or polluting cargo; UN numbers, if necessary; risk classes, as defined by the
IMO in accordance with the IMDG Code and the IBC/IGC
compendium; and the INF category of the vessel, if necesPub. 160
French Guiana
126
sary.
9. Confirmation that a list, manifesto, or loading diagram is held on board that details the dangerous or polluting
cargo on board the vessel and the location of it.
10. Number of crew.
Incident/Accident Report.Vessels of 300 gross tons and
over on a commercial voyage and navigating with the limits of
the Economic Zone, or when outside the limits of the zone but
less than 50 miles from the coast must immediately report the
following:
1. Every incident or accident affecting the safety of the
vessel (collision, stranding, damage, breakdown or failure,
invasion or movement of cargo, or all defects within the hull
or damage to the structure).
2. Every incident or accident affecting the safety of navigation (damage likely to affect the vessels maneuverability
or navigation, or every defect affecting the propulsion systems, steering gear, the production of power, or the navigation or communication equipment).
3. Every situation likely to lead to pollution (discharge or
risk of discharge of pollutants into the sea).
4. Every slick of pollution and every drifting container
seen in the sea.
Messages should be sent to CROSS Antilles-Guyane using
any method available to the vessel, in the format given in the
table titled SURNAV-FRANCE Incident/Accident Report.
SURNAV-FRANCE Incident/Accident Report
Designator
ALFA
Vessels name, call sign, and flag.
BRAVO

CHARLIE
ECHO
Course.
FOXTROT
Speed.
GOLF
Last port of call.
INDIA
Destination and ETA.
MIKE
OSCAR
Draft.
PAPA *
Cargo and details of dangerous or

pollutant cargo on board.
Pub. 160
SURNAV-FRANCE Incident/Accident Report

Designator
QUEBEC *
Nature of incident or situation, with

damage or problem suffered.
ROMEO *
Description of the pollution caused

and of all containers, parcels, or cargo
lost overboard or observed drifting and
presenting a danger to navigation and/
or the environment.
TANGO
Owners details, charter company, and

possible consignees in France.
UNIFORM
Vessel type, characteristics, and

tonnage.
WHISKEY
Number of people on board.
XRAY *
Date and time (UTC) of possible call

for assistance or towing, possible
presence and name of assisting vessel,
time (UTC) of contacting a possible
assisting vessel, or other information.
YANKEE
Request transmission of report to

another system (AMVER, JASREP,
MAREP, etc.).
ZULU
End of message.
* Vessels should refer to IMO Resolution A.851(20) in

order to correctly give the information requested.
Listening watchThroughout the duration of a transit or

stay in territorial waters, vessels listed in paragraph 1, paragraph 2, and paragraph 3 of Covered Vessels must maintain a
continuous listening watch on 2182 kHz, VHF channel 16, and
any other frequency they are advised to listen on.
Contact Information.CROSS Antilles-Guyane can be
1. Call sign:
CROSSAG
2. VHF:
VHF channel 16
3. Radiotelephone: 2182 kHz
4. Telephone:
596-596-709292
5. Facsimile:
596-596-632450
6. Telex:
584-422799024 (INMARSAT-C)
7. E-mail:
fortdefrance.mrcc@developpmentdurable.gouv.fr
FRENCH SOUTHERN AND ANTARCTIC LANDS
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Industries
Regulations
127
128
128
128
128
129
129
129
129
129
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
127
130
130
General
The Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet)
The Crozet Islands are an archipelago consisting of two
groups of volcanic islands lying about 50 miles apart. The islands lie between 4557'S and 4630'S, and between 5010'E
and 5220'E and, with the exception of Ile de la Possession,
Pub. 160
128
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
have been declared a sanctuary for all forms of wildlife.

Ile aux Cochons, with an area of 26 square miles, is the main
island of the W group. Its summit, 775m high, is always covered with snow.
Ile de la Possession, the largest island, lies in the E group. It
is mostly formed by a splendid mass of volcanic mountains,
the summit of which is 935m high and usually covered with
snow.
The winds are often extremity violent in the vicinity of these
islands. The sky is usually overcast and the weather cold and
bleak.
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam)
Amsterdam Island (3751'S., 7733'E.) has an area of 21
square miles and has been declared a sanctuary for all forms of
wild life. The island is of volcanic origin and composed of basaltic lava and ashes. It has a high rugged cone on which stand
several old volcanic craters. Some wild cattle, penguins, and
seals frequent the W side of the island.
Lobster boats less than 35m long may operate in the vicinity
of Amsterdam Island.
Saint-Paul Island (Ile Saint Paul)
Saint-Paul Island (3843'S., 7733'E.) has an area of 2
square miles and has been declared a sanctuary for all forms of
wildlife.
The island is formed by the above-water part of an extinct
volcano; a large section is occupied by a submerged crater. It
has sulfurous hot springs and is overrun with rabbits and rats.
Strong W winds and overcast skies predominate for most of
the year. Significant E winds blow between December and
March. Gales are common. When SW winds blow, violent
squalls usually sweep down the sides of the crater.
Lobster boats less than 35m long may operate in the vicinity
of Saint-Paul Island.
The Kerguelen Islands (Iles de Kerguelen)
The Kerguelen Islands are an archipelago consisting of over
300 islands, islets, and rocks. The islands, islets, and rocks lie
between 4827'S and 4958'S, and between 6825'E and
7035'E. Portions of the islands have been declared a sanctuary
for all forms of wildlife.
Mont Grand Ross, 1,849m high, is the summit of Grand
Terre, the main island. It is always covered with snow and glaciers descend down the sides. Because of the rugged and boggy
nature of the ground, in addition to the severity of the climate
and the absence of trees and wood, the interior of the island is
little visited. It is reported that reindeer, trout, and sheep have
been acclimatized.
Squalls, descending from the heights with great speed and a
deafening roar, quickly transform the surface of the sea near
the island into a froth. Even in summer, scarcely a day passes
without winds of force 8 or 9 blowing for a few minutes.
Juan de Nova Island
Juan de Nova Island (1703'S., 4245'E.) is a low, flat, and
sandy island with an area of about 1.7 square miles. The island
has a maximum elevation of 10m.
The island is a wildlife sanctuary for sea birds and sea turtles.
Pub. 160
Europa Island
Europa Island (2220'S., 4022'E.) is a low, flat, sandy, and
heavily-wooded island with an area of about 10.8 square miles.
The island has a maximum elevation of 24m.
Tromelin Island
Tromelin Island (1552'S., 5425'E.), a low, flat, and sandy
island, has an area of about 0.4 square mile. The island has a
maximum elevation of 7m and is likely a volcanic seamount.
Bassas da India
Bassas da India (2130'S., 3950'E.), an uninhabitable circular atoll of volcanic rock surrounded by reefs surrounding a
shallow lagoon, sits atop an extinct submerged volcano and is
awash at high water. The atoll has a maximum elevation of
2.4m.
The Glorioso Islands
The Glorioso Islands (1130'S., 4720'E.) consist of Ile
Glorieuse and Ile du Lys, two lushly-vegetated coral islands,
and three rocks, with a total area of about 1.9 square miles. The
islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system
and have a maximum elevation of 12m. The islands are a marine nature reserve.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Antipollution laws are strictly enforced in the vicinity of
Amsterdam Island and Saint-Paul Island.
The NW and W coasts of the Kerguelen Islands have been
declared a national park, in which hunting and fishing are forbidden.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Euro, consisting of 100
cents.
Firing Areas
A firing practice area off the SE side of the Glorioso Islands
is bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1134'42.0''S, 4718'28.2''E.
b. 1133'58.8''S, 4719'58.2''E.
c. 1134'40.2''S, 4720'13.2''E.
d. 1135'24.0''S, 4720'16.2''E.
e. 1136'04.2''S, 4720'07.2''E.
f. 1136'47.4''S, 4719'42.6''E.
g. 1135'27.0''S, 4717'54.0''E.

Government
129
search stations.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
As a dependent territories of France, the maritime territorial
claims of are identical to the maritime territorial claims of
France, as follows:
Flag of French Southern/Antarctic Lands

All the islands and archipelagos are dependent territories of
France.
The territory is administered from France.
The legal system is based on French law.
The Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet)
The seat of administration is situated in Port Alfred, at the
head of Crique du Navire (4625'S., 5152'E.), on Ile de la
Possession. It is reported that a permanent scientific station is
maintained by the French government at Port Alfred.
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam)
The seat of administration is situated at Roche Godon, on the
NE part of the island. A permanently-inhabited meteorological
and scientific station stands at Roche Godon.
The Kerguelen Islands (Iles de Kerguelen)
The seat of administration is situated in Port aux Francais
(4921'S., 7013'E.), on Grand Terre. It is the only permanent
and inhabited settlement in the archipelago and is the site of a
meteorological and scientific station.
Juan de Nova Island
A small military garrison and meteorological station is located on the island. The island is occasionally visited by scientists.
Europa Island
A small military garrison and meteorological station is located on the island. The island is occasionally visited by scientists.
Tromelin Island
The island is uninhabited but is occasionally visited by scientists.
The Glorioso Islands
A small military garrison and meteorological station is located on Ile Glorieuse. The islands are occasionally visited by scientists.
Industries
Economic activity is limited to servicing French and other
fishing fleets, as well as the meteorological and geophysical re-
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.

Juan de Nova Island, Europa Island, Bassas da India, the
Glorioso Islands, and Banc du Geyser are claimed by Madagascar.
Tromelin Island is claimed by Mauritius.
Regulations
Single-Hull Tankers
Single-hull tankers carrying heavy petroleum products are
not permitted to enter, leave, or anchor.
Fishing
French regulations prohibit all fishing within the 12-mile
zone of territorial waters and the 200-mile economic zone surrounding the Crozet Islands.
French regulations prohibit all fishing within the 12-mile
zone of territorial waters surrounding Iles de Kerguelen. All
fishing, with the exception of trawling, is prohibited within the
200-mile economic zone. However, trawling is prohibited
within the economic zone during the months of March, April,
and May and in the SE quadrant of the economic zone, bounded on the N side by 4930'S and on the W side by 6900'E, between 15 September and 15 November.

SURNAV.Vessels bound to and from the Crozet Islands,
Amsterdam Island, Saint-Paul Island, and the Kerguelan Islands are all subject to the reporting requirements of SURNAV.
The SURNAV system is intended to prevent accidental pollution in French territorial waters of the South Indian Ocean,
hereafter known as the Area, and the waters within 50 miles of
the coast of the Area. The Area includes the following:
1. Reunion, including Mayotte and Iles Esparses.
2. The Crozet Islands.
3. Amsterdam Island.
4. Saint-Paul Island.
5. The Kerguelen Islands.
Pub. 160
130
6. Bassas da India.
7. Europa Island.
8. The Glorioso Islands.
9. Juan de Nova Island.
10. Tromelin Island.
For further information, see ReunionShip Reporting
System.

The Time Zone description for the Crozet Islands and Tromelin Island is DELTA (-4). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
The Time Zone description for the Glorioso Islands, Juan de
Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island is CHARLIE
(-3). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The Time Zone description for the Kerguelen Islands, SaintPaul Island, and Amsterdam Island is ECHO (-5). Daylight
The islands are an Oversea Departments of France. There is

no diplomatic representation.
Pub. 160
GABON
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
131
131
131
131
131
132
132
132
132
132
132
131
It is reported that obsolescent buoyage (Uniform System of

Buoyage) may still be encountered in some waters.
It is reported that lights and navigational aids on the coast of
Gabon are unreliable; they may be missing, unlit, or out of position.
Cautions
Cautions.
General
Gabon, located on the Equator, is bounded on the N by
Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon, on the E and S by the Republic of Congo, and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean.
The country consists of a narrow coastal plain, a hilly interior, and savanna regions in the E and S.
The land is mostly covered with a dense equatorial forest.
The climate is always hot and humid. There is a heavy rainfall. The dry periods are from the middle of May to the middle
of September and from the middle of December to the middle
of February.
Buoyage System
Currency
Government
Gabon is a republic. The country is divided into nine provinces.
Gabon is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
7-year term. The Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President, is the head of government and appoints a Council of
Ministers in consultation with the President. The bicameral
legislature consists of a 102-member indirectly-elected Senate,
serving 6-year terms, and a directly-elected 120-member National Assembly, serving 5-year terms.
Pub. 160
Gabon
132
chemicals, and construction materials. The main import-trading partners are France, China, the United States, Belgium, and
Cameroon.
Languages
French is the official language. Several native dialects are also spoken, with the principal ones being Fang, Myene, Bateke,
Bapounou (Eschira), and Bandjabi.
Flag of Gabon
law.
The capital is Libreville.
Holidays
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Gabon are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
January 1
New Years Day

Renovation Day
Zone
200 miles.
March 12
Easter Sunday
Variable
Continental Shelf
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 6
Martyrs Day
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
August 15
Assumption Day
August 17
Independence Day
November 1
All Saints Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
New Years Eve

Creation of a maritime boundary in Corisco Bay with Equatorial Guinea has been hampered by a dispute over Islote
Mbane (048'N., 922'E.), which has been occupied and administered by Gabon since the 1970s.
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
Eid-il-Fitr (End of Ramadan) and Eid-il-Adha (End of Pilgrimage) are observed Islamic holidays, the dates of which
vary from year to year and are subject to the appearance of the
moon.
Industries
The major industries are agriculture, petroleum extraction
and refining, manganese, gold, chemicals, ship repair, food and
beverages, textiles, lumber and plywood, and cement.
The main exports are crude oil, timber, manganese, and uranium. The main export-trading partners are Japan, the United
States, Australia, India, and China.
Pub. 160
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Boulevard du Bord de Mer,

Libreville.
1. Gabon address
Sabliere, B.P. 4000
Libreville
2. U. S. address
2270 Libreville Place
U. S. Embassy Gabon Home Page
http://libreville.usembassy.gov
GHANA
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
133
133
133
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
135
135
135
135
General
Ghana, located on the W coast of Africa, is bounded on the
W by the Ivory Coast, on the N by Burkina Faso, and on the E
by Togo. The seacoast, about 290 miles long, lies between a
position 2.5 miles W of Newtown (505'N., 304'W.) and a
point 0.8 mile SW of Lome.
The land is fronted by a low sandy shore and backed by
plains and scrub. In the extreme W and E parts, sand spits enclose large lagoons which are bordered by mangrove forests.
A tropical rain forest belt extends N for 175 miles from a
133
point on the shore near the border with the Ivory Coast. It is
broken by several hills and many streams and rivers. This area,
known as the Ashanti, produces most of Ghana's cocoa, minerals, and timber.
The country lying to the N of this belt varies from 90 to
390m in elevation and is covered by low bush, parkland savannah, and grassland plains.
The climate ranges from equatorial along the coast to savannah in the N part and is typified by the existence of well-defined dry and wet seasons.
Areas to be Avoided
An IMO-adopted Area to be Avoided Off the Coast of Ghana in the Atlantic Ocean has been established around Jubilee
Well. Except for ships authorized by the Ghana Maritime Authority, all ships should avoid the area within a radius of 5
miles centered on position 432.1'N, 254.6'W.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in Ghana are unreliable. Lights may be
extinguished; buoys and beacons may be missing, unlit, or out
of position.
Pub. 160
Ghana
134
Cautions
March 6
Independence Day
General
Offshore oil and gas exploration is carried out in the coastal
and deep-water areas off the coast of Ghana.
The West African Gas Pipeline lies off the coast of Ghana.
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
May Day
May 25
African Union Day
Piracy
Cautions.
July 1
Republic Day
September 21
Kwame Nkrumas Birthday
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Currency
The official unit of currency is the cedi, consisting of 100 pesewas.
Fishing Areas

moon, include Eid-il-Fitr (End of Ramadan) and Eid-il-Adha
(End of Pilgrimage).
Industries
When near the coast, a sharp lookout should be kept for canoes. These fishing canoes may be found as far offshore as the
200m curve.
Government
The main industries are agriculture, mining, lumbering, light

manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement,
small commercial shipbuilding, and petroleum.
The main exports are oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite,
aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, and horticultural products. The main export-trading partners are France, Italy, the
Netherlands, and China.
The main imports are capital equipment, petroleum, and
foodstuffs. The main import-trading partners are China, Nigeria, the United States, and the Netherlands.
Languages
English is the official language. In addition, about 75 native
dialects are also spoken.
Flag of Ghana
Ghana is a constitutional democracy. The country is divided
into ten regions.
Ghana is governed by a directly-elected President who
serves a 4-year term. The President appoints a Council of Ministers, subject to approval by the Parliament. The unicameral
Parliament consists of 275 directly-elected members serving 4year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law and customary law.
The capital is Accra.
Holidays
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Ghana are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

January 1
Pub. 160
New Years Day

Disputed maritime boundary with Ivory Coast.
Ghana
Search and Rescue
Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) Accra is located at the
Air Traffic Services Department of the Ghana Civil Aviation
Authority and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
233-30-2773283
233-24-4540656
2. Facsimile:
233-30-2769401
3. E-mail:
eotiboadi@yahoo.com
Tema Coast Radio Station (9GX) maintains a continuous listening watch on all international distress frequencies.
Signals
The following signals may be displayed at signal stations in
Takoradi (453'N., 145'W.) and Tema (537'N., 001'E.):
Day signal:
Two black balls, vertically disposed
Night signal:
Two red lights, vertically disposed
135
Meaning:
Expected line squall or thunderstorm

of slight to moderate intensity accompanied by NE to E winds
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is ZULU. Daylight Savings Time
is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at No. 24 4th Circular Road,
Cantonments, Accra.
The mailing address is P.O. Box GP 2288, Accra.
U. S. Embassy Ghana Home Page
http://ghana.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
GUYANA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
137
137
137
137
138
138
138
138
138
138
139
139
139
139
139
137
3. A hinterland composed of several mountain ranges and

extensive savannas
Approximately 87 per cent of the land area is covered with
forests.
The climate is tropical, with rainy seasons from April to July
and November to January. The humidity is high all year, but
temperatures are moderated by sea breezes.
Buoyage System
Exposed light structures marking the approaches to river
ports are liable to be destroyed.
General
Cautions
Guyana, located on the NE coast of Latin America, is fronted by the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the E by Suriname,
on the W by Venezuela, and on the S and W by Brazil.
The country can be divided roughly into three regions, as follows:
1. A low coastal region, about 250 miles long, which varies in width up to 30 miles and constitutes the agricultural area.
2. An intermediate area, about 100 miles wide, which is
composed of slightly higher undulating land and which provides the chief mineral and forest resources

when the NE trade winds are strong. Rollers appear where the
depths decrease irregularly or in depths of about 9m over
coastal sand banks and mud banks.
Piracy incidents have been reported (2006) in Georgetown.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Guyana dollar, consisting
of 100 cents.
Pub. 160
Guyana
138
Fishing Areas
December 31
Large-scale shrimp fishing is carried out off the coast of

Guyana.
Government
Old Years Night

Industries
The major industries are bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber,
textiles, and gold mining.
The main exports are sugar, gold, bauxite, alumina, rice,
shrimp, molasses, rum, and timber. The main export-trading
partners are the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
The main imports are manufactured goods, machinery, petroleum, and food. The main import-trading partners are the
United States, Trinidad and Tobago, China, and Cuba.
Languages
Flag of Guyana
Guyana is a republic. The country is divided into ten regions.
Guyana is governed by a directly-elected President, as the
leader of a party list in parliamentary elections, to a 5-year
term. The President appoints the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers. The National Assembly consists of 65 directly-elected members, under a system of proportional representation, and six appointed members, all serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law, with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law.
The capital is Georgetown.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
February 23
Republic Day
Phagwah (Holi)
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Holy Saturday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 5
Indian Heritage Day
May 26
Independence Day
First Monday in July
CARICOM Day
First Monday in August
Emancipation Day/Freedom Day
Diwali (Deepavali)
Variable
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Pub. 160
English is the official language. Several Amerindian dialects

are also spoken.
Enroute Volume
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Guyana are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Guyana and Suriname seek United Nations arbitration to resolve a long-standing dispute over the axis of the territorial sea
in potentially oil-rich waters.
Venezuelas claim of all territory W of the River Essequibo
has prevented any discussions regarding the maritime boundary between Guyana and Venezuela. Based on a recent oil discovery, which Guyana claims is within the Guyanese Exclusive
Economic Zone, it has been reported (2015) Venezuela has issued a decree that would annex Guyanese maritime waters as a
theoretical new defense zone which would leave Guyana
with no direct access to the Atlantic Ocean.
Guyana has expressed its intention to challenge the N limit
of Trinidad and Tobagos maritime boundary with Venezuela
under the claim that this boundary extends into the territorial
waters of Guyana.
Guyana
Regulations
General
Dangerous cargo is handled during daylight hours only.
Pratique
Pratique is given at Georgetown (648.8'N., 5810.3'W.)
when the pilot boards and includes vessel bound for ports on
the Essequibo River and the Berbice River. Radio pratique is
not available; vessels with a contagious disease on board must
advise by radio and wait for instructions in the quarantine anchorage.
Search and Rescue

The Maritime Corps of the Guyana Defense Force is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations. A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center is located in Georgetown and
can be contacted by telephone (592-22-68410, 592-22-60570,
or 592-22-60579).
Demerara Coast Radio Station (8RB) maintains a continuous
listening watch for distress calls on 2182 kHz.

CARICOM (Caribbean Community) Advance Passenger
Information System (APIS)
CARICOM APIS is a mandatory reporting system providing
Advance Passenger Information (API) about passengers and
crew to the Joint Regional Communications Center (JRCC)
Barbados for vessels bound for or departing from a port in the
following participating CARICOM member states:
1. Antigua and Barbuda.
2. Barbados.
3. Dominica.
4. Grenada.
5. Guyana.
6. Jamaica.
7. St. Kitts and Nevis.
8. St. Lucia.
9. St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
10. Trinidad and Tobago.
The JRCC Barbados has been selected by the governments
of the participating CARICOM states as the agent for collecting and collating data from arriving and departing vessels and
can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone: 1-246-4297931 (Maritime)
139
1-246-4354659 (eAPIS)
2. Facsimile:
1-246-2284040
3. E-mail:
maritime.compliance@impacsjrcc.org
4. Web site:
http://www.impacsjrcc.org
The Electronic Advance Passenger Information Service (eAPIS) is a web-based application that provides a means of uploading and transmitting passenger and crew information.
Further details and downloadable forms can be obtained from
CARICOM Advance Passenger Information System web site.
Failure to provide these reports may result in heavy fines and/
or prosecution.
Arriving vessels should submit an API, as follows:
1. Vessels arriving from a port outside of the CARICOM
areaNo later than 24 hours prior to arrival.
2. Vessels arriving from a port within the CARICOM areaNo later than 1 hour prior to arrival.
Departing vessels should submit an API, as follows:
1. Vessels departing for a port outside of the CARICOM
areaNo later than 15 minutes after departure.
2. Vessels departing for a port within the CARICOM areaNo later than 1 hour prior to arrival at that port.
CARICOM Advance Passenger Information System
Home Page
http://www.caricomeapis.org
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is QUEBEC (+4). Daylight Savings Time is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 100 Young and Duke
Streets, Kingston, Georgetown.
1. Guyana address
P.O. Box 10507
Kingston, Georgetown
2. U.S. address
3170 Georgetown Place
U. S. Embassy Guyana Home Page
http://georgetown.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
INDIA
General
141
Buoyage System
141
Cautions
142
Currency
143
Firing Areas
143
Fishing Areas
149
Government
149
Holidays
149
Industries
150
Languages
150
Meteorology
150
Mined Areas
150
150
Offshore Drilling
150
Offshore Islands
151
Pollution
151
Regulations
151
Search and Rescue
152
152
Signals
153
158
Time Zone
160
160
U.S. Embassy
160
160
Appendix IContact Information for Indian MRCCs and
MRSCs
161
Appendix IIINSPIRES
163
Appendix IIIINDSAR
Appendix IVISLEREP
141
167
173
General
India is located in the S part of Asia. It is bounded on the W
by Pakistan and the Arabian Sea; on the E by Bangladesh, Burma, and the Bay of Bengal; on the N by the disputed territory
of Jammu and Kashmir; and on the NE by China, Nepal, Tibet,
and Bhutan. The far E part is almost separated from the rest of
the country by Bangladesh.
The terrain varies and includes the mountainous region of
the Himalayas in the N, the coastal lowlands, the almost flat
plain of the Ganges River in the NE, and a desert in the W.
The climate varies from tropical monsoon in the S part to
temperate in the N.
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region A) is in effect. Caution
is necessary, however, as the implementation is progressing in
phases, the existing uniform system may still be in place. See
Lighted aids to navigation may be extinguished in parts of
India, particularly on the N part of the Malabar Coast.
Buoys may be removed and lights extinguished during the
monsoon season (mid-May to mid-September).
Pub. 160
India
142
Cautions
Locust Reports
Routes
The Indian authorities have established recommended routes
for vessels bound for the port of Bombay in order to aid traffic
transiting the approach areas. The local authorities request that
vessels remain 1 to 2 miles to starboard of the recommended
route tracklines, which may be seen on the chart, consistent
with safe navigation and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (72 COLREGS).
Seismic Surveys
Seismic surveys, in connection with offshore oil and mineral
exploration, are conducted in and around Indian waters. Details
of these surveys are generally provided to mariners by local radio navigational warning or by Indian Notices to Mariners. It is
seldom practicable to publish details of the areas of operation
except in general terms; therefore, vessels carrying out seismic
surveys may be encountered without prior notice. Seismic survey vessels operate either alone or in company and may tow a
sensing device in the form of buoyant cable streamed 1 to 2
miles astern. This sensing device may be on the surface or lie at
depths of up to 12m below. An orange buoy, which displays a
quick flashing light and carries a radar reflector, is usually attached to the end of the cable.
In the process of the survey, repeated shock waves are created, at any level between the bottom and the surface, by the use
of explosive charges, compressed air, mechanical vibrators, or
electrical means. Vessels surveying will usually make way
through the water, but sometimes they stop for extended periods.
Seismic survey vessels that are unable to maneuver are required to carry the lights and signals as described in the 72
COLREGS and should be given a wide berth.
If charges are being fired by radio or electrically triggered
detonators, survey vessels may suspend radio and radar transmissions in order to avoid accidental firings. The charges may
be contained in a variety of cylinders, tubes, or bags which
may be marked as Dangerous. No attempt to recover such
items should be made and if any are inadvertently taken aboard
in trawls, etc., should be jettisoned immediately.
Piracy
Attacks on all classes of vessels occur in the waters of India
and have been reported at or off many of the ports; they are
most prevalent at Cochin. They also occur at a considerable
distance offshore.
Vessels transiting off the coast of India should note that over
300,000 fishing vessels operate off the coast of India. Fishing
off the coasts of the states of Kerala and Karnata is particularly
intense up to 50 miles offshore, especially during the Southwest Monsoon. Many of the fishing vessels are equipped with
outboard motors, with crews of four to five, and use longlines
and purse seine gear. When merchant vessels appear to be
nearing nets or fishing gear, these fishing vessels may sail towards merchant vessels in an attempt to attract attention so as
to avoid damage to their nets and gear. Consequently, merchant
vessels may mistake these fishing boats to be pirate skiffs. Vessels should navigate with extreme caution within 50 miles of
the coast of India so as not to mistake these fishing vessels for
pirate skiffs.
Vessels should report any suspicious activities of skiffs/boats
to MRCC Mumbai, as follows:
1. Telephone:
91-22-243-88065
91-22-243-16558
2. E-mail:
indsar@vsnl.net
icgmrcc_mumbai@mtnl.net
Merchant vessels with armed guards on board are required to
report their presence to the Indian Navy/Coast Guard when
transiting the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone.
Offshore Data Buoys
The Government of India has established a series of data collection and tsunami buoys off the coasts of India in the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal, as follows:
1. Data buoysused to collect meteorological and
oceanographic date.
2. Tsunami buoysused to collect deep-sea water level
data.
India Offshore Data Buoys

Arabian Sea
Buoy ID
Bay of Bengal
Position
Buoy ID
Position
Data Buoys
SW02 MB
1721'00.0''N, 7042'00.0''E
BD04
1412'00.0''N, 8254'00.0''E
AD02 MB
1500'00.0''N, 6900'00.0''E
BD07
615'00.0''N, 8553'00.0''E
AD04 MB
800'00.0''N, 7300'00.0''E
BD08
1810'00.0''N, 8940'00.0''E
AD05 MB
1029'00.0''N, 7216'00.0''E
BD09
1758'00.0''N, 8944'00.0''E
AD06 OB-OMNI
1900'00.0''N, 6700'00.0''E
BD10
1630'00.0''N, 8800'00.0''E
AD07 OB-OMNI
1500'00.0''N, 6900'00.0''E
BD11
1330'00.0''N, 8400'00.0''E
AD08 OB-OMNI
1200'00.0''N, 6900'00.0''E
BD12
1030'00.0''N, 9400'00.0''E
AD09 OB-OMNI
800'00.0''N, 7300'00.0''E
BD13
1100'00.0''N, 8630'00.0''E
AD010 OB-OMNI
1229'00.0''N, 7216'00.0''E
RP01
1135'00.0''N, 9236'00.0''E
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India Offshore Data Buoys

Arabian Sea
Buoy ID
Bay of Bengal
Position
Buoy ID
STB02
2047'55.2''N, 6520'48.0''E
CB02/COASTAL BUOY
1052'00.0''N, 7212'00.0''E
CB04/COASTAL BUOY
1523'00.0''N, 7345'00.0''E
CALVAL
1034'59.4''N, 7216'25.8''E
CB01
Position
1135'00.0''N, 9236'00.0''E
Tsunami Buoys
TB12
2038'00.0''N, 6705'00.0''E
All buoys are yellow, with a 3.5m high mast and a radar
reflector. Mariners are advised to maintain a clearance of 1
mile off these buoys.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the rupee, consisting of 100
paise.
Firing Areas
Firing, bombing, and other defense practice exercises take
place within a number of areas lying off the coast of India. The
responsibility to avoid accidents rests entirely with the Range
Authorities. Therefore, the limits of these areas may not, in all
cases, be shown on the charts and their descriptions may not
appear in the Sailing Directions (Enroute).
When air-to-air, air-to-sea, or ground firing are carried out
by aircraft, a large white or red sleeve, a winged target, or a
flag is towed by another aircraft moving on a steady course.
Generally, warning signals are shown when the targets are stationary, but not when towed targets are used.
All marine craft operating as range-safety craft, target towers, or control launches for remote-controlled targets will display for identification purposes, while within or in the vicinity
of the danger area, a large red flag at the masthead.
Remote-controlled craft are about 21m in length and carry
Not Under Command shapes and lights, as well as normal
navigation lights. Exercises consisting of surface firing by
ships, practice bombing, air to sea firing, and rocket firing may
be carried out against these craft or targets towed by them. In
such cases, a control craft will keep a visual and a radar watch
extending up to about 8 miles and there will be cover from the
air over a much greater range to ensure that shipping is not endangered.
Rocket and guided weapons firing exercises are conducted
under Clear (Air and Sea) Range procedures. Devices are generally incorporated whereby the missiles may be destroyed
should their flights be erratic.
Warning signals, when given, usually consist of red flags by
day and red fixed or red flashing lights at night. However, the
TB03
615'16.8''N, 8847'31.2''E
TB05
1100'00.0''N, 8930'00.0''E
TB06
1500'00.0''N, 9000'00.0''E
TB09
1742'00.0''N, 8936'00.0''E
STB-SA-IC
806'03.0''N, 8646'10.2''E
absence of any such signal cannot be accepted as evidence that

a practice area does not exist. Warning signals are shown from
shortly before practice commences until it ceases.
Ships and aircraft carrying out night exercises may illuminate with bright red or orange flares.
Vessels may be aware of the existence of practice areas by
monitoring the NAVAREA VIII warning messages, the coastal
warning messages, local Notice to Mariners, and by observing
warning signals.
The Range Authorities are responsible for ensuring that there
is no risk of damage from falling shell splinters, bullets, etc., to
any vessel which may be in the practice area.
Rocket Launching Areas
1. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.
Experimental high altitude meteorological/scientific rocket
firing will take place periodically from a launching site at
Thumba (832'34''N., 7651'32''E.), on the W coast of India.
The danger areas are, as follows:
a. Area I.Within a sector contained in a 5-mile radius
from the launching site, between bearings 010 and 120
from seaward.
b. Area II.Within a sector contained in arcs of 10 and
125 miles radii from the launching site, between bearings
010 and 120 from seaward.
Mariners are advised to keep clear of the above danger areas when firing is due to take place. NAVAREA VIII and
coastal radio warnings will be issued sufficiently in advance
in accordance with Indian Special Notice No. 12.
Visual warning signals are displayed at the launch site, as
follows:
White signal flares fired 45 minutes before launch.
c. Red signal flares fired 40 minutes before launch.
d. Green signal flares fired 5 minutes after launch (all
clear signal.
2. Balasore Rocket Launching Station.Experimental
high altitude meteorological/scientific rocket firing will take
place periodically from a launching site at Balasore
(2125'30''N., 8700'10''E.), on the E coast of India.
Danger areas will be disseminated prior to any launch.
Mariners are advised to keep clear of the danger areas
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when firing is due to take place. NAVAREA VIII and coastal

radio warnings will be issued sufficiently in advance in accordance with Indian Special Notice No. 12.
3. Satish Dhawan Satellite/Sounding Rocket Launching Stations.Experimental high altitude satellite/sounding
rocket launching will take place periodically from Sriharikota launching sites on the E coast of India, as follows:
a. Sounding Rocket Launching Station (1341'N.,
8014'E.) with danger areas, as follows:
(i) RH200/RH300:
Danger Zone 1A circle, with a radius of 5
miles, centered on the launcher.
Danger Zone 2A sector, with a radius of 15
miles, centered on the launcher, between azimuth
angle 070 clockwise to azimuth angle 110.
angle 080 clockwise to a radius of 70 miles on
azimuth angle 120.
(ii) RH (stretched version) (1341'N., 8014'E.):
azimuth angle 110.
azimuth angle 120.
(iii) RH560 (Variant 1) (1341'43.8''N., 8014'
04.8''E.):
azimuth angle 130
(iv) RH560 (Variant 2) (1341'43.8''N., 8014'
04.8''E.):
azimuth angle 120.
b. Satellite Launching Station (1342'N., 8014'E.) with
danger areas, as follows:
(i) PSVL (Variant 1):
miles, centered on the launcher, between azimuth angle 130 clockwise to a radius of 165 miles on azimuth angle 150.
Danger Zone 3Area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
(a) 900'N, 8430'E.
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(b) 900'N, 8500'E.

(c) 730'N, 8500'E.
(d) 730'N, 8430'E.
(a) 050'S, 8430'E.
(b) 050'S, 8500'E.
(c) 450'S, 8500'E.
(d) 450'S, 8430'E.
(a) 2950'S, 7200'E.
(b) 2950'S, 7600'E.
(c) 3450'S, 7600'E.
(d) 3450'S, 7200'E.
(ii) PSVL (Variant 2):
miles, centered on the launcher, between azimuth angle 130 clockwise to a radius of 40 miles on azimuth
angle 150.
(a) 900'N, 8500'E.
(b) 900'N, 8530'E.
(c) 730'N, 8530'E.
(d) 730'N, 8500'E.
(a) 430'S, 8050'E.
(b) 430'S, 8250'E.
(c) 830'S, 8250'E.
(d) 830'S, 8050'E.
(a) 4030'S, 7200'E.
(b) 4030'S, 7600'E.
(c) 4530'S, 7600'E.
(d) 4530'S, 7200'E.
(iii) PSVL (Varient 3):
(a) 1245'N, 8200'E.
(b) 1245'N, 8400'E.
(c) 1345'N, 8400'E.
(d) 1345'N, 8200'E.
(a) 1200'N, 8645'E.
(b) 1200'N, 8715'E.
India
(c) 1245'N, 8715'E.
(d) 1245'N, 8645'E.
(a) 1000'N, 9500'E.
(b) 1000'N, 9530'E.
(c) 1100'N, 9530'E.
(d) 1100'N, 9500'E.
(a) 1900'S, 13200'W.
(b) 2100'S, 13200'W.
(c) 1600'S, 12000'W.
(d) 1800'S, 12000'W.
(iv) PSVL (Varient 4):
miles, centered on the launcher, between azimuth angle 80 clockwise to a radius of 75 miles on azimuth
angle 125.
Danger Zone 3Area bounded by lines joining
(a) 1245'N, 8245'E.
(b) 1315'N, 8245'E.
(c) 1315'N, 8400'E.
(d) 1245'N, 8200'E.
(a) 1225'N, 8410'E.
(b) 1300'N, 8410'E.
(c) 1300'N, 8540'E.
(d) 1225'N, 8540'E.
(a) 1125'N, 8810'E.
(b) 1200'N, 8810'E.
(c) 1200'N, 8910'E.
(d) 1125'N, 8910'E.
(a) 850'N, 9430'E.
(b) 1050'N, 9430'E.
(c) 1050'N, 9530'E.
(d) 850'N, 9530'E.
(a) 1600'S, 13000'W.
(b) 1700'S, 13000'W.
(c) 800'S, 9000'W.
(d) 800'S, 9000'W.
(v) GSVL (Varient 1):
(a) 1115'N, 8500'E.
(b) 1115'N, 8645'E.
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(c) 1230'N, 8645'E.

(d) 1230'N, 8500'E.
(a) 1015'N, 8830'E.
(b) 1015'N, 9030'E.
(c) 1130'N, 9030'E.
(d) 1130'N, 8830'E.
(vi) GSVL (Varient 2):
(a) 1130'N, 8500'E.
(b) 1130'N, 8645'E.
(c) 1230'N, 8645'E.
(d) 1230'N, 8500'E.
(a) 1015'N, 8815'E.
(b) 1015'N, 9030'E.
(c) 1130'N, 9030'E.
(d) 1130'N, 8815'E.
(a) 800'N, 9445'E.
(b) 800'N, 9530'E.
(c) 900'N, 9530'E.
(d) 900'N, 9445'E.
Mariners are advised to keep clear of the above danger areas
when launching is due to take place. NAVAREA VIII and
NAVTEX warnings will be issued sufficiently in advance in accordance with Indian Special Notice No. 12. No visual warning
signals will be displayed. Vessels unavoidably in the danger areas should contact MRCC Chennai.
Firing Practice and Exercise Areas
1. Bedi (off Balachiri).An area bounded by lines
a. 2249'00.0''N, 7006'00.0''E.
b. 2245'49.8''N, 7013'10.2''E.
c. 2238'15.0''N, 7009'19.8''E.
d. 2241'10.2''N, 7001'49.8''E.
2. Nora Island.An area of 2 miles around Nora Island (2231'00''N., 6920'30''E.).
3. Mumbai (Bombay)
(i) Area AAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1830'N, 7050'E.
b. 1830'N, 7110'E.
c. 1812'N, 7110'E.
d. 1812'N, 7050'E.
(ii) Area BAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1750'N, 7200'E.
b. 1750'N, 7220'E.
c. 1732'N, 7220'E.
d. 1732'N, 7200'E.
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(iii) Area RAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1932'N, 6722'E.
b. 1932'N, 6906'E.
c. 2107'N, 6906'E.
d. 2107'N, 6722'E.
(iv) Middle Ground Firing AreaAn area bounded by
a. 1850'00.0''N, 7254'30.0''E.
b. 1854'18.0''N, 7254'00.0''E.
c. 1854'30.0''N, 7254'00.0''E.
d. 1855'06.0''N, 7254'30.0''E.
e. 1855'10.2''N, 7250'58.2''E.
f. 1854'39.0''N, 7250'34.8''E.
g. 1854'23.4''N, 7250'21.0''E.
h. 1850'00.0''N, 7254'18.0''E.
(v) Oyster Rock Firing AreaAn area bounded by
a. 1848'00.0''N, 7252'00.0''E.
b. 1850'00.0''N, 7254'18.0''E.
c. 1850'00.0''N, 7254'30.0''E.
d. 1854'39.0''N, 7250'00.0''E.
e. 1854'23.4''N, 7250'34.8''E.
f. 1854'04.8''N, 7249'48.0''E.
g. 1854'03.0''N, 7249'28.8''E.
h. 1848'00.0''N, 7249'00.0''E.
(vi) Area 1An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1848'00.0''N, 7238'00.0'E.
b. 1852'00.0''N, 7246'00.0''E.
c. 1851'00.0''N, 7247'00.0''E.
d. 1853'34.8''N, 7248'45.0''E. (Colaba Point)
e. 1900'00.0''N, 7244'04.8''E.
f. 1900'00.0''N, 7238'00.0''E.
Position a and position f are to be joined by an arc
with position d as the center.
(vii) Firing from Colaba PointAn area bounded by
a. 1848'00.0''N, 7238'00.0''E.
b. 1853'21.0''N, 7248'27.0''E.
c. 1900'00.0''N, 7244'03.0''E.
d. 1900'00.0''N, 7238'00.0''E.
(viii)Area 2An area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1851'49.8''N, 7238'19.8''E.
b. 1901'19.8''N, 7249'00.0''E.
c. 1905'00.0''N, 7247'00.0''E.
d. 1904'00.0''N, 7235'00.0''E.
4. Goa
a. 1512'30''N, 7320'30''E.
b. 1454'00''N, 7328'30''E.
c. 1516'30''N, 7329'30''E.
d. 1458'00''N, 7338'00''E.
a. 1508'00''N, 7310'30''E.
b. 1450'00''N, 7319'00''E.
c. 1512'30''N, 7320'30''E.
d. 1454'00''N, 7328'30''E.
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(iii) Air-to-air range (VAD 17) bounded by lines joining

a. 1509'N, 7311'E.
b. 1515'N, 7329'E.
c. 1437'N, 7345'E.
d. 1430'N, 7329'E.
(iv) Air-to-air range (VAD 17) bounded by lines joining
a. 1513'N, 7357'E.
b. 1513'N, 7352'E.
c. 1511'N, 7352'E.
d. 1511'N, 7357'E.
5. Netrani Island (off Karwar)Firing area bounded
by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1356'12.0''N, 7413'36.0''E.
b. 1407'12.0''N, 7325'04.2''E.
c. 1407'12.0''N, 7413'36.0''E.
d. 1355'12.0''N, 7425'04.2''E.
6. Off Kochi (Cochin)
(i) Area DAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 901'N, 7539'E.
b. 912'N, 7508'E.
c. 930'N, 7517'E.
d. 912'N, 7544'E.
(ii) Area EAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 956'N, 7516'E.
b. 939'N, 7528'E.
c. 929'N, 7511'E.
d. 946'N, 7500'E.
(iii) Area HAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 928'N, 7409'E.
b. 928'N, 7439'E.
c. 994'N, 7339'E.
d. 904'N, 7309'E.
(iv) Area JAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 952'N, 7415'E.
b. 931'N, 7415'E.
c. 931'N, 7356'E.
d. 915'N, 7356'E.
(v) Area UAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 838'N, 7424'E.
b. 856'N, 7414'E.
c. 856'N, 7434'E.
d. 838'N, 7445'E.
(vi) Area BAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 815'N, 7438'E.
b. 830'N, 7438'E.
c. 830'N, 7500'E.
d. 815'N, 7500'E.
(vii) Firing SectorAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 957'19.8''N, 7614'10.2''E.
b. 1003'49.8''N, 7603'10.2''E.
c. 944'49.8''N, 7615'09.0''E.
(viii)Firing AreaAn area bounded by lines joining the
India
a. 957.5'N, 7659.5'E.
b. 957.7'N, 7614.2'E.
c. 944.0'N, 7617.5'E.
d. 942.5'N, 7609.5'E.
7. TrivandrumArea PAn area bounded by lines
a. 816'N, 7542'E.
b. 816'N, 7632'E.
c. 841'N, 7632'E.
d. 841'N, 7542'E.
8. Chennai (Madras)
(i) Chennai Firing Area.An area bounded by an arc
extending 16 miles from Chennai Light on a bearing
between 037 and 184.
(ii) Area VAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1610'N, 8418'E.
b. 1610'N, 8459'E.
c. 1530'N, 8459'E.
d. 1530'N, 8418'E.
9. Vishakhapatnam
a. 1744'00.0''N, 8405'00.0''E.
b. 1744'00.0''N, 8348'00.0''E.
c. 1748'07.8''N, 8342'00.0''E.
d. 1758'00.0''N, 8352'00.0''E.
e. 1758'00.0''N, 8419'00.0''E.
a. 1630'N, 8300'E.
b. 1530'N, 8300'E.
c. 1530'N, 8400'E.
d. 1630'N, 8400'E.
(iii) Firing Area DAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1656'54.0''N, 8400'12.0''E.
b. 1656'54.0''N, 8429'37.8''E.
c. 1630'24.6''N, 8429'37.8''E.
d. 1630'24.6''N, 8400'12.0''E.
(iv) Area EAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1742'03.0''N, 8318'24.0''E.
b. 1741'30.0''N, 8318'07.2''E.
c. 1730'24.0''N, 8318'07.2''E.
d. 1734'04.2''N, 8330'18.0''E.
e. 1746'04.2''N, 8332'04.2''E.
10. GopalpurAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1914'36.0''N, 8453'42.0''E.
b. 1907'23.4''N, 8535'56.4''E.
c. 1833'36.6''N, 8453'44.4''E.
d. An arc with a radius of 75 kilometers, centered on
point a, joining point b and point c.
11. KalaikundaFiring area bounded by lines joining
a. 1858'53.4''N, 8700'55.2''E.
b. 1858'53.4''N, 9006'46.8''E.
c. 1838'59.4''N, 9006'46.8''E.
d. 1838'59.4''N, 8700'55.2''E.
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12. BalasoreAn area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 2127'30''N, 8702'00''E.
b. 2109'00''N, 8721'51''E.
c. 2100'18''N, 8703'00''E.
d. 2158'30''N, 8753'30''E.
e. 2010'54''N, 8604'24''E.
13. Kolkata (Calcutta)Firing area bounded by lines
a. 2211'30''N, 8811'00''E.
b. 2211'24''N, 8808'00''E.
c. 2206'00''N, 8809'30''E.
d. 2201'00''N, 8803'18''E.
e. 2207'00''N, 8810'30''E.
f. 2205'00''N, 8815'00''E.
14. Port CornwallisAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1255'N, 9405'E.
b. 1255'N, 9445'E.
c. 1230'N, 9445'E.
d. 1230'N, 9405'E.
15. Port Blair
a. 1139'N, 9249'E.
b. 1139'N, 9303'E.
c. 1124'N, 9303'E.
d. 1124'N, 9249'E.
(ii) Firing Area BAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1155'N, 9403'E.
b. 1155'N, 9430'E.
c. 1225'N, 9430'E.
d. 1235'N, 9403'E.
(iii) Firing Area DAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1124'N, 9245'E.
b. 1124'N, 9305'E.
c. 1100'N, 9305'E.
d. 1100'N, 9245'E.
(iv) Firing Area EAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1139.7'N, 9246.3'E.
b. 1140.6'N, 9247.0'E.
c. 1137.8'N, 9257.1'E.
d. 1130.4'N, 9248.9'E.
16. Passage IslandFiring area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1105'N, 9235'E.
b. 1117'N, 9235'E.
c. 1117'N, 9247'E.
d. 1105'N, 9247'E.
Naval Exercise Areas

1. Off Dwarka.Area DAn area bounded by lines
a. 2212.0'N, 6836.2'E.
b. 2115.0'N, 6904.0'E.
c. 2109.0'N, 6940.0'E.
d. 2115.0'N, 6941.0'E.
e. 2212.0'N, 6842.0'E.
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2. Off Navi Bandar.Area PAn area bounded
a. 2100'N, 6800'E.
b. 2100'N, 6912'E.
c. 2020'N, 6940'E.
d. 2000'N, 6940'E.
e. 2000'N, 6840'E.
3. Off Diu.
(i) Area QAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 2052'40.8''N, 7003'04.8''E.
b. 2031'45.6''N, 7058'41.4''E.
c. 2018'54.6''N, 7059'25.2''E.
d. 2019'05.4''N, 7051'42.6''E.
e. 2001'06.6''N, 7102'32.4''E.
f. 2024'55.8''N, 7004'06.0''E.
(ii) Area TAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1914'N, 6945'E.
b. 1947'N, 6835'E.
c. 2036'N, 6902'E.
d. 2002'N, 7009'E.
4. Off Mumbai.
(i) Area FAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1802.0'N, 6840.0'E.
b. 1843.0'N, 6840.0'E.
c. 1843.0'N, 6858.0'E.
d. 1802.5'N, 6928.0'E.
(ii) Area GAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1802'N, 6840'E.
b. 1843'N, 6840'E.
c. 1843'N, 6743'E.
(iii) Area AA1An area bounded by lines joining
a. 1859'N, 7251'E.
b. 1859'N, 7256'E.
c. 1856'N, 7256'E.
d. 1856'N, 7302'E.
e. 1847'N, 7302'E.
f. 1847'N, 7255'E.
g. 1834'N, 7255'E.
h. 1834'N, 7242'E.
i. 1855'N, 7242'E.
j. 1855'N, 7249'E.
5. Off Ratnagiri.
(i) Area MAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1600'N, 7145'E.
b. 1600'N, 7215'E.
c. 1540'N, 7215'E.
d. 1540'N, 7145'E.
(ii) Area JAn area bounded by lines joining
a. 1700'N, 7000'E.
b. 1700'N, 7025'E.
c. 1628'N, 7028'E.
d. 1628'N, 7004'E.
(iii) Area CAn area bounded by lines joining
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the
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a. 1750'N, 7130'E.
b. 1750'N, 7152'E.
c. 1732'N, 7152'E.
d. 1732'N, 7130'E.
(iv) Area VAD31An area bounded by lines joining
a. 1750'N, 7228'E.
b. 1750'N, 7245'E.
c. 1713'N, 7242'E.
d. 1735'N, 7228'E.
6. Off Devgarh.Area RAn area bounded by lines
a. 1630'N, 7030'E.
b. 1630'N, 7100'E.
c. 1600'N, 7100'E.
d. 1600'N, 7030'E.
7. Off Mormugao.
(i) Area DAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1524'N, 7234'E.
b. 1506'N, 7240'E.
c. 1500'N, 7228'E.
d. 1518'N, 7222'E.
(ii) Area HAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1533'N, 7211'E.
b. 1530'N, 7228'E.
c. 1510'N, 7220'E.
d. 1513'N, 7202'E.
8. Off Kochi.
(i) Area AAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1000'N, 7523'E.
b. 847'N, 7605'E.
c. 847'N, 7522'E.
d. 1000'N, 7437'E.
(ii) Area QAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 815'N, 7518'E.
b. 815'N, 7432'E.
c. 859'N, 7406'E.
d. 859'N, 7454'E.
(iii) Area YAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1000'N, 7351'E.
b. 1000'N, 7440'E.
c. 900'N, 7440'E.
d. 900'N, 7351'E.
9. Off Visakhapatnam.
(i) Area RAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1745.0'N, 8338.5'E.
b. 1741.0'N, 8344.5'E.
c. 1732.5'N, 8338.0'E.
d. 1737.0'N, 8332.5'E.
(ii) Area YAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 1745.0'N, 8357.0'E.
b. 1753.0'N, 8404.3'E.
c. 1747.0'N, 8410.2'E.
d. 1739.0'N, 8402.5'E.
India
e. 1746.0'N, 8403.5'E.
10. Off Quilon.Area Z5An area bounded by lines
a. 905'00.0''N, 7550'00.0''E.
b. 850'00.0''N, 7559'00.0''E.
c. 839'00.0''N, 7531'49.8''E.
d. 858'00.0''N, 7531'00.0''E.
Missile Firing Areas
1. Off Angria Bank.Area LAn area bounded by
a. 1740.0'N, 7114.0'E.
b. 1730.0'N, 7107.0'E.
c. 1718.0'N, 7116.0'E.
d. 1543.0'N, 7128.0'E.
e. 1522.0'N, 7205.0'E.
f. 1632.0'N, 7235.0'E.
g. 1653.0'N, 7200.0'E.
h. 1725.0'N, 7130.0'E.
2. Off Sesostris Bank.Area SAn area bounded by
a. 1638.0'N, 7003.0'E.
b. 1638.0'N, 7110.0'E.
c. 1600.0'N, 7110.0'E.
d. 1332.5'N, 7322.0'E.
e. 1244.0'N, 7322.0'E.
f. 1244.0'N, 6852.0'E.
g. 1400.0'N, 6910.0'E.
h. 1515.0'N, 7012.0'E.
3. Off Visakhapatnam.Area MAn area bounded by
a. 1858'53.4''N, 8700'55.2''E.
b. 1858'53.4''N, 9006'46.8''E.
c. 1538'59.4''N, 9006'46.8''E.
d. 1536'59.4''N, 8700'55.2''E.
4. Off Tillanchang.Area TAn area bounded by lines
a. 808.0'N, 9306.0'E.
b. 808.0'N, 9408.0'E.
c. 1112.0'N, 9408.0'E.
d. 1112.0'N, 9306.0'E.
5. Off Port Blair.Area CAn area bounded by lines
a. 1100.0'N, 9250.0'E.
b. 1030.0'N, 9250.0'E.
c. 1030.0'N, 9340.0'E.
d. 1000.0'N, 9340.0'E.
Fishing Areas
ports and harbors of India up to 50 miles offshore. The fishing
grounds may be marked by barrel buoys and logs.
Heavy concentrations of fishing vessels may be encountered
in the Gulf of Khambhat (2121'N., 7222'E.) and the Gulf of
Kachchh (2245'N., 6945'E.).
Small fishing vessels with buoyed nets are likely to be encountered up to 25 miles offshore in the approaches to Mumbai
(Bombay).
Lines of fishing stakes, surmounted by baskets and project-
149
ing as much as 6m out of the water, lie in depths of less than

25m in the N and S approaches to Mumbai (Bombay) as well
as between Bona Point (1724.3'N., 7310.'E) and Kanhoji Angre Island, 80 miles NNW. Caution is necessary as these stakes
may be broken off and not readily visible.
Fishing stakes and enclosures are generally found on off-lying banks and off the coast in depths of up to 25m. Their positions are subject to considerable change.
Fishing stakes are normally removed during the Southwest
Monsoon.
Government
Flag of India
India is a federal republic with a parliamentary government.
The country is divided into 29 states and seven union territories.
The head of the Union is the President, who is elected by an
electoral college for a 5-year term, in whom all executive power is vested. The electoral college consists of all the elected
members of the Parliament and the State Assemblies.
The Council of Ministers aids and advises the President. The
Prime Minister is elected by the members of the majority party.
The bicameral Parliament consists of the Council of States
(the upper house) and the Peoples Assembly (the lower
house). The Council of States consists of not more that 245
members and is a combination of members selected by the
elected members of the state and territorial assemblies and up
to 12 members appointed by the President; all members serve
6-year terms. The Peoples Assembly consists of 543 directlyelected members and two appointed members, all serving 5year terms.
The capital is New Delhi.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
January 26
Republic Day
Good Friday
Variable
August 15
Independence Day
October 2
Mahatma Gandhis Birthday
December 25
Christmas Day (Natal)
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150
Hindu holidays subject to the Hindu solar calendar include

Vishnu/Bahag, Mesadi, and Maghi.
Hindu holidays subject to the Hindu lunar calendar include
Holi, Sri Rami Navami, Mahavir Jayanthi, Buddha Purnima,
Krishna Janamashti (Janmastami), Dussehra (Vijaya Dashmi),
Diwali (Deepavali), and Hazrat Alis Birthday.
There are many smaller Hindu holidays that may be celebrated locally.
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, textiles, chemicals, food
processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining,
petroleum, machinery, software, and pharmaceuticals.
The main exports are petroleum products, precious stones,
machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, and apparel.
The main export-trading partners are the United Arab Emirates, the United States, China, and Singapore.
The main imports are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizers,
iron and steel, and chemicals. The main import-trading partners are China, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, and the United States.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
* Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims the
Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay as historic waters.
A dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore Island (South
Talpatty Island) (Purbasha Island) (2137'N., 8909'E.), in the
Bay of Bengal, has prevented the establishment of a maritime
boundary. It has been reported (2010) that the island is now
submerged and no longer visible.
Sea.
A dispute with Pakistan over the terminus of the estuary of
Sir Creek (2338'N., 6802'E.), at the mouth of the Rann of
Kutch, has prevented the establishment of a maritime boundary. In 2004, this disputed area was resurveyed in preparations
for discussions concerning the maritime boundary.
Languages
Offshore Drilling
Hindi is the official language. English is also very widely

used, especially in business, communications, and government.
In addition, there are 14 other official languages; numerous dialects are also spoken.
Oil Development Areas

Three Oil Development Areas (ODA) lie in the approaches
to the port of Mumbai (Bombay), as follows:
1. Bombay High ODA (1927N., 7120'E.)90 miles
WNW of the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay),
2. Panna and Bassain ODA (1915N., 7200'E.)50
miles NW of the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay),
3. Neelam Heera and Ratna ODA (1834N.,
7218'E.),35 miles SW of the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay),
Several oil fields and exploration sites lie within this area. In
addition, numerous derricks, oil production platforms, wells,
single point moorings, and other obstructions hinder safe navigation in this area. Other unlit objects, pipelines, submerged
obstructions, and well heads, sometimes marked by buoys, exist in this area; these features are not all charted due to their
complexity and frequent change.
Tapti ODA (2038'N., 7159'E.) lies in the approaches to the
Gulf of Khambhat S of Western Banks.
Two additional Oil Development Areas are located off the E
coast of Indian, as follows:
1. Sun Hoec ODA (1130N., 7956'E.)N of Karaikal.
2. Ravva ODA (1627'N., 8210'E.)S of Kakinada Bay.
Vessels not associated with oil field operations are strongly
advised by the Government of India not to approach within 2.5
miles of any production platforms or structures in any Oil Development Area.
Indian authorities advise all mariners to maintain a constant
listening watch on VHF when within 25 miles of the oil fields.
Oil exploration activities are also taking place in the Gulf of
Mannar, between the SE coast of India and the W coast of Sri
Lanka.
Meteorology
The latest GMDSS messages giving weather forecasts for
the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are available in English
from the Indian Meteorological Department (http://
www.imd.gov.in).
Mined Areas
Mines may still exist in Preparis South Channel, S of Preparis Island (1453'N., 9738'E.), presenting a danger to subsurface activities, including submerged navigation, fishing, sea
bed exploration, and anchoring.
Enroute Volume
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of India are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
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Offshore Islands
151

The Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands, a group of about 204 islands and
rocks, lie between 1030'N and 1340'N, and between 9211'E
and 9307'E.
The Andaman Islands, together with the Nicobar Islands, are
administered as a Union Territory by the President of the Republic of India, acting through a Lieutenant Governor. The seat
of administration is situated at Port Blair. The islands are
densely wooded and contain valuable hardwood and softwood
trees which form the principal export. They are deeply indented and form several deep and spacious harbors.
The Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands, a group of about 19 islands, are a dependency of the Andaman Islands. They lie between 645'N
and 915'N, and between 9240'E and 9355'E.
The islands are mostly hilly and undulating. Rivers are found
only on the island of Great Nicobar. Severe earthquakes can be
expected in this vicinity as the islands lie on a fault line. Coconuts and tobacco are grown.
The Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep Islands)
The Laccadive Islands (1000'N., 7230'E.), meaning the
hundred thousand islands, consist of a group of coral atolls lying between 115 and 215 miles off the SW coast of India; several detached shoals and banks lie off the islands.
The islands are divided into two groups, N and S, separated
approximately by the parallel of 11N. The N group is known
as the Amindivi Islands. The S group is known as the Cannanore Islands.using ports in the Andaman and Nicobar regions of India)
Each of these islands lies on extensive coral shoals and no
parts of these formations are more than about 4m high. As
these islets and islands are low, with coconut trees only 18 to
24m high and not discernible for any great distance, they
should be avoided. There are, however, some wide and deep
channels between them.
Pollution
The discharge of oil into the sea is prohibited within 50 miles
of the Indian coast or island groups.
Regulations
Pre-Arrival Notification of Security (PANS)
All vessels, owners, operators, managers, and agents are requested to submit a Pre-Arrival Notification of Security
(PANS) 96 hours prior to arrival at any Indian port. Full details
may be obtained from the relevant authorities in India.
If the voyage is shorter than 96 hours, the PANS should be
submitted within 2 hours of departure from the last port. This
also applies to vessels trading in coastal waters or between
Indian ports.
Vessels should report to their port of arrival and to the
following Indian authorities:
1. Ports on the W coast of IndiaCoast Guard Regional
Headquarters (West) at MRCC Mumbai.
2. Ports on the E coast of IndiaCoast Guard Regional
Headquarters (East) at MRCC Chennai.
3. Ports in the Andaman and Nicobar regions of India
Coast Guard Regional Headquarters (West) at MRCC Port
Blair.
Contact information for PANS is given in the table titled
IndiaPANS Contact Information.
Dangerous and Hazardous Cargo
It is required that all vessels above 100 gt carrying dangerous
and hazardous cargo transiting through the Indian Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) report the details of the cargo carried 48
hours before entering any Indian port or 24 hours prior to entering the Indian EEZ. Vessels sailing from neighboring countries are also required to report on their cargo 24 hours prior to
departure.
This information shall be included in line P of the Indian
Ship Position and Information Reporting System (INSPIRES)
reporting format (see Appendix II).
IndiaPANS Contact Information

MRCC Mumbai
MRCC Chennai
MRCC Port Blair
Telephone
91-22-243-88065
91-44-234-60405
91-3192-232681
Facsimile
91-22-243-16558
91-44-253-95018
91-3192-242948
E-mail
indsar@vsl.net
isareast@dataone.in
INMARSAT-C
583-441907210
583-441907510
mrcc-ptb@indiancoastguard.nic.in
com_cs@dataone.in
583-441908010
870-762483765 (voice)
INMARSAT-M
870-762882349
870-641901410
870-762483766 (facsimile)
870-762483767 (data)
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India
Indian Naval Vessels

All vessels must maintain a minimum distance of 300m from
any Indian naval vessel berthed in port or anchored in an anchorage. Vessels approaching less than 300m from Indian naval vessels may be identified as hostile and fired upon.
Vessel Age Restrictions
The following restrictions apply to foreign-flagged tankers
in Indian waters:
1. Crude oil carriersMust have segregated ballast tanks
and be less than 25 years old.
2. Product tankersMust have segregated ballast tanks
and be less than 25 years old.
3. Chemical tankersMust be less than 25 years old.
7. Any special or additional security measures taken at

the ports-of-call listed in 5.
8. Confirmation that appropriate security measures were
maintained during ship-to-ship activity at the ports-of-call
listed in 5.
9. Any other security-related information pertaining to
ensuring the safety and security of persons, port facilities,
ships, and other property?
10. Will the vessel require stores/spares/bunkers/provisions/fresh water during this port call?
11. Will there be a change of crew or passengers during
this port call?
12. Are there stowaways on board?
Search and Rescue

Chartered Vessel Age Restrictions During the Monsoon
Season
The following chartered vessels are prohibited from
transiting Indian territorial waters during the monsoon season:
1. Gas carriers over 30 years old.
2. All other vessels over 25 years old.
The ban is in effect, as follows:
1. Bay of BengalFrom May 1 until November 30.
2. West coast and Arabian Seafrom June 1 until August 31.
Quarantine
Indian Port Health Authorities require a quarantine message
to be sent not more than 12 hours and not less than 4 hours prior to arrival.
Restricted Area
The union territories of the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands has been declared a Restricted Area by the Government of India. Foreign vessels and foreign nationals are prohibited from visiting the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands without prior permission from the Government of India.
All foreign vessels must contact Port Blair Port Radio at
0230 UTC when entering the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone
and provide the following information:
1. Vessel particulars.
2. Position.
3. Course.
4. Speed.
5. Nationality of crew and passengers.
International Ship and Port Facility (ISPS) Code
The ISPS Code applies to ships of 500 gt and over on international voyages and port facilities directly interfacing with
these ships.
The following information must be submitted at least 24
hours prior to the vessels arrival:
1. Vessel name.
2. Name and designation of the Ship Security Officer.
3. Validation of the International Ship Security Certificate or the Interim Certificate and the issuing authority.
4. Security level at which the ship is currently operating.
5. Names of the last ten ports-of-call where interface
with a port or vessel took place.
6. The security level at which the ship operated at during
the ports-of-call listed in 5.
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The Indian Coast Guard is responsible for coordinating

Search and Rescue Operations (SAR) in the Indian Search and
Rescue Region (ISRR). For the limits of the ISRR, see Ship
Reporting SystemINDSAR. The Indian Coast Guard can be
contacted by e-mail, as follows:
dte-ops@indiancoastguard.nic.in
The ISRR is divided into three subregions. Each subregion
has an assigned Maritime Rescue Coordination Center
(MRCC). Each MRCC coordinates search and rescue missions
with other agencies via a network of Maritime Rescue
Coordination Subcenters (MRSC). Contact information is
given in the table in Appendix I titled IndiaContact
Information for MRCCs and MRSCs.
Rescue craft are stationed at Aguada Bay.

Indian Ship Position and Information Reporting System
(INSPIRES)
The Indian Ship Position and Information Reporting System
(INSPIRES) is mandatory for all Indian merchant vessels, including coastal and fishing vessels, of more than 300 gt. Other
vessels within the reporting area are encouraged to participate
in the system.
Further information on INSPIRES can be found in Appendix
II.
India Ship Reporting System for SAR (INDSAR)
The India Ship Reporting System for SAR (INDSAR) is a
voluntary system designed to contribute to the safety of life at
sea. Participation is mandatory for all Indian-registered vessels
and encouraged for foreign-flag vessels of 300 gross tons and
over operating or transiting in the Indian Search and Rescue
Region (ISRR).
Further information on INDSAR can be found in Appendix
III.
Island Ship Reporting System (ISLEREP)
The Island Ship Reporting System (ISLEREP) is an integral
subsystem of the India Ship Reporting System for SAR (INDSAR) and applies to all vessels passing within 20 miles of Lakshadweep (Laccadive Islands) and the Andaman and Nicobar
India
Islands.
A VHF communications network connects all the islands of
these archipelagos and is used for position reporting and final
reporting.The information will be used to provide additional
information for maritime safety, the protection of the
environment, and maritime search and rescue.
Due to the location and distance of these island groups from
the mainland, participation in this communications network
will result in the reduction of response time.
The ISLEREP Center can be contacted 24 hours, as follows:
1. Call sign:
ISLEREP Center
2. VHF:
VHF channels 8 and 16
Further information on ISLEREP can be found in Appendix
IV.
153
Signals
Harbor Signals
Should it become necessary to control the movement of
ships into and within ports in India, the signals described below
will be displayed from a conspicuous position in or near the
port approaches and/or from any Examination or Traffic Control Vessel operating in the approaches to the port, as follows:
1. Entry to port prohibited:
Day signalThree red balls, vertically disposed.
Night signalThree flashing red lights, vertically
disposed.

2. Entry to port permitted:

Night signalThree fixed green lights, vertically
disposed.
3. Movement or anchorage within port prohibited:
Day signalBlue flag.
Night signalA fixed green light between two
fixed red lights, vertically disposed.
India Signal Stations

Port
Location
General
Brief
Extended
West Coast of India

Beypore
1110'N, 7548'E
Bhatkal
1358'N, 7432'E
Bhavnagar
2146'N, 7214'E
Calicut
1115'N, 7547'E
Coondapoor
1338'N, 7441'E
Dahanu
1959'N, 7243'E
Devgarh
1623'N, 7323'E
Dighi
1817'N, 7259'E
Diu
2043'N, 7101'E
Dwarka
2215'N, 6859'E
Harnai
1749'N, 7306'E
JSW Jaigarh Port
1718'N, 7312'E
Kandla
2302'N, 7013'E
Karwar
1448'N, 7408'E
Kilakkarai
914'N, 7847'E
Kochi (Cochin)
958'N, 7614'E
Mangrol Bandar
2107'N, 7006'E
Moti Daman
2024'N, 7250'E
Muhava Bay
2102'N, 7147'E
Mumbai (Bombay)
1855'N, 7253'E
Navapur
1947'N, 7241'E
Navlakhi
2257'N, 7027'E
New Mangalore
1255'N, 7448'E
X
X
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154

Port
Location
General
Brief
Okha
2228'N, 6905'E
Pipavav
2055'N, 7130'E
Ponnani River
1047'N, 7555'E
Port Bankot
1759'N, 7302'E
Port Redi
1545'N, 7339'E
Ratnagiri
1658'N, 7316'E
Revadanda
1833'N, 7254'E
Satpati (Dudh River)
1943'N, 7242'E
Sikka
2229'N, 6947'E
Tarapur
1953'N, 7239'E
Tuticorin
845'N, 7813'E
Utan
1917'N, 7247'E
Vasai
1920'N, 7249'E
Veraval
2054'N, 7022'E
Vijayadurg
1633'N, 7320'E
Extended
X
X
Lakshadweep Islands
Minicoy
816'N, 7302'E
East Coast of India
Pub. 160
Baj Baj (Budge Budge)
2228'N, 8811'E
Bhimunipatanam
1754'N, 8329'E
Chandbali
2047'N, 8646'E
Chennai
1306'N, 8018'E
Cuddalore
1143'N, 7946'E
Diamond Harbor
2211'N, 8811'E
Gopalpur
1915'N, 8455'E
Kakinada
1700'N, 8219'E
Kalingapatanam
1820'N, 8409'E
Kilakatai
914'N, 7847'E
Kolachal
810'N, 7715'E
Kolkata (Calcutta)
2233'N, 8819'E
Krishnampatanam
1415'N, 8008'E
Machilipatanam
1609'N, 8109'E
Nagappatanam
1046'N, 7951'E
Nizampatanam
1542'N, 8033'E
Paradip
2016'N, 8641'E
Pondicherry
1156'N, 7950'E
Puri
1948'N, 8550'E
Rameswaran
917'N, 7918'E
Sagar Island
2144'N, 8807'E
X
X
X
X
India
155

Port
Location
General
Visakhapatnam
1306'N, 8018'E
Vodarevu (Chirala)
1548'N, 8024'E
Brief
Extended
Andaman Islands
Port Blair
1141'N, 9245'E
Indian Extended System

Storm Signals
The system of storm warnings may be briefly described as
consisting of the following:
1. A General System, consisting of 11 signals. Two of
these signals indicate the existence of distant disturbed
weather; eight indicate that local bad weather threatens the
port; and the remaining one indicates that communication
with the Meteorological Office concerned has broken down
and that, in the opinion of the local officer, there is danger of
bad weather.
2. A Brief System, consisting of only five of the above
signals. This system is used at ports frequented mainly by
smaller vessels engaged in local traffic. The signals used by
the Brief System are III, IV, VII, X, and XI.
3. An Extended System, which, in addition to the signals
of the General System, includes signals to indicate the posi-
tion of the disturbance. This system is in use only at certain

ports in the Bay of Bengal and is further described at the end
of this section.
The Meteorological Offices of India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan
keep port offices informed of all necessary warnings and the
latest information with respect to disturbances in the seas off
the coasts of the Indian peninsula.
The Chennai (Madras) Meteorological Office is the warning
center for ports on the W shore of the Bay of Bengal S of, and
including, Kalingapatam. The Calcutta Meteorological Office
is the warning center for Indian ports N and E of Baruva. The
Rangoon Meteorological Office is the warning center for Burmese ports. These authorities keep the Port Officers informed
of all necessary warnings and the latest information with respect to disturbances in the seas off the shores of the Bay of
Bengal. Therefore, vessels may contact the Port Officers for
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157
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India
details to supplement the indications of the signals displayed.

Vessels will also receive detailed information in the broadcast
weather bulletins issued by the Meteorological Offices through
the coast radio stations. Vessels are advised to obtain a copy of
the Meteorological Manual listing the day signals used in the
three warning systems at the first port of call or through their
agents.
Extended SystemExplanation
These special signals are shown in many ports in the Bay of
Bengal. These signals help locate areas of bad weather in the
Bay of Bengal with some degree of certainty, even though the
indicated bad weather may be located a considerable distance
from the coast. The Bay of Bengal is divided into six Sections,
along with a corresponding Section Signal, as shown in the accompanying graphic.
At ports not threatened, the Section signal for the affected
Section is displayed below the General System Signal I or the
General System Signal II and indicates the general position of
the bad weather in the Bay of Bengal. Some examples of the
Extended System are, as follows:
1. Bad weather located in Section 5A horizontallydisposed cylinder (General Signal I) displayed over a black
cone, point up (Extended System Section Signal 5).
2. Storm located in Section 2A vertically-disposed
cylinder (General Signal II) displayed over a vertically-disposed cylinder (Extended System Section Signal 2) would be
shown at all ports which are not directly affected by the
storm. If the port itself is threatened, only the signals of the
General System would be displayed.
If the storm center is near the boundary of two Sections, two
Extended System Section Signals will be given. The first Extended System Section Signal will indicate which Section the
storm center is in; the second Extended System Section Signal
will indicate the neighboring Section.
If the storm center is near the boundary of three Sections,
three Extended System Section Signals will be given. The first
Extended System Section Signal will indicate which Section
the storm center is in; the second Extended System Section
Signal will indicate the nearest adjoining Section; and the third
Extended System Section Signal will indicate the remaining
Section.

General
Submarines are likely to be met on the surface at night in the
approaches to Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam, Kochi
(Cochin), Chennai (Madras), Goa, Karwar, Porbandar, Kakinda, Port Blair, and Tuticorin. However, meeting surfaced submarines in the approaches to other ports cannot be ruled out.
Submarine Exercise Areas
Submarines, both surfaced and submerged, operate in an
exercise area E of Gopalpur.
Areas in which submarines conduct exercises have been established off the following ports:
1. West coast:
Kochi (Cochin)25 miles W and 100 miles SW of

the harbor entrance.
Mormugao65 miles W, 45 miles W, and 30 miles

Pub. 160
SW of Mormugao Head.
Ratnagiri146 miles W of the harbor. Two other

areas, centered about 100 miles WNW of the harbor, lie
between Angria Bank and Fifty Fathom Flat.
Porbandar75 miles W and 128 miles W of Diu

Head (2041'N., 7050'E.).
2. East coast:
Vishakhapatnam18 miles ENE of Waltair Point

(1744'N., 8321'E.).
Chennai (Madras)20 miles ENE of Covelong

Point (1247'N., 8015'E.).
Port Blair (Andaman Islands)35 miles SSE of

Port Blair.
Submarine exercise areas are also located, as follows:
1. Off Mumbai (Area T)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1828.0'N, 7136.0'E.
b. 1831.0'N, 7143.5'E.
c. 1834.5'N, 7143.5'E.
d. 1831.5'N, 7136.0'E.
2. Off Mumbai (Area K)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1825.0'N, 7136.0'E.
b. 1834.0'N, 7136.0'E.
c. 1840.0'N, 7150.5'E.
d. 1831.0'N, 7150.5'E.
3. Off Ratnagiri (Area UU)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1800.0'N, 7012.0'E.
b. 1800.0'N, 7050.0'E.
c. 1747.0'N, 7104.0'E.
d. 1740.0'N, 7050.0'E.
e. 1740.0'N, 7012.0'E.
4. Off Goa (Area RR)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1558.0'N, 7222.0'E.
b. 1558.0'N, 7248.0'E.
c. 1500.0'N, 7252.0'E.
d. 1500.0'N, 7228.0'E.
5. Off Karwar (Area SS)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1436.0'N, 7315.0'E.
b. 1412.0'N, 7324.0'E.
c. 1404.0'N, 7300.0'E.
d. 1428.0'N, 7252.0'E.
6. Off Quilon (Area Z5)In an area bounded by lines
a. 905.0'N, 7550.0'E.
b. 850.0'N, 7539.0'E.
c. 839.0'N, 7531.5'E.
d. 901.0'N, 7531.0'E.
7. Off Kakinada (Area Z4)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1703.0'N, 8301.5'E.
b. 1658.5'N, 8303.5'E.
c. 1649.0'N, 8244.0'E.
d. 1652.5'N, 8243.5'E.
8. Off Visakhapatnam (Area S)In an area bounded by
a. 1729.5'N, 8326.0'E.
b. 1721.0'N, 8331.5'E.
India
c. 1728.5'N, 8338.0'E.
d. 1737.0'N, 8332.0'E.
9. Off Visakhapatnam (Area L)In an area bounded by
a. 1724.0'N, 8351.0'E.
b. 1714.0'N, 8351.0'E.
c. 1720.5'N, 8400.0'E.
d. 1730.5'N, 8400.0'E.
10. Off Visakhapatnam (Area V)In an area bounded by
a. 1714.0'N, 8349.1'E.
b. 1702.0'N, 8348.7'E.
c. 1708.5'N, 8400.0'E.
d. 1720.5'N, 8400.0'E.
11. Off Visakhapatnam (Area W)In an area bounded by
a. 1704.0'N, 8318.0'E.
b. 1712.5'N, 8327.0'E.
c. 1706.0'N, 8334.0'E.
d. 1658.0'N, 8324.5'E.
12. Off Visakhapatnam (Area G1)In an area bounded by
a. 1709.5'N, 8324.0'E.
b. 1711.2'N, 8322.5'E.
c. 1721.0'N, 8332.2'E.
d. 1719.2'N, 8334.5'E.
13. Off Visakhapatnam (Area G2)In an area bounded by
a. 1701.5'N, 8307.5'E.
b. 1708.5'N, 8321.0'E.
c. 1711.0'N, 8319.5'E.
d. 1704.0'N, 8306.0'E.
14. Off Visakhapatnam (Area Z)In an area bounded by
a. 1740.0'N, 8400.0'E.
b. 1740.0'N, 8430.0'E.
c. 1710.5'N, 8430.0'E.
d. 1710.5'N, 8400.0'E.
15. Off Visakhapatnam (Area Z1)In an area bounded by
a. 1738.8'N, 8346.5'E.
b. 1733.0'N, 8341.0'E.
c. 1734.0'N, 8337.0'E.
d. 1741.8'N, 8343.0'E.
a. 1740.2'N, 8344.8'E.
b. 1732.6'N, 8338.0'E.
c. 1737.2'N, 8332.2'E.
d. 1745.0'N, 8339.0'E.
a. 1726.6'N, 8337.5'E.
b. 1718.7'N, 8330.6'E.
c. 1720.3'N, 8327.8'E.
d. 1728.9'N, 8334.7'E.
18. Off Chennai (Area C)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1310.0'N, 8115.0'E.
b. 1340.0'N, 8115.0'E.
c. 1340.0'N, 8145.0'E.
159
d. 1310.0'N, 8145.0'E.
19. Off Port Blair (Area S)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1115.0'N, 9400.0'E.
b. 1145.0'N, 9400.0'E.
c. 1145.0'N, 9430.0'E.
d. 1115.0'N, 9430.0'E.
20. Off Port Blair (Area T)In an area bounded by lines
a. 1155.0'N, 9130.0'E.
b. 1225.0'N, 9130.0'E.
c. 1225.0'N, 9200.0'E.
d. 1155.0'N, 9200.0'E.
Warning Signals
Indian submarines may be encountered by day or at night
while operating in any of the waters off the Indian coast. Under
certain circumstances, warnings that submarines are exercising
in specified areas may be broadcast by local coastal radio stations.
Indian escort vessels fly the International Code Group
periscope may sometimes indicate its position by releasing a
smoke candle that gives off a considerable volume of smoke
on first reaching the surface. Submarines may sometimes also
indicate their positions by towing on the surface close astern a
red-and-white or red-and-yellow float.
In order to enable the accompanying vessel to identify the
position of a submerged Shishumar Class of submarine, an
identification light is provided in the aft section of the conning
tower. This light emits a white light upward through plexiglass
and has a luminous range of 7 miles when measured in the air
during clear visibility.
within designated Submarine Exercise Areas:
1. Red grenades fired in quick succession indicate that
vessels should clear the area immediately as the submarine is
carrying out emergency surfacing procedure. Vessels must
not stop their propellers and should standby to render assistance.
2. Two colored grenades fired 3 minutes apart (white,
yellow, or green) indicate that vessels should clear the immediate vicinity. The submarine has indicated its position and is
intending to carry out surfacing procedure. Vessels must not
stop their propellers.
Navigation Lights
The masthead and sidelights of Indian submarines are place
well forward and very low over the water in proportion to the
length and tonnage of these vessels. The steaming lights, bow
lights, and overtaking lights are closely spaced and as a result
give no indication of the submarines length, its course, or its
change of course. The stern lights are placed very low and may
at times be partially obscured by sea spray and wash. In summary, the overall arrangement of the submarines navigational
lights is unusual and may give the impression of a markedly
Pub. 160
160
India
smaller and shorter vessel than they truly represent.

Some submarines are fitted with a very quick yellow anticollision light. These lights flash between 90 and 105 flashes
per minute and are fitted 1 to 2m above or below the masthead
light. These should not be confused with a similar light exhibited by hovercraft (120 flashes or more per minute).
Sunken Submarine
An Indian submarine that is bottomed and unable to surface
will try to indicate its position by the following methods:
1. Releasing an indicator buoy as soon as the accident occurs.
2. On the approach of surface vessels and at regular intervals by firing red and green grenades accompanied by red,
orange, white, or yellow smoke candles. (It should be noted
that submarines may not be able to fire their grenades. Correspondingly, a partially flooded submarine may have only a
certain number of grenades available and searching ships
should not therefore expect many to appear.)
4. Blowing out air.
Since oil streaks or debris may be the only indication of the
presence or position of the sunken submarine, it is vitally important that surface vessels refrain from discharging anything
which might appear to have come from a submarine while in
the probability area. Searching vessels and aircraft can waste
many valuable hours investigating these false contacts.
In any submarine accident, time is the most vital factor effecting the chances of rescue of survivors. As the sighting of a
buoy may be the first indication that an accident has, in fact,
occurred, it is vital that no time should be lost in taking action.
attempting to escape. Conditions inside are likely to deteriorate
rapidly and postponement of escape will only be made in order
to allow rescue ships to reach the scene. Therefore, any ship
finding a moored submarine indicator buoy should not leave
the position but should standby, well clear, ready to pick up
survivors. Survivors will ascend nearly vertically and it is important that plenty of sea room is given to enable them to do so
in safety. On arrival at the surface, survivors may be exhausted
or ill, and if circumstances are favorable, the presence of a boat
already lowered is very desirable. Some survivors may require
a decompression chamber and it will, therefore, be the aim of
the Naval authorities to get such a chamber to the scene as soon
as possible.
Indicator Buoy. The buoy is made of plastic foam covered with

a GRP skin; it is semi-spherical in shape, being 76 cm in diameter and 90 cm high. The buoy floats end up with a freeboard of
about 15 cm and is covered with alternating longitudinal strips
of red and white reflective tape. A three-digit identification
number is displayed on each side of a flashing ultraviolet light
centered on the top surface of the buoy; in darkness and good
weather the light is visible for 5 miles. Two-way telephone
conversation with the submarine is not possible. The buoy carries HF and UHF whip antennas (168 cm long and 100 cm
long, respectively). The following transmissions/signals are automatically activated when the indicator buoy is released:
1. An HF transmission, at a frequency of 8364kHz, consisting of the international distress call SOS together with
the submarines identification number.
2. A UHF Sarbe tone transmitted on 243MHz.
3. A Xenon light flashing approximately 32 times per
minute that is visible at a distance of 5 miles in good weather
conditions.
The finder of any Emergency Indicator Buoy should inform
the nearest Naval/Port/Police authorities and should not secure
to or attempt to lift the buoy.
Time Zone

A Traffic Separation Scheme has been established by the
Government of India in the approaches to Mumbai (Bombay).
This scheme is not IMO adopted.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,
New Delhi.
The mailing address is Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021.
U. S. Embassy India Home Page
http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov

Submarine Indicator Buoys
The Sindhughosh class of submarine carries one Emergency
Indicator Buoy. The diameter of the buoy is 115 cm. The buoy
is painted in four quadrants. The diagonally opposite quadrants
are painted yellow and orange. The identification number of
the submarine is painted on the buoy. This buoy has a white
light which flashes once every 3 seconds. A sound-powered
telephone is fitted on the top of the buoy for communication
with the submarine. Two-way radiotelephone communications
can be established with the submarine on 121.5 MHz when the
buoy is recovered. The buoy is also fitted with a radiobeacon
transmitting on 51.2MHz (the transmission may be continuous
or for 20 seconds with a pause of 60 seconds).
The Shishumar Class of submarine carries one Emergency
Pub. 160

1. Gulf of Kachchh (2240'N., 6925'E.).
2. Gulf of Khambhat (2120'N., 7220'E.). The system is
subdivided into VTS Khambhat West, VTS Khambhat East,
and VTS Khambhat North.
3. Mumbai (Bombay) (1855'N., 7251'E.) and Jawaharlal Nehru (1857'N., 7257'E.).
Vessel Traffic Management Systems (VTMS) are in operation, as follows:
1. Hugli River (2202'N., 8807'E.).
2. Mormugao (1525'N., 7348'E.).
See Pub. 173, Sailing Directions (Enroute) India and the Bay
of Bengal for further information.
India
161
Appendix IContact Information for Indian MRCCs and MRSCs

Contact Information for Indian MRCCs and MRSCs
Western Region
Telephone
Facsimile
91-22-24301455
91-22-24316558
91-22-24316558
mrcc-west@indiancoastguard.nic.in
icgmrcc_mumbai@mtnl.net.in
indsar@vsnl.net
MRSC Porbandar
91-2862-242450
91-2862-244056
91-2862-210559
dhq1@indiancoastguard.nic.in
opsdhq1@yahoo.com
MRSC Vadinar
91-2833-256579
91-2883-256560
cgs-vadinar@indiancoastguard.nic.in
cgsvadinar@yahoo.co.in
icgtn_vdr@sancharnet.in
MRSC Okha
91-2892-262261
91-2892-262259
91-2892-263421
icgsokha@bsnl.in
MRSC Goa
91-832-2521718
91-832-2520584
91-832-2520734
cgdhq11@dataone.in
MRSC New Mangalore
91-824-2405278
91-824-2405267
icgmrscmangalore@dataone.in
MRSC Kochi (Cochin)
91-484-2218969
91-484-2217164
MRCC Mumbai (Bombay)
E-mail
Eastern Region (including the Bay of Bengal)

Telephone
Facsimile
91-44-25395018
91-44-24360405
mrcc-east@indiancoastguard.nic.in
MRSC Haldia
91-3224-267755
91-3224-264541
91-3224-263407
MRSC Paradip
91-6722-223359
91-6722-222279
91-6722-220174
MRSC Vishakhapatnam
91-891-2547266
91-891-2567789
91-891-2741130
MRSC Tuticorin
91-461-2352046
91-461-2353503
cgs-tut@indiancoastguard.nic.in
MRSC Mandapam
91-4573-241634
91-4573-241142
cgs-mdp@indiancoastguard.nic.in
MRCC Chennai (Madras)
E-mail
Andaman and Nicobar Region

Telephone
Facsimile
E-mail
MRCC Port Blair
91-3192-245530
91-3192-246081
91-3192-242948
mrcc-ptb@indiancoastguard.nic.in
com_cs@dataone.in
pblmrccpb@sancharnet.in
pbl@indiancoastguard.nic.in
MRSC Diglipur
91-3192-272315
91-3192-272345
MRSC Campbell Bay
91-3192-264015
91-3192-264235
91-3192-264212
Pub. 160
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163
Appendix IIINSPIRES
Indian Ship Position and Information Reporting System (INSPIRES)
(INSPIRES) covers the sea area within the limits defined by
the following:
a. The India-Pakistan border at the coast.
b. 1200'N, 6300'E.
c. The African coast (Somalia) at 1200'N.
d. The African coast (Tanzania) at 1030'S.
e. 1030'S, 5500'E.
f. 3000'S, 5500'E.
g. 3000'S, 9500'E and N to the coast.
h. The Burma/Thailand border at the coast.
(INSPIRES) is mandatory for all Indian merchant vessels, including coastal and fishing vessels, of more than 300 gt. Other
vessels within the reporting area are encouraged to participate
in the system.
Additional reporting requirements for vessels greater than
100 gt carrying dangerous and hazardous cargo through the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone can be found in Regulations
Dangerous and Hazardous Cargo.
The purpose of the system is to provide data for SAR operations, vessel traffic management, weather forecasting, and the
prevention and containment of marine pollution.
Vessels participating in the system should send regular reports through Indian Navy Communications Center
Vishakhapatnam or Mumbai, as follows:
1. Telephone:
91-22-22662695
91-22-22751073
2. Facsimile:
91-22-22665435
3. E-mail:
ncsomb@vsnl.net
All Indian vessels of between 100 gross tons and 299 gross
tons which are not fully complying with GMDSS requirements
shall send relevant reports on VHF channel 16 or MF radiotelephone through one of the Indian Coast Guard stations located
along the coast of India. As an alternative, the owners of such
vessels shall, upon receipt of the relevant report, forward the
report to Indian Navy Communications Center Vishakhapatnam or Mumbai, as appropriate.
All other vessels other than those above which are not fully
complying with GMDSS requirements are encouraged to send
relevant reports on VHF channel 16 or MF radiotelephone
through one of the Indian Coast Guard stations located along
the coast of India. As an alternative, the owners of such vessels
shall, upon receipt of the relevant report, forward the report to
Indian Navy Communications Center Vishakhapatnam or
Mumbai, as appropriate.
All vessels entering or transiting the INSPIRES area, regardless of flag, shall carry a copy of the latest edition of Indian
Notices to Mariners Special Edition as a reference document
and be guided by the detailed procedures specified in IMO
Resolution A.851(20).
There are four types of messages, each containing a selection
of the items listed in the INSPIRES Message Format in the
accompanying table, as follows:
1. The Sailing Plan (SP) should be sent just prior to sailing or as soon as possible after leaving from a port within the
reporting area, or when the vessel enters the area.
Due to the large amount of information, it is recommended
to send the SP directly by telex, facsimile, or e-mail. It the
sailing time changes by more than 2 hours, then only the
time need be corrected when the pilot disembarks.
2. A Position Report (PR) should be sent every day according to the schedule given in the table titled INSPIRESPosition Report Schedule. Position Reports
must be received within 6 hours of the scheduled times.
3. A Deviation Report (DR) should be sent when the vessels position varies significantly from the position that
would have been predicted from previous reports, when
changing the reported route, or as decided by the master.
4. A Final Report (FR) should be sent on arrival at the
destination or when leaving the INSPIRES reporting area.
Brief reports on cyclones, deep depressions, defects and
damage to the participating vessel, and marine pollution may
be sent at the discretion of the master.
Message Format.The first line of every message should
always state the INSPIRES/message type (SP, PR, DR, FR, or
title in full for other reports). Subsequent lines should start
with the line identifier; the line identifier and other data items
on a line should be separated by / and lines should be terminated by //.
The line identifiers listed in the accompanying table titled
INSPIRESMessage Format should be used when preparing an INSPIRES message.
INSPIRESPosition Report Schedule
Longitude of
vessel
West of 80E
East of 80E
Latitude of
vessel
Time Schedule
(UTC)
0-10N
0400-0455
10N-20N
0500-0655
N of 20N
0700-0755
0-30S
0400-0455
0-10N
0300-0355
10N-20N
0500-0555
N of 20N
0600-0655
0-30S
0400-0455
Pub. 160
INSPIRESMessage Format
Identifier
Content
SP
PR
DR
FR
A/
Vessels name/Call sign//
B/
Time (UTC)//(date and time of report 6 digitsday of month

is 2 digits; hours and minutes are 4 digits)
C/
Latitude/Longitude//(latitude is 4-digit group in degrees and

minutes with N or S; longitude is 4-digit group in degrees and
minutes E)
X1
X2
X2
X2
D/
Position//(true bearing is 3 digits; distance in miles is 2 digits

from clearly identified stated landmark)
E/
Course//(true heading is a 3-digit group)
X3
X4
F/
Speed//(knots and tenths of knots e.g. 155=15.5)
X3
X4
G/
Port of departure//(name of last port of call)
H/
Time/Position of entry into the system//(time as expressed in

B; position as expressed in C or D)
X1
I/
Destination/ETA//(port and ETA as expressed in B)
J/
Pilot carried//(state whether deep sea or local pilot is on

board)
K/
Time/point of exit from system//(time as expressed in B;

position as expressed in C or D)
L/
Route//(position of each turn point should be given as

expressed in C, together with type of intended track between, e.
g. RL=Rhumb Line, GC=Great Circle or Coast {in this case
ETA of passing significant points expressed as expressed in B
should be given})
M/
Radio communications//(state full name of stations and frequencies guarded)
N/
Time of next report//(as expressed in B)
O/
Draft//(in meters and centimeters expressed as 4 digits)
P/
Cargo//(brief details of any dangerous or hazardous cargo

See Note 1 below.)
X5
Q/
Defects or damage//(brief details of any defects, damage, or

other limitations)
R/
Pollution//(brief details of type of pollution and position as in

C or D)
S/
Weather//(brief details of cyclonic conditions only)
T/
Vessel's agent//(name and particulars)
U/
Vessel size/type//(length, beam in meters, gt, and type)
V/
Medical personnel//(doctor, physicians assistant, nurse, or no

medic)
W/
Number of persons on board//
X/
Remarks//(any other informationbrief details)
X4
X1Required information when entering the area. Either item C or D may be used.
X3Include if appropriate.
X4Required information when leaving the area.
X4
X3
X3
Key to Symbols:
XRequired information.
X2Either item C or D may be used.
X3
India
165
INSPIRESMessage Format
Identifier
Content
SP
PR
DR
FR
X5Reports on dangerous and hazardous cargo shall be made in accordance with the list below:
2 UN number(s).
4 Name of consignee/consignor and manufacturer of cargo.
5 Types of packages, including identification, make(s), or whether in portable tank, vehicle, or packaged
in vehicle freight container or other portable tank unit.
6 Quantity and likely condition of the cargo.
7 Details of arms and ammunition being carried on board.
IMust be included by all Indian vessels. Other vessels may include these items in the Sailing Plan (SP) at
their discretion.
Note 1.Dangerous and hazardous cargo shall include the following:
1. Cargo classified in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code.
2. Substances classified in Chapter 17 of the IBC Code (dangerous bulk chemicals) and Chapter 19 of the
IGC Code (liquefied gases in bulk).
3. Oil as identified in MARPOL Annex I.
4. Noxious liquid substances as defined in MARPOL Annex II.
5. Harmful substances as defined in MARPOL Annex III.
6. Radioactive material as specified in the INF Code for the safe carriage of irradiated nuclear fuel, plutonium, and high level radioactive wastes in flasks.
Note 2.The International Code of Signals should be used to send messages when language problems exist.
Pub. 160
India
167
Appendix IIIINDSAR
India Ship Reporting System for SAR (INDSAR)
General Information
The India Ship Reporting System for SAR (INDSAR) is a
system designed to contribute to the safety of life at sea for
certain vessels operating or transiting in the Indian Search and
Rescue Region (ISRR).
The ISRR consists of the waters adjoining the Indian coast
within the limits defined by the following:
a. 2100'N, 6815'E.
b. 1200'N, 6300'E.
c. 1200'N, 6000'E.
d. 600'S, 6000'E.
e. 600'S, 6800'E.
f.
000', 6800'E.
g. 800'N, 7300'E.
h. 610'N, 7800'E.
i. 1000'N, 8000'E.
j. 1000'N, 8200'E.
k. 600'N, 9200'E.
l. 600'N, 9732'E.
Participation in INDSAR is mandatory for all Indian-registered vessels of 100 gross tons and over entering into or transiting the ISRR.
The Indian government encourages the following vessels to
participate in INDSAR:
1. Foreign vessels of 300 gross tons and over.
2. All vessels of 100 gross tons and over, regardless of
flag, carrying dangerous cargo.
3. Vessels more than 20 years old.
The objectives of INDSAR are, as follows:
1. To contribute to the safety of life and sea and the protection of the marine environment.
2. Limiting the time between the loss of a vessel and the
initiation of SAR action, in cases where no distress signal is
sent out.
3. Limiting the search area for a rescue action.
4. Providing up-to-date information on shipping resources available in the area in the event of a SAR incident.
5. To provide urgent medical assistance or advice to vessels not carrying a doctor.
6. To monitor and control the movement of vessels carrying dangerous or hazardous cargo within the Indian Search
and Rescue Region.
7. Protection against piracy and armed robbery.
INDSAR is supplementary to INSPIRES and is an advanced
computerized system operated and maintained by the Indian
Coast Guard through Maritime Rescue Coordination Center
(MRCC) Mumbai. Participation in INDSAR is voluntary and
vessels will not incur any charges (if reports are sent through
INMARSAT-C using Code 43 via Pune LES or by e-mail) or
additional responsibilities other than already exists under SOLAS 74 and SAR 79.
The efficiency of INDSAR depends on the number of vessels
regularly participating in the system. The more vessels maintained in the computerized plot, the greater the chance that a
vessel will be identified near the position of distress. Since
INDSAR will identify the most suitable vessel(s) to respond to
a vessel in distress, MRCC Mumbai can release other vessels
to continue their voyage.

All Indian vessels of between 100 gross tons and 299 gross
tons which are not fully complying with GMDSS requirements
shall send relevant reports on VHF channel 16 or MF radiotelephone through one of the Indian Coast Guard stations located
along the coast of India. As an alternative, the owners of such
vessels shall, upon receipt of the relevant report, forward the
report to the nearest Maritime Rescue Coordination Center
(MRCC) or Maritime Rescue Subcenter (MRSC) for onward
transmission to MRCC Mumbai.
All other vessels other than those above which are not fully
complying with GMDSS requirements are encouraged to send
relevant reports on VHF channel 16 or MF radiotelephone
through one of the Indian Coast Guard stations located along
the coast of India. As an alternative, the owners of such vessels
shall, upon receipt of the relevant report, forward the report to
the nearest MRCC or MRSC for onward transmission to
MRCC Mumbai.
All vessels entering or transiting the INDSAR area, regardless of flag, shall carry a copy of the latest edition of Indian
Notices to Mariners Special Edition as a reference document
and be guided by the detailed procedures specified in IMO
Resolution A.851(20).
In order to maintain continuity, vessels transiting along the
coast of India and transiting through the Sri Lanka Search and
Rescue Region and re-entering the ISRR are requested to send
the prescribed INDSAR reports on a continual basis.
Types of Reports
There are seven types of INDSAR messages, as follows:
1. Sailing Plan (SP).This report should contain
enough necessary information to initiate a plot and give an
outline of the intended route. It the vessel does not get underway within 2 hours of its stated time, a new SP should be
sent to the INDSAR Center. Prior to departing from an Indian port or when entering the INDSAR area from overseas,
vessels should send an SP to the INDSAR Center and adhere
to the following:
a. The SP should be sent within 2 hours before, upon,
or after departure from an Indian port.
b. The SP should be sent within 24 hours of the vessel
entering the INDSAR area or not later than 2 hours after
entering the boundary.
There are four slightly different SP formats, depending on
where the vessel is entering the INDSAR area, its route
within the area, and its destination. The format for the SPs is
located in the table titled INDSAR Sailing Plan (SP)
Message Formats.
2. Position Report (PR).This report should be sent
within 24 hours of departing a port within the limits of the
ISRR or when entering the limits of the ISRR from overseas;
it should then be sent at least once every 24 hours thereafter.
The destination should be included, at least in the first few
reports, in case INDSAR has not received the SP or ENR information.
3. Deviation Report (DR).This report should be sent
whenever any voyage information changes which could afPub. 160
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fect INDSARs ability to accurately predict the vessels position. Changes in course and speed due to weather, change in
destination, diverting to evacuate a sick or injured crewman,
diverting to assist another vessel, or any other deviation from
the original SP or ENR should be reported as soon as possible.
If a vessel at any time is in a position more than 2 hours
sailing time from the position predicted in its last intended
route, anew PR of DR should be sent.
4. Final Report (FR).This report should be sent upon
arrival at the port of destination or when the vessel departs
the INDSAR area. This report terminates the vessels voyage
in the INDSAR computer. The format for this report can be
found in the table titled INDSAR Message Formats.
5. Dangerous Goods Report (DG).This report should
be sent when an incident takes place involving the loss or
likely loss overboard of packaged dangerous cargo into the
sea. The format for this report can be found in the table titled
INDSAR Message Formats.
6. Harmful Substances Report (HS).This report
should be sent when an incident takes place involving the
discharge or probable discharge of oil (Annex 1 of
MARPOL 72/78) or noxious liquid substances in bulk
(Annex 2 of MARPOL 72/78). The format for this report can
be found in the table titled INDSAR Message Formats.
7. Marine Pollutants Report (MP).This report should
be sent in the case of loss or likely loss overboard of harmful

substances in package form identified as marine pollutants in
the IMO Dangerous Goods Code (Annex 3 of MARPOL 72/
78). The format for this report can be found in the table titled
INDSAR Message Formats.
If the vessel is unable to pass a PR, FR, or EXR through normal methods, the vessel should attempt to pass the message
through another vessel, through a harbor authority, or through
another shore authority, as appropriate.
Format of messages.The first line begins with INDSAR,
followed by a slash (/), the report type (SP, ENR, etc.), and
ends with a double slash (//). Each remaining line begins with a
specified letter, followed by a slash (/), to identify the line type.
The remainder of each line contains one or more data fields
separated by single slashes (/). Each line ends with a double
slash (//). All reports end with a Z (end of report) line.
Note.All reports are to be prefixed INDSAR and can be
transmitted to MRCC Mumbai by the following:
1. Telephone:
91-22-24376133
2. Telefacsimile:
91-22-24316558
3. INMARSAT-C: 441907210
4. INMARSAT-M: 641901610
5. E-mail:
indsar@vsnl.net
Reports can be sent to MRCC Mumbai via INMARSAT
Code 43 through LES Pune or using any MRCC/MRSC listed
in Search and Rescue.
INDSAR Sailing Plan (SP) Message Formats
Identifier
Content
Entering
Indian
waters from
overseas and
berthing at
an Indian
port
Navigating
between
Indian ports
Departing
Indian ports
for foreign
ports
Transiting
the INDSAR
area and not
stopping at
Indian ports
A/
B/
Time (UTC))//(date and time of report 6 digits, day of month 2 digits, and hour and minutes
is a 4 digits)
E/
F/
Speed//(knots and tenths of knots e.g.

155=15.5)
G/
H/
Date/time (as expressed in B) and position of

entry into INDSAR area
I/
K/
Time/point of exit from system//(time as expressed in B; position as expressed in C)
L/
Route//(position of each turn point should be

given as expressed in C, together with type of
intended track between e. g. RL=Rhumb Line,
GC=Great Circle or Coast {in this case ETA of
passing significant points expressed as expressed in B should be given})
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INDSAR Sailing Plan (SP) Message Formats
Identifier
Content
Entering
Indian
waters from
overseas and
berthing at
an Indian
port
M/
Radio communications//(state full name of

stations and frequencies guarded)
V/
Medical personnel//(doctor, physicians assistant, nurse, or no medic)
X1
X1
X1
X1
X/
Next port-of-call//
Z/
EOR//
Navigating
between
Indian ports
Departing
Indian ports
for foreign
ports
Transiting
the INDSAR
area and not
stopping at
Indian ports
Key to Symbols:
XRequired information
X1Required information if doctor, physicians assistant, or nurse on board.
INDSAR Message Formats
Identifier
Content
PR
DR
FR
DG
HS
MP
A/
B/
Time (UTC))//(date and time of report 6 digits, day of

month 2 digits, and hour and minutes is a 4 digits)
C/
Lat/Long//(latitude is 4-digit group in degrees and minutes

with N or S; longitude is 4-digit group in degrees and minutes
E)
E/
F/
Speed//(knots and tenths of knots e.g. 155=15.5)
G/
I/
X1
X2
K/
Time/point of exit from system//(time as expressed in B;

position as expressed in C)
L/
Route//(position of each turn point should be given as expressed in C, together with type of intended track between e.
g. RL=Rhumb Line, GC=Great Circle or Coast {in this case
ETA of passing significant points expressed as expressed in B
should be given})
X2
M/
Radio communications//(state full name of stations and frequencies guarded)
N/
Date/time (as expressed in B) of next Position Report
P/
X3
X4
X3
Q/
X5
X5
X5
R/
X6
X7
X6
S/
Weather conditions//
T/
Vessel's agent//(name and particulars)
U/
Vessel size/type//(length, beam in meters, gt, and type)
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Identifier
Content
PR
DR
FR
X/
Remarks//(other information; brief details)
Z/
EOR//
DG
HS
MP
X8
X8
Key to Symbols
O
Optional information.
Required information.
X1
Recommended to be included.
X2
Required information if destination or route changes.
X3
2 UN number(s).
5 Types of packages, including identification marks. Specify whether portable tanks or tank vehicles, whether
vehicle or freight container, or other transport unit containing packages. Include official registration marks
and numbers assigned to the unit.
X4
2 UN number(s).
5 Quantity.
X5

X6

2 UN number(s).
vehicle or freight container, or other transport unit containing packages. Include official registration marks
and numbers assigned to the unit.
9 Cause of loss.
X7

2 UN number(s).
8 Cause of loss.
9 Estimate of the movement of the discharge or lost substances, giving current position, if known.
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Identifier
X8
Content
PR
DR
FR
DG
HS
MP

planned.
Note.The International Code of Signals should be used to send messages when language problems exist.
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Appendix IVISLEREP
Island Ship Reporting System (ISLEREP)
Description.The Island Ship Reporting System (ISLEREP) was instituted to enhance navigational safety in and
around the waters of the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands (A&N), located on the E side of the Bay of Bengal, and
the Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep Islands) and Minicoy Island (L&M), in the Arabian Sea off the SW coast of India. The
purpose of the system is to minimize the risk of a maritime accident and consequential pollution and damage to the marine
environment and to respond quickly in the event of any safety
or pollution incident.
The ISLEREP Area is the area within 20 miles of the A&N
coasts and within 20 miles of the K&M coasts.
Participation.The following vessels are required to participate in this reporting system:
1. All vessels with a length of 50m and over.
2. All oil tankers, regardless of length. For the purposes
of this requirement, oil tanker means a vessel defined in Regulation 1(4) of Annex I to MARPOL 73/78, together with
those vessels other than oil tankers to which Regulation 2(2)
of Annex I to MARPOL 73/78 applies; that is, vessels fitted
with cargo spaces which are constructed and utilized to carry
oil in bulk of an aggregate capacity of 200m3 or more.
3. All liquefied gas carriers, chemical tankers, or vessels
coming under the INF Code, regardless of length.
4. Vessels engaged in towing or pushing where the towing or pushing vessel or the towed or pushed vessel is a vessel described in one of the categories above or where the
length of the tow, measured from the stern of the towing vessel to the aft end of the tow, is greater than 150m.
Warships, naval auxiliaries, and government vessels are encouraged to participate in ISLEREP on a voluntary basis.
Operating Authority.ISLEREP is operated under a joint
arrangement between the Indian Coast Guard and the A&N/
L&M administrations. Is is operated 24 hours and is based on
VHF reporting employing a radio network along the A&N and
L&M coasts to the Ship Reporting Center (call sign: ISLEREP
CENTER) using VHF channels 8 and 16 with Port Blair Radio
(A&N) and Kavaratti Radio (L&M).
Concept of ISLEREP.ISLEREP is based on a VHF voice
reporting system employing a radio network along the A&N
coast and the L&M coast, as well as on islands in the adjacent
area. Through this network, certain categories of vessels are required to report their entry into, and progress through, the area.
The purpose is to monitor compliance with the reporting requirements and provide enhanced ship traffic information at
these locations. This will maintain a surface picture of participating vessels established from position reports and dead reckoning.
Entering the ISLEREP Area.When entering the area
from seaward within 20 miles of the islands or when departing
from a port within the area, vessels are required to provide a
Position Report (PR), which should include such information
as vessel name, position, intended route, cargo, and other supplementary information. The extent of the PR will depend on
whether the vessels has previously sent an INDSAR Sailing
Plan (INDSAR SP) message. If a vessel has already reported in
the INDSAR system, the ISLEREP system will only require a
reduced PR from the vessel.

Enroute Position Reports.As a monitor of progress
through the reporting area, enroute reporting points have generally been placed at intervals of 80 to 100 miles apart, depending on location and the siting of shore-based VHF radio
stations. The Enroute Position Reports are generally limited to
the vessel name, position, speed or ETA, and any further information the master considers might be of value to the system,
such as concentration of fishing vessels or abnormal weather
conditions.
In A&N, a high frequency link called Atlanta is manned by
port authorities, as follows:
1. Day8294 kHz.
2. Night6224 kHz.
The Lakshadweep Islands also maintains a high frequency
watch from 0600 to 2200 (Indian Standard Time) on 4393.4
khz, 6275 kHz, 7344 kHz, and 8275 kHz.
Survey vessels, research vessels, aids to navigation support
vessels, and tourist related or local trading vessels, which may
not be on a continuous passage, are required to provide a PR to
ISLEREP at intervals not to exceed 12 hours.
Consistent with the aim of avoiding dual reporting, vessels
within the ISLEREP area who are already participating in
INDSAR do not need to submit separate INDSAR PRs; instead
they can be messaged to INDSAR.
Leaving the ISLEREP Area.Vessels sending their final
report to the ISLEREP system when about to enter port or in
the vicinity of a port of entry/departure reporting point will be
required to advise if this is also an INDSAR Final Report
(INDSAR FR). Likewise, vessels sending their final report to
the ISLEREP system when in the vicinity of an area entry/departure reporting point must advise if they intend to report to
the INDSAR system for the remainder of their voyage in the
Indian SRR area.
Special Reports.Vessels must also advise ISLEREP in the
following circumstances:
1. Significant deviation from track reported in the last
PR.
2. Significant speed alterations, for reasons other than
normal course and/or speed alterations.
3. Damage or defects to the vessel or its equipment which
will affect its operations and/or seaworthiness.
4. Damage to the ship or its equipment that could make a
discharge of dangerous cargo, harmful substances, or marine
pollutants about to/or likely to occur.
Examples of such incidents include, but are not limited to,
failure or breakdown of steering gear, propulsion plant, electrical generating system, or essential shipboard navigational aids;
collision; grounding; fire; explosion; structural failure; flooding; or cargo shifting.
Communications.Vessels participating in ISLEREP must
communicate with ISLEREP Center using VHF channel 8 and
16 as the primary means of communication. The working VHF
channel to be used will depend on the vessels position.
Vessels may also provide cargo details to INDSAR/ISLEREP by non-radio means (telephone, fax, or INMARSATC) provided this is done prior to their first report.The language
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to be used for ISLEREP reports is English, using the IMO

Standard Marine Communication Phrases where necessary.
Alternative communication methods may be used, in order
of preference, as follows:
1. INMARSTA-C, through ARVI LES, using Toll Free
Code 43.
2. Other INMARSAT (or non-INMARSAT) telephone/
facsimile/telex services.
3. HF radiotelephone or telex services.
Automated Position Reporting.Vessels transiting the ISLEREP region are encouraged to participate in Automated Position Reporting (APR) via INMARSAT-C Code 43.
INMARSAT-C APR costs will be borne by the Indian Coast
Guard. This is only for use when communications in the VHF
network have failed and a satellite link with MRCC Mumbai
(INMARSAT-C: 441907210) is necessary.
Types of Reports.There are five types of ISLEREP reports, as follows:
1. FIRST ISLEREP PREntering the ISLEREP system,
if vessel is previously logged in with an INDREP SP. The
vessel will, at the first reporting point, normally only need
to:
a. Identify itself to the ISLEREP Center.
b. Confirm that the vessel is an INDSAR participant.
c. Report its position.
d. Confirm there are no changes to the information
provided.
e. Report any changes or additional information relevant to the voyage
2. FULL ISLEREP PREntering the ISLEREP system,
if vessel is not previously logged in with an INDSAR SP. If
the ship does not intend to report to INDSAR, a FULL ISLEREP PR must be submitted
3. ISLEREP PR ENROUTEEnroute within the ISLE-
REP system. Following the first report to ISLEREP Center,

further position reports are required, as follows:
a. At each subsequent reporting of islands.
b. At intervals not to exceed 12 hours.
4. FINAL ISLEREP PRLeaving the ISLEREP system.
Vessels should notify ISLEREP Center when:
a. Departing the ISLEREP area or when 20 miles from
the island.
b. Arriving at a port within the ISELREP area (A&N/
L&M).
If the vessel is also an INDSAR reporting vessel and is departing the ISLEREP area at the next sea boundary, it should
also notify ISLEREP Center if it intends to continue reporting to INDSAR and, if so, give the date and time of the next
INDSAR PR.
If the vessel is arriving at a port within the ISLEREP area,
it should notify ISLEREP Center that the report is also an
INDSAR FR.
5. ISLEREP PRWhen reporting defects, damages, deficiencies, or other limitations. For further information, see
the ISLEREP PR ENROUTE paragraph above.
The required information for each report can be found in the
accompanying table titled ISLEREP Message Formats.
Reporting Format.The basic format for ISLEREP reports
follows the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standard. The first line in every report begins with the word ISLEREP, followed by a slash (/), continuing with the report
type, and ending with a double slash (//). Each remaining line
begins with a specified letter followed by a slash(/) to identify
the line type. The remainder of each line contains one or more
data fields separated by single slashes (/). Each line ends with a
double slash (//). All reports should end with the Z (end of report) line
For VHF reporting, vessels do not need to prefix each field
with the IMO format letter, but may do so if they wish.
ISLEREP Message Formats

Designator
Information
FIRST
ISLEREP
PR (INDSAR SP
lodged)
FULL
ISLEREP
PR (INDSAR SP
not lodged)
ISLEREP
PR
ENROUTE
FINAL
ISLEREP
PR
Changed
circumstances
ISLEREP
PR
Vessel name and call sign
Date and time (UTC) of vessels actual

position if within 20 miles of the island
Latitude and longitude of vessels actual position if within 20 miles of the island
True course in whole degrees
Speed in knots
Coastal pilot on board? (Yes or No)
Final mandatory entry/anchoring in island, with name
Draft fore and aft in meters and tenths

of meters
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ISLEREP Message Formats

Designator
Information
FIRST
ISLEREP
PR (INDSAR SP
lodged)
FULL
ISLEREP
PR (INDSAR SP
not lodged)
ISLEREP
PR
ENROUTE
FINAL
ISLEREP
PR
Changed
circumstances
ISLEREP
PR
Cargo name. Dangerous cargo (Yes or

No)
Defects and other limitations (Yes or

No. Supply details)
Brief details of type of pollution lost

overboard (oil, chemicals, etc.). Also
report if any pollution sighted.
Vessel type/length in meters/gross tonnage
Remarks
X (see
Note)
End of report
Note:
1. Yes INDSAR next report ddhhhh, where dd is the date and hhhh is the hour (if the vessel is also an INDSAR reporting vessel and is continuing to report to INDSAR).
2. Yes INDSAR final report (if the vessel is also an INDSAR vessel and is arriving at a port in the ISLEREP area).
3. Not INDSAR (if the vessel is not an INDSAR vessel).
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INDIAN OCEAN
General
Cautions
Climatology
Currents
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Seas
Tides
AppendixRoutes in the Indian Ocean
177
177
180
190
194
195
196
197
197
197
198
201
General
The Indian Ocean, the third largest ocean, is bordered on the
W by Africa, on the S by Antarctica, on the N by Asia, and on
the E by Australia.
The Mid-Indian Ridge, the most notable bathymetric feature
of the ocean, lies near the center. It takes the form of an inverted Y and has a depth of 2,743m. The Mid-Indian Ocean Basin, with depths of over 5,000m, lies E of this ridge. The
Ninetyeast Ridge extends S from the Bay of Bengal on the E
side of the basin.
The Vema Trench (900'S., 6730'E.), with depths of over
6,000m, lies on the E side of the Mid-Indian Ridge.
The Java Trench (1020'S., 11010'E.), with a reported
maximum depth of 7,449m, is the deepest part of the Indian
Ocean.
177
Cautions
Special Warning 122 (Issued 11 March 2005; reviewed 6
November 2014)
As of early 2005, the United States Government has received
unconfirmed information that terrorists may attempt to mount a
maritime attack using speedboats against a Western ship,
possibly in East Africa. This information is unconfirmed and
the United States is not aware of additional information on the
planning, timing, or intended targets of the maritime attack.
Special Warning 120 (Issued 16 November 2001; reviewed
20 November 2014)
1. Due to recent events in the Middle East and the
American homeland, U.S. forces worldwide are operating at a
heightened state of readiness and taking additional defensive
precautions against terrorist and other potential threats.
Consequently, all aircraft, surface vessels, and subsurface
vessels approaching U.S. forces are requested to maintain radio
contact with U.S. forces on bridge-to-bridge channel 16,
international air distress (121.5 MHz VHF), or MILAR
Distress (243.0 MHz UHF)
2. U.S. forces will exercise appropriate measures in selfdefense if warranted by the circumstances. Aircraft, surface
vessels, and subsurface vessels approaching U.S. forces will,
by making prior contact as described above, help make their intentions clear and avoid unnecessary initiation of such defensive measures.
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Indian Ocean
3. U.S. forces, especially when operating in confined waters, shall remain mindful of navigational considerations of aircraft, surface vessels, and subsurface vessels in their immediate
vicinity.
4. Nothing in this special warning is intended to impede or
otherwise interfere with the freedom of navigation or overflight
of any vessel or aircraft, or to limit or expand the inherent selfdefense right of U.S. forces. This special warning is published
solely to advise of the heightened state of readiness of U.S.
forces and to request that radio contact be maintained as described above.
Special Warning 129 (Issued 19 November 2014)
Information on Special Warning 129 can be found in PakistanCautions.
Special Warning 107 (Issued 1 December 1997; reviewed 23
October 2014)
Information on Special Warning 107 can be found in Sri
LankaCautions.
ODAS
The term Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) covers a
wide range of devices for collecting weather and oceanographic data. However, the devices of most concern to vessels consist of buoy systems which support instruments. These buoy
systems may be expected to become more numerous each year
and may be found in most oceans.
The buoy systems vary considerably in size and are either
moored or free-floating. As far as possible, positions of the former will always be widely promulgated, and, if considered to
be of a permanent enough nature, will be charted. In both
types, the instruments may be either in the float or attached at
any depth beneath it.
The buoys are colored yellow and marked ODAS with an
identification number. The moored buoys usually display a yellow light, showing a group of five flashes every 20 seconds.
ODAS equipment may be encountered in unexpected areas
and often in deep water where navigational buoys would not be
found. It should be noted that valuable instruments are often
suspended beneath these systems or attached to the mooring
lines. In some cases, the moorings have been cut loose beneath
the buoy by unauthorized persons, with the consequent loss of
the most valuable part of the system.
The moored buoys may be up to 7.5m in diameter and 2 to
3m in height. The free-floating buoys are usually much smaller, 2m wide, and do not display a light.
Locust Reports
General.Many countries in Africa and Southwest Asia
are, from time to time, invaded by swarms of Desert Locust.
These locusts are capable of traveling for hundreds of miles
and have repeatedly been seen in flight at sea within the North
Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf,
and the N part of the Indian Ocean. The adult Desert Locust is
about 60mm long, with a wingspan of about 120mm. They
vary in color from red to yellow according to their state of maturity.
Reports of locusts in all infested countries are exchanged
through the Desert Locust Information Service, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome. To
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assist in the provision of appropriate warnings to countries

threatened by locust invasion, mariners sighting locusts are requested to report by radio or, as follows:
1. Telephone:
39-06-570-52420
2. Facsimile:
39-06-570-55271
3. E-mail:
eclo@fao.org
4. Web site below:
Desert Locust Information Service, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
http://www.fao.org/news/global/locusts/locuhome.htm
The report should include the following particulars:
1. Date and time (specifying UTC or zone time) when locusts first seen.
2. Latitude and longitude, if possible to nearest minute,
where locusts first seen.
3. Time and position at which locusts were last seen.
4. Whether isolated locusts (seen in flight singly), locust
groups(s) (flying locusts seen intermittently in numbers),
swarm (flying locusts seen continuously in numbers over a
period of at least a minute), dense swarm (obscuring part of
horizon or other background), or locusts appearing on board
or floating dead (isolated, groups, or swarms).
5. Color of locusts (yellow, pink, red, or gray).
6. Wind direction and speed.
The cost of these messages will be defrayed by the FAO Desert Locust Information Service.
Pakistan.Reports of locusts seen in the Arabian Sea can
also be sent directly to the Department of Plant Protection, Karachi, as follows:
1. Telephone:
92-21-9248612
92-21-9248613
92-21-9248614
2. Facsimile:
92-21-9248673
3. E-mail:
info@plantprotection.gov.pk
4. Web site:
http://www.plantprotection.gov.pk
The cost of these messages will be defrayed by the Department of Plant Protection.
Oman.Mariners sighting locusts are asked to report the
information contained in 1 to 6 above to the Omani Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries Locust Control Center, as follows:
1. Telephone:
968-24-540648
2. Facsimile:
968-24-540720
3. E-mail:
dlumaf@omantel.net.om
If facsimile is not available contact FAO Rome, as previously
described, and Muscat Coast Radio Station (A4H), as follows:
1. Telephone:
968-24-571400
968-24-571500
2. Facsimile:
968-24-562995
Off-lying Dangers
The Madagascar Plateau (3313'S., 4348'E.), a submarine
ridge, lies about 460 miles S of Madagascar. Walters Shoal,
with a least depth of 18m, lies on this ridge.
The Alphard Banks (3502'S., 2052'E.), a series of coral
and rock formations, rise from general depths of about 85m to
a least depth of 15.5m. Heavy swells and turbulent seas frequently occur, especially during strong SW winds, in the vicinity of these formations.
Indian Ocean
Muirfield Seamount (1310'S., 9611'E.), with a least depth
of 18m, is reported to lie about 70 miles SSW of the Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands).
Piracy
General.Acts of piracy are reported to occur within the
waters of the Indian Ocean lying off the W coast of Sumatra,
off the coast of Somalia, and in the Strait of Hormuz. The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures
Center at Kuala Lumpur. This center operates for the Southeast
Asian Region and is able to receive reports from vessels concerning attacks and advise of danger areas. Piracy warnings are
broadcast by the center. For further information, see MalaysiaCautionsPiracy.
Vessels are further cautioned to be especially alert for pirates
in the Malacca Straits and the Singapore Straits, in the waters
off India, Indonesia, Banglasdesh, and off the Seychelles, Madasgascar, and the western Maldives.
Guidance regarding practices recommended for vessels operating in high risk areas have been published by the International Maritime Organizations (IMO) Revised Maritime
Safety Committee (MSC) Circulars, which can be accessed on
the Internet, as follows:
IMO Revised MSC Circulars
http://www.imo.org/safety/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1147
For further Information on piracy in the Gulf of Aden and
the Horn of Africa, see Red Sea and the Persian GulfCautions.
Transit Recommendations off the E coast of Africa.Piracy activity off the E coast of Somalia has increased (April
2009). Attacks have occurred more than 400 miles offshore, in
an area about 400 miles SE of Hobyo and Mogadishu, and as
far S as an area lying about 440 miles E of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Vessels are advised, unless they specifically have business to
conduct on the E coast of Africa, to pass E of the Seychelles
and Madagascar and are strongly advised to remain E of longitude 60E and at least 600 miles off the coast of Somalia. Even
at this range, vessels should still take all necessary precautions
to avoid, deter, and delay potential pirate attacks.
Freak Waves
An area in the Indian Ocean lying between the Cape of Good
Hope and Durban has long been regarded as dangerous due to
large swells and the occurrence, without warning, of abnormally high freak waves. These freak waves are reported to be preceded by a steep trough, often described as a hole, into which
vessels may plunge. Such vessels are then unable to rise up
again before encountering a solid wall of water, 20 to 25m
high. These freak waves have usually been reported to occur
within 20 miles of the edge of the Continental Shelf.
The heavy swell is generated by the large extra-tropical
storms to the S. These waves are often able to travel unimpeded
to the coast of Africa. It is believed that the combination of SW
winds and swell, the sharp drop in the Continental Shelf, and
the swift southward-flowing Agulhas Current all contribute to
creating these heavy swell conditions. The fact that they often
179
occur in clear weather with moderate breezes makes them all

the more dangerous.
Freak or abnormally high waves seem to be created under
the following conditions. Preceding the passage of a cold front
or low along the SE coast, strong NE winds intensify the Agulhas Current, which is at its fastest and deepest just outside the
183m line. Then a rapid change in wind direction, with the
storm passage, brings strong SW winds, which raise 3.1 to
4.6m seas of 53 to 61m in length against the Agulhas Current.
These waves, moving toward the NE, are joined by similarly
moving swells of 6.1m or more in height, which increase in
height as they run up against the Agulhas Current. Their wavelengths then drop to about 152m. When waves of varying
wavelengths are superimposed, an abnormally high wave can
be generated for a short period of time, sometimes for just a
few minutes. This abnormally high wave moving against a fast
flowing current can become extremely steep on the N or leeward face. An abnormally long trough also occurs on the NE
side of the wave, posing an additional problem to southwestbound ships.
While the chances of encountering a freak wave are slight,
care should be exercised when navigating in the vicinity of the
edge of the Continental Shelf between Durnford Point and
Cape Recife. If the previously mentioned conditions exist or
are forecast, then it would be safest inside the 183m curve or, if
that is not possible, then greater than 20 miles away from the
Continental Shelf.
Tsunami Damage
In December 2004, a large tsunami affected the N and W
coasts of Sumatera, the W coast of Thailand, the Maldive Islands, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka,
the SE and SW coasts of India, and Somalia. Depths, coastlines, and sea levels may have changed throughout these areas;
wrecks and obstructions may have been displaced; and aids to
navigation may have been damaged, destroyed, or be out of position. Mariners in these areas should obtain local knowledge
when making for ports or seeking refuge.
Seiches
In the Bay of Bengal, seiches (stationary wave oscillations
superimposed upon the tide and having periods of about 34
minutes) may raise the water level 0.05 to 0.15m along the
coast. These seiches, usually attributed to strong winds or
changes in barometric pressure, are more pronounced during
neap tides.
Fishing
Extensive fishing is carries out on the continental shelf of
southern Africa. Lit or unlit buoys marking trawling areas may
be encountered.
Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) Buoys
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) maintains an array of ATLAS buoys, known as the
Rama array, in the equatorial Indian Ocean. ATLAS buoys are
white and orange toroid buoys, 2.3m in diameter and surmounted by a 4m high instrument tower, with radar reflectors,
and visible on radar at ranges of 4 to 8 miles, depending on
conditions; the buoys, which should be given a berth of 5
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180
Indian Ocean
miles, are located in the following positions:

a. 2444.9'S, 9959.2'E.
b. 1500.0'N, 8955.9'E.
c. 1204.3'N, 8839.4'E.
d. 353.5'S, 8027.5'E.
e. 133.8'N, 9002.6'E.
f. 025.3'N, 6701.4'E.
g. 004.9'N, 8034.6'E.
h. 132.2'S, 8039.1'E.
i. 130.2'S, 8031.1'E.
j. 340.7'N, 7516.3'E.
k. 912.1'S, 4730.2'E.
l. 1601.0'S, 8031.1'E.
m. 137.0'S, 6651.2'E.
n. 402.2'S, 6715.1'E.
o. 1243.6'S, 4649.2'E.
p. 1157.1'S, 8024.5'E.
q. 1207.4'S, 5452.9'E.
Offshore Data Buoys
The Government of India has established a series of data
collection and tsunami buoys off the coasts of India in the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. for further information,
see IndiaCautionsOffshore Data Buoys.
Climatology
General
The Northeast Monsoon occurs from December to April.
The Southwest Monsoon occurs from June to October. Tropical cyclones occur mostly during May, June, October, and November in the N part of the ocean and during January and
February in the S part.
The N part of the Indian Ocean has a typical monsoon climate, with the onset of the Southwest Monsoon affecting Sri
Lanka and the S part of India from late May to early June and
steadily moving NW to affect the NW part of India and the SW
part of Pakistan by early July. In early September, the Southwest Monsoon starts to retreat towards the SE and by mid to
late December, the Southwest Monsoon has usually cleared
most of Sri Lanka.
The weather pattern over much of the area is more regular
than in most parts of the world, and is usually classified over
most of India, as follows:
1. The cool season (December through March)Dry NE
winds, with little clouds, except in the S.
2. The hot season (April and May)Light, variable
winds, with sea breezes along the coasts, and a small chance
of a tropical cyclone.
3. The Southwest Monsoon or rainy season (June through
September)Winds normally W to SW, but along the SW
coast of India, winds are W to NW.
4. The interim, or transitional, period (October and November)Light variable winds, with sea and land breezes.
Occasional tropical cyclones may be experienced.
On the W coast of India, the whole period from the cessation
of the Southwest Monsoon to its recommencement is often referred to as the fine weather season. Along much of the coast
of Pakistan and the W coast of India, most of the rainfall is associated with the Southwest Monsoon. The rainy season is
more prolonged over the S part of India and Sri Lanka; in the
Pub. 160
extreme S part of the area, the monthly variation in rainfall is

small.
Tropical cyclones (force 12) are infrequent, with an average
of one or two occurring over the Arabian Sea each year.
Due to their devastating storm tides, tropical cyclones in the
vicinity of the head of the Bay of Bengal have long been recognized as extremely dangerous. As far back as 1737, a wall of
water, reported to be 12m high, swept ashore killing over
300,000 people. In November 1970, a severe cyclone (classification used in India in lieu of hurricane) sent a 7m storm
surge over Bangladesh and the offshore islands with loss of life
estimated at about 310,000. This storm generated winds of 130
knots. In the past 35 years, cyclones, at times, have generated
winds estimated at 150 to 175 knots and waves of up to about
10m high. However, with the increased use of satellites for detection and tracking, more advanced notice can be given and
the intensity of the storm determined.
The Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, a corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and Marine
Corps, publishes port studies and forecaster handbooks that
may be of use to the mariner. These publications can be accessed at the Naval Research Laboratory web site.
Naval Research Laboratory Monterey Home Page
http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/pubs.htm
The African Severe Weather Port Guide contains information on the following ports:
1. SeychellesVictoria.
2. South AfricaPort Elizabeth/Ngqura.
The Typhoons Haven Handbook Pacific contains information on the following ports:
1. AustraliaBunbury, Darwin, Fremantle, Geraldton,
and Stirling.
2. British Indian Ocean TerritoryDiego Garcia.
3. PakistanKarachi.
4. Sri LankaColombo.
5. ThailandPhuket.
ClimateIndian OceanApril through August
North of the Equator the boreal summer becomes the season
of the Southwest Monsoon. Southwest winds are entrenched
from June through August as low pressure over Asia draws the
Southern Hemisphere trade winds across the Bay of Bengal
and Arabian Sea. The monsoon is preceded by the N movement of the Inter tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This is a
semi-continuous band of clouds and showers that separates the
two monsoon or trade wind systems. In the boreal summer it
merges with the continental low. On its N journey, it may
spawn tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean. The
Southwest Monsoon creates an area of dangerous winds and
seas near Suqutra. It also brings clouds and rain to windward
coasts.
South of the Equator the austral winter brings good weather
to the tropics and some storms to the subtropics. The South Indian Ocean High, at its peak, produces warm dry air masses
with mild fair weather. It generates Southeast Trade Winds N
of 25S. While tropical cyclones can form in any month, April
is usually the last active month in the S. However, extra-tropical cyclones, which travel circumpolar routes S of 40S, edge
Indian Ocean
N during this season to bring strong winds, precipitation, and
clouds N to about 30S.
Of the major routes to and from the Cape of Good Hope, the
Cape Leeuwin and Bur Said passages are probably the roughest. Weather around the Cape of Good Hope is variable due to
austral winter storms. Gales blow up to 15 per cent of the time
on winds that are generally out of the SW through NW.
The Cape routes that run through the Mozambique Channel,
including those to and from the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf,
Mumbai (Bombay), and Colombo, are under the threat of tropical cyclones in both hemispheres during April and May. In the
S the activity extends through the Mozambique Channel to
about 5S. In the N, it occurs mainly on the runs to Mumbai
(Bombay) and the Persian Gulf; however, storms are occasionally encountered near Sri Lanka and Suqutra. By June, activity
is generally confined to N of 15N. Tropical cyclones are rare
in July and August. The most dangerous weather occurs near
the entrance to the Gulf of Aden, where winds blow out of the
S through SW at average speeds of 20 to 30 knots; they reach
gale force 20 to 40 per cent of the time. These strong winds are
also encountered to a lesser degree along the Persian Gulf
route. Upwelling of cold water by these winds causes some fog
between Somalia and Suqutra. Visibilities fall to 2 miles or less
about 3 to 7 per cent of he time from June through August. Fog
is also occasionally encountered off the coast of Saudi Arabia
and near Mumbai (Bombay).
Winds through the channel blow mainly out of the SE
through S at about 8 to 13 knots. They are strongest near the S
entrance. Gales are infrequent. North of the Equator, S through
SW winds blow 60 to 90 per cent of thee time at average
speeds of 10 to 20 knots, away from the Suqutra region. Winds
often approach gale force but rarely exceed it. Precipitation is
most frequent near Mumbai (Bombay), where it falls 15 to 30
per cent of the time under mostly cloudy skies. Elsewhere skies
are partly cloudy and rain falls less than 10 per cent of the time.
Snow is occasionally encountered around the S tip of Africa.
Between the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Leeuwin austral
winter, storms bring gales. In the S route, between 50E and
90E, gales blow up to 30 per cent of the time. Cloudy skies
and frequent precipitation are the rule, with snow falling up to
5 per cent of the time in midwinter. Visibilities fall below 5
miles in precipitation, but fog is infrequent. Both routes take
advantage of following winds much of the time. Along the S
route to Cape Leeuwin, winds are frequently out of the SW
through NW. On the route from Cape Leeuwin, E through SE
winds are frequent. Along this route, tropical cyclones are a
slight threat through June.
Tropical cyclones are more of a threat on the routes that run
E of Madagascar between the Cape of Good Hope and Mumbai
(Bombay), Colombo, Calcutta (Kolkata), and Rangoon; this includes the routes between Colombo and Calcutta (Kolkata) or
Rangoon. During April, the S routes run through the heart of S
activity, where there is a 10 to 20 per cent chance of a tropical
cyclone occurrence. In May, the Mumbai (Bombay) route
skirts this trouble, but there is still a threat on the other routes.
After May, all routes are fairly safe in the S. However, in the
Northern Hemisphere, tropical cyclones are a problem on the
Mumbai (Bombay) route in May and June. They occur north of
10N along the Bay of Bengal routes during April and May
and N of 15N from June through August. In May there is a 25
per cent chance of at least one tropical cyclone occurrence be-
181
tween the Andaman Islands and Burma. Once out of the Cape
of Good Hope region, gales are mainly tropical cyclone generated and therefore infrequent; they are most likely near Calcutta (Kolkata) in July. Winds are usually E through SE below the
Equator, veering to the S near the Equator and to the SW above
it. This flow is most persistent and strongest during June, July,
and August, when the average speed blows at 10 to 20 knots.
The Southwest Monsoon brings a blanket of clouds to the
Mumbai (Bombay), Rangoon, and Calcutta (Kolkata) regions,
where rain falls 20 to 30 per cent of the time from June through
August, dropping visibilities to below 2 miles up to 5 per cent
of the time. Elsewhere skies are partly cloudy, with occasional
showers and good visibilities.
Few weather problems crop up between the Cape of Good
Hope and Torres Strait and Selat Sunda. On the route to Torres
Strait, gales blow 10 to 25 per cent of the time W of 100E. On
the other routes S of 30S, the frequency drops to 5 to 15 per
cent. Winds along the W portions are variable but generally
SW through NW. North of 30S, they run E through SE. Early
in the season, tropical cyclones are a threat E of 45E on both
Selat Sunda routes and along the route from Torres Strait; on
the route to Torres Strait, this threat exists E of about 100E.
Except for extra-tropical and tropical cyclones, partly cloudy
skies, occasional showers and good visibilities are the prevailing conditions along these routes. A local visibility problem is
sometimes encountered off the coast of northwest Australia.
Fog and haze drop visibilities to below 2 miles about 5 to 10
per cent of the time; this condition is the worst in August, when
these frequencies climb to 20 per cent in Joseph Bonaparte
Gulf, near Darwin.
Routes through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf experience
mostly good weather during the N summer. Prevailing NW
through N winds rarely reach gale force. In the S waters of
both bodies, winds are most variable early in the season.
Through the Strait of Hormuz, SW through NW winds give
way in July to SE winds. Wind speeds average 5 to 10 knots in
the Persian Gulf and southern Red Sea. In the northern Red
Sea, speeds of 8 to 13 knots are common, and gales may occur,
particularly where the prevailing wind is reinforced by the sea
breeze. Over the Persian Gulf the persistent NW winds from
July on are known as the Great Shamal (40-day Shamal). The
winds occasionally blow at near gale strength, bringing clouds
of dust and sand over the Persian Gulf. Dust and haze can reduce visibilities to less than 2 miles, but generally visibilities
are good over both the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Skies are often cloudless, with only a few scattered showers to break the
monotony of good weather.
Outside the Red Sea and Persian Gulf the weather much
more variable. The major routes to and from the Gulf of Aden
rely on seasonal routings to try to avoid the strong winds and
rough seas around Suqutra. At its July peak, the monsoon generates gales up to 40 per cent of the time just NE of Suqutra.
Average wind speeds blow at 20 to 30 knots; conditions are only slightly better in June and August. Visibilities drop below 2
miles about 3 to 6 per cent of the time over these W portions of
the routes. North of the Equator, early season variable winds
give way to the persistent SW winds of summer. On the Cape
Leeuwin and Torres Strait routes, light W winds near the Equator back to the E through SE at average speeds of 10 to 15
knots. Near Cape Leeuwin, variable winds blow mainly out of
the SW through NW, reaching gale force 5 to 10 per cent of the
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182
Indian Ocean
time. Tropical cyclones are most likely to occur in the Arabian

Sea in May and June, when there is a 5 to 10 per cent chance of
an occurrence on most routes. They are more frequent on the
Bay of Bengal portion of the Calcutta (Kolkata) routes, where
there is a 10 to 20 per cent chance of at least one developing
during May and a 25 to 50 per cent chance near Calcutta (Kolkata) from June through August. On the Torres Strait routes,
there is also a 10 to 20 per cent chance of an April cyclone occurrence in the Timor Sea or the Arafura Sea. Over the Arabian
Sea portions of the major routes, partly cloudy skies and occasional showers are the rule. Near the Maldive Islands, skies become cloudier and showers occur 10 to 20 per cent of the time.
These conditions extend to Selat Sunda on the Torres Strait
routes and to 15S on the Cape Leeuwin routes. Conditions improve to the E and SE. On the Bay of Bengal portion of the
Calcutta (Kolkata) route, skies are cloudy and rain falls 20 to
30 per cent the time; these same conditions occur near Mumbai
(Bombay). Visibilities often fall below 5 miles in these showers and sometimes below 2 miles.
Along the routes between the Persian Gulf and Colombo and
the Persian Gulf and Cape Leeuwin, tropical cyclones and
monsoonal rains pose a hazard to navigation. Near Cape Leeuwin, extra-tropical cyclones generate gales 5 to 10 per cent of
the time. Tropical cyclones are most likely in June, N of 15N,
where the chance of occurrence is 10 to 15 per cent. There is
also a slight chance in April and May N of about 5N. Winds N
of the Equator are mainly SW, with some W winds. They gradually back to the S then SE below the Equator on the Cape
Leeuwin runs. South of 25S, they blow mainly out of the SW
through NW. Between 10N and 20N and between 10S and
20S, average wind speeds are 15 knots or more, with gales occurring 5 to 10 per cent of the time in July and August. In the
N, the monsoon brings rain up to 25 per cent of the time off the
SW coast of India, under mostly cloudy skies. Rain is almost as
frequent between 5S and 15S during midwinter. Visibilities
along all routes are good except in showers.
ClimateIndian OceanSeptember through March
Subtle changes signal the approach of the northern winter
and southern summer. Southwest winds become lighter and
less constant in the N, starting at the upper reaches of the Bay
of Bengal and Arabian Sea. The continental low begins to
weaken while the Siberian High intensifies. In the S, the large
high is weakening slightly under the warmth of the approaching sun. The Southeast Trade Winds give way to light variable
winds near the center of the high. South of 40S, W winds are
frequent in the region of extra-tropical storms. By October, the
Asian High is spreading the Northeast Monsoon over the N
waters. These winds are separated from the Southeast Trade
Winds by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This
semi-continuous band of clouds and showers pushes S. By November, it has usually crossed the Equator. It affects weather
from the Equator to 20S during the next 3 months. It is partly
responsible, along with a low level trough, for some of the 14
or so tropical cyclones that develop in an average year between
northwestern Australia and the east African coast, from about
December through April. Tropical cyclones are most frequent
in the N from September through December, when about three
develop on average. Weather is generally good in the N. Occasionally, a stray Mediterranean extra-tropical storm will bring
rainy squally weather to the seas N of 20N. South of the
Pub. 160
ITCZ, weather is also good. The circumpolar storm belt shifts

S and the worst weather is concentrated S of 50S.
The weather around the Cape of Good Hope is influenced by
extra-tropical cyclones early and late in the season, when gales
blow 5 to 10 per cent of the time. In midsummer, a moderate 20
to 30 knot SE through SW flow is created by the heat low over
Africa and the highs over the ocean; occasionally, gale force
winds are experienced. These strong winds often occur under
clear skies, particularly between the Cape of Good Hope and
Durban. Good weather is the rule throughout the summer, as
showers occur 5 to 10 per cent of the time and skies are partly
cloudy.
On the routes to and from the Cape of Good Hope through
Mozambique Channel, tropical cyclones are a threat from
Durban to 5S. They are most likely during January and February when chances of one are around 25 to 30 per cent. These
storms often move S through Mozambique Channel, then recurves to the SE. While tropical storms are more likely than
hurricanes, winds of 100 knots have been encountered by ships
in Mozambique Channel. Winds N of Durban generally are
light and variable. Between Port Elizabeth and Maputo (Lourenco Marques), rain falls 10 to 20 per cent of the time in January and February. At other times along this coast and in
Mozambique Channel, rain occurs less than 10 per cent of the
time under partly cloudy skies. Visibilities are good except in
showers.
Between Mozambique Channel and the N ports, including
Mumbai (Bombay), Colombo, and those in the Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf, tropical cyclones pose a threat, N of the Equator,
from September trough December. They are most likely in November SW of Mumbai (Bombay), where there is a 10 to 12
per cent chance of at least one. Early in the season, SE winds
cross the Equator and become SW winds. By October, NE
winds are blowing over the N Arabian Sea; by December they
reach Mozambique Channel. North through E winds at 5 to 15
knots prevail along these routes. This holds until March, when
the reversal begins in the S. The ITCZ is a forerunner of the
Northeast Monsoon, bringing clouds and showers, particularly
over the easternmost routes. Otherwise skies are mostly sunny,
with rain occurring less than 10 per cent of the time. Visibilities are good except for some September fog around Suqutra.
Along the routes to and from the Cape of Good Hope by way
of Mauritius, tropical cyclones are a problem in both hemispheres. In the S, they are most likely to occur from December
through March, when the monthly probabilities range from 20
to 90 per cent. The routes to Colombo and Calcutta (Kolkata)
run right through the heart of this activity near Mauritius.
Northern Hemisphere storms are most likely from September
through December along the Calcutta (Kolkata) route and from
October through December on the way to Rangoon. Monthly
frequencies range from about 30 to 50 per cent. Tropical cyclones are less of a threat along the Colombo and Bombay
routes. Early in the season, along the southernmost portion of
these routes, gales blow 5 to 10 per cent of the time. Between
the Cape of Good Hope and Mauritius, SW through W winds
become NE through SE by February. North of Mauritius, E
through SE winds prevail to the Equator until December. At
this time, the Northeast Monsoon above the Equator crosses it,
becoming W to NW. By January, these winds extend to about
10S. Rain along these routes is most likely N of Mauritius,
where showers occur 10 to 25 per cent of the time under fre-
Indian Ocean
quently cloudy skies; it is concentrated between 10S and the
Equator from October through February. The Northeast Monsoon brings clearer drier weather. Visibilities are good except
in showers.
Between the Cape of Good Hope and Selat Sunda, tropical
cyclones are a hazard from December through March between
30S and the strait. Monthly frequencies range from about 15
to 30 per cent; the most active area lies S and SE of Mauritius.
The route to the Cape of Good Hope runs nearly a 60 per cent
risk in this area during January. Shower activity is concentrated
east of about 60E, where by February the ITCZ is dominant.
Rain falls 15 to 20 per cent of the time under partly cloudy
skies. Gales are most likely W of 60E early in the season,
when they blow 5 to 10 per cent of the time on winds mainly
out of the SW through N. North of about 30S, they blow from
the E through S.
Along the routes that run from the Cape of Good Hope to
Cape Leeuwin and Torres Strait and back, weather is influenced by both extra-tropical and tropical cyclones. The southernmost routes run into frequent early and late season extratropical storms, particularly W of l00E. Gales along these
routes to Torres Strait and Cape Leeuwin blow 10 to 20 per
cent of the time, with rain falling 20 to 30 per cent of the time
under frequently cloudy skies. By January, conditions improve.
The other two more N routes encounter a lot less weather
throughout the season. Winds are variable along the W portions of all these routes. Over the E portions, E through S
winds are common. In the Timor Sea and the Arafura Sea,
these winds back to the W through NW with the arrival of the
ITCZ in December. Gales are infrequent, occurring mostly in
tropical cyclones which are most likely from December
through March; gales blow 5 per cent of the time off northwestern Australia from January through March. Off North West
Cape, there is a 40 per cent chance of a tropical cyclone in
March. These storms are most frequent north of 25S but are
occasionally encountered around Cape Leeuwin. Tropical cyclones and the ITCZ are responsible for the occasional showers
and frequently cloudy skies in the Timor Sea and the Arafura
Sea. Weather improves to the S.
There are few weather problems in the Persian Gulf and Red
Sea during winter. One hazard occurs in Red Seas narrow Bab
el Mandeb from October through March, when winds in this
area and N to 20N blow out of the SE through S. This creates
a funneling effect in the narrow channel, causing an increase in
wind speeds. While winds reach gale force just 1 to 2 per cent
of the time, they blow at 22 to 33 knots up to 34 per cent of the
time. Farther N and in the Persian Gulf, mainly W through N
winds blow at 6 to 12 knots on the average. Occasionally, a low
pressure system or front may bring gales, rain, and cloudy
skies. Most of the time skies are clear and visibilities are good.
Between the Red Sea and Mumbai (Bombay), winter weather is usually good. There is just a slight chance of a tropical cyclone from September through December. Early in the season,
S through SW winds blow at 10 to 15 knots, becoming W
through NW, with showers 10 per cent of the time, near Mumbai (Bombay). By November, N through NE winds at 10 knots
with sunny skies are the rule. Gales are rare and visibilities
good. Weather is also good between the Red Sea and Colombo
and on the W leg of the Red Sea-Torres Strait route. Near
Suqutra, these routes encounter strong September SW and S
winds, which reach gale force about 5 per cent of the time.
183
There is a slight chance of a tropical cyclone from October

through January. Southwest through W winds are gradually replaced by a N through NE flow with clear skies. Rain and
clouds become more frequent E of the Maldive Islands. Rain
falls 10 to 15 per cent of the time near Sri Lanka and 15 to 25
per cent of the time along the Torres Strait routes. These frequencies extend to the Timor Sea by December with the arrival
of the ITCZ, which also brings W through NW winds. Gales
are infrequent and, except in showers, visibilities are good.
Between the Red Sea and Cape Leeuwin, tropical cyclones
are more apt to be encountered in the S. In March, between
70E and 90E there is a 15 to 25 per cent chance of an encounter. A slight threat exists in this area from December
through February and in the N seas during October and November. Above the Equator, early season SW through W winds
give way to NE winds, which back to the W near the Equator.
Southeast winds prevail below the Equator, with SE through
SW winds most common S of 30S. There is a 5 per cent
chance of gales S of 10S. Average wind speeds range from 5
to 15 knots, slightly stronger in the N and in September between 10S and 20S. Mostly sunny skies with little rain prevail near both ends of these routes. Between 5N and 15S, rain
falls up to 25 per cent of the time under mostly cloudy skies.
Visibility is only a problem in showers.
Between the Persian Gulf and Colombo and the N leg of the
Cape Leeuwin run, there is a slight chance of a tropical cyclone
from September through March. October and November are
usually the most active months. Except in these storms, gales
are rare. South to SW winds give way to N and NE winds by
December. Rain is infrequent, except near Sri Lanka, where it
occurs 10 to 15 per cent of the time from September through
December. Skies are mostly clear and visibilities are good.
Over the S leg of the Persian Gulf-Cape Leeuwin run and
along the Colombo-Cape Leeuwin route, tropical cyclones are
a threat, from December through March, S of 5S. Between
10S and 20S, the monthly frequencies run 10 to 20 per cent.
Gales blow up to 5 per cent of the time in this region. North of
5S, early season SW through SE wind give way to NW
through NE winds above the Equator and W winds just below
it. South of the ITCZ, E and SE winds prevail to about 25S,
where winds are more variable. Between Sri Lanka and 15S,
rain falls 15 to 25 per cent of the time under mostly cloudy
skies. Otherwise, skies are usually partly cloudy and rain is infrequent. Visibility, except in showers, is good.
Southwest Indian Ocean (including the E coast of Africa,
Madagascar, and other Indian Ocean Islands)
General.Weather in this region is under the control of the
Indian Ocean High, the monsoons, and the circumpolar belt of
extra-tropical storms. The large high is the most important as
its downward outward flow of air produces relatively warm dry
air masses with mild fair weather and light variable winds. It
persists throughout the year, shifting slightly from winter to
summer. To the N it generates the Southeast Trade Winds,
which are separated in the austral summer from the Northeast
Trade Winds by the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
This semicontinuous band of clouds and showers can also
spawn tropical cyclones. To the S, W winds prevail, but they
become more variable and stronger with increasing latitude,
due to a steady stream of migrating extra-tropical storms,
which bring cold air, precipitation, and sometimes gales.
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184
Indian Ocean
Tropical Cyclones.Eleven tropical cyclones (winds of 34

knots and greater) form in an average season. About four of
these reach hurricane strength (winds of 64 knots and greater).
Some have generated winds of 130 knots or more. They affect
most of the region between 5S and 30S. South of 30S, they
usually peter out or become extra-tropical systems. The season
generally runs from December through April, although tropical
cyclones can form in any month. January and February are the
most active times. In general, tropical cyclones form between
5S and 15S. They move toward the W through S at about 10
to 15 knots. Most recurve toward the S through SE This recurvature usually takes place near 20S early in the season and
15S later on. Storms usually accelerate after recurving. Some
make it to Mozambique Channel before recurving; others continue W to landfall along the African coast, which is most likely early and late in the season. In addition to strong winds,
these storms can bring torrential rains and disastrous flooding
to the coasts and islands of this region. Ile de la Reunion holds
the world record for rainfall measured in a 24-hour period. A
tropical cyclone dumped 1,870mm of rain at Cilaos in 1952.
The 12-hour world record of 1,340mm was set at Belouve, Reunion, in 1964. Wave heights at sea can reach 9.1 to 12.2m in
these storms.
Extra-tropical Cyclones.While more frequent than tropical cyclones, many of these storms do not reach tropical storm
or hurricane intensity. Their frequency increases with latitude,
giving rise to such terms as the roaring forties, whistling fifties, and screeching sixties. These storms often intensify as
they move E or SE across the region. They often come in a series or family separated by high pressure cells that break storm
arrivals into 3 to 7-day periods. They make their farthest N
penetration in winter, bringing snow, freezing temperatures,
and gales to the islands and seas S of 30S. During the austral
summer, they are less frequent, less intense, and displaced farther S.
Winds.The Northeast Monsoon spreads S from the Equator during October and November. North through E winds replace S and SW winds while wind speeds diminish. By
December, N winds prevail; E winds are also common N of
Dar es Salaam while N winds are frequent S of Lindi. The
land-sea breeze is most noticeable in sheltered locations. The
sea breeze along the E coasts serves to strengthen the normal
onshore flow during the day. The land breeze acts as a retardant
and helps foster winds with offshore components. For example,
at Zanzibar, N winds in the morning give way to afternoon NE
winds. Gales are infrequent along the coast, occurring only
with tropical cyclones or perhaps briefly in a thunderstorm.
March is a transition month. By April, S and SE winds are
common. This regime holds through September. At its peak,
these winds blow up to 90 per cent of the time at average
speeds of 10 to 15 knots. While gales are infrequent, speeds
reach 22 knots or more about to 10 per cent of the time. Nearshore winds often parallel the coast. The sea breeze often causes an increase in S winds. At Mombasa, in July, the frequency
of S winds increases from 30 to 70 per cent during the day as
the average speed increases from 5 to 9 knots. In the southern
Mozambique Channel, the Southeast Trade Winds prevail.
Winds blow from E through S year-round. Extra-tropical
storms have a slight effect in winter, as do land and sea breezes
during both seasons. Wind speeds range from 10 to 15 knots.
Gales blow 1 to 3 per cent the time at their peak, which occurs
Pub. 160
in midwinter and midsummer. Between Durban and the Cape

of Good Hope, winds are variable, but they tend to parallel the
coastline. In winter W of Cape Agulhas, NW and SE winds are
common, while between Cape Agulhas and Port Elizabeth,
winds are often out of the SW through NW. East of Port Elizabeth SW, W, and NW winds are all common. Summer winds
are more likely to have a S component. Strong winds are more
likely in summer, although gales are rare. A steep gradient between oceanic highs and a heat low over Africa generate strong
winds known as Cape Southeasters, which are gusty, can
vary within a short distance, and are not associated with bad
weather. Onshore components and increasing wind speeds
during the day are common in the austral summer. The coast of
South Africa is subject at times to very hot dry berg winds
that blow down from the central plateau. They are most frequent in winter but bring the highest temperatures in fall and
spring. They are most common along the W coast, but can also
occur on the coast in this region.
Over the islands S of 30S, winds are strong and blow mainly out of the SW through NW all year. On lIes de Kerguelen
they blow from these directions 80 to 90 per cent of the time.
Wind speeds average 15 to 20 knot; winds of 65 knots or more
have been observed in all seasons. On lIes de Kerguelen, winds
of 40 knots or more blow on an average of 12 to 18 days per
month. lIe Amsterdam and lIe St. Paul are the least windy.
South of 40S near 60E, gales blow 25 per cent or more of the
time.
Climate N of 30S.The climate is dependent upon exposure to prevailing winds and the position of the sun.
The general range of average annual rainfall amounts is between 762 and 1,016mm, but the overall spread is from 381mm
near the Equator to 1,524mm in Heira, Mozambique. April
through July is the rainy season from Kismaayo to Malindi.
Monthly amounts range from 51 to 127mm on 5 to 10 days
along the Somali coast, up to 356mm on 19 to 20 days in May
at Lamu and Malindi. While maximum 24-hour amounts range
from to 102 to 152mm all along this coast, Lamu recorded
345mm one day in May. Thunderstorms occur infrequently.
October through May is the rainy season from Mombasa to
Durban. Up to 330mm is recorded on 15 to 20 days during the
rainiest months, which usually occur during the latter part of
this season. Maximum 24-hour amounts of 127 to 203mm have
been observed. Thunderstorms occur on about 3 to 10 days per
month during the rainy season.
Along the E coast of Madagascar and over the smaller islands between the Equator and 30S, annual average rainfall
ranges between 1,016 and 2,540mm, depending upon exposure. This rain is mostly showers and thundershowers. These
are most likely from October through May, particularly at locations exposed to the Southeast Trade Winds. The W coast of
Madagascar, particularly S of Morombe, is sheltered and rainfall is considerably less. The NW coast is subjected to the
ITCZ in January and February; annual rainfall amounts of
1,016 to 1,270mm are common. Thunderstorm activity is frequent in the ITCZ. Maximum 24-hour amounts are usually
produced by tropical cyclones and range up to 1,854mm plus
the previously-mentioned totals.
December through April are usually the warmest months N
of 30S. Over the smaller islands, particularly those near the
Equator, there is little seasonal change. North of Maputo, there
is little latitudinal difference. Along this coastal section, sum-
Indian Ocean
mer daytime highs range from the upper-20s to the low-30s
(C). They are only a few degrees cooler to the S. Extreme
highs reach the mid-30s (C), but have gone well over 37.8C
at sheltered ports like Beira and Maputo. At night, temperatures often drop into the low to mid-20s (C) everywhere. July
is usually the coldest month of the year. Average daytime highs
range from the low-20s (C) near Durban and Maputo to the
low-30s (C) N of Quelimane. During hot spells, they can get
into the low-30s (C) just about everywhere. Readings in the
mid to upper-teens (C) are common at night, except it is
slightly cooler S of Maputo and slightly warmer over the
smaller islands. The coldest temperatures have occurred
around Durban, where they have dipped into the low single
digits (C). Elsewhere extremes range from the upper single
digits (C) at Maputo to the low-20s (C) over the smaller islands.
Relative humidities, varying with temperature, reach an early
morning peak and a mid-afternoon low. This diurnal variation
can be as much as 40 per cent at sheltered locations or as little
as 10 per cent at exposed sites. Exposure to the ocean keeps diurnal and seasonal variations small. The seasonal reversal of
winds, such as those along the NW coast of Madagascar, can
bring a large variation. Average relative humidities in the 70 to
80 per cent range are common in the mornings as are 60 to 70
per cent readings in the afternoons. Along the Kenya and Tanzania coasts, humidities are highest from March through September, during the rainy season, when they reach the upper 80s
during the morning. Seasonal changes are slight along the Mozambique coast. Over Madagascar and the smaller islands, humidities are high and even diurnal variations are small. The
east coast of Madagascar is particularly humid and readings in
the 85 to 95 per cent range are common in the morning. The
SW coast is only a little drier, while the NW coast has high
readings during the summer when it is exposed to onshore
winds.
This region is cloudy. Average coverage amounts range from
35 to 65 per cent. Seasonal variations are small, but prolonged
periods of cloudy or clear weather can occur at times. Clear
skies are most likely during the afternoon. In general, from
southern Somalia to Zanzibar, cloudy skies are most common
from April through September, while clear conditions occur
most often in midsummer. South of Zanzibar, summer is often
the cloudiest time, while winter brings plenty of sunshine.
Over the islands there is little seasonal fluctuation in cloud
cover, usually just a slight minimum during the cool season.
On Madagascar, the E coast is considerably cloudier than the
W coast, due to exposure. In January, however, the NW coast is
under the blanket of the ITCZ, when cloud cover averages 80
per cent.
In Somalia, the climate is divided into four seasons of about
3 months each, starting in mid August, as follows:
1. DerThe rainy Southwest Monsoon still prevails until
the NE winds set in.
2. JilalA dry season with constant NE winds.
3. GuA wet season in which the NE winds prevail until
the Southwest Monsoon sets in.
4. AgaiA hot season, with lesser rains at intervals, in
which the Southwest Monsoon is constant.
Climate S of 30S.About 508 to 1,270mm of rain fall
each year between Durban and the Cape of Good Hope. In general, totals decrease toward the Cape of Good Hope. From
185
Durban to East London summer is the rainy season, when 76 to

152mm fall on 10 to 16 days per month from September
through March. To the W, May through August is the rainy season, when 51 to 102mm fall on 10 to 12 days per month; maximum 24-hour amounts along the entire coast range from about
102 to 178 inches. Snow is rare. Thunderstorms are most likely
between Durban and Port Elizabeth where they occur on 3 to 8
days per month during the summer. Over the islands S of 30S,
annual precipitation amounts range mostly from 889 to
1,397mm, except on Marion Island, where 2,210mm fall in an
average year. Seasonal variations are small, with a slight maximum from December through May, when 127 to 254mm per
month is common. For Iles de Kerguelen, winter is the rainiest
period and late summer is the least rainy; maximum 24-hour
amounts range from 51 to 102mm. On Heard Island, Marion
Island, and Iles de Kerguelen, snow has been observed in every
month. It also occurs in the Prince Edward Islands and Iles
Crozet in winter. Farther N, on Ile Amsterdam and Ile St. Paul,
snow is infrequent.
December through March is usually the warmest time of the
year from Durban to the Cape of Good Hope. Temperatures often climb into the low to mid-20s (C) during the day and fall
into the high teens (C) at night. They can be expected to reach
32C or above on just 1 to 5 days each year. High temperatures
can also occur in September and October, when berg winds
can cause readings in the 37.8C range along the S coast. Winter temperatures range from the high-teens (C) to the low-20s
(C) during the day, falling into the single digits (C) to the
mid-teens (C) at night. Extreme lows range from -0.6C at
Port Elizabeth to 5.6C at Port Saint Johns. Over the S islands,
temperatures vary widely. In general, lIe Amsterdam is the
warmest and Heard Island is the coldest. Average summer daytime highs range from the high-teens (C) over lIe Amsterdam
down to the low single digits (C) at Heard Island. Lows are
usually 3 to 5C cooler. The warmest temperatures are most
likely in January and February. During the winter, the weather
is better at Heard Island, with maximums and minimums hovering right around the freezing mark. Over the other islands,
lows fall to near freezing, but during the day temperatures
climb to around 4.5C. At Ile Amsterdam, temperatures are
about 8C warmer. Extreme lows have reached -10C at most
places, except lIe Amsterdam, where the record low is 2.7C.
Exposure to the sea temperature and elevation are important
relative humidity factors along the South African coast. For example, at exposed Cape Agulhas, humidities are high all year;
they vary only 10 to 20 per cent during the day. There is a
slight peak from March through September, when morning
readings are greater than 85 per cent and afternoon humidities
stay above 73 per cent. At higher elevations like Port Saint
Johns, average morning readings vary from 82 per cent in January to 60 per cent in July; this compares to 80 per cent in January and 86 per cent in March at Cape Agulhas. On the E coast
in general, humidities are highest in late summer and autumn
and lowest in winter.
Over the islands, diurnal and seasonal variations are small.
Highest humidities are generally observed in the summer and
fall to their lowest in the spring. In general, early morning humidities are in the 80 per cent range; afternoon readings are only 1 to 8 per cent lower.
Along the South African coast, it is cloudiest in the austral
summer and clearest in winter. The change is least noticeable
Pub. 160
186
Indian Ocean
at exposed low locations like Cape Agulhas. However, average

cloud cover even decreases significantly there. Cloudy skies
(cloud cover of 6/8) occur on about 15 to 20 days per month
during the summer season and less than 12 days per month in
winter. These figures are reversed for clear days (cloud cover
of 2/8).
Over the islands S of 30S, cloud cover increases with latitude and changes very little seasonally or diurnally. Skies are
cloudy (greater than 7/10 cloud cover) on 20 to 30 days per
month all year. Clear skies (cloud cover less than 3/10) can be
observed on 1 to 6 days per month.
Visibility.Visibilities N of 30S are generally good. Precipitation reduces visibilities to less than 2 miles about 1 to 2
per cent of the time in the S Mozambique Channel in January
and 1 to 3 per cent of the time round the Chagos Archipelago
in the austral spring and summer. The worst conditions along
both shores of the Channel occur from April through October,
when an early morning haze, known on the.Mozambique coast
as Cacimbo, obscures visibilities on about 12 to 18 days per
month. It is only serious enough to be reported as fog on about
1 to 6 days per month, except at Morondava, where fog is reported on 7 to 10 mornings per month from May through October. Conditions usually improve by mid-morning.
Along the African coast fog (visibility less than 0.5 mile) is
infrequent and occurs on about 1 to 3 days per month at the
most. It is most likely in the late summer and fall. Haze and
smoke are mainly fall and winter restrictions. Durban is the
worst, recording 20 to 25 days per month of haze and smoke
from March through September. Conditions are worst in the
morning and usually clear by afternoon. These conditions exist
all along the coast but less frequently than at Durban.
Snow, rain, and fog contribute to poor visibilities over the islands S of 30S. Heard Island is the worst and shows only a
slight seasonal or daily variation. Visibilities here drop below 6
miles 45 to 55 per cent of the time year-round and below 1.2
miles 10 to 18 per cent of the time from May through September. The Prince Edward Islands suffer about one-half as much.
They report fog (visibility less than 0.5 mile) on 7 days per
month in February, March, and April. Visibilities improve on
the other islands. For example, over Iles de Kerguelen, fog is
rare, and at Ile Amsterdam visibilities drop to less than 6 miles
10 to 20 per cent of the time, with improvements in the afternoon and in winter.
Northwest Indian Ocean (including the coasts of the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman,
and the Persian Gulf)
For further information, see Red Sea and the Persian
GulfClimatology.
Northeast Indian Ocean (Coasts of the Bay of Bengal, including the coasts of the Andaman Sea and the Strait of
Malacca)
General.Except in the SE, where there is little seasonal
difference, weather is monsoonal. The Northeast Monsoon
(winter) brings mostly cool dry weather with clear skies. The
Southwest Monsoon (summer) is accompanied by clouds and
rain. The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), with its
showers, thunderstorms, and tropical cyclones, is present
during the spring and fall transitional seasons.
Tropical Cyclones.About five of these storms develop
Pub. 160
each year; an average of three generate winds of 48 knots or

more (these are called severe cyclones). These storms occasionally cause catastrophic loss of life along the N shores of the
Bay of Bengal, where they can generate devastating storm
tides. One of the worst was the Backergunge Cyclone of 1876.
Its storm surge at the mouth of the Meghna River combined
with an abnormally high tide to submerge the surrounding land
area under 3.1 to 12.2m of water in less than 30 minutes. Some
100,000 lives were lost by drowning; another 100,000 died
through the pestilence that followed.
While tropical cyclones may form in any month, they are
most likely from April through December, with a peak in frequency and storm intensity during October and November. The
storms that form during the heart of the Southwest Monsoon
are usually weak and restricted to the head of the Bay of Bengal. Early season storms usually form far S in the Bay of Bengal and move toward the N or NW, sometimes recurving
toward the NW, if they reach the head of the Bay of Bengal. In
September, with the recession of the Southwest Monsoon tropical cyclones once again threaten the entire Bay of Bengal.
Frequently, storms form around the Nicobar Islands and either move WNW across the Bay of Bengal and southern India
or turn N toward the Mouths of the Ganges.
While tropical cyclones of the Bay of Bengal are frequently
less intense than western Pacific typhoons or North Atlantic
hurricanes, they have generated winds up to 130 knots on occasion. When these wind speeds combine with high tides along
the low-lying coasts of this area, the results are disastrous.
Extra-tropical Cyclones.These infrequent storms affect
the extreme N part of the Bay of Bengal from November
through May. About 8 to 12 occur each year. They are known
locally as western depressions because they approach from the
W. They normally pass to the N but may cause clouds, rain,
and squalls at the head of the Bay of Bengal.
General Winds.The first signs of the Southwest Monsoon
show up at the head of the Bay of Bengal in February where
there is a slight increase in SW winds. March is the transition
month in the N, while April is the transition month in the S. By
June, SW winds blow 55 to 70 per cent of the time along most
coasts. The Strait of Malacca is sheltered from this strong flow
and the result is weak SW and S winds. Off the S and W coasts
of Sri Lanka, W and SW winds blow 80 to 90 per cent of the
time. Wind speeds during the summer average 12 to 16 knots.
They climb to 22 knots or more about 15 to 25 per cent of the
time along the coasts of India, Bangladesh, and northern Burma. Gales are also most likely along these coasts but blow less
than 4 per cent of the time. September, October, and November
are the fall transition months. By December, N through NE
winds prevail throughout the area; E winds are also common in
the Andaman Sea. The Northeast Monsoon is weaker and less
persistent than its summer counterpart. Average wind speeds
range from 5 to 10 knots, with speeds reaching 22 knots or
more less than 10 per cent of the time.
While wind speeds are lightest during the spring and fall
transitional months, extreme winds are most likely at these
times. In tropical cyclones, winds have reached 130 knots. Severe spring thunderstorms, known as norwesters, can generate winds of up to 100 knots in gusts along the Bengal and
Orissa coasts. At the beginning or burst of the summer monsoon, winds can reach gale force, particularly along the lower
W coast of India. This is associated with the passage of the
Indian Ocean
ITCZ.
Coastal Winds.Land and sea breezes are pronounced
during the weak Northeast Monsoon and are practically nonexistent during the heart of the strong Southwest Monsoon.
They are both effective along the W coast of Sri Lanka from
December through March. In June, the sea breeze strengthens
the Southwest Monsoon during the afternoon, causing wind
speeds to occasionally climb to 30 knots, with gusts as high as
60 knots. Land and sea breezes are effective in the Strait of
Malacca year-round. Where the prevailing wind and sea breeze
coincide, speeds often reach 20 knots during the afternoon. The
land breeze is most noticeable on clear quiet nights, attaining
speeds of 4 to 8 knots. However, where the land slopes steeply
to the coast, as it does in northern Sumatera, night winds can be
gusty enough to cause problems to small boats.
Local Winds.The following local winds occur in this area
and are described, as follows:
1. Sumatras.Squalls that occur in the Strait of Malacca from April through November. These storms usually develop at night and last from 1 to 4 hours. Winds are mainly
out of the SW through NW, with gusts occasionally reaching
50 knots. They are most likely between Malacca and Singapore, particularly in June and August, when about six to
eight may be expected.
2. Norwesters (kalbaisakhi).These severe thunderstorms occur on the coasts of Orissa, West Bengal, and the
Sundarbans from March through early June. They usually
develop inland during the late afternoon and move seaward
from the NW. Occasionally, wind gusts reach 100 knots and
these squalls can occur up to 100 miles at sea. A few
norwesters actually develop into tornadoes or waterspouts.
During April and May, they often occur in 4 to 5 day spells
at about the same place and time. They generally last for 3 to
4 hours. The Southwest Monsoon puts an end to the nor
wester season.
3. Waterspouts.Waterspouts vary in intensity from the
tornado type to a comparatively mild type that corresponds
to dust devils ashore. The severe tornado type is most likely
to be encountered during the spring transition season. It is
associated with severe thunderstorms like the norwester.
They have also been reported in fall. Waterspouts are found
in both the Bay of Bengal and the Strait of Malacca.
Climate.The coast from Chittagong to the N entrance to
the Strait of Malacca is one of the rainiest in the world. During
a normal year, amounts range from 2,540 to 5,588mm, depending upon exposure to the Southwest Monsoon, which brings
1,270 to 1,524mm and 20 days or more per month from June
through August. Abnormal years can bring up to 2,540mm less
rain or as much as 2,540mm more rain. The dry season is also
well marked, with monthly totals averaging less than 1 inch at
most locations during the Northeast Monsoon. The Southwest
Monsoon is also responsible for much of the 1,016 to 2,540mm
average annual falls along the coast of India from about Masulipatam to the Mouths of the Ganges. In the Strait of Malacca,
September through December is usually the rainy season,
while the least rain falls in early summer. Along the Thailand
coast S of Ko Phuket and the coast of Malaysia, annual average
amounts range from 1,778 to 2,540mm, with spring and fall the
rainiest times. Another particularly rainy coast lies along northwest Sumatera, where annual averages of 3,810 to 5,080mm
are common. There is no dry season; however, the ITCZ brings
187
an October-November peak, with about 508mm of rain falling

on about 20 days per month.
The frequency of days with thunderstorms varies from about
10 per year along the SE coast of India to more than 180 in the
Strait of Malacca. They are most common during the spring
transition, with a secondary maximum in the fall. They are also
frequent in summer at the head of the Bay of Bengal. In addition to the high frequency along the Malaysia coast, thunderstorms occur on 140 to 160 days annually along the southern
Tenasserim coast of Burma. Along the NE coast of India, severe spring thunderstorms accompanied by strong squalls are
known as Kal Baisakhi (fateful thing).
Torrential rains occur in showers, thunderstorms, and tropical cyclones. They are most likely with the ITCZ in spring and
fall. Along the exposed coasts, they even occur during the
Southwest Monsoon. Record 24-hour amounts range from
about 152 to 559mm.
Temperature ranges and variations, particularly near the
Equator, are small. Rain and cloud cover are important factors
in seasonal variations. While December is the coolest time of
the year along the coast of India, monsoon rains make summer
a few degrees cooler elsewhere. Even during the coolest
months, mean daily maximums climb above 23.8C at the head
of the Bay of Bengal and above 29.4C elsewhere. Some places, like Rangoon and Cuttack, have even recorded 37.8C temperatures in February. Cuttack is a hot spot where average daily
maximums exceed 37.8C in April and May, while extremes
have reached 47.8C. March through June is usually the warmest time throughout the area. Average daytime temperatures, at
their peak, reach the 32.2 to 37.8C range everywhere. Extremes range from 37.8 to 48.9C. Mean daily minimums run
6 to 14C lower throughout the year.
Hot weather and the Northeast Monsoon, except where it is
onshore, produce the lowest relative humidities. This is a factor
along the NE and N coast of India, the coast of Bangladesh,
and Burma. Relative humidities are lowest in late winter and
spring, with readings in the 70 per cent range during the morning and the 50 to 60 per cent range in the afternoon. Along the
SE coast of India, this minimum occurs in the summer. Maximums along these coasts and year round humidities elsewhere
are very high. Early morning readings are frequently in the
mid-80 to upper-90 per cent range; they fall 20 to 25 per cent
during the afternoon.
Cloud cover is influenced by the monsoons, resulting in a
winter minimum and summer maximum over much of the area.
The reverse is true along the E coast of Sri Lanka and skies are
mostly cloudy all year in the Strait of Malacca. During February and March, mostly clear skies prevail along the coast and in
offshore waters from Chennai (Madras) to Rangoon. Elsewhere, except in the Strait of Malacca, skies are partly cloudy.
During the transition period, cloud cover increases. By July,
the Southwest Monsoon is in full swing, and cloud cover is
most extensive. Overcast conditions prevail along and off the
Pakistan-Burma coast, while mostly cloudy skies are common
elsewhere, except for the coast of Sri Lanka, which remains
under partly cloudy skies. Sky conditions begin to improve in
late summer. By September, overcast conditions no longer prevail anywhere, and the following month partly cloudy skies S.
Visibility.Throughout this region, visibilities are usually
good. Restrictions are almost always in the form of rain, which
when heavy may reduce visibility to below fog limits. In a
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188
Indian Ocean
tropical cyclone, the combination of torrential rain and blowing

spray may reduce visibility to near zero. Fog is infrequent, particularly at sea. Haze and smoke cause local restrictions near
the coast.
Around Sri Lanka, poorest visibilities occur from October
through February on the E coast and through April on the E
coast. Fog is rare and showers cause brief reductions. In addition, there is an early morning mist which can be dense at
times; this usually burns off rapidly right after sunrise. It is
much more frequent on the W coast. Along the SE coast of India, precipitation is mainly responsible for the poor visibilities
that are most common in fall. Some fog and haze does form locally at Chennai (Madras) in winter. The frequency of poor visibility increases N from Gopalpur.
In the offshore waters of the northern Bay of Bengal, including the Gulf of Martaban, visibilities are worst from June
through October, when they fall below 2 miles up to 5 per cent
of the time. On the coast, these figures are even higher during
the monsoon rains. Fog is frequent over the Delta region, particularly around the Sundarbans and in the Hooghly River from
November through March. Mist or fog tends to form in the evening on the low ground and over the river and persists until
morning. The visibility is made worse by the smoke from Calcutta (Kolkata). At Calcutta (Kolkata) itself, visibility is less
than 2 miles on most evenings from October through January
and every morning through March.
Along the Arakan coast of Burma, fog is relatively frequent
from November through March, occurring on about 3 to 10
days per month. It is most frequent and persistent in the morning over and near river deltas. Visibilities drop below 6 miles
almost nightly along some sections of this coast. Restrictions
during the rainy season can be severe for brief periods. Visibility also drops below 2 miles up to 5 per cent of the time during
this monsoon. Over the waters of the Gulf of Martaban and the
Andaman Sea, visibilities are generally good, except in rain
showers. Fog is only a local onshore problem from about November through April. In sheltered locations it forms during
the night and early morning hours, but dissipates quickly by
late morning. For example, at Ko Phuket Airport, early morning visibilities drop below 7/8 mile on 18 to 21 days per month
from January through April. By early afternoon, the fog is gone
and visibilities are usually greater than 6 miles. There are a few
restrictions to visibilities in the Strait of Malacca and along the
NW coast of Sumatera. Early morning haze frequently drops
visibilities to less than 6 miles, but rarely to less than 2 miles.
Ground fog may form during the early morning hours over
marshy areas and around river estuaries. These restrictions are
most common with fine weather conditions during the Southeast Monsoon. Precipitation is also responsible for brief reductions in visibilities.
Southeast Indian Ocean including the N, W, and S coasts of
Australia and the SW coast of Sumatera)
General.The climate varies from tropical in the N to temperate in the S. During the austral summer, the Inter-tropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ) lies N of Australia, influencing
weather along the N coast and over Sumatera. The Northwest
Monsoon (summer) brings hot, humid, and rainy weather to the
N coast; tropical cyclones frequent the seas off N and W coasts
of Australia. A high pressure ridge S of Australia generates a
cool stable SE trade wind regime over the S part of the region
Pub. 160
in summer. During the austral winter, these trades move N to

bring dry weather along the N coast, but showers to the exposed Sumatera coast. To the S, extra-tropical systems bring
variable winds and precipitation to coastal areas.
Extratropical Cyclones.These migratory low pressure
systems with their attendant fronts travel a general circumpolar
route, the mean path to which lies near 60S. The frequency
and intensity of these storms are greatest during the Southern
Hemisphere fall and winter. They also make their farthest N
penetrations during these seasons. Some move E or E along the
S coast of Australia, with their fronts trailing N across the continent. It is not uncommon for either frontal or low pressure
systems to affect weather along the S coast every 4 to 5 days in
fall and winter. During the austral summer, this activity is at a
minimum everywhere, even in the seas to the S.
Tropical Cyclones.All coasts of Australia and the islands
of this region have been affected by tropical cyclones. The S
coast is usually only affected by a storm that has been weakened by an overland journey or by the extra-tropical remnants
of a former tropical cyclone. In an average season, about four
or five tropical cyclones develop in this region; one or two usually reach hurricane strength. Sometimes these severe storms
are known as willy-willies. Winds in severe hurricanes have
exceeded 130 knots, and more than 508mm of rain has fallen
along the NW coast during a storm passage. Seas of 9.1m or
more can be expected in the open water.
While a tropical cyclone can form in any month, December
through April is the most active period off the NW coast of
Australia. Most storms are spawned in the ITCZ and accelerate
along a parabolic path toward higher latitudes. While most
tropical cyclones form S of 10S, some have been encountered
off the SW coast of Sumatra (near 4S). Most storms affecting
the Australian coasts form in the waters between the Bonaparte
Archipelago and the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. Storms
can also develop in the Timor Sea and the Arafura Sea, as well
as in the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Early season tropical cyclones tend to parallel the coast but
remain offshore and N of about 30S. An average of one storm
can be expected before mid-January. From mid-January to
mid-February tropical cyclones move very close to the coast
and frequently recurve inland around North West Cape; one
storm can be expected in an average year during this period.
From mid-February through March, two to three tropical cyclones develop; at least one usually reaches hurricane intensity.
Early and late March are the times that storms are most likely
to move ashore over Western Australia. During late March and
through April, the S limit of many tropical cyclones is pushed
to 35S in the vicinity of Perth, Cape Leeuwin, and Albany.
April storms are infrequent. These paths and frequencies represent average conditions and are intended only to give a feeling
for the habits of tropical cyclones.
General Winds.During the austral summer season (December through March), the South Indian Ocean High reaches
its southernmost position and its minimum intensity. This allows the Southeast Trade Winds to extend S to near Cape Leeuwin. Southeast and S winds prevail off the W coast. East of
North West Cape, winds blow mainly out of the SW through
NW and are even lighter. Winds of 10 knots or less occur 70
per cent or more of the time over the Timor Sea and the Arafura Sea. Northwest winds are common early in the season in the
N part of these seas and also along the SW coast of Sumatera.
Indian Ocean
By February, the ITCZ is fluctuating across this entire area,
separating these two light wind systems, which are sometimes
referred to as the doldrums. Calms occur 15 to 25 per cent of
the time. By April, the ITCZ has shifted N, leaving the Southeast Trade Winds to prevail. Along the S coast, summer winds
are variable, with SE through SW winds the most common.
Gales are infrequent everywhere.
During the austral winter, the Indian Ocean High pushes N
and intensifies, limiting the Southeast Trade Winds to the N of
North West Cape. In these waters, E through SE winds prevail.
Winds of 10 knots or less occur 50 to 80 per cent of the time in
N waters and up to 90 per cent of the time off the SW coast of
Sumatera. Gales are rare. Between North West Cape and Perth,
winds are quite variable. They reach gale force up to 5 per cent
of the time along the S and W coasts. Winds along the S coast
are mainly out of the SW through N, as storms pass close by
during the season.
While gales are uncommon along the N and W coasts, extreme winds of 130 knots or more can occur in summer tropical
cyclones. A record gust of 133 knots was recorded at Onslow
while Darwin measured a 117 knot gust during the same season. Along the S coast, extremes are not as high, but strong
winds are more frequent. They are most likely during fall and
winter in extra-tropical storms. Sustained winds of 45 to 55
knots have been measured and it is likely that winds occasionally reach hurricane force (64 knots). Along the SW coast of
Sumatera, winds of 30 to 40 knots may blow on occasion
during a thunderstorm or in the early stages of a tropical cyclone.
Coastal Winds.Land and sea breezes are noticeable along
the N and W coasts of Australia. Usually, wind speeds increase
during the day, but sometimes the land breeze reinforces the
prevailing wind, and there is little diurnal variation. The sea
breeze strengthens any onshore flow, which in most locations
along the N coast results in an increase in W through N winds.
Nighttime and early morning breezes are often from the S
through W. Along the W coast, S through NW winds during
the day give way to land breezes from the NE through S or SW
at night. At Fremantle, the invigorating SW sea breeze is
known as the Fremantle Doctor. During the winter, the
Southeast Trade Winds along the N and NW coasts are reinforced by the land breeze at night. If the gradient is slack, they
are deflected to the W through NE during the day. Along the W
coast, N through SE winds in the morning give way to S
through W winds by afternoon.
Along the S coast, land and sea breezes are effective during
light wind conditions year-round and even affect the prevailing
summer flow. On summer mornings, winds are often N
through NE, while by afternoon they blow out of the SE
through SW. Wind speeds increase during the day. In winter,
light N winds from a high that may move over Australia are often reinforced by the land breeze.
Along the SW coast of Sumatera, the sea breeze reinforces
the SE summer flow, with speeds climbing up to 20 knots
along some sections.
Local Winds.The morning glory are squalls that occur
in the S part of the Gulf of Carpentaria. They are most likely
from September through November and again in April. They
are similar to a line squall or a series of parallel squalls that
burst in on calm clear conditions. Wind speeds generally run
15 to 25 knots.
189
Climate.Precipitation from Cape York to the North West

Cape falls mainly from December through April. It is mainly in
the form of brief heavy showers in the ITCZ or sometimes in
tropical cyclones. Rainfall is variable from year to year and
even within the season. A tropical cyclone can dump an average annual amount on a location at one time. During the dry
winter season, monthly amounts of less than 25mm are common. Average annual amounts decrease W in general, particularly W of Port George IV, and range from 1,778mm to less
than 254mm. January is usually the wettest month. Summer
thunderstorm activity is pronounced. For example, Port George
IV has an average of 95 thunderstorm days annually; 84 of
these occur from November through March. Tropical cyclones
are mostly responsible for the maximum 24-hour amounts,
which range from 203 to 406mm.
Along the W and S coasts, most rainfall is from Extra-tropical sources. This results in a winter rainy season. However,
tropical cyclones or their remnants occasionally bring heavy
summer rains. Thunderstorm activity is infrequent, with an average of 4 to 16 days annually. The rainiest part of the coast is
from Perth around Cape Leeuwin to Albany where an average
889 to 1,016mm is recorded each year. North of Perth and E of
Albany, amounts fall to as low as 229 to 254mm. In the S, the
most arid region is the central coast of the Great Australian
Bight. The summer brings little rain everywhere, with monthly
totals usually less than 25mm. Heavy rains can occur in either
tropical or extra-tropical cyclones; 24-hour maximum amounts
have been recorded mostly from January through July. These
amounts range from about 76 to 152mm.
Along the SW coast of Sumatera, average annual amounts
range from about 3,048 to 4,445mm, with only a small seasonal fluctuation. Even during the midwinter dry season, monthly
amounts of 178 to 254mm are common. November is usually
the rainiest month, with 381 to 508mm averages. Heavy showers are common; 24-hour maximums range from 229 to
279mm. Thunderstorms occur on about 40 to 50 days annually,
with a slight peak in April and September.
Along Australias N and NW coast, winters are mild and
summers are hot. Warmest temperatures often occur in the late
spring or early summer (November and December) when cloud
cover is less than it is in midsummer. Daytime temperatures in
the mid-30s (C); nighttime lows in the low to mid-20s (C) are
common. Extremes are most likely from October through January. They range from near 38C at exposed locations to near
49C at sheltered ports. July brings the coolest weather, with
average daily maximums ranging from the mid-20s (C) along
the NW coast to the upper-20s (C) along the N coast. Average
daily minimums are about 8.5 to 14.0C cooler, except on exposed Thursday Island, where there is just a 5C difference.
Extreme low temperatures, which occur mostly in June or July,
range from the middle to upper low single digits (C) on the
NW coast to 17.8C at Thursday Island.
Along much of the S and W coasts, summers are pleasant
and winters moderate. January and February are the warmest
months. Average daytime highs range from low-20s (C) along
the SW tip to about 32C near Camarvon and sheltered Port
Augusta. Nighttime lows are usually in the upper-teens to low20s (C). Extreme highs range from 42.8C at Cape Leeuwin
to 50.6C at Eucla. July is usually the coolest month; below
freezing temperatures have been recorded along the coast of
the Great Australian Bight and in Spencer Gulf, where the exPub. 160
190
Indian Ocean
treme lows range from -3.9 to -0.6C. Elsewhere the range of

extremes is from just above freezing to 8.9FC at Cape Leeuwin. Average daily maximums run in the low to upper-teens
(C), except a few degrees higher N of Perth. Nighttime lows
are in the upper single digits (C) along the S coast and in the
8.9 to 11C range along the W coast.
Temperatures are consistent along the SW coast of Sumatera. At Padang, which is representative, daytime highs are
30.0 to 31.1C on the average year around, while minimums
are often in the low to mid-20s (C). The warmest time is
March through June. Extremes range from a maximum in the
mid-30s (C) to a minimum in the upper-teens to low 20s (C).
The NW and N coasts are cloudiest in summer, with the N
being slightly cloudier. Usually, there is an afternoon peak.
Winter on the N coast and spring along the NW coast are the
least cloudy times and clear days are quite frequent. Along the
W coast, skies are mostly gray in winter while summer days
often are bright and sunny. The Great Australian Bight shores
are cloudiest from March through May and least cloudy in
spring. In the Spencer Gulf and Gulf St. Vincent, fall and winter are cloudiest while summer conditions are good.
Southwest Sumatera is a cloudy region throughout the year.
Overcast conditions are observed nearly every day during October and November. Conditions are somewhat better in the
austral winter.
Relative humidities are dependent upon temperature and exposure to the sea. The diurnal range in temperature produces a
morning maximum and afternoon minimum in relative humidity in most cases. Seasonal and diurnal variations are small at
exposed locations.
Along the N coast and NW coast E of Onslow, maximum relative humidities occur on summer mornings and minimum relative humidities occur on winter afternoons. At exposed
locations, summer relative humidities range from 80 to 90 per
cent in the morning falling to the 50 to 70 per cent range by afternoon. During the winter, 70 to 85 per cent readings in the
morning fall into the 35 to 55 per cent range during the afternoon. These readings are a little higher at some island locations
and a little lower at sheltered ports.
Along the W and S coasts, relative humidities are highest in
the austral winter. From Onslow to Cape Leeuwin, they are
usually in the 80 per cent range during the morning and the 50
to 70 per cent range during the afternoon; however, at exposed
locations like Cape Leeuwin, they only drop to about 80 per
cent. Humidities along the S coast have a somewhat wider
range. Highest average readings occur at Ceduna and Adelaide,
where they reach 85 to 88 per cent, while the range elsewhere
is from 65 to 75 per cent. During the day, these readings fall into the mid-50 to low-70 per cent range. During the austral summer, the diurnal variation is overcome at some locations along
the Great Australian Bight by the strong onshore flow and average maximum temperatures below 26.7C. Readings at places like Eucla, Eyre, and Esperance average in the mid-50 to
low-60 per cent range in the morning, climbing about 2 to 5 per
cent during the day. Elsewhere, summer morning readings are
in the 60 to 70 per cent range; they fall into the 40 per cent
range during the day.
Along the SW coast of Sumatera, the diurnal variation is
much greater than any seasonal one. The early morning humidities are in the 90 per cent range throughout the year; there is a
slight maximum in the austral spring. These readings fall into
Pub. 160
the mid-60 to low-70 per cent range by early after noon.

Visibility.Visibilities, in general, are good throughout the
region year around. Heavy showers are the most frequent reduction, but this is usually brief. Mist, haze, smoke, and occasionally fog interfere with visibility. Rain and drizzle cause
some problems along the SW and S coasts of Australia. Fog is
an occasional problem mostly in the lagoons and estuaries of
the NW coast in winter. At Broome, early morning visibilities
drop below 7'8 mile 8 to 9 per cent of the time in August and
September. Along the S coast, visibilities fall below 6 miles 5
to 15 per cent of the time in rain in the austral winter, but below
7/8 mile on rare occasions when both fog and rain occur. Fog is
more often an early morning condition that is local and burns
off quickly. Sea fog in the summer is fare. Dust storms occur E
of Albany in summer, when N winds bring a reddish haze to
coastal areas. When strong offshore winds follow a prolonged
drought, a thick dust can affect visibilities at sea. Industrial
smoke is a problem near Adelaide.
Along the SW coast of Sumatera, haze, rain showers, and a
rare fog hamper visibilities. Visibilities fall below 6 miles most
of the time during the rainy season from June through October.
In addition, showers may also cause some early morning
ground fog over the areas they have dampened the night before; this shallow type of fog also forms near rivers and
swamps.
Currents
General
Non-tidal Currents.The major surface currents of the Indian Ocean are, as follows:
1. West Wind Drift S of 50S.
2. South Indian Current between 27S and 50S.
3. South Equatorial Current between 8S and 20S.
4. Agulhas Current along the SE coast of Africa.
5. East Africa Coastal Current along the NE coast of Africa.
6. Monsoon Drifts N of 0.
7. The north-setting West Australia Current off the W
coast of Australia.
The surface currents are influenced by the Prevailing Westerlies, in the S part of the Indian Ocean, and the Southeast Trade
Winds, in the N part of the Indian Ocean. Speeds usually do
not exceed 1 knot, but occasionally may reach 3 knots for short
periods.
The surface flow in the Indian Ocean between 50E and
l00E and N of 8S is dominated by the monsoon winds and
the Indian Equatorial Countercurrent.
Seasonal changes in surface current direction in the NW and
NE parts of the Indian Ocean, which occur at different times,
do not immediately respond to changes in wind direction. In
the Arabian Sea, during the Northeast Monsoon from November through March, the current generally sets W except in the
N part, where a clockwise gyre develops. In April, a transitional month, the currents are variable and begin to turn E; from
May through September the flow prevails E. In October, another transitional month, the currents are variable and begin to
turn E to complete the seasonal cycle.
In the NE part of the Indian Ocean, during November and
December, the current predominates NW through the Strait of
Malacca and in the Bay of Bengal. Northeast of Sri Lanka a
Indian Ocean
large complex counterclockwise eddy results from interference
between the S return flow along the coast of India and the N
flow into the Bay of Bengal. January is a transition period
when the clockwise circulation begins to develop in the N part
of the bay; in February, the clockwise flow becomes fully established throughout the bay and continues through April. In
May, the clockwise circulation changes abruptly to an E flow,
which prevails through July, except for the region NE of Sri
Lanka where the currents are variable. August is a transition
period, with a counterclockwise circulation developing at the
head of the Bay of Bengal; currents in the remainder of the bay
are variable. In September, the counterclockwise pattern continues to develop in the N part of the bay; an E drift remains
predominant in the S part, although the flow can at times be
variable. In October, the pattern for the seasonal counterclockwise flow is fully established, but considerable variation may
occur in the center of the bay.
In November and December, between the Equatorial Countercurrent and the S part of the Arabian Sea, between 50E and
75E, the current begins to turn from E to W and is not well established; from January to April the flow is W at 0.6 to 1.0
knot, but averages about 1.5 knots in the central region of highest speeds. During April, the current is in a state of transition,
turns E, and is not well defined. From May through September,
the currents in the open ocean set constantly E; during October,
they are in a state of transition and become variable as they begin to turn W. During November, in the region N of the Equatorial Countercurrent and S of the Bay of Bengal, between 75E
and 100E, the easternmost segment of the east-setting drift
quickly dissipates, with part being deflected into the counterclockwise flow in the Bay of Bengal and the remainder turning
SE into the South Equatorial Current. In December, the westsetting flow is noticeable mainly along 5N latitude E and S of
Sri Lanka. In January, the flow begins to widen and becomes
fully established in February, extending between Sri Lanka and
the Equator. During March, the current begins to turn and in
April becomes well defined, setting E. From May through October, the flow is E and averages about 1 knot.
In the S part of the Indian Ocean, the Agulhas Current is
strongest in the vicinity of the 183m curve off the coast of
South Africa between 31S and 33S, when speeds occasionally exceed 5 knots. Current speeds at times reach 1.5 knots
along the S coast of Australia and 3 knots along the W coast of
Australia; the direction varies.
Tidal Currents.Tidal currents are usually weak, except in
channels and inlets along the coasts, where speeds are highest.
In near shore waters, the tidal currents are usually reversing,
flooding toward and ebbing away from the coast or flooding
and ebbing in opposite directions parallel with the coast. In regions of mixed or semidiumal tides, two flood and two ebbs
occur daily. In the region of diurnal tides, one flood and one
ebb occur daily.
Rotary tidal currents occur offshore where the direction of
flow is not restricted; speed will vary as direction changes continuously through all points of the compass during the tidal
day. The change in direction is generally clockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Northwest Indian Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The surface circulation is greatly af-
191
fected by the monsoons, but the direction of flow does not coincide entirely with the monsoons, particularly the Northeast
Monsoon (November through March). The open ocean circulation consists mainly of part of the west-setting South Equatorial Countercurrent near the Equator, and the monsoon drift
immediately to the N of the Equatorial Countercurrent. The
time of transition from the wind and current systems of one
monsoon to those of the other varies with latitude. For example, the change from the winds and currents of the Southwest
Monsoon to those of the Northeast Monsoon occurs earlier at
14N than nearer the Equator.
The main non-tidal current systems in this area are, as follows:
1. South Equatorial CurrentControlled by the Southeast Trade Winds and sets W throughout the year. In this region, it is perceptible only during January, April, October,
November, and December; it reaches its northernmost limit
of about 8S in April.
This current divides off the W coast of Africa. One part
turns S, while the other turns and flows NE as the East Africa Coastal Current (Somali Current).
2. East Africa Coastal Current (Somali Current)
Originates mainly from the part of the South Equatorial Current which turns N off the coast of Africa in the vicinity of
10S. The surface current appears to vary considerably in
speed and direction from month to month. The greatest
changes coincide with the period of the opposing Northeast
Monsoon from November through March. This coastal current is most persistent in a N or NE direction and strongest
during the Southwest Monsoon from May through September, and particularly during August. Speed and frequency begin to decrease during the transition month of October. In
November, at about 4N, a part of the current begins to reverse; this part expands N and S until February. The region
of reverse flow begins to diminish in March and disappears
in April, when the N set again predominates.
3. Equatorial CountercurrentA complex current
greatly influenced by the monsoons and the circulation of
the Arabian Sea. At times this east-setting current is perceptible, whereas all other times it loses its identity to the monsoon drift.
South of the countercurrent, the currents flow clockwise.
From November through January, the Equatorial Countercurrent has a tendency to move S and become narrower; in
January, the axis is at about 5S, and it remains at this latitude through March.
From April through June, the Equatorial Countercurrent
widens and moves N; in April its axis is at about 3S. In May
and June, the axis of the current moves farther N and its N
boundary is difficult to discern because the direction of flow
is essentially the same as that of the Monsoon Drift.
In July and August, the currents set S and W between the
Monsoon Drift and the South Equatorial Current; only traces
of the Equatorial Countercurrent remain.
During September and October, the Equatorial Countercurrent regains its identity, but its N boundary is difficult to
distinguish from the Monsoon Drift.
4. Monsoon DriftPattern changes N of the Equatorial
Countercurrent and S of the Arabian Sea do not coincide
with the changes in direction of the monsoon winds. From
January through March, the Monsoon Drift sets W, its S edge
Pub. 160
192
Indian Ocean
turning counterclockwise into the Equatorial Countercurrent.

In March, this current divides off the coast of Somalia; part
flows N, with the remainder flowing SW. During the transition period of April, the Monsoon Drift begins to turn E, but
is not well defined. From May through September, the Monsoon Drift sets E across the northwest Indian Ocean. In November and December, the Monsoon Drift turns E to W and
is not well established.
Northeast Indian Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The circulation in this region is dominated by four main current systems, as follows:
1. South Equatorial CurrentControlled by the Southeast Trade Winds and sets W throughout the year, with its N
and S boundaries at approximately 10S and 25S, respectively. The N boundary of the current fluctuates seasonally
between 9S and 11S, being at its northernmost limit during
the Southwest Monsoon and at its southernmost limit during
the Northeast Monsoon. The S boundary of the current remains S of the region throughout the year. Maximum current
speeds occur during the Southwest Monsoon period, when
the Southeast Trade Winds extend farthest N and the South
Equatorial Current of the Indian Ocean is joined by its counterpart of the Pacific Ocean. Minimum current speeds and
most variable current directions occur during the second half
of the Northeast Monsoon.
2. Equatorial CountercurrentQuite complex, being
influenced by the monsoons and the circulations of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. At times it is easily distinguishable, whereas at other times its presence is not evident.
From December through March, the Equatorial Countercurrent has a marked tendency to migrate S and to become
narrower. In December, the N and S boundaries are at 2N
and 4S respectively, moving S to 3S and 6S by February.
The N boundary is easily discernible at this time owing to
the generally W current flow in the region immediately N of
the Equatorial Countercurrent.
From May through July, the cell, within which the Equatorial Countercurrent and Monsoon Drift flow clockwise,
moves toward the W side of the region.
In June and July, southeast-setting currents prevail in the
region between the Bay of Bengal and South Equatorial Current, and the only traces of the Equatorial Countercurrent remain apparent.
From August through November, eastward-setting currents prevail N of the Equatorial Countercurrent. As a result,
the N boundary of the Equatorial Countercurrent is difficult
to distinguish from the E drift currents.
3. Monsoon DriftLocated N of the Equatorial Countercurrent and S of the Bay of Bengal. During February and
March, when the Northeast Monsoon decreases in intensity,
the Monsoon Drift is formed from the outflow of the Strait of
Malacca and a small amount of NW flow along the upper
SW coast of Sumatera. Off the SW coast of Sumatera, a current generally sets SE during all months. It is strongest
during October through April, when its mean maximum
speed is 1.5 knots. The Monsoon Drift broadens as it sets W
and divides off the W coast of Sri Lanka, with part joining
the circulation of the Bay of Bengal and part joining the flow
from the Arabian Sea.
During April, the transition period between monsoons, the
Pub. 160
Monsoon Drift is ill-defined. A counterclockwise circulation

exists between Sumatera and Sri Lanka.
From May through October, the Monsoon Drift sets E to
SE.
During November and December, part of the Monsoon
Drift is deflected into the Bay of Bengal; the remainder turns
clockwise and flows SE.
4. Strait of MalaccaNon-tidal currents generally set
NW at a mean speed of about 1 knot and a maximum speed
of about 2 knots; speeds are usually higher in the N part of
the strait. Currents are most constant and strongest from December through February and less stable and weakest from
June through August. Nontidal currents may be strongly influenced by reversing tidal currents; the prevailing current
direction may become reversed with a strong tidal current
during springs.
5. Andaman Sea and the Bay of BengalThe circulation is characterized by four distinct patterns, in this order, as
follows:
a. A clockwise circulationFrom February through
April, the clockwise circulation pattern is well established;
the NW flow out of the Strait of Malacca in February and
March is deflected almost immediately and joins the
clockwise circulation of the bay. In April, however, the
flow out of the Strait of Malacca extends farther into the
Andaman Sea before it joins the clockwise circulation,
which at this time is limited to the Bay of Bengal. In general, the currents in both the Andaman Sea and Bay of
Bengal are somewhat weaker and more variable during
April than during February and March.
b. A general E flow during the Northeast Monsoon
From the established clockwise circulation pattern of
April, the circulation pattern changes abruptly in May to
an E flow over the entire Andaman Sea-Bay of Bengal region. During May through July, E to NE currents prevail
over most of this region. Northeast of Sri Lanka, currents
are variable.
c. A counterclockwise circulationThe transition
from the E flow of the Southwest Monsoon season begins
in August, with a counterclockwise circulation pattern developing in the head of the Bay of Bengal. Currents in the
remainder of the bay and the Andaman Sea are somewhat
variable.
In September, the counterclockwise pattern continues to
develop, although E drift is the predominant feature of the
S part of the Bay of Bengal. Variation in direction can be
expected at any location in the Andaman Sea-Bay of Bengal region during September.
In October, the counterclockwise current is fully established. However, considerable variation is still apparent,
with dual centers of the counterclockwise pattern in the
Bay of Bengal and an erratic current pattern in the Andaman Sea.
d. A general W flow during the Southwest Monsoon
In November and December, currents set NW out of the
Strait of Malacca and predominate over the region. Northeast of Sri Lanka, a more complex pattern results from interference between the S return flow along the coast of
India and the N flow into the Bay of Bengal.
January is a transition month between the predominantly west-setting current of November and December and
Indian Ocean
the clockwise pattern of February through April. The
clockwise circulation pattern predominates in the N part of
the bay during January and is bordered by a W flow over
the S part.
Note.The change from the clockwise pattern to the E
flow and from the counterclockwise pattern to the W flow is
abrupt, whereas the change from the W flow to the clockwise pattern and the E flow to the counterclockwise pattern
is rather slow, with a month between each change that can be
considered transitional.
During the months of November through March, the currents
in the Gulf of Mannar, between India and Sri Lanka, set S at
speeds ranging from 1 to 2 knots. In the transition month of
April, a branch of the southeast-setting current off the W coast
of India turns into the gulf and becomes variable. From May
through September, currents set N in the gulf, through Pamban
Channel, and across Adams Bridge. Currents in Pamban Channel may at times attain speeds of 6 knots; across Adams Bridge
the north-setting current is strong but decreases in speed toward the Indian coast. In October, a continuation of the southeast-setting current along the W coast of India sets eastward
across the S part of the Gulf of Mannar.
The time of transition from one monsoon period to the other
varies with latitude. For example, the change from the Southwest Monsoon to the Northeast Monsoon occurs earlier at
19N than nearer the Equator. The boundaries between the E
current and the W current follow closely the boundaries between the E winds and the W winds.
Tidal Currents.In the Strait of Malacca, the flow is the
resultant of tidal and nontidal currents; reversing tidal currents
along the NE coast of Sumatera are weak and considerably affected by the persistent W current. Farther SE in the main
channel, the tidal currents are stronger and average up to 2
knots. They flood SE and ebb NW; there are two flood and two
ebb currents each tidal day. In Singapore Strait and among the
islands in the southern approaches to the Strait of Malacca both
diurnal and mixed tidal currents occur. Speeds at strength are
usually less than 3 knots but may be as high as 6 knots in narrow channels.
South Indian Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The main non-tidal currents in this
area are, as follows:
1. West Wind DriftBelow 39S, strong W winds
maintain this prevailing E flow at a mean speed of 0.6 knot
throughout the year, although speeds of 1 to 2 knots frequently occur near its N boundary; speeds are slightly stronger in summer than in winter. Local meteorological changes
may result in current sets in other directions and even weak
reversals for short periods. Variations in wind force cause the
N boundary of the West Wind Drift to fluctuate between
about 35S and 40S. Off the W coast of Australia, a part of
the West Wind Drift turns N and N; this current is known as
the West Australia Current.
2. South Equatorial Current.This current sets W toward Madagascar, with seasonal variations in speed caused
by the annual variations of the Southeast Trade Winds. from
May through October, the mean speed is 0.9 knot and the
maximum speed is 3 knots. During the remainder of the year,
the mean speed is about 0.6 knot. Its S boundary fluctuates
between about 18S and 24S, usually extending farthest S
193
from December through April.

The South Equatorial Current sets W toward the E coast of
Madagascar to the vicinity of Tamatave and Ile Sainte-Marie, where it divides; one part turns N, flows past the N tip of
the island with speeds up to 3.3 knots, then sets W and NW
toward the African coast.
The N branch of the South Equatorial Current divides upon reaching the coast of Africa near Cabo Delgado; one part
turns and flows N, while the other turns and flows S in the W
part of Mozambique Channel and forms the Agulhas Current. West of this S flow, in regions such as off Baia de Sofala between Cabo das Correntes and the vicinity of Rio dos
Bons Sinais, countercurrents set E and NE at irregular intervals for a considerable distance offshore and occur most frequently off Baia de Sofala during July. Speeds up to 1.5
knots occur frequently. In the E part of the channel, the currents are mostly variable.
3. West Australia Current.Generally sets N and NW
and is controlled mainly by the Southeast Trade Winds. This
current varies seasonally with the strength of the wind and is
most stable during November, December, and January and
least stable during May, June, and July, when sets in any direction are most likely. North of 20S, the main part of this
current sets NW into the South Equatorial Current while the
remainder turns toward the coast of Australia. The speed of
the current seldom exceeds 1 knot. Between the coast and
the West Australia Current, the currents are variable during
most months; however, along the coast the most frequent set
is S from January through August and N from September
through December, with a S set S of about 30S in November and December. The maximum speed observed is 3 knots.
4. Agulhas Current.A very constant coastal current
that sets S and SW along the SE coast of Africa between
11S and the Cape of Good Hope. The highest speeds and
greatest constancy are observed in the vicinity of the 183m
curve E of 28E; here, the surface current is strongest from
February through April when about 17 per cent of all measured speeds in the prevailing direction exceed 3 knots, particularly between 3130'S and 3330'S, where the speed
occasionally exceeds 5 knots. These maximum speeds may
occur at any time but less frequently from May through July.
West of about 23E, in the vicinity of Agulhas Bank, the
current branches. The main part continues W past Cape
Agulhas; the second part turns counterclockwise and sets SE
under the influence of the prevailing W winds and part of the
east-setting South Atlantic Current that flows into the Indian
Ocean. In this latter region, the current is weaker and more
variable. Current speeds usually do not exceed 2 knots, although speeds of 3 knots or more occasionally may be observed. Another factor which will tend to reduce the
constancy of the current is the countercurrent between the
coast and the Agulhas Current, where E and NE sets between
0.5 and 1.5 knots may occur at irregular intervals at any time
of the year.
In the Great Australian Bight, currents generally set E except
in the N part from October through March, when countercurrents occur. In the N part of the bight, the currents are variable
at times, as they are greatly affected by local winds. Currents
setting N and NE, with speeds up to 1.5 knots, have been observed.
Note.Prevailing surface currents are influenced by the prePub. 160
194
Indian Ocean
dominant westerlies in the S part and the persistent Southeast

Trade Winds in the N part. Tropical disturbances and extratropical cyclones may cause current directions to differ considerably from those expected.
Tidal Currents.The tidal currents are usually weak except in channel and inlets along the coast. In nearshore waters,
the tidal currents are usually reversing, flooding toward and
ebbing away from the coast, or flooding and ebbing parallel
with the coast in opposite directions. In areas of semidiurnal
and mixed tides, two flood and two ebb periods occur daily. In
areas of diurnal tides, one flood and one ebb occur daily.
Rotary currents occur offshore where the direction of flow is
not restricted; their speed varies, and their direction changes
counterclockwise through all points of the compass during the
tidal day.
The ISPS Code applies to ships on international voyages and
port facilities directly interfacing with these ships. All vessels
should fully comply with the provisions of Chapter XI-Part 2
of the SOLAS Convention and Part A of the ISPS Code. Vessels shall demonstrate that appropriate maritime security measures are in place according to ISPS Code regulations. The
following information must be furnished by the vessel when
requested:
1. Information on the vessel and making contact.
1.1 IMO Number
1.2 Vessel name.
1.3 Home port.
1.4 Flag.
1.5 Vessel type.
1.6 Call sign.
1.7 INMARSAT call sign.
1.8 Gross tonnage.
1.9 Company name.
1.10 Name of Company Security Officer, including 24hour contact information.
2. Information about the harbor and harbor facilities.
2.1 Arrival harbor and harbor facilities where the vessel will berth.
2.2 Date and time of arrival.
2.3 Primary reason for entering the harbor.
3. Information required by Rule 9 Paragraph 2.1 of Chapter XI-2 of the Enclosure to the SOLAS Agreement.
3.1 Does the vessel posses an International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC) or an Interim ISSC? (Yes/No)
3.1.1 If yes, list issuer of ISSC or Interim ISSC and
expiration date.
3.1.2 If no, give reason why not.
3.1.3 Is there an approved Vessel Security Plan?
(Yes/No).
3.2 Current MARSEC Level of the vessel and position
of vessel at the time of providing the report.
3.3 The last ten port calls where there was interaction
between the vessel and a harbor facility, in chronological
order, with the most recent port call listed first. Include the
MARSEC Level of the vessel, as well as the harbor name,
country, harbor facility, and UN Location Code.
3.3.1 During the previous ten port calls, were addiPub. 160
tional security measures taken on board the vessel in addition to the measures required by the vessels
MARSEC Level. (Yes/No).
3.3.2 If yes, please detail the additional security
measures taken. Include the harbor name, country, harbor facility, and UN Location Code.
3.4 Within the period of the last ten calls at port facilities, list ship-to-ship activities, including position or latitude/longitude of the activities, with the most recent
activity listed first.
3.4.1 Were proper security measures taken by the
vessel during the ship-to-ship activities? (Yes/No).
3.4.2 If no, list the ship-to-ship activities where
proper security measures were not taken and describe
the security measures that were taken.
3.5 General description of the cargo on board.
3.6 A copy of the crew list
3.7 A copy of the passenger list.
4. Other safety-related information.
4.1 Are there any other safety-related matters to be reported (Yes/No).
4.2 If yes, provide more detailed information.
5. Agents of the ship in future ports of arrival.
5.1 Name(s) of ships agent(s) in future ports of arrival
including contact information (telephone number).
6. Identification of the person who prepared the information.
6.1 Name.
6.2 Title or function.
6.3 Signature, including date and location of preparation.
Electronic Navigation and Communication
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT).Around the world satellite communication systems
have now become synonymous with reliable and quality transfer of information. The International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) is an international consortium comprising over 75 partners who provide maritime safety management and maritime communications services.
The INMARSAT system consists of a number of satellites,
which maintain geosynchronous orbits, and provides quality
communications coverage between about 77N and about
77S, including locations with less than a 5 angle of elevation.
INMARSAT-A, the original system, provides telephone, telex, and facsimile services. However, this system is being replaced by INMARSAT-B, which, by the use of digital technology, is providing the services with improved quality and
higher data transmission rates.
INMARSAT-C provides a store and forward data messaging
capability, but no voice communication.
(GMDSS).The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS) provides a great advancement in safety over the previous usage of short range and high seas radio transmissions.
The GMDSS has been adopted by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974. It applies to
cargo vessels of 300 gt and over and all vessels carrying more
than 12 passengers on international voyages. Unlike previous
regulations, the GMDSS requires vessels to carry specified
equipment according to the area in which they are operating.
Indian Ocean
195
Such vessels navigating in polar regions must carry VHF, MF,

and HF equipment and a satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacon (EPIRB).
Information on the GMDSS, provided by the U.S. Coast
Guard Navigation Center, is accessible via the Internet, as follows:
Pub. 174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of Malacca and

Sumatera.
Pub. 175, Sailing Directions (Enroute) North, West, and
South Coasts of Australia
U. S. Coast Guard Navigation Center
MARPOL Special Areas

been adopted.
Vessels of 400 gross tons and over are prohibited from discharging into the sea any oil or oily mixtures except when the
following conditions are satisfied:
1. The ship is proceeding en route.
2. The oily mixture is processed through oil-filtering
equipment meeting the requirements of Regulation 14.7 of
MARPOL Annex I.
3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does
not exceed 15 parts per million.
4. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump
room bilges on oil tankers.
5. The oily mixture, in the case of oil tankers, is not
mixed with oil cargo residue.
Vessels of less than 400 gross tons shall retain on board any
oil or oily mixtures for subsequent discharge to reception facilities or discharged into the sea with the following provisions:
2. The ship has in operation equipment of a design approved by the Administration that ensures that the oil content
of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 parts per
million.
3. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump
room bilges on oil tankers.
The Southern South African MARPOL Special Area
(Particularly Sensitive Sea Area) is bounded by lines joining
a. 3114.0'S, 1750.0'E. (Mouth of the Spoeg River)
b. 3130.0'S, 1712.0'E.
c. 3200.0'S, 1706.0'E.
d. 3232.0'S, 1652.0'E.
e. 3406.0'S, 1724.0'E.
f. 3658.0'S, 2054.0'E.
g. 3600.0'S, 2230.0'E.
h. 3514.0'S, 2254.0'E.
i. 3430.0'S, 2600.0'E.
j. 3348.0'S, 2725.0'E.
k. 3327.0'S, 2712.0'E. (Mouth of the Great Fish River)
Further information on MARPOL Special Areas can be
found in MARPOL Consolidated Edition 2006.
http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/marcomms/default.htm
Global Positioning System (GPS).The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system, operated by the US. Air Force, which provides very accurate
positioning, time, and velocity information to multiple users. It
is an all-weather system with world wide and continuous usage
which will replace OMEGA and other such hyperbolic radio
navigation systems. The space component of GPS consists of
24 satellites, of which a minimum of six are observable from
any place on earth. GPS receivers convert data from the satellites to produce three-dimensional positions (latitude, longitude, and altitude). They compute information for fixes in
terms of the World Geodetic System (1984) reference ellipsoid; hence, a datum shift correction may be required before a
position can be plotted on a chart.
GPS provides two services for navigation positioning, as follows:
1. Standard Positioning Service (SPS)The standard
level of positioning and timing accuracy. It is available
without restrictions to any user on a continuous worldwide
basis. As of midnight (EDT) 1 March 2000, Selective Availability was set to zero; users should experience a GPS horizontal accuracy of 10 to 20m or better.
2. Precise Positioning Service (PPS)An encoded level
intended for use by the Department of Defense.
SafetyNET.NAVTEX is an international automated direct
printing service for the promulgation of navigational and meteorological warnings and urgent information to ships. It is a
component of the World Wide Navigational Warning Service
(WWNWS) and is an essential element of GMDSS.
The SafetyNET broadcast system provides the same information as NAVTEX to vessels on the high seas beyond NAVTEX coverage (generally about 200 miles offshore) and is
delivered by the INMARSAT-C system.
General Information.For further information concerning
the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS), the SafetyNET system, and the Global Positioning
System (GPS), see Pub. No. 9, The American Practical Navigator (Bowditch-2002 Edition); Pub. 117, Radio Navigation
Aids; and Annual Notice to Mariners No. 1.
0.0
Automatic Identification System (AIS) Aids to Navigation

(ATON)
For information, see South Atlantic OceanNavigational
Information.
Enroute Volumes
Bengal.
Pollution
Single-hull Tanker Phase-out Schedule

In accordance with Regulation 13G of Annex I of the MARPOL Convention, single-hull tankers should be phased out or
converted to a double-hull configuration according to a schedule based on their year of delivery. These requirements are designed to reduce the risk of oil spills from tankers involved in
low-energy collisions or groundings.
The types of vessels affected by these regulations and their
Pub. 160
196
Indian Ocean
phase-out schedule is, as follows:

1. Category 1Commonly known as Pre-MARPOL
Tankers, consists of the following types of vessels:
a. Tankers of 20,000 dwt and over carrying crude oil,
fuel oil, heavy diesel oil, or lubricating oil as cargo.
b. Tankers of 30,000 dwt and over carrying other oils,
which do not comply with the requirements for protectively-located segregated ballast tanks.
The phase out schedule for Category 1 vessels is, as follows:
a. 2003 for ships delivered in 1973 or earlier.
b. 2004 for ships delivered in 1974 and 1975.
c. 2005 for ships delivered in 1976 and 1977.
d. 2006 for ships delivered in 1978, 1979, and 1980.
e. 2007 for ships delivered in 1981 or later.
2. Category 2Commonly known as MARPOL Tankers, consists of the following types of vessels:
a. Tankers of 20,000 dwt and over carrying crude oil,
fuel oil, heavy diesel oil, or lubricating oil as cargo, which
comply with the MARPOL requirements for protectivelylocated segregated ballast tanks.
b. Tankers of 30,000 dwt and over carrying other oils,
which comply with the MARPOL requirements for protectively-located segregated ballast tanks.
d. 2006 for ships delivered in 1978 and 1979.
e. 2007 for ships delivered in 1980 and 1981.
f. 2007 for ships delivered in 1980 and 1981.
g. 2008 for ships delivered in 1982.
h. 2009 for ships delivered in 1983.
i. 2010 for ships delivered in 1984.
j. 2011 for ships delivered in 1985.
k. 2012 for ships delivered in 1986.
l. 2013 for ships delivered in 1987.
m. 2014 for ships delivered in 1988.
n. 2015 for ships delivered in 1989 or later.
3. Category 3Consists of tankers 5,000 dwt and over
but less than the tonnage specified for Category 1 and Category 2 vessels.
d. 2006 for ships delivered in 1978 and 1979.
e. 2007 for ships delivered in 1980 and 1981.
f. 2007 for ships delivered in 1980 and 1981.
g. 2008 for ships delivered in 1982.
h. 2009 for ships delivered in 1983.
i. 2010 for ships delivered in 1984.
j. 2011 for ships delivered in 1985.
k. 2012 for ships delivered in 1986.
l. 2013 for ships delivered in 1987.
m. 2014 for ships delivered in 1988.
n. 2015 for ships delivered in 1989 or later.
Single-hull tankers of 5,000 dwt and over are prohibited
Pub. 160
from carrying heavy grade oil (HGO) after 5 April 2005.

Single-hull tankers of 600 dwt and over but less than 5,000 dwt
are prohibited from carrying HGO after the anniversary of their
delivery date in 2008.
International guidelines have been adopted by the IMO to
prevent the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms and
pathogens from ships ballast water and sediment discharge into marine ecosystems. The guidelines include the retention of
ballast water onboard, ballast exchange at sea, ballast management aimed at preventing or minimizing the uptake of contaminated water or sediment, and the discharge of ballast ashore.
Particular attention is drawn to the hazards associated with ballast exchange at sea.
Ship owners and agents are strongly advised to comply with
these guidelines, which were introduced under IMO Resolution A.868(20), titled 1997 Guidelines for the Control and
Management of Ships Ballast Water to Minimize the Transfer
of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens.
In February 2004, a diplomatic conference adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships
Ballast Water and Sediments. This Ballast Water Management
(BWM) Convention will come into force world wide after it has
been signed by 30 states, representing 35 per cent of the
worlds merchant shipping tonnage.
Individual states are currently in the process of introducing
national legislation in accordance with the BMW Convention.
Upon implementation, this legislation will be applicable to
commercial vessels that carry out ballast water discharge within a states jurisdictional waters.
Typical legislation requires that all ships intending to discharge ballast water within a states jurisdictional waters shall
conduct any exchange at least 200 miles from the coast and in
waters at least 200m deep. If this is not possible, the exchange
should be carried out as far as possible from the nearest land
and, in all cases, at least 50 miles from the coast. In cases
where the ship is unable to comply, ballast water must be maintained on board, and only a minimum amount may be authorized for discharge, with the prior authorization of the
appropriate national maritime authority.
Ballast water management will be conducted in accordance
with a Ships BMW Plan. In addition, a Ballast Water Reporting Form may be required by the relevant authority as directed,
prior to the ETA. The Ships BWM Plan will be approved by
the flag administration or relevant classification society.
Violations of the legislation will be sanctioned according to
national law, which can include warnings, fines, detentions, or
prohibition of the ships entry into a port or terminal.
Regulations
Ship Sanitation Control Certificates
The World Health Organization International Health Regulations (2005), which came into force in 2007, created the Ship
Sanitation Control Certificate (SSC) and the Ship Sanitation
Control Exemption Certificate (SSCEC) program to enable
competent authorities to identify and record all areas of shipborne public health risks, along with any required control measures to be applied. Further information on SSCs and SSCECs
Indian Ocean
can be found at the following web site:
SSC/SSCEC Information
http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/travel/TechnAdvSSC.pdf
The SSC, which carries a 6-month period of validity, may be
required from all ships, whether ocean-going or inland vessels,
on an international voyage calling at a port of a State Party. It
may be renewed at any port authorized by the State Party to issue such renewals. A list of ports authorized by State Parties to
issue SSCs and SSCECs can be found at the following web
site:
Ports Authorized to Issue SSCs and SSCECs
http://www.who.int/csr/ihr/training/
ihr_authorized_ports_list.pdf
Routes
Vessels leaving the Indian Ocean by rounding the S end of
Africa from the N and E should remain in the strength of the
Agulhas Current. This current lies 20 to 30 miles off the coast,
but is favorable as close as 6 or 7 miles to the shore. Vessels entering the Indian Ocean from the South Atlantic Ocean should
avoid the Agulhas Current by remaining well to the S of it.
The Indonesian and Malaysian governments have requested
that tankers larger than 200,000 dwt operating between the Indian Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean not use the Malacca
Strait or Singapore Strait. The channels leading through the
Malacca Strait and Singapore Strait narrow to widths of about
2 miles and 1.2 miles, respectively. In addition, depths of only
about 22m lie in several places in the SE part of the Malacca
Strait and in the Singapore Strait. Selat Lombok, leading between the islands of Lombok and Bali, provides the safest
route through the Eastern Archipelago for large vessels over
200,000 dwt. The minimum channel width is 11.5 miles and
the minimum depth is greater than 140m. Selat Sunda leads between the islands of Sumatra and Jawa. This channel is deep
and wide enough for large deep-draft vessels, but the currents
are strong. In addition, the straits to the N leading to the South
China Sea are shallow and dangerous.
The route information in this section considers selected ports
in the Indian Ocean and routes to and from the Indian Ocean
and ports in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.
In general these routes are as direct as safe navigation permits. However, in some instances a divergence is made to avoid
dangers to navigation, to take advantage of favorable currents
or to minimize the effects of adverse currents. In some cases
several routes are recommended due to the effects of strong
seasonal winds caused by the alternation of the monsoons.
Where the same route may be followed either way, the reverse
route is not described.
Detailed information on these routes can be found in the Appendix.
197
Seas
Adjacent Waters
Adjacent waters include the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca
Strait, Bass Strait, and the Great Australian Bight.
The Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal lies in the NE part of the Indian Ocean
and is dominated by the monsoon winds. During spring, the
current in the bay has a strong clockwise circulation. In autumn, the current is weaker and counterclockwise. The heaviest rains occur during autumn and the surface water tends to
pile up on the W side of the bay. This, combined with the funnel shape of the bay and shoaling of its bottom, causes high
tides and seiches.
The vast delta of the Ganges River lies at the head of the bay
and has many mouths. The Hooghly River, the W branch of the
Ganges River, forms the main route for oceangoing ships
bound for Calcutta (Kolkata). The Meghnay River, lying 180
miles E of the Hooghly River, discharges the main volume of
water from the Ganges River. At times, tidal bores occur during
spring tides in these branches.
The Malacca Strait
The Malacca Strait, which forms the main route connecting
the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea, is about 500 miles
long. The channel fairway narrows to a width of about 8 miles
at the E end where it joins the Singapore Strait.
Large sand waves are reported to be formed, with crests at
right angles to the direction of the tidal currents, on the bottom
of the strait. These sand waves form where strong tidal currents
occur and rise 4 to 7m above the bottom. In addition, long sand
ridges, running parallel to the direction of the tidal currents, are
also formed. Therefore, deep-draft vessels should take particular note of the latest reports concerning depths in or near the
fairway.
Navigational aids are difficult to maintain within the strait
and are reported to be frequently unreliable.
Heavy traffic is often encountered within the strait and maneuvering room may be restricted, at times, by numerous fishing craft.
For information concerning Navigation Rules for the Malacca and Singapore Straits, see SingaporeRegulations.

The Middle East Merchant Vessel Voluntary Reporting System, which covers the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean N of 1000'S,
and the Arabian Sea, is bounded, as follows:
1. Northern limitGulf of Suez (3000'N), S coast of the
Arabian Peninsula, and the Persian Gulf (2300'N).
2. Eastern limitLongitude 7800'E.
3. Southern limitLatitude 1000'S.
4. Western limitEast African coast.
For further information, see Red Sea and the Persian
GulfShip Reporting System.
Pub. 160
198
Indian Ocean
Tides
General
Mixed, semidiumal, and diurnal tides occur and tide ranges
differ considerably. Tide range vary from exceeding 12.2 in the
Gulf of Cambay, about 4m at Beira, and 0.2m at Marion Island.
Tide ranges are small along the S and W coasts of Australia N
to Champion Bay. Seasonal variations in water level above and
below mean sea level are usually less than 0.15m.
Northwest Indian Ocean
Tides.Diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed tides occur in this
region. Diurnal tides consist of one high water and one low water each tidal day. In regions of semidiurnal tides, two high and
two low waters occur each tidal day, with little inequality between the heights of successive high and successive low waters. Where the tide is mixed, two high waters and two low
waters occur each tidal day, with a considerable inequality between the heights of successive high or successive low waters.
Tide ranges differ considerably. For example, at Bhavnagar
in the Gulf of Cambay the maximum range may exceed 12.2m
when spring tide occurs near perigee, whereas at Bur Sudan in
the Red Sea the range is negligible. Semimonthly maximum
tide ranges for semidiurnal or moderately mixed tides occur at
springs (new or full moon); semimonthly minimum ranges occur at neaps (quadrature). Diurnal or extremely mixed tides attain their maximum range, the tropic range (approximately 1.3
times the diurnal range), during maximum N or S lunar declination.
Changes in Water Levels.Fluctuations in water level due
to meteorological changes vary throughout the area. In general,
strong onshore winds and low barometric pressure raise the
water level higher than predicted, and offshore winds and high
barometric pressure lower it.
Northeast Indian Ocean
Tides.Mixed and semidiurnal tides occur in the area.
Along the coasts of Sumatera (including the off-lying islands),
Thailand, Sri Lanka, and India from about 1015'E to Mangalore (1252'N., 7453'E.), the tide is mixed, with two high waters and two low waters each tide day and a considerable
inequality between the heights of successive high and successive low waters. Throughout the remainder of the area the tide
is semidiurnal; two high waters and two low waters occur each
tide day, with a small inequality between the heights of successive high and successive low waters.
The tide generally progresses northeastward in the NE part
of the Indian Ocean, northward in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, and southeastward in the Strait of Malacca and
along the SW coast of India.
Semimonthly maximum tide ranges occur near times of new
or full moon. The tide ranges vary throughout this area; the
largest range of about 6.7m occurs at Kyaikkami (Amherst), at
the entrance to the Moulmein River, when spring tides occur
near perigee. The mean spring range varies from about 1.5 to
9.0m on the NW coast of Australia.
Changes in Water Levels.Changes in wind and
barometric pressure may cause deviations from daily predicted
water level. In general, prolonged onshore winds and low
barometric pressure raise the water level, while offshore winds
and high pressure lower it.
Pub. 160
At the head of the Bay of Bengal, storm surges (oscillations

with periods of 2 to 4 days) may occur in the wakes of cyclones
(most frequent in May and October) and may cause the water
level to rise considerably. Storm surges that flooded the entire
coast of Bangladesh within a short period of time have been
observed on rare occasions.
South Indian Ocean
Tides.Mixed, diurnal, and semidiurnal tides occur. In regions of mixed tides two high waters and two low waters occur
each tidal day, with considerable inequality between the
heights of successive high and successive low waters. Where
the tide is mainly diurnal, one high water and one low water
occur each tidal day; however, near times of equatorial lunar
declination high and low water stands occur for periods of as
long as 12 hours. Semidiurnal tide consists of two high waters
and two low waters each tidal day, with little or no inequality
between the heights of successive high and successive low waters.
In regions of diurnal tide, low and high tides occur later each
successive day for a period of about 8 or 9 days, then occur earlier each successive day for a period of about 5 days. As a result, low water occurs in late afternoon in winter and in early
morning in summer.
Tide ranges differ considerably from place to place. For example, the mean range is 4.0m at Beira and 0.2m at Marion Island. At Port Hedland, the range may exceed 6.1m at springs
near time of perigee, whereas the maximum range (tropic) at
Champion Bay is about 0.6m.
Changes in Water Level.In general, strong onshore
winds and low barometric pressure raise the water level; offshore winds and high barometric pressure lower it. The greatest
seasonal variations in water level above (+) or below (-) mean
sea level along the African coast are, as follows:
Along the coast of Mozambique between Baie de Lourenco Marques and
Bartolomeu Dias
+0.09m in March
-0.12m in August and
September
Along the Mozambique coast

between Chiloane and Beira
+0.15m in February
September

from about 100 miles NE of
Beira NE to the mouth of the
Rio dos Bons Sinais
+0.27m in April
-0.21m in August

between the Rio dos Bons
Sinais and 15S
+0.06m in May
September
On the N side of Mauritius
+0.06m in April
September
Meteorological conditions will also affect the times of high

and low waters as well as the water level. Along the SW coast
of Australia, strong W winds may advance the time of high water as much as 2 hours and delay the time of low water by an
equal amount, whereas strong E winds have the opposite effect.
Indian Ocean
In general, strong onshore winds and low barometric pressure
raise the water level and offshore winds and high barometric
pressure lower it. In some coastal regions, particularly along
the W coast in the vicinity of Fremantle, the predicted water
level may be exceeded by as much as 1.2 during strong W
winds; strong E winds cause a very low water level.
The greatest seasonal variations in water level above (+) or
below (-) mean sea level along the Australian coast are, as follows:
Between Eucla and Flinders

Bay
+0.15m in June
-0.09m in November, December, January, and February
199
Between Hamelin Bay and

Fremantle
+0.12m in June
-0.09m in November, December, and January
Between Jurien Bay and Port

Gregory
+0.12m in May and June

-0.09m in October and
November
Between Freycinet Estuary

and Exmouth Gulf
+0.12m in April and May

-0.12m in September
Between Long Island and Port

Hedland
+0.15m in April
September
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201
AppendixRoutes in the Indian Ocean

Routes in the South Atlantic Ocean are divided into the following sub-categories:
1. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope.
2. Cape of Good Hope to ports on the E coast of Africa.
3. Cape of Good Hope to ports in India and Sri Lanka.
4. India and Sri Lanka ports to the Cape of Good Hope.
5. Cape of Good Hope to the Persian Gulf.
6. Cape of Good Hope to the East Indies and Australia.
7. The East Indies and Australia to the Cape of Good
Hope.
8. Routes to and from ports in the Arabian Sea.
9. Routes between ports in the Bay of Bengal.
10. Routes to and from ports in the Bay of Bengal.

11. Routes between ports in the South Indian Ocean.
12. Routes to and from ports in the South Indian Ocean.
13. Routes between ports in the Strait of Malacca.
14. Strait of Malacca to ports in the Bay of Bengal.
15. Strait of Malacca to ports in the Arabian Sea and the
Persian Gulf.
16. Strait of Malacca to Berbera, Aden, and As Suways
(Suez).
17. Routes to and from Port Darwin, Northern Australia.
18. Routes to and from Fremantle, Western Australia.
19. Routes to and from Adelaide, South Australia
1. ROUNDING THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

When approaching the Cape of Good Hope from the W, it is advisable to close the land off the cape in position 3422'S,
1823'E and continue as close to the shore as prudent navigation will allow, in order to keep out of the Agulhas Current.
Favorable counter currents will be found from 1 to 6 miles offshore.
To avoid the Agulhas Current altogether, steer to pass through position 3630'S, 2000'E and position 3430'S, 3230'E.
When approaching from the E, it is advisable to remain in the favorable Agulhas Current which is found from 6 to 30
miles off shore.
2. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO PORTS ON THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA
Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said (Port Said) (coastal route).Round the Cape of Good Hope remaining as close to the
land as safe navigation permits, thereby remaining in the countercurrent and passing within range of Cape Agulhas Light;
follow a rhumb line to Cape St. Francis; then, taking frequent soundings, proceed along the coast to Cape Hermes. When
off Durban veer away from the coast to about 100 miles offshore, where the current is weak. Then follow a rhumb line to
the middle of Mozambique Channel, passing E of lIe Europa. Continue on a rhumb line to pass W of Grande Com ore
Island, then direct to a point off Ras Hafun, and rhumb lines to round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui). Then continue on rhumb
lines keeping the African shore aboard to take advantage of the smooth water and the favorable currents as far as Mait
Island; steer a direct course for Bab al Mandeb, entering into the Red Sea; and then proceed direct to Bur Said, as safe
navigation permits.
Offshore route.--As an alternate route, whereby the Agulhas Current may be completely avoided and at the same time to
take advantage of the Madagascar Current, follow a direct course to round the Cape of Good Hope, crossing longitude
20E., in latitude 3630'S.; then a direct course for latitude 3430'S., longitude 3230'E.; and a rhumb line to pass to the E of
lIe Europa; then follow the route to Bur Said as noted above.
Bur Said to the Cape of Good Hope.Proceed direct from Bur Said to Bab al Mandeb as safe navigation permits; then
by rhumb lines to Ras Alula; and by rhumb line to Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), rounding that cape; then W of Grande
Comore, as noted on reverse route; steer direct courses to pass about 30 miles off Point Barracouta, Punta Zavora, and Cape
St. Lucia; then follow the coast but remain at least 30 miles offshore during the remainder of the passage and around the
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope to Durban.See the description of the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said (Port Said) (coastal
route). Due to the contour of the coast a strong offshore current wil1 be experienced just off Durban.
Durban to the Cape of Good Hope.After departing Durban, join the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said (Port Said)
(coastal route).
Cape of Good Hope to Maputo (Lourenco Marques).See the description of the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said
(Port Said) (coastal route). After passing Durban, set course to pass within range of Cape St. Lucia Light and proceed
along the coast as safe navigation permits, rounding Cabo da Inhaca, to Maputo.
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Indian Ocean
Cape of Good Hope to Mozambique.See the description of the Cape of Good Hope to Maputo (Lourenco
Marques) route. After passing Cape St. Lucia Light follow a course to pass within range of Punta Zavora Light and Point
Barracouta Light, and then to Mozambique. Ample leeway should be allowed for the inshore current in the vicinity of the
coast from Point Barracouta to Mozambique, as well as the numerous shoals along this coast.
Alternate route.An alternate route may be taken to ensure more favorable currents by taking the offshore route from
the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said, holding this course as far as Juan de Nova Island, then crossing the Mozambique
Channel, direct for Mozambique, allowing for the strong south-going current within 60 or 70 miles of the African coast.
Mozambique to the Cape of Good Hope.On departure from Mozambique fol1ow a direct course to the SE until
joining the route from Bur Said to the Cape of Good Hope and follow this round the cape.
Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said.Take either the coastal or the offshore route to a position W of Grande Comore, and
then proceed direct, sighting the N end of Mafia Island and passing inshore of Latham Island.
Vessels should enter Zanzibar from the N during the Northeast Monsoon, November to March, and from the S during the
Southwest Monsoon, April to October.
Zanzibar to the Cape of Good Hope.Take the reverse of the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said route until departure
from Mafia Island, and then take a SE course so as to intersect the route as indicated in the Bur Said to the Cape of Good
Hope route.
3. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO PORTS IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA
Cape of Good Hope to Mumbai (Bombay).Take either the coastal or offshore route as described in Cape of Good
Hope to Bur Said, through the Mozambique Channel. When W of Ile Juan de Nova shape a course so as to pass between
Anjouan and Ile Mayotte to a position 30 miles NW of Aldabra Island, then proceed direct to Mumbai (Bombay) as safe
navigation permits.
Alternate route.Round the Cape of Good Hope, using the offshore route until reaching position 3430'S, 3230'E.
Then pass 100 miles SE of Madagascar; steer W of Reunion Island, then between the Agalega Islands and Saya de Malha
Bank, and then by rhumb line to Mumbai (Bombay).
Cape of Good Hope to Colombo, Sri Lanka (passing E of Madagascar).After rounding the Cape of Good Hope, as
noted for the alternate route Cape of Good Hope to Mumbai (Bombay), follow the offshore route to the position of the SE
coast of Madagascar, then:
1. From November to Marchproceed on a rhumb line passing about 120 miles NW of Reunion, then pass between
Saya de Mahlha Bank and Nazareth Bank to a position about 100 miles W of Peros Banhos (Chagos Archipelago); then
pass about 50 miles SE of Addu Atoll, and proceed direct to Colombo.
2. From April to October-From the position off the SE coast of Madagascar, follow a rhumb line to pass 60 miles
SE of Mauritius Island; then pass 30 miles SE of Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago) and proceed direct for Colombo.
Cape of Good Hope to Colombo, Sri Lanka (passing W of Madagascar).Take either the coastal or the offshore
route as for the Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said, then:
1. From April to OctoberAfter passing W of Juan de Nova Island follow rhumb lines, passing 30 miles SE of Banc
du Geyser and Iles Glorieuses, and 30 miles NW of Wizard Reef, then a rhumb line for One and Half Degree Channel and
proceed direct for Colombo.
2. From November to MarchAfter passing W of Juan de Nova Island, follow a rhumb line between Anjouan and Ile
Mayotte, then pass about 30 miles NW of Aldabra Island and 60 miles NE of Bird Island (Seychelles Group) to One and
Half Degree Channel, and then to Colombo.
Cape of Good Hope to Calcutta (Kolkata), India.Take routes as indicated for the Cape of Good Hope to Colombo,
passing to the W of Madagascar. After clearing One and Half Degree Channel, steer a direct course to Great Basses Light,
coast around Sri Lanka and follow a rhumb line to Hoogly River entrance; then proceed to Calcutta (Kolkata).
Alternate route.Take routes as indicated for the Cape of Good Hope to Colombo, passing to the E of Madagascar,
then:
1. From November to Marchfrom the position 50 miles SE of Addu Atoll, take a direct course to the Great Basses,
proceeding on to Calcutta (Kolkata) as noted above.
2. From May to Septemberfollow a rhumb line to pass 60 miles SE of Mauritius, then rhumb line to pass about 30
miles SE of Diego Garcia, rhumb line to Great Basses; and, coasting around Sri Lanka, proceed on to Calcutta (Kolkata)
as noted above.
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203
4. PORTS IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

Mumbai (Bombay) to the Cape of Good Hope.Follow a rhumb line course to pass 15 miles NW of Aldabra Island,
then pass between Grande Comore and Moheli and join the Bur Said to the Cape of Good Hope route off Point
Barracouta.
Colombo to the Cape of Good Hope.On departure from Colombo, set a direct course through Eight Degree Channel
to about 110 miles NW of Bird Island (Seychelles Group), there joining the route as noted for Bombay to the Cape of Good
Hope.
Alternate route.From April to October follow the reverse route as for the Cape of Good Hope to Colombo, passing
to the E of Madagascar.
Calcutta (Kolkata) to the Cape of Good Hope.From Calcutta (Kolkata), proceed to the Bay of Bengal via the Hoogly
River; then follow a rhumb line for the SE coast of Sri Lanka, coasting along this until reaching Point de Galle; take a
rhumb line for Eight Degree Channel and then proceed on the route as noted for Colombo to the Cape of Good Hope.
Alternate route (from May to September).Follow the above route to Sri Lanka as noted; coast along Sri Lanka to the
Great Basses Light; and then follow the reverse of the route as for the Cape of Good Hope to Colombo route, passing to the
E of Madagascar.
5. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO THE PERSIAN GULF
Vessels northbound from the Cape of Good Hope to the Persian Gulf should avoid the strength of the Agulhas Current by
keeping as close to the coast as safe navigation permits as far as Durban. When abeam Durban steer away from the coast on
an ENE course until about 100 miles offshore, where the current is weak, and then proceed through the middle of
Mozambique Channel, passing E of Ile Europa and W of Ile Juan de Nova, until about 5 miles E of the S end of Anjouan.
From this position proceed direct to position 2100'N, 5927'E, and then follow the reverse of the southbound route to
destination.
Alternate route.An alternative northbound route from the Cape of Good Hope to the position about 5 miles E of the S
end of Anjouan, although longer than the route described in the preceding paragraph, avoids most of the Agulhas Current
and has the advantage of favorable currents in the E part of Mozambique Channel. Vessels following this route should steer
a S course across the Agulhas Current from a position off the Cape of Good Hope to about position 3630'S, 2000'E. They
should then proceed to position 3430'S, 3230'E and then to position 3000'S, 3820'E. From the latter position a course
should be set for a position about 13 miles W of Ile Juan de Nova, passing E of Ile Europa and Bassas da India. After
passing Ile Juan de Nova, steer for the position E of Anjouan and then continue to destination as previously directed.
6. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO THE EAST INDIES AND AUSTRALIA
Cape of Good Hope to Selat Sunda (Sunda Strait).Cross the Agulhas Current to position 3630'S, 2000'E and steer
direct for position 3345'S, 3630'E; then shape a great circle course for Selat Sunda.
Alternate route.Follow the coastal route, as noted for Cape of Good Hope to Bur Said, to Algoa Bay, then a rhumb
line to position 3000'S, 5400'E.; take a rhumb line to position 1930'S, 8000'E; and proceed to Selat Sunda, passing N of
Keeling (Cocos) Islands.
Cape of Good Hope to Selat Lombok (Lombok Strait).See the Cape of Good Hope to Selat Sunda. (Sunda
Strait) route. From position 3345'S, 3630'E, follow a great circle to Selat Lombok.
Cape of Good Hope to Torres Strait (Thursday Island).See the Cape of Good Hope to Selat Sunda. (Sunda
Strait) route. From position 3345'S, 3630'E, shape a great-circle course to position 1400'S, 12000'E; then proceed by
rhumb lines as safe navigation permits to pass 50 miles N of Cape Van Diemen; pass between Crocker Island and Money
Shoal, then follow a rhumb line to Markara Shoal Lightship and proceed to Torres Strait.
Cape of Good Hope to Fremantle, Australia.Round the Cape of Good Hope and steer direct for position 3630'S,
2000'E., so as to cross the Agulhas Current, then:
1. From October to Aprilfollow a rhumb line to position 4100'S, 5500'E.; proceed along the 41st parallel to
longitude 71E.; and then follow a great circle course to Fremantle.
2. From May to Septemberfollow a rhumb line to position 3500'S, 5500'E; then proceed along the 35th parallel to
longitude 90E.; and follow a great circle to Fremantle.
Cape of Good Hope to Cape Leeuwin, Australia
1. From October to Aprilfollow the directions as noted for the Cape of Good Hope to Fremantle, Australia route,
until in longitude 80E; then proceed by great circle to Cape Leeuwin.
2. From May to Septemberfollow the directions as noted for the Cape of Good Hope to Fremantle, Australia
route, remaining in latitude 35S until reaching Cape Leeuwin.
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Indian Ocean
7. THE EAST INDIES AND AUSTRALIA TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
Selat Sunda (Sunda Strait) to the Cape of Good Hope.Follow a great circle course to position 3345'S, 3630'E; and
then a direct course to join the route as described for Bur Said to the Cape of Good Hope.
Selat Lombok to the Cape of Good Hope.Use reverse of the Cape of Good Hope to Selat Lombok (Lombok
Strait) route. After arrival at position 3345'S, 3630' E, proceed to join the route described for the Bur Said to Cape of
Good Hope route.
Torres Strait to the Cape of Good Hope.Use reverse of the Cape of Good Hope to Torres Strait (Thursday Island)
route, until in position 3345'S, 3630'E, then proceed direct to join the route as noted for Bur Said to the Cape of Good
Hope.
Fremantle, Australia to the Cape of Good Hope.See the Freemantle to Durban (Port Natal) and Cape Town
route.
Cape Leeuwin, Australia, to the Cape of Good Hope.Follow a rhumb line to position 3000'S, 10000'E; and then
proceed along the 30th parallel to its intersection with the route described for the Selat Sunda (Sunda Strait) to the Cape
of Good Hope route.
In summer (October to April), a shorter route follows the rhumb line between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Agulhas, which
coincides roughly with the parallel of 35S. This route is about 300 miles shorter, but adverse currents and head seas may be
encountered.
8. ROUTES TO AND FROM PORTS IN THE ARABIAN SEA
Mumbai (Bombay) to Bhavnagar.From a position off the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay) in position 1850N, 7245E
steer a course for about 34 miles to position 1910'N, 7230'E. Then follow the directions given for the Trincomalee to
Bhavnagar route in the following section.
Mumbai (Bombay) to Okha Harbor.From position 1850'N, 7245'E off the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay), steer on
a NW course as safe navigation permits to position 2100'N, 7000'E; then to position 2210'N, 6848'E; and finally to
position 2210'N, 6855'E off the entrance to Okha Harbor.
Mumbai (Bombay) to Karachi.From a position off the entrance to Mumbai (Bombay) in position 1850'N, 7245'E;
follow the directions given for the Mumbai (Bombay) to Okha Harbor route to position 2210'N, 6848'E. Then proceed
as given below for the Trincomalee to Karachi route.
Bhavnagar to Okha Harbor.From a position off the entrance to Bhavnagar in position 2135'N, 7225'E steer various
courses as safety permits passing through the following points:
a. 2110'N, 7211'E.
b. 2045'N, 7126'E.
c. 2033'N, 7046'E.
d. 2100'N, 7000'E.
From the latter position, follow the directions above, as given for the Bombay to Okha Harbor route.
Bhavnagar to Karachi.Follow the directions above, as given for the Bhavnagar to Okha Harbor route, to position
2100'N, 7000'E. Steer NW for about 97 miles to position 2210'N, 6848'E, then follow the directions given for the
Trincomalee to Karachi route.
Okha Harbor to Karachi.From a position off the entrance to Okha Harbor in position 2235'N, 6905'E steer as
direct a course as safe navigation will allow, for about 136 miles, to position 2400'N, 6710' E, then follow the directions
as given below in the Trincomalee to Karachi route.
Mumbai (Bombay) to Mombasa.From Mumbai (Bombay) full-powered vessels proceed direct to Mombasa.
Low-powered vessels traveling westbound during the Southwest Monsoon, should proceed to position 600'N, 6700'E
and then direct to Mombasa.
When returning from October to April proceed to position 230'S, 4450'E and then direct for Mumbai (Bombay).
From May to September proceed to position 130'N, 4550'E and then direct for Mumbai (Bombay).
Karachi to Mombasa.Proceed as directly as possible within the limits of safe navigation, giving a wide berth to the E
end of Suqutra.
Karachi to the Cape of Good Hope.From Karachi proceed so as to pass W of the Comores, and then join the route
from Mumbai (Bombay) off the African coast S of Mozambique.
When returning, proceed as directed for the return route from Colombo to the Cape of Good Hope as far as the position
W of Ile Juan de Nova; then pass between Mayotte Island and Anjouan Island and W of Aldabra Island, and proceed direct
for Karachi.
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205
Karachi and Mumbai (Bombay) to Australian ports.Proceed along the coast of India to a position off the S end of
Sri Lanka as direct as safe navigation permits; then proceed as directed below under the Colombo to Australian Ports
route.
Trincomalee to Colombo.After clearing the harbor at Trincomalee, proceed to position 833'N, 8126'E; then steer
appropriate courses to round the S end of Sri Lanka to position 552'N, 8003'E; then shape a course for about 31 miles to
position 625'N, 7952'E and proceed to a position off the entrance of Colombo in position 655'N, 7947'E.
Trincomalee to Cochin.Follow the directions above, as given for the Trincomalee to Colombo route, to position
552'N, 8003'E. From here shape a NW course to position 822'N, 7644'E; then to position 855'N, 7620'E; then to
position 945'N, 7606'E; then proceed to a position off the entrance of Cochin in position 958'N, 7611'E.
Trincomalee to Kiltan Island.Follow the directions given for the Trincomalee to Cochin route to position 822'N,
7644'E. Then steer as direct a course as safe navigation permits to position 1130'N, 7300'E; this position lies about 1
mile N of Kiltan Island.
Trincomalee to Mormugao.Follow the directions above, as given for the Trincomalee to Cochin route, to position
855'N, 7620'E. From this position, steer NW to position 1247'N, 7440'E. Then proceed direct as safe navigation will
allow to a position off the entrance of Marmagao in position 1525'N, 7346'E.
Trincomalee to Mumbai (Bombay).Follow the directions given for the Trincomalee to Marmagao route, to position
1247'N, 7440'E. Then proceed in a NNW direction to position 1550'N, 7320'E; then as direct as safety permits to
position 1840'N, 7237E. From the latter position shape a course to arrive off the entrance of Mumbai (Bombay) in
position 1850'N, 7245'E.
Trincomalee to Bhavnagar.Follow the directions above, as given for the Trincomalee to Mumbai (Bombay) route,
to position 1840'N, 7237'E. From this position steer NNW for about 31 miles to position 1910'N, 7230'E; then N for
about 50 miles to position 2000'N, 7230'E. Then steer various courses, as safe navigation permits, passing through the
following positions to arrive off the entrance to Bhavnagar:
a. 2100'N, 7236'E.
b. 2114'N, 7233'E.
c. 2117'N, 7229'E.
d. 2135'N, 7225'E.
Trincomalee to Okha Harbor.Follow the directions given for the Trincomalee to Cochin route, to position 855'N,
7620'E. From here proceed as direct as possible within the limits of safe navigation to position 2210'N, 6848'E. Then
shape a course to a position off the entrance to Okha Harbor in position 2230'N, 6855'E.
Trincomalee to Karachi.Follow the directions above, as given for the Trincomalee to Okha Harbor route, to
position 2210'N., 6848'E. From this position set a direct course for position 2400'N, 6710'E; then to a position off the
entrance to Karachi in position 2446'N, 6658'E.
Colombo to Mombasa.From October to April, proceed for Eight Degree Channel and then shape a course direct for
Mombasa.
From May to September proceed for One and Half Degree Channel and then shape a course direct for Mombasa.
When returning (all seasons) proceed on the reverse of the route just described.
Colombo to Australian Ports.Proceed as direct as safe navigation will allow. Vessels bound to Torres Strait have a
choice of three routes:
1. Via Singapore.
2. Via S of Jawa and Timor.
3. Via Selat Sunda and N of Jawa. Smoother water will be found on the routes leading N of Jawa.
From May to September low-powered vessels, after passing S of Sri Lanka, can proceed through the following positions:
a. 420'N, 8500'E.
b. 240'N, 9000'E.
c. 030'N, 9500'E.
Then pass either outside or inside the islands off the SW coast of Sumatera, and from Selat Sunda continue on the route
leading N of Jawa.
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Indian Ocean
9. ROUTES BETWEEN PORTS IN THE BAY OF BENGAL
Trincomalee to Chennai (Madras).After clearing the harbor at Trincomalee, proceed to position 836'N, 8120'E;
then direct about 76 miles to position 950'N, 8103'E; and direct to position 1307'N, 8030'E. From the latter position,
steer a W course for the anchorage off Chennai (Madras) in position 1306'30"N, 8019'08"E.
Trincomalee to Vishakhapatnam.From a position off Trincomalee, proceed to position 836'N, 8120'E and then
direct for the southernmost anchorage off Vishakhapatnam Harbor in position 1740'46"N, 8318'46"E.
Trincomalee to Calcutta (Kolkata).After clearing Trincomalee harbor, proceed to position 836'N, 8120'E then
direct to position 2100'N, 8813'E. Pilots board ships inbound for Calcutta (Kolkata) in the near vicinity of the latter
position; the Eastern Channel Light Vessel is stationed here.
Trincomalee to Chittagong.From Trincomalee proceed to position 836'N, 8120'E then direct to position 2100'N,
9130'E. Then shape a course, as direct as safe navigation will allow, for about 53 miles to position 2152'00"N, 9142'30"E
keeping W of South Patches and North Patches. When the N extremity of Kutubdia Island bears 070, shape a course for
position 2200'N, 9149'E. Then proceed for about 12 miles to a position off the entrance to the Karnaphuli River at
position 2211'36"N, 9146'42"E. Pilots board ships inbound for Chittagong in the near vicinity of this position.
Trincomalee to Rangoon.After clearing the harbor at Trincomalee, proceed to position 836'N, 8120'E; then shape a
direct course for about 50 miles to position 858'N, 8205'E; and steer direct for position 1342'N, 9155'E. From the latter
position, proceed as direct as safe navigation permits, passing through Preparis South Channel and N of Table Island to
position 1520'N, 9511'E. Then steer direct courses to the following positions:
a. 1531'N, 9537'E.
b. 1558'N, 9613'E.
c. 1609'N, 9616'E.; the pilot vessel is normally in the vicinity of this position.
Chennai (Madras) to Vishakhapatnam.When clear of the harbor at Chennai (Madras) or from the anchorage, as
indicated on the chart, proceed to position 1306'30"N, 8030'00"E; then shape a direct course to the southernmost
anchorage off Vishakhapatnam Harbor in position 1740'46"N, 8318'46"E.
Chennai (Madras) to Chittagong.After clearing the harbor at Chennai (Madras) or from the anchorage, proceed to
position 1306'30"N, 8030'00"E; then shape a direct course for position 2100'N, 9130' E. From the latter position, follow
the directions above as given for the Trincomalee to Chittagong route.
Vishakhapatnam to Calcutta (Kolkata).From the northernmost anchorage off Vishakhapatnam, in position
1741'18"N, 8319'23"E steer as direct a course as safe navigation will allow to position 2100'N, 8813'E. Pilots board
ships inbound for Calcutta (Kolkata) in the near vicinity of the latter position; the Eastern Channel Light Vessel is stationed
here.
Vishakhapatnam to Chittagong.From position 1741'18"N, 8319'23"E steer a direct course for position 2100'N.,
9130'E. Then follow the directions as given in the Trincomalee to Chittagong route.
Vishakhapatnam to Rangoon.From the northernmost anchorage off Vishakhapatnam, in position 1741'18"N,
8319'23"E shape a course for position 1600'N, 9155'E; then steer as direct as safe navigation permits to position
1520'N, 9511'E. From the latter position, follow the directions as given above for the Trincomalee to Rangoon route.
Calcutta (Kolkata) to Chittagong.Having negotiated the various channels from Calcutta (Kolkata) and debarked the
pilot in the vicinity of position 2100'N, 8813'E steer as direct a course as possible within the limits of safe navigation to
position 2100'N, 9130'E.; on this course it is advisable to keep outside the 30m curve. From the latter position, follow the
directions given for the Trincomalee to Chittagong route.
Chittagong to Rangoon.Follow the reverse directions from Chittagong to position 2100'N, 9130'E as given in the
Trincomalee to Chittagong route. From this position steer as direct a course as safe navigation permits to position
1533'N, 9408'E; then steer to position 1520'N, 9511'E. From the latter position, follow the directions given for the
Trincomalee to Rangoon route.
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10. ROUTES TO AND FROM PORTS IN THE BAY OF BENGAL

Bay of Bengal to Mumbai (Bombay).Proceed as direct as safe navigation permits, passing around Sri Lanka.
Bay of Bengal to Aden.From October to April, after rounding the S end of Sri Lanka, steer to pass south of Minicoy
Island; then shape a course to pass S of Suqutra. After rounding Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), vessels can take advantage of
smoother water and favorable currents by to keeping the African shore close aboard as far as Mait Island; from there a
course can be shaped direct for Aden.
From May to September, leave the Bay of Bengal passing 45 miles S of Minicoy Island, then proceed by rhumb lines to
position 800'N, 6000'E; then to position 830'N, 5300'E; then round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and set a direct course
for Aden. On this route the utmost caution is necessary when rounding Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) from the S or SE during
the Southwest Monsoon, when the weather is stormy. A heavy sea and strong current prevail and the land is generally
obscured by a thick haze. Care must also be taken not to mistake Ras Hafun for Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui).
An alternate route follows the above to position 800'N, 6000'E. Then proceed by rhumb line to position 1310'N,
5450'E (40 miles NE of Suqutra) and direct to destination.
A second alternate route for vessels of large size and high power leads from S of Minicoy Island to position 1010'N,
6000'E, and then to the position off the NE end of Suqutra. If these routes are adopted no attempt should be made for a
landfall at Suqutra Island, due to the strength of the Southwest Monsoon, the strong and irregular currents, the frequent
deceptive haze, and the lack of any definite banks for fixing the vessel's position by soundings. During the SW monsoon,
better conditions of wind and sea are undoubtedly found in the route S of Suqutra, via Ras Hafun and Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui). This alternate route, passing well to the N of Suqutra is, however, preferred by some navigators because of the
unpredictable variation in currents to the S and the uncertainty of the sea horizon.
Low-powered vessels, after passing S of Minicoy Island, proceed to position 600'N, 6700' E., then due W to position
600'N, 6000'E; and then to position 800'N, 5240'E; then round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and proceed to destination.
In proceeding from Aden to the Bay of Bengal during May to September, steer for position 1310'N, 5450'E and as
direct as safe navigation permits to destination.
Bay of Bengal to the Cape of Good Hope.From November to March, round the SE end of Sri Lanka and proceed to
position 1705'S, 5600'E., passing NW of Chagos Archipelago and SE of Saya de Malha Bank; then to position 2650'S,
4740'E; and then as direct as safe navigation will allow, taking full benefit of the Agulhas Current by keeping 20 miles off
the African coast.
When returning steer SSE for about 150 miles, until clear of the Agulhas Current, then proceed by rhumb lines to position
3430'S, 3230' E and position 2650'S, 4740' E; then follow the reverse of the route described above.
From May to September, after rounding the SE end of Sri Lanka, steer to pass SE of Diego Garcia, then pass S of
Mauritius and Reunion and proceed to position 2650'S, 4740'E; then continue on as direct a course as safe navigation
permits, taking full benefit of the Agulhas Current by keeping 20 miles off the African coast.
When returning steer SSE for about 150 miles, until clear of the Agulhas Current, proceed on rhumb lines through
position 3430'S, 3230'E and position 2650'S, 4740' E; then follow the reverse of the route described above.
In April and October, round the SE end of Sri Lanka and proceed to One and Half Degree Channel in the Maldive Islands,
then pass 80 miles W of Providence Island, 40 to 50 miles E of Iles Glorieuses and Bane du Geyser, and W of Ile Juan de
Nova, then steer so as to gradually approach the African coast in the strength of the S current, keeping about 20 miles off
the coast to get the full benefit of the Agulhas Current.
When returning stay out of the strength of the Agulhas Current by keeping as close to the coast as possible within the
limits of safe navigation. A countercurrent extending from 1 to 6 miles offshore will sometimes be found between Cape
Agulhas and the Kowie River. Special precautions must be taken when passing salient points and entrances to bays on
account of the local current. When Durban is abeam haul off the coast to a distance of about 100 miles where the currents
are weaker. Then proceed to a position west of Ile Juan de Nova and follow the reverse of the route given above. This return
route can be taken throughout the entire season. (April to October)
In July and February vessels bound from the Cape of Good Hope to the Bay of Bengal can proceed as directed in the last
paragraph to a position W of lie Juan de Nova. Then pass between Ile Mayotte and Anjouan and proceed to a position W of
Aldabra Island. Then steer to pass N of Seychelles Islands, through One and Half Degree Channel, around the SE end of Sri
Lanka, and up into the Bay of Bengal.
Bay of Bengal to Singapore.Proceed as direct as safe navigation permits, passing through the Strait of Malacca.
Bay of Bengal to Australian Ports.Proceed as direct as safe navigation permits. If bound for ports on the N coast of
Australia, the shorter route with smoother water will be found through the Strait of Malacca and via the channels of the
Eastern Archipelago. If bound to Freemantle or ports on the S coast of Australia, the shorter route in the majority of cases
will be W of Sumatera.
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11. ROUTES BETWEEN PORTS IN THE SOUTH INDIAN OCEAN
Port Louis, Mauritius to Tamatave, Cap Diego (Antsirana), or Port Victoria.Vessels bound for Tamatave or Cap
Diego, Madagascar, or for Port Victoria, Mahe Island (Seychelles Islands), proceed as direct to destination as safe
navigation permits.
The return routes are the reverse of the outbound routes in each case.
From April to October low-powered vessels bound for Port Victoria proceed direct. Returning during these months lowpowered vessels should steer an easterly course to about longitude 70E; then proceed S until well into the Southeast
Trades; and then direct to destination.
Low-powered vessels bound for Port Victoria during November to March should keep to the W of the direct route until
the Northwest Monsoon; then proceed as direct as possible to destination. Returning during this season low-powered
vessels should run E past the Saya de Malha Bank; then proceed S into the Southeast Trades, and direct to destination.
Port Louis, Mauritius to the Cape of Good Hope or Durban.Vessels bound for Cape of Good Hope from Port Louis
should proceed direct to position 2650'S, 4740'E (about 100 miles SE of Madagascar); then proceed as direct as safe
navigation will allow, taking full benefit of the Agulhas Current by keeping from 20 to 30 miles off the African coast.
Vessels returning should steer about 150 miles SSE from Cape of Good Hope, across the Agulhas Current, to about
position 3630'S, 2000'E. Then proceed to position 3430'S, 3230'E and direct to destination.
Vessels bound to or from Durban should proceed direct to position 2650'S, 4740'E (about 100 miles SE of Madagascar)
and then on to destination.
Cap Diego, Madagascar to the Cape of Good Hope.Southbound vessels cross the Mozambique Channel and keep in
the Agulhas Current, off the coast of Africa, to destination. Northbound vessels follow the African coast to Durban, keeping
as close to land as safe navigation permits, in order to be out of the strength of the Agulhas Current. When abeam of Durban
vessels should haul out to about 2900' S., 3400' E., and then proceed direct to destination as safe navigation permits.
Port Louis, Mauritius to Mozambique.Vessels bound to Mozambique from Port Louis proceed as direct as possible
around the N end of Madagascar.
Note.Vessels bound for the NW coast of Madagascar should always round the N end of that island; those bound for the
W coast, or to any ports on the African coast S of the Quelimane River (about latitude 1800'S), should round the S end.
Vessels bound for Port Louis from Mozambique proceed as direct as possible around the N of Madagascar.
Port Louis, Mauritius to Mombasa.All vessels proceeding from Port Louis to Mombasa should shape a course as
direct as safe navigation permits.
Vessels bound for Port Louis from Mombasa proceed direct.
Low-powered vessels bound for Port Louis from April to October proceed E until clear of the Chagos Archipelago; then
S into the trade winds and direct to destination.
Low-powered vessels from November to March proceed in a general E direction with the Northeast Monsoon and the
Northwest Monsoon and cross latitude 10S in about longitude 70E; then proceed direct through the trade winds to
destination. Vessels should keep N of a line drawn from Zanzibar to the Seychelles Islands until in the Northwest Monsoon.
12. ROUTES TO AND FROM PORTS IN THE SOUTH INDIAN OCEAN
Port Louis, Mauritius to the Gulf of Aden.Vessels bound for Gulf of Aden or Red Sea ports follow the most direct
route.
Low-powered vessels from April to September should pass W of the Amirante Isles, and direct to Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui). Then proceed along the African coast as far as Mait Island before standing across to Aden or to the Strait of
Bab-al-Mandeb.
Low-powered vessels from October to March should run N through the Southeast Trades and the Northwest Monsoon,
crossing the Equator in about longitude 61E. Then proceed N into the NE monsoon, and direct for the Gulf of Aden,
passing N of Suqutra if possible.
Vessels bound from the Red Sea or Gulf of Aden to Port Louis proceed direct to destination from Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui).
From April to September low-powered vessels bound for Port Louis should pass N of Suqutra. Run through the
Southwest Monsoon crossing the Equator at about 72E, or run through the One and Half Degree Channel. Then make good
a southerly course into the Southeast Trades, passing E of the Chagos Archipelago, and then as direct as possible to
destination.
From October to March low-powered vessels should proceed along the Arabian coast until able to weather Ras Aser
(Capo Guardafui), or steer direct for it; thence run through the Northeast Monsoon and the Northwest Monsoon, crossing
the Equator in about longitude 64E and the parallel of 10S, in about longitude 70E. Then when in the Southeast Trades,
proceed as direct as safe navigation permits to Port Louis.
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Port Louis, Mauritius to Persian Gulf ports or Mumbai (Bombay).Vessels bound for Persian Gulf ports or Mumbai
(Bombay) may proceed as direct as safe navigation will allow. The direct route to Al Basrah, Iraq, leads between the
Seychelles Islands and the Saya de Malha Bank. The direct route to Mumbai (Bombay) leads about 20 miles W of the
Cargados Carajos Shoal and over the S part of Saya de Malha Bank. Due to the possible existence of shoals not now charted
on the bank, and also the caution necessary in crossing it, a safer but longer route could be made by completely avoiding it.
Port Louis, Mauritius to Colombo and ports in the Bay of Bengal.From May to September vessels bound for
Colombo or Bay of Bengal ports should pass about 30 miles E of Diego Garcia Island and then proceed direct to
destination.
From November to March proceed so as to pass W of the Chagos Archipelago and S of the Maldive Islands; then proceed
direct to destination.
Port Louis, Mauritius to Singapore.Vessels may take a great circle or rhumb line to Pulau We; then through the Strait
of Malacca to destination.
Port Louis, Mauritius to Selat Sunda or Torres Strait.Vessels bound for Selat Sunda or Torres Strait from Port
Louis proceed to destination as direct as safe navigation permits.
Port Louis, Mauritius to southern Australian ports.Vessels bound to ports in the S part of Australia should proceed
to destination by rhumb lines or great circle.
Vessels returning proceed to Port Louis as direct as possible by rhumb lines.
13. ROUTES BETWEEN PORTS IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA
Singapore to Belawan.Proceed through the Main Strait of Singapore Strait into the Strait of Malacca. Tanjong Tuan
(Cape Rachado) should be given a berth of between 4 to 6 miles so as to safely clear Pyramid Shoal. Upon approaching One
Fathom Bank a course should be selected so as to pass about 3.5 miles S of the lighthouse. From this position, steer to pass
5 miles NE of Pulau Pandang and 6 miles SW of Pulau Berhala. After passing N of Deli Bank, proceed direct to the outer
roads at the entrance of Sungai Belawan.
Singapore to Pinang.Proceed as for the Singapore to Belawan route until about 3.5 miles S of One Fathom Bank
Light. From this position give North Sands a wide berth and proceed to pass 5 miles W of Kepulauan Sembilan and
continue on a course leading 1 mile W of Kra Light Float. In the case of North Channel, round Muka Head and proceed to
the North Channel Light Float. For South Channel proceed to Pulau Rimau.
Singapore to Sabang (Pualau We).Proceed as for Belawan to a position 3.5 miles S of One Fathom Bank Light. Then
lay a course to pass 10 miles NE of Tanjung Jambuair, giving Berhala Bank a safe clearance; then to Sabang as directly as
safe navigation permits.
Pinang to Sabang (Pulau We).After clearing North Channel of Pinang Harbor, proceed by rhumb line course to a
position 2 miles N of Ujung Tapagajah Light at the N extremity of Pulau We. Then by piloting proceed direct to Sabang.
Pinang to Belawan.Upon clearing South Channel take departure from Kra Light Float and proceed on rhumb line
course to the entrance of Sungai Belawan.
Belawan to Sabang (Pulau We).Take departure off Ujung Batu Chamal and proceed by piloting along the NE coast of
Sumatera, passing 5 miles NE of Ujung Tamaing and Ujung Peureulak. From 10 miles NE of Tanjung Jambuair a rhumb
line course may be taken directly to a position 2 miles N of Ujung Tapagajah; then by coastal piloting proceed to Sabang.
14. STRAIT OF MALACCA TO PORTS IN THE BAY OF BENGAL
Singapore to Rangoon.Proceed through the Strait of Malacca, passing about 3.5 miles S of One Fathom Bank Light.
From this position steer to pass 10 miles SW of the Brother Islands; precaution should be taken in clearing North Sands.
From a position about 10 miles SW of the Brother Islands, steer to pass 10 miles W of the Similan Islands. From this
position a rhumb line course may be steered direct for the Rangoon Pilot Vessel in about position 1611'N, 9620'E.
Pinang to Rangoon.After clearing North Channel, steer to pass 10 miles SW of the Butang group and 10 miles SW of
the Brother Islands. Then proceed over the route described under Singapore to Rangoon.
Belawan to Rangoon.Take departure off Ujung Batu Chamal and steer to pass 10 miles W of the Similan Islands.
Then proceed over the route described for Singapore to Rangoon.
Sabang (Pulau We) to Rangoon.Take departure from Ujung Tapagajah and proceed by rhumb line course direct to the
Rangoon Pilot Vessel in about position 1611'N, 9620'E.
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Singapore to Calcutta (Kolkata).Proceed as for the Singapore to Belawan route to the position 3.5 miles S of One
Fathom Bank Light. From here clear North Sands and steer to make a landfall on Table Island, the northernmost island of
the Coco group. Passing 10 miles N of Table Island through South Preparis Channel and steer a rhumb line course for the
pilot station about 5 miles S of the Eastern Channel Lightship.
Pinang to Calcutta (Kolkata).Proceed as for the Singapore to Rangoon route to a position 10 miles SW of the
Brother Islands; then steer a rhumb line course for Preparis South Channel and from there proceed as described under the
Singapore to Calcutta (Kolkata) route.
Singapore to Cocanada.Proceed through the Strait of Malacca to a position 3.5 miles S of One Fathom Bank Light.
From this position, steer to pass at least 10 miles N of Car Nicobar and proceed through Ten Degree Channel. Upon
clearing Ten Degree Channel set a rhumb line course for destination.
Belawan to Cocanada.Take departure from Ujung Batu Chamal and pilot along the NE coast of Sumatera, passing 5
miles NE of Ujung Tamiang and Ujung Peureulak. From 10 miles NE of Tanjung Jambuair a rhumb line course may be
steered through Ten Degree Channel to destination.
Sabang (Pulau We) to Chennai (Madras).Proceed directly to destination by rhumb line across the Bay of Bengal.
Singapore to Chennai (Madras).Proceed as for the Singapore to Cocanada route to Ten Degree Channel. After
passing through the channel, proceed by rhumb line to destination. A route through Sombrero Channel, although somewhat
shorter, is not recommended because of the tidal current, which at times reaches a rate of 5 knots in places.
Pinang to Chennai (Madras).Upon clearing North Channel, steer a course direct for Ten Degree Channel and from
there proceed direct to destination.
Singapore to Colombo.Proceed through the Strait of Malacca, passing 3.5 miles S of One Fathom Bank Light, and
giving Berhala Bank a wide berth, to a position 10 miles NE of Tanjung Jambuair. From this position steer to pass either N
or S of Pulau We, and by rhumb line proceed to 5 miles S of Dondra Head Light. From S of Dondra Head proceed by
coastal piloting to Colombo.
Belawan to Colombo.Follow the route described under Belawan to Sabang to a position 10 miles NE of Tanjung
Jambuair. The remainder of the route is the same as that described under Singapore to Colombo.
Pinang to Colombo.After clearing North Channel of Pinang Harbor steer to pass either N or S of Pulau We, and then
proceed by rhumb line to a position 5 miles S of Dondra Head. From this position proceed coastwise to Colombo.
Sabang to Colombo.Take departure from Ujung Bahu and proceed on a rhumb line to 5 miles S of Dondra Head and
then by coastal piloting to Colombo.
15. STRAIT OF MALACCA TO PORTS IN THE ARABIAN SEA AND THE PERSIAN GULF
Strait of Malacca to Calicut, Karachi, and Mumbai (Bombay).Proceed in each case as for the Singapore to
Colombo route until 5 miles S of Dondra Head. Then by rhumb line course proceed to a position off Point de Galle; then to
position 800'N, 7700'W; and then by coastal piloting along the W coast of India to destination.
Strait of Malacca to Muscat, Jask, Bushehr, Basra, Al Bahrayn (Bahrain), and Kuwayt (Kuwait).Proceed in each
case as for Colombo until the position 5 miles S of Dondra Head is reached. Proceed on rhumb line courses SW of Point de
Galle and Muttam Point and follow the Indian coast until clear of the Laccadive Islands; then direct to the Persian Gulf.
In the Persian Gulf steer direct from point to point, but the following information may be useful:
1. When navigating up or down the gulf keep along the Iranian coast, which is generally high, with salient features,
mostly steep-to, and with few outlying shoals. Except at the entrance, the Arabian coast is very low, and generally reefs
extend long distances off it.
2. The numerous islands, the strong tidal current near the entrance, and the frequency of bad weather necessitate
caution. Strong breezes and sudden shifts of wind occur with little or no warning.
3. During shamals, especially in summer, and while the nashi is blowing in the S part of the gulf in winter, the very
hazy state of the atmosphere so completely obscures the land that the surf on the beach may be the first indication of its
proximity.
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16. STRAIT OF MALACCA TO BERBERA, ADEN, AND AS SUWAYS (SUEZ)

Singapore, Malacca, Pinang, Belawan, and Sabang to Aden, Berbera, and As Suways (Suez).The routes are the
same as those for Colombo until a position 5 miles S of Dondra Head is reached. Then steer, as follows:
1. October to AprilSteer first to a position S of Minicoy. From here take a rhumb line course S of Suqutra to round
Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui). In order to take advantage of the favorable current and smooth water; it is preferable to
proceed along the African coast until Mait Island is abeam and then to destination as directly as safe navigation permits.
An alternate route from S of Minikoy Light is to steer to pass well to the NE of Suqutra and then direct to destination.
2. May to SeptemberFrom Dondra Head proceed by rhumb line course to pass through the Eight Degree Channel at
730'N, then to position 800'N, 6000'E; then to position 830'N, 5300'E; then round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and
proceed to destination as direct as possible within the limits of safe navigation.
Singapore to Tanga, Mombasa, and Zanzibar.Proceed as for the Singapore to Colombo route, passing N or S of
Pulau We; then proceed directly to position 130'N, 7330'E; and then proceed on a direct rhumb line course to destination
or to round Pemba or Zanzibar.
Singapore to Mozambique.Proceed as for the Singapore to Colombo route until passed Pulau We; then steer a
rhumb line course to a position 5 miles N of Cap d' Ambre. From the position N of Cap d'Ambre proceed direct for the port
of Mozambique.
Singapore to Beira.Proceed as for the Singapore to Mozambique route until 5 miles N of Cap d'Ambre, then by
direct rhumb line to 8 miles NW of Nosy Anambo Light; pass E of Leven and Castor Banks, and then as direct as safe
navigation permits to destination.
Singapore to Maputo (Delagoa Bay).Proceed to Pulau We as described in the Singapore to Colombo route; then
shape a great circle to make a landfall on Pte dItaperina. This route will lead NE of Mauritius and Reunion. From Pointe d'
Itaperina proceed by coastal piloting to a position 5 miles S of Cap Ste-Marie. From this position steer a direct rhumb line
course to Delagoa Bay.
Singapore to Durban (Port Natal).Follow the Singapore to Maputo (Delagoa Bay) route to 5 miles S of Cap SteMarie, then steer a direct rhumb line to destination.
Singapore to Cape Town.Proceed as for Colombo until Pulau We is reached; then shape a great circle course to the
African coast making a landfall SE of Port Elizabeth. From this position proceed by coastal piloting to Cape Town,
rounding Cape Agulhas and the Cape of Good Hope at a safe distance.
Singapore to Fremantle.Upon clearing Singapore Roads proceed through Selat Durian, Selat Berhala and Selat
Bangka into the Java Sea; then through Selat Sunda and steer a direct rhumb line course for Geelvink Channel. Then
proceed at a safe distance off the Australian coast to Fremantle.
Singapore to Albany.Follow the Fremantle to Selat Sunda route. Then steer a rhumb line course to pass well clear of
Naturaliste Reef and continue S rounding Cape Leeuwin by 10 miles in clear weather and by 15 miles at night or during
inclement weather. From a position well S of Cape Leeuwin, proceed to pass S of Eclipse Island Light, then round Bald
Head and pass into King George Sound.
Singapore to Port Augusta.Proceed as for the Singapore to Albany route until Eclipse Island Light is abeam. From
there set a rhumb line course to pass between North Neptune Island and South Neptune Island, then through Spencer Gulf
to Port Augusta.
Singapore to Port Adelaide.Follow the Singapore to Albany route to a position S of Eclipse Island Light and then
proceed by rhumb line to Investigator Strait, making a landfall on Althorpe Island; round Troubridge Shoals, giving them a
wide berth, and proceed by direct rhumb line course to destination.
Singapore to Melbourne.Proceed as for the Singapore to Albany route until S of Eclipse Island Light. Then take a
rhumb line or great circle track to Cape Otway and continue as directly as safe navigation permits to destination.
17. ROUTES TO AND FROM PORT DARWIN, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA
Port Darwin to Torres Strait.After clearing Port Darwin enter Howard Channel of Clarence Strait, then through
Dundas Strait, round Coburg Peninsula, and by rhumb line courses pass N of Crocker Island and New Year Island, then by
parallel sailing proceed to the main entrance of Torres Strait.
Port Darwin to Brisbane and Sydney.Follow the Port Darwin to Torres Strait route, then proceed over the track
laid down on the charts for the Inner Route, through Capricorn Channel, and by rhumb line courses steer to pass well clear
of Sandy Cape Shoal and Breaksea Spit to Moreton Bay (to Brisbane) or continue along the coast well clear of all bights to
benefit by the S flow of the Australian Current to Sydney.
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Port Darwin to Melbourne.The passage may be made either to the E or to the W of Australia. The E route is
considerably shorter and is, therefore, described. The route as far as Capricorn Channel has been described under Port
Darwin to Brisbane. From Capricorn Channel steer rhumb line courses to keep along the 200m curve in order to take
advantage of the southerly current, closing the land in the vicinity of Cape Howe or Gabo Island. From off Gabo Island
steer for Southeast Point Lighthouse, Wilson Promontory, and pass about 2 miles S of the lighthouse and Anser Islands,
then as directly as safe navigation permits to destination.
Melbourne to Port Darwin.After clearing Port Phillip's Heads, steer through Bass Strait so as to pass about 2 miles S
of the Anser Islands, 3 miles N of Rodondo, and 2 miles S of Southeast Point, Wilson Promontory. Then steer to pass about
5 miles SE of Rame Head and Gabo Island. From a position E of Cape Howe steer N, following the coast line fairly closely
so as to avoid the southerly current. In fine weather pass inside of Barungba or Montagu Island and keep about 2 miles
offshore. Round Sandy Cape, passing well clear of Sandy Cape Shoal and Breaksea Spit, and enter Capricorn Channel, then
follow the reverse of the Port Darwin to Brisbane route.
Port Darwin to Basilan Strait.After clearing Port Darwin proceed to pass 10 miles SW of Cape Fourcroy, Melville
Island, then 7 miles SSW of Calder Shoal, alter course to pass between Moa and Meatij Miarang into the Banda Sea; then
lay a course to Selat Manipa to pass clear of Kepulauan Penyu, through Molucca Passage and Bangka Passage into the
Celebes Sea; then direct to Basilan Strait.
Port Darwin to Makassar, Sulawesi (Celebes).After rounding Cape Fourcroy take a rhumb line course to Wetar
Strait, then N of Alor, Solor and Flores Islands and S of Kalao and Pulau Tanahjampea, then direct to destination as safe
navigation permits.
Port Darwin to Balikpapan.Follow the Port Darwin to Makassar, Sulawesi (Celebes) route until S of Pulau
Tanahjampea, then pass midway between Banka Uluang and Gosseaia and, by rhumb line course steer to pass 5 miles NE of
Pulau Balabalangan, then to destination as safe navigation permits.
Port Darwin to Selat Lombok.After clearing Port Darwin proceed to a position S of Roti Island by rhumb line course,
then S of Sumba (Sandalwood) Island direct to the entrance of Selat Lombok.
Port Darwin to Surabaya, Jawa.Proceed as for Port Darwin to Selat Lombok route, then through the strait and S of
Madura Island to destination as direct as navigation permits. Deep-draft vessels will find it necessary to proceed from Selat
Lombok N of Madura Island to destination due to the shallowness of the E entrance to Surabaya.
Port Darwin to Selat Sunda.Proceed as for Port Darwin to Selat Lombok route, continuing along the S coast of
Jawa to Selat Sunda.
Port Darwin to Singapore, Pinang Belawan and Sabang.Proceed as for the Port Darwin to Selat Lombok route,
then through Selat Lombok and Selat Sapudi steer rhumb-line courses to pass S of Pulau Bawean and through Karimata
Strait, then through Selat Riau to Singapore Straits and direct to destination as safe navigation permits.
Port Darwin to Rangoon, Calcutta (Kolkata), Chennai (Madras), and Cocanada.Proceed as for Port Darwin to
Singapore, then through the Strait of Malacca and direct to destination as safe navigation permits.
Port Darwin to Colombo, Calicut, Bombay, and Karachi.After clearing Port Darwin take a rhumb line course to S
of Roti Island and proceed along the S coast of Jawa to a position SE of Tanjung Layar, then by direct rhumb line to a
landfall off Point de Galle, then to Colombo or along the Indian coast to Calicut, Bombay, and Karachi.
Port Darwin to ports in the Persian Gulf.Proceed as for Port Darwin to Colombo to the position off Point de Galle,
cross the Gulf of Mannar, round Cape Comorin, and continue as described below under the FremantIe to the ports in the
Persian Gulf route.
Port Darwin to Aden.From October to April proceed S of Roti and along the S coast of Jawa until S of Tanjung Layer,
then set a direct course to a position S of Minicoy Island, and proceed by rhumb line to Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui). In
rounding Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) the utmost caution is necessary as numerous wrecks have occurred along the coast to
the S. After rounding Capo Guardafui follow along the African shore until Mait Island is abeam in order to take advantage
of the favorable current and smoother water, then direct to Aden as safe navigation permits. It should be noted that there is
a northerly current just E of the port of Aden which is at times dangerous.
Alternate route.An alternate route may be taken from the position S of Minicoy Island to pass NE of Suqutra and then
direct to destination. This route is, however, considerably longer than that passing S of Suqutra. Certain officers of great
experience have recommended strongly the route S of Suqutra and Abdal Kuri during the Southwest Monsoon.
From May to September, from a position off Tanjung Layar (Jawa), take a great circle track to position 730'N, 7245'E;
then through Eight Degree Channel and by rhumb line to position 800'N, 6000'E; then pass 60 miles NE of Suqutra and
proceed direct to Aden.
Port Darwin to As Suways and Bur Said.Follow the Port Darwin to Aden route into the Gulf of Aden then through
the Strait of Bab al Mandeb and the Red Sea to the Suez Canal.
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Port Darwin to Mombasa, Tanga, Zanzibar and Dar-es-Salaam.From a position S of Roti Island proceed direct
passing N of Chagos Archipelago and the Seychelles Group.
Port Darwin to Mozambique.From a position 35 miles N of Seringapatam Reef, proceed by rhumb line to pass N of
Cap d'Ambre, Madagascar, then direct to destination as safe navigation permits.
Port Darwin to Beira.From a position 20 miles S of Scott Reef set a great circle course to 5 miles S of Cap Ste-Marie,
Madagascar, then direct, within the limits of safe navigation, to destination.
Port Darwin to Maputo (Lourenco Marques).Upon clearing Port Darwin proceed N of the Holothuria Banks to a
position 20 miles S of Scott Reef and then by great circle sailing to the destination.
Port Darwin to Durban (Port Natal).Pass N of Holothuria Banks and Browse Island, then take a great circle route to
destination, giving Rowley Shoals a wide berth.
Port Darwin to Cape Town.From a position N of the Holothuria Banks proceed by rhumb line course NW of Rowley
Shoals, then by great circle sailing proceed to a position S of Cape Agulhas, and by coastal piloting to destination.
18. ROUTES TO AND FROM FREMANTLE, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Fremantle to Albany.After leaving Gage Roads, proceed N of Rottnest Island, giving it a berth of at least 2 miles,
taking departure from Cape Vlaming. Depths of 30m will be found within 0.5 mile of the dangers off Cape Vlaming. It is
therefore imperative for vessels in the interest of safety to give the cape a wide berth. Proceed from off Cape Vlaming to
pass well clear of Naturaliste Reef, then S, rounding Cape Leeuwin by 10 miles in clear weather and by 15 miles at night or
during inclement weather, then proceed to pass S of Eclipse Island Light, round Bald Head and into King George Sound.
Rounding Cape Leeuwin.The distance to which sunken dangers extend off a long stretch of coast about Cape
Leeuwin, the frequent thick weather that prevails with strong onshore winds and an inset in the same direction, make it very
desirable to give the cape a wide berth in all but very good weather. From 15 to 20 miles is a good margin to leave; and if a
position between these distances to the SW of the cape is taken as a point for which to steer when coming from the NW, just
within the range of Cape Leeuwin Light, very little time will be lost in making King George Sound. At night the greatest
caution should be used in running in to make Cape Leeuwin Light. With the weather at all thick, the light, powerful as it is,
will often not be visible as far as Geographe Reef, 8 miles to the NW. As mist may hang about the land even when it is clear
at sea, and the dangers are very steep-to, vessels should not stand in to a depth of less than 130m at night.
Fremantle to Port Augusta.After rounding Cape Leeuwin as previously described, proceed by great circle sailing to a
position between North and South Neptune Islands, then through Spencer Gulf to Port Augusta.
Fremantle to Adelaide.After rounding Cape Leeuwin proceed by great circle to Investigator Strait sighting Althorpe
Island Light, then round Troubridge Shoals at a safe distance and proceed to Port Adelaide.
Fremantle to Melbourne and Hobart.After rounding Cape Leeuwin a great circle route may be taken to Cape Otway
(for Melbourne) or to 6 miles S of Mewstone (for Hobart), and then as direct as safe navigation permits to destination.
Fremantle to Port Darwin.Proceed through Geelvink Channel, then W of Monte Bello Island, 20 miles S of Scott
Reef, and N of Holothuria Bank to Port Darwin.
Fremantle to Torres Strait.Proceed through Geelvink Channel, then W of the Monte Bello Islands, 20 miles S of
Scott Reef, and N of Holothuria Banks, then through Howard Channel of Clarence Strait, and rounding Vashon Head,
proceed as direct as safe navigation permits.
Fremantle to Selat Lombok.Proceed through Geelvink Channel and when W of Cape Inscription take a direct rhumb
line to the entrance of Selat Lombok.
Fremantle to Surabaya.After leaving Gage Roads proceed through Geelvink Channel, then W of Cape Inscription;
from there set a direct course for Selat Lombok. A light-draft vessel may pass S of Madura Island entering Surabaya from
the E. Deep draft vessels must pass N of Madura Island entering Selat Surabaya from the N.
Fremantle to Selat Sunda.Upon clearing Geelvink Channel proceed direct to Selat Sunda by rhumb line course.
Fremantle to Jakarta.Proceed through Geelvink Channel direct to Selat Sunda, then through the strait and to
destination as direct as possible within the limits of safe navigation.
Fremantle to Singapore, Belawan, and Pinang.Proceed through Geelvink Channel, Selat Sunda and then via Selat
Bangka, Selat Berhala and Selat Durian to Singapore Strait; from there continue to destination as direct as safe navigation
permits.
Fremantle to Rangoon and Calcutta (Kolkata).Set a direct course to pass W of Sumatera, then by rhumb line
courses S of the Nicobar Islands to Rangoon, or W of the Nicobar Islands and the Adaman Islands to Calcutta (Kolkata).
Pub. 160
Indian Ocean
214
Fremantle to Cocanda, Chennai (Madras), and Colombo.After clearing Gage Roads the routes are direct. Due to
the strong N-S components of these routes the distances saved by great circle sailing are of little consequence.
Fremantle to Mumbai (Bombay), Calicut, and Karachi.From Gage Roads steer a direct course to a landfall off
Cape Comorin, then follow the Indian coast to destination.
Fremantle to ports of the Persian Gulf.From Gage Roads proceed direct to a landfall off Cape Comorin, follow the
Indian coast until clear of the Laccadive Shoals, then by rhumb line to the Persian Gulf. An alternate route intercepts that
described in the Persian Gulf to Cape Leeuwin route.
Fremantle to Aden.From October to April, proceed from Gage Roads through position 400'S, 7330'E and direct to
Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), then round the cape at a safe distance and proceed direct to Aden.
From May to September, after clearing Gage Roads proceed to position 800'S., 6800'E; then by rhumb line course to
position 800'N, 5240'E; then round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and proceed directly to Aden.
Alternate route.An alternate route from May to September is to proceed from position 800'S., 6800'E by rhumb line
course to position 800' N, 60000'E then N of Suqutra Island and direct to destination.
Fremantle to As Suways and Bur Said.Follow the Fremantle to Aden routes into the Gulf of Aden, then through the
Strait of Bab al Mandeb and the Red Sea to the Suez Canal.
Fremantle to Mombasa.Proceed by great circle track direct from Gage Roads to Mombasa.
Fremantle to Zanzibar and Dar-es-Salaam.Proceed by great circle to a position N of Cap d'Ambre, then direct to
destination.
Fremantle to Mozambique.From Gage Roads proceed by great circle to pass N of Madagascar Island and then to
destination as safe navigation permits.
Fremantle to Beira.From Gage Roads to 5 miles S of Cap Ste-Marie (Madagascar) proceed by great circle sailing.
After rounding the cape, set a direct course to destination.
Fremantle to Maputo (Lourenco Marques).A great circle track may be followed from N of Rottnest Island direct to
Delagoa Bay.
From May to September vessels westbound should proceed to position 3000'S, 10000'E; then follow the 30th parallel to
about 45E; and steer direct to Maputo.
Fremantle to Durban (Port Natal) and Cape Town.Follow a rhumb line to position 3000'S, 10000'E and proceed
along the 30th parallel to Durban. Vessels bound for Cape Town may follow the African coast S from a position off Durban,
remaining about 30 miles offshore.
From October to April a somewhat shorter voyage may be made by composite sailing. Take a great circle route to about
position 3500'S, 9000'E and continue along the 35th parallel, rounding Cape Aqulhas to Cape Town. Vessels bound for
Durban may break off at about longitude 65E and proceed on a great circle to destination.
For the reverse routes see the Cape of Good Hope to Freemantle, Western Australia route.
19. ROUTES TO AND FROM ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Port Adelaide to Melbourne, Victoria.Proceed via Backstairs Passage as direct as safe navigation permits to a
position about 4 miles E of Cape Willoughby. Because of the possibility of an onshore current, which with S or W winds
may set toward the land, it is advisable to lay all courses to clear the various capes en route to Melbourne by at least 4 miles.
From the position off Cape Willoughby, steer rhumb line courses to pass SW of Cape Northumberland and Cape Nelson,
and then to a position about 5 miles S of Cape Otway. From the position off Cape Otway, steer direct to the entrance of Port
Phillip, and then, for deep-draft vessels, proceed via South Channel to Melbourne harbor.
Port Adelaide to Hobart, Tasmania.Proceed via Backstairs Passage to a position 4 miles E of Cape Willoughby, as
directed in the route to Melbourne, and then set a direct course to a position SW of South West Cape, Tasmania. From this
position, steer rhumb line courses between the Maatsuyker Isles and Mewstone, then, giving Friar Rocks and the outlying
dangers a good berth, round Tasman Head, and proceed into Storm Bay to Hobart harbor.
Alternate route.Vessels that can safely navigate a 6-fathom channel may proceed via D'Entrecasteaux Channel.
Proceed as directed in the above-mentioned route to a position off South East Cape, Tasmania, and then enter
D'Entrecasteaux Channel, taking care to avoid the Actreon Isles and the out-lying dangers, and proceed to destination. This
route is somewhat shorter than the one through Storm Bay.
Port Adelaide to Wilson Promontory (Junction Point).Proceed via Backstairs Passage to a position S of Cape
Otway, as directed in the route to Melbourne, then steer a direct rhumb line course to a position 9 miles S of Citadel Island
Light and enter the westbound lane of the traffic separation scheme off Wilson Promontory.
Pub. 160
Indian Ocean
215
Port Adelaide to Sydney, New South Wales.Proceed via Backstairs Passage to Wilson Promontory (Junction Point)
as directed in the above-mentioned Port Adelaide to Wilson Promontory (Junction Point) route. Then proceed by rhumb
line courses to pass about 5 miles SE of Rame Head and Gabo Island to a position E of Cape Howe. Occasionally (but
especially during and after E gales) the current sets strongly toward the shore in this vicinity. In thick weather it is advisable
to take soundings frequently.
A strong S current prevails along the coast of New South Wales, extending 20 to 60 miles offshore. This current sets at a
rate of 0.5 to 3 knots, the greatest strength being at the 200m curve, near which, at latitude 31S, it has been recorded to
attain a rate of 4.5 knots. Inshore of this S current, especially in the bights, there is a perceptible N set, varying from 0.25 to
1 knot. Off Cape Howe, the current may set in either a S or N direction at a rate of 1 to 1.5 knots.
To avoid the strong S set off this coast proceed N from a position E of Cape Howe to Sydney Harbor, following the coast
line as closely as prudent navigation permits. In fine weather, pass inside Montagu Island and keep within a distance of 2
miles of the coast.
Sydney to Port Adelaide.From a position E of Sydney Harbor proceed by rhumb line courses to Cape Howe, keeping
as near the 200m curve as the direct course will permit to take advantage of the strong southerly current along this coast,
and follow the reverse of the Port Adelaide to Sydney, New South Wales route.
Port Adelaide to Wallaroo, South Australia.Follow rhumb line courses through Investigator Strait, round Althorpe
Islands, giving Cape Spencer and West Cape a berth of at least 7 miles, and then proceed N into Spencer Gulf to Wallaroo.
Strong tidal currents may be encountered in the vicinity of Troubridge Shoals.
Port Adelaide to Port Augusta, South Australia.Proceed as directed in the Port Adelaide to Wallaroo, South
Australia route as far as a position W of West Cape, and continue N into Spencer Gulf, favoring the W side of the gulf
where deeper water is found. Caution is necessary in navigating Spencer Gulf as the depths are shallow and there are
numerous shoal patches in the upper reaches of the gulf.
Port Adelaide to Albany, Western Australia.Proceed through Investigator Strait to a position about 7 miles S of
Althorpe Islands. Then proceed by rhumb line course to King George Sound, passing S of Breaksea Island within the limits
of the port of Albany.
Port Adelaide to Cape Leeuwin (Junction Point).Proceed through Investigator Strait to a position 7 miles S of the
Althorpe Islands, then steer a rhumb line course to a position 16 miles S of D'Entrecasteaux Point, and direct to a position
about 10 miles S of Cape Leeuwin, which is the junction point off Cape Leeuwin. At night it is advisable to give the cape a
berth of at least 15 miles.
Port Adelaide to Fremantle, Western Australia.Proceed as directed in the Port Adelaide to Cape Leeuwin
(Junction Point) route, then round Cape Leeuwin and proceed N to a position N of Rottnest Island, giving Geographe
Reef, Cape Naturaliste, and Naturaliste Reefs a wide berth. Utmost caution must be exercised in rounding Cape Leeuwin
and Rottnest Island, as the dangers are very steep-to.
Port Adelaide to Darwin.Proceed as directed in the Port Adelaide to Cape Leeuwin (Junction Point) route, then
steer rhumb-line courses to a position 11 miles W of Cape Inscription, passing W of Geographe Reef. From the position W
of Cape Inscription, proceed by rhumb line courses to the N of Monte Bello Island, giving the coast a berth of at least 15
miles, and direct to a position N of the Holothuria Banks, passing between Rowley Shoals and the outlying reef and N of
Lynher Reef. Then steer by rhumb line course N of Penguin Shoal to the approaches of Darwin.
Utmost caution must be exercised in navigating along this route as the whole of the coasts of Northwest Australia, as well
as the area between them and Timor, are as yet imperfectly surveyed and charted. The currents off the coast between Cape
Naturaliste and Northwest Cape have, in general, a S predominance from March to August and a N one from September to
February. Between Northwest Cape and Darwin the currents generally set with the wind, but they are uncertain, both in
strength and direction, being complicated with the strong tidal currents which prevail on that part of the coast. However, it
must be borne in mind that the currents, regardless of direction, have a general tendency to set a vessel towards the coast;
this is especially true in the vicinity of Point Cloates and Northwest Cape.
Port Adelaide to the Cape of Good Hope.The great circle track leads too far S into regions of strong gales and
icebergs. The prevailing W winds and the South Indian Ocean Current must also be avoided in so far as practicable without
unduly increasing the mileage. The recommended route is to follow the directions given in the Port Adelaide to Cape
Leeuwin (Junction Point) route, and proceed as for the Cape Leeuwin, Australia to Cape of Good Hope route.
Cape of Good Hope to Port Adelaide.From October to April, follow the route as described in the Cape of Good
Hope to Freemantle, Western Australia route, remaining in latitude 41S until reaching longitude 100E, then proceed by
great circle course to Investigator Strait, and steer rhumb line courses to destination.
From May to September proceed as for the Cape of Good Hope to Freemantle, Western Australia route until reaching
position 3500'S, 9000'E; then proceed by great circle course to Investigator Strait and by rhumb line courses to
destination.
Pub. 160
INDONESIA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Regulations
Restricted Areas
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
217
217
217
218
218
218
218
219
219
219
219
220
220
220
221
221
221
222
222
222
General
Indonesia consists of an archipelago of 17,508 islands that
extends up to about 3,100 miles along the Equator between the
mainland of Southeast Asia and Australia. The archipelago
forms a natural barrier between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The main islands are Sumatera (Sumatra), Java, Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), Borneo (the S part of Kalimantan),
and Irian Jaya (W half of New Guinea).
Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia, East Timor,
and Papua New Guinea.
The terrain consists of mostly coastal lowlands but the larger
islands have interior mountains and some volcanoes.
The climate is mostly tropical being hot and humid, while
somewhat moderate in the mountain areas.
217
Buoyage System
In some places in Indonesian waters small buoys, wooden
beacons, projecting marks, or other unofficial devices may be
found. These devices do not necessarily conform to the official
buoyage system.
Channel beacons and lighted beacons follow the same color
and topmark system as the buoys. However, occasionally, port
hand beacons may carry two cans; starboard hand beacons may
carry two cones, points up.
Within Indonesian waters, lights and buoys are considered
unreliable, being frequently irregular, extinguished, missing, or
off station.
Many lights and aids to navigation on the W coast of Sumatera were damaged or destroyed in the earthquake and tsunami
of 2004 and the earthquake of 2005.
Cautions
Rigs
Movable oil drilling rigs and production platforms may be
encountered off the coasts of Indonesia and in open waters.
Buoys associated with the drilling operations are frequently
moored in the vicinity of these structures. The positions of
these rigs and buoys are frequently changed and are generally
promulgated by radio navigational warnings.
Navigational Hazards
Many of the rivers in Indonesia carry large quantities of debris and sediment from inland areas. Much of this material is
deposited at the coast, both within the river mouths and in the
sea immediately beyond them. Changes in the coasts and river
banks in these areas should be expected. Long rivers with large
deltas are particularly liable to change.
Pub. 160
Indonesia
218
Logging takes place, mainly in Irian Jaya and Kalamintan.

Driftwood brought down by the rivers can be a hazard, particularly after strong winds or heavy rains.
Piracy
It was reported (1995) that vessels have been attacked by
armed thieves in the vicinity of Malacca Strait and Singapore
Strait, mainly near Phillip Channel. These attacks were usually
made from fast motor boats approaching from astern. Loaded
vessels with low freeboards seem to be particularly vulnerable.
Piracy incidents are common in the following areas:
1. Tanjungperak (712'S., 11244'E.).
2. Balikpapan (116'S., 11649'E.).
3. Samarinda (030'S., 11709'E.).
4. North of Pulau-pulau Takobonerate.
5. Along the E coast of Kalimantan, particularly in the
open waters of Selat Makassar and in Makassar (508'S.,
11925'E.).
6. In the open waters of the Java Sea.
7. Northwest of Pulau Bawean (547'S., 11240'E.).
8. Within Selat Surabaya, which separates Jawa from
Madura.
In general, incidents of piracy remain at a high level in the
waters of the Indonesian archipelago.
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures Center at Kuala Lumpur. For further information, see
MalaysiaCautionsPiracy.
It has been reported (2014) Indonesian Marine Police are advising all vessels intending to anchor to do so at or near the areas listed in the table titled Anti-Piracy Anchorage Areas.
Indonesian Marine Police can conduct more efficient patrols in
these areas if the vessels are in the same location.
Anti-Piracy Anchorage Areas
Location
Position
Belawan
355.0'N, 9845.3'E
Dumai
142.0'N, 10128.0'E
Nipah
107.3'N, 10337.0'E
Tanjungpriok
600.3'S, 10654.0'E
Gresik
709.0'S, 11240.0'E
Taboneo
441.3'S, 11428.0'E
Adang Bay
140.0'S, 11640.0'E
Muara Berau
017.0'S, 11736.0'E
Muara Jawa
109.0'S, 11713.0'E
Balikpapan
122.0'S, 11653.0'E
Sea, cause large uniform sand waves on the sea bed. For further
information, see SingaporeCautionsSand Waves.
General
For further information concerning dangers in the vicinity of
Sumatera (Sumatra) and Malacca Strait, see SingaporeCautions.
For further information concerning dangers in Indonesian
waters, see Pub. 120, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the rupiah, consisting of 100
sen. It was reported (1997) that sen are no longer used.
Firing Areas
General
Firing practice areas and surface exercise areas are usually
marked by blue-and-white striped buoys lettered DB.
Firing Practice Area
Pulau Enggano.An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 510'S, 10140'E.
b. 510'S, 10220'E.
c. 410'S, 10220'E.
d. 410'S, 10140'E.
Note.Information on Indonesian firing areas E of Sumatera can be found in Pub. 120, Sailing Directions (Planning
Guide) Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Fishing Areas
Traps, seine and drift nets, lines, lures, and bottom trawls are
all fishing methods used in Indonesia. Fishing craft vary from 3
to 15m in length. In coastal waters, large concentrations of
fishing vessels may be encountered; even in open water, the occasional lone fishing vessel may be encountered.
The reliability of the lights on fishing vessels is low; some
may be lit or lights may only be displayed at the last minute on
the approach of a larger vessel.
On some outlying banks and off many parts of the coast, particularly off river mouths, fishing stakes and enclosures will be
found in depths of 5 to 10m and sometimes in greater depths.
These enclosures, constructed of wooden poles or bamboo
driven into the bank and interlaced with branches, constitute a
considerable hazard to vessels navigating at night.
Numerous floating fish traps, about 4m long, have been established in the Molucca Sea off the E coast of North Sulawesi
and in the Celebes Sea. Mariners are advised to navigate with
caution as these fish traps are difficult to see and may not be
lighted at night.
Vessels are advised to maintain strict anti-piracy watches,

take anti-piracy measures, and report all attacks and suspicious
sightings to the local authorities and the IMB Piracy Reporting
Center.
Government
Sand Waves
Strong tidal currents in Malacca Strait, arising from the water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the South China
Indonesia is a republic. The country is divided into 31 provinces, one autonomous province, one special region, and one
special capital city district.
Pub. 160
Indonesia
219
fuels, and foodstuffs. The main import trading partners are

China, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, the United
States, and Thailand.
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (a modified form of Malay) is the official
language. English, Dutch, and several local dialects, the most
common of which is Javanese, are also used.
Mined Areas
Flag of Indonesia
Indonesia is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a 5-year term. The Cabinet is appointed by the President. The
unicameral House of Peoples Representatives consists of 560
members serving 5-year terms; all are directly elected through
a system of proportional representation.
The legal system is based on Roman/Dutch law and is
substantially modified by indigenous concepts.
The capital is Jakarta.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Nyepi Saka (Balinese New Year)
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Ascension Day
Variable
Waisak (Birthday of
Buddha)
Variable
August 17
Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
New Years Eve

moon, include the Ascension of the Prophet Muhammad (Isra
Mi'raj), Eid Al-Fitr (End of Ramadan), Eid Al-Adha (End of
Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), and the Prophets
Birthday.
Industries
The main industries are petroleum and natural gas, textiles,
automobiles, electrical appliances, clothing, footwear, mining,
cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts,
chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry,
and tourism.
The main exports are oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, and rubber. The main export-trading partners
are Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the United States,
India, and Malaysia.
Indonesian vessels carrying out minesweeping operations or

minesweeping training have been greatly hampered in their
maneuverability, therefore all other vessels must give them a
wide berth. Minesweeping vessels will make the signals, according to the International Code of Signals, to indicate that
they are in operation and to indicate the presence of minesweeping equipment.
When a minesweeper or a formation of minesweepers displays signals that show a minesweeping operation, other vessels must steer clear of the danger side or sides, keeping at a
distance of at least 500m and must not cross the bow or the
stern of such vessels at a distance of less than 1,000m.
For their own safety, steamers or sailing vessels must try to
steer clear of ships making these signals and not approach them
within the distances specified above.
The Indonesian Government has declared the following areas dangerous due to mines which were laid during World War
II. Due to the lapse of time, navigation through these minefields whether they have been swept or not is now considered
no more dangerous from mines than from any other of the usual hazards to navigation; but in the unswept areas a real danger
still exists with regard to anchoring, fishing or any form of submarine or sea bed activity.
Pulau Lingga
1. The area of water bounded on the N side by the S coast
of Pulau Lingga, on the E side by 10448'E, on the S side by
029'S, and on the W side by the NE coast of Pulau Singkep
and 10432'E.
2. A swept channel S of Pulau Lingga, clear for all types
of vessels, is bounded as follows:
a. On the N side by a line joining the following positions:
020'06''S, 10432'00''E.
023'06''S, 10448'00''E.
b. On the S side by a line joining the following positions:
021'30''S, 10432'00''E.
022'00''S, 10435'00''E.
023'18''S, 10439'48''E.
024'54''S, 10448'00''E
3. A recommended track near Selat Berhala lying between 054'00''S, 10418'00''E and 054'00''S, 10435'00''E.
Pulau We
An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 552'43.8''N, 9515'15.6''E.
b. 552'44.4''N, 9515'28.2''E.
c. 552'24.6''N, 9515'36.0''E.
Pub. 160
Indonesia
220
d. 552'24.6''N, 9515'23.4''E.
Padang, Teluk Bayur

An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 059'30''S, 10015'00''E.
b. The N point of Pulau Pisang (100'S., 10020'00E.).
c. The E point of Pulau Pisang.
d. The E point of Pulau Bitanggor (109'S., 10020'00E.).
e. The S point of Pulau Bitanggor.
f. 109'30''S, 10015'00''E.
Sungai Panai
An area bounded by the shoreline, a line joining position a
and position b below, and lines bearing 270 from point a and
point b to the shoreline:
a. 235'N, 10025'E.
b. 250'N, 10015'E.
boundaries.
Regulations
Vessels are advised not to anchor in the Strait of Malacca
and Singapore Strait between the landward limit of the Traffic
Separation Scheme or precautionary area and the adjacent port
limits. Vessels are to anchor only in designated areas.
For information concerning Navigation Rules for the Strait
of Malacca and Singapore Strait, see SingaporeRegulations.
National Flag
The Indonesian national flag should be flown at sea when in
Indonesian waters, including offshore oil terminals and anchorages. It should be flown not lower than any other flag, and it
should not be smaller than the ships national ensign or any
other flag displayed.
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 163, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Borneo, Jawa, Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara.
Pub. 164, Sailing Directions (Enroute) New Guinea.
Sumatera.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Indonesia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf **
* Claims archipelagic status. Submarines must navigate

above water level and show the national flag. Nuclear vessels and vessels carrying nuclear material must carry documents and adhere to international special preventative
measures.
** Claims to restrict stopping, dropping anchor, and/or
cruising without legitimate reason in high seas adjoining Indonesian territorial water; adjoining is officially interpreted to extend up to 100 miles seaward of Indonesian
territorial waters.
Indonesian groups have challenged Australias claim to Ashmore Reef (1215'S., 12303'E.) and Cartier Island (1232'S.,
12332'E.).
Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek (Fatu Sinai) (915'S.,
12359'E.), which has hampered the creation of a maritime
boundary.
Indonesia and Singapore have agreed (2005) to finalize their
1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas N of Pulau Batam.
Conducting negotiations with Palau to delineate maritime
Pub. 160
Quarantine Regulations/Ship Arrival Procedures

The following procedures apply to vessels calling in Indonesia:
1. All vessels arriving from a foreign country are required
to enter quarantine.
2. All vessels arriving from an Indonesian port and/or area designated as suffering from certain diseases are required
to enter quarantine.
3. All vessels boarding passengers and/or loading cargo
from a vessel falling into the categories listed in paragraph 1
or paragraph 2 are required to enter quarantine.
4. Vessels falling into the above three categories will be
released from quarantine once they have been issued a certificate of free pratique.
Vessels arriving at an Indonesian port without prior advice
must first call at one of the following ports of entry to obtain
free pratique:
1. Tanjungpriok, Jawa (606'S., 10654'E.).
2. Belawan, Medan (347'N., 9842'E.).
3. Tanjungperak, Surabaya (714'S., 11242'E.).
4. Ujungpandang, Sulawesi (510'S., 11925'E.).
Port Authority
All Indonesia ports are administered by the Port Authority,
which coordinates and supervises the activities of the port. This
includes the Harbormaster Service, the Harbor Board, the Customs Service, the Quarantine Service, the Immigration Service,
Port Security, and all other port activities.
Harbormaster Service
The harbormaster supervises the safety inspections and the
compliance of all shipping regulations, all ships movements
within the harbor limits, pilotage, notes of protest, and ships
certificates and documents.
Restricted Areas
An extensive prohibited area, in which fishing and other activities not associated with the innocent passage of foreign vessels, has been established off the NW, N, and NE coasts of
Sumatera. For further information, see paragraph 3.1 of Pub.
0.0
Indonesia
174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of Malacca and Sumatera.
Search and Rescue

Baden SAR National (BASARNAS) coordinates search and
rescue operations and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
62-21-65867510
62-21-65867511
2. Facsimile:
62-21-65857512
3. E-mail:
barsanas@basarnas.go.id

STRAITREP
STRAITREP is a joint Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore mandatory ship reporting system in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait. For further information on STRAITREP, see
SingaporeShip Reporting System.
Signals
Various signals are made in Indonesian ports and waters for
the control and assistance of shipping.
Tidal Current Signals.Tidal current signals are displayed
from shore stations, as follows:
221
the channel or harbor provided it is in the charge of a pilot, or is

preceded by a warship or pilot vessel.
From the time the signals are shown all exemptions from
taking a pilot cease. Masters of vessels are obliged to carry out
the instructions of the officer from the examination vessel and
are to obey all signals.
If a warning shot is fired from an examining vessel, work on
all vessels near the inspection vessel will be stopped immediately until it is safe, and permission has been given to proceed.
Failure to comply with these regulations may result in danger
to the vessel and crew. As a general rule, permission to enter at
night will not be granted.
If a signal is made from the shore to intimate that vessels are
subject to examination, and if there is no examination vessel in
the entrance to the fairway, vessels must anchor or lie off.
The coming into operation of these regulations at any particular fairway or harbor will not be announced beforehand.
Berthing Signals.The following flag signals that are displayed on shore may be used in the harbors of the Republic of
Indonesia in addition to the international signals:
3rd substitute over A
Your berth is No. 1.
3rd substitute over B
3rd substitute over C
3rd substitute over D
Night
3rd substitute over E
Red flag
White light over red light
3rd substitute over F
Ebb tide
Blue flag
Red light over white light
3rd substitute over G
Slack water
White flag
One white light
3rd substitute over I
Signal ball not hauled down at

correct time.
3rd substitute over K
Signaling device temporarily

malfunctioning
3rd substitute over R
Anchor in the anchorage area.
Blue flag
No communication, bad weather.
Meaning
Day
Flood tide
Port Closure Signals.During maneuvers and exercises,

and also for other reasons, it may be necessary to prohibit
entrance into channels and harbors of Indonesia or to permit it
subject to reservations.
The following signals may be shown from Indonesian signal
stations:
1. EmergencyEntry strictly prohibited:
a. Day signal.Three red balls disposed vertically.
b. Night signal.Three red lights disposed vertically.
2. Entry prohibited:
a. Day signal.A black cone, point up, between two
black balls, disposed vertically.
b. Night signal.A white light between two red lights,
disposed vertically.
3. Entry and departure prohibited:
a. Day signal.Two black cones, points down, over a
black ball, disposed vertically.
b. Night signal.Green light, white light, and red
light, disposed vertically.
4. Departure prohibited:
a. Day signal.Three black cones, with the top and
bottom cones points down and the middle cone point up,
disposed vertically.
b. Night signal.A white light between two green
lights, disposed vertically.
Permission or refusal to enter the channel or harbor will be
given after examination. A vessel is then only allowed to enter
The following flag signals may be shown from vessels in Indonesian harbors:
1st substitute over R
Ship wishes to enter harbor.
2nd substitute over M
Please send motor boat.
3rd substitute over J
Request for fresh water.
1st substitute over N
Have passengers who have come

directly or indirectly from outside
Indonesia and wish to disembark.
2nd substitute over V
Request refuse barge.
3rd substitute over Q
Onboard, or during the voyage,

there were one or more cases of
contagious disease, or disease
thought to be contagious (other
than plague, cholera, or yellow
fever).
Company flag over W
Request for medical assistance.
Pub. 160
Indonesia
222
Pilot Signals.Vessels requiring a pilot may make any of

the below listed signals to obtain assistance.
The following day signals may be used:
1. The national flag, surrounded by a white border onefifth the breadth of the flag displayed at the foremast head.
2. The pilot signal UC of the International Code of Signals.
3. Flag G of the International Code of Signals.
4. The distant signal consisting of a cone point up, having
above it two balls or shapes resembling balls.
The following night signals may be used:
1. A blue light every 15 minutes.
2. A bright white light flashed or exhibited just above the
bulwarks at frequent intervals for 1 minute.
3. The letter G in the Morse code made by flashing lamp.
The above signals must be shown until the pilot is on board
or until an answering signal has been made.
Vessels arriving at night and not immediately requiring the
services of a pilot should show the pilot signal at daybreak.
The pilot flag is blue, with a seven-point white star in its
center.
The following signals are made from the pilot vessel in
answer to ships making the pilot signal:
Signal
By day
No signal.
By night
White flare or swinging a white light.
By day
Flag D of International Code of Signals.

Cone point up, surmounted by a ball.
Meaning
The pilot will proceed
to vessel at once.
No pilot is available;
vessel may enter without a pilot until one is
met with.
By night
A red light above a

white light.
By day
Cone point up with a

ball below it.
No pilot is available;
vessel must wait outside until further notice.
By day
Two cones vertically

disposed, points
down.
No pilot is available for

vessels of less than 350
gross tons capacity;
these vessels may enter
without a pilot.
Pub. 160
Dumping Explosives at Sea.Vessels dumping ammunition or other explosives at sea will display a red flag by day and
a red light at night.
Time Zone
Indonesia is covered by multiple Time Zones, as follows:
1. Western Zone (Bangka, Barat, Belitung, Jawa, Kalimantan, Kalimantan Tengah, and Sumatera)The Time
Zone description is GOLF (-7). Daylight Savings Time is not
observed.
2. Central Zone (Kalimantan, Kalimantan Timur, Nusa
Tenggara, Selatan, Sulawesi, and West Timor)The Time
Zone description is HOTEL (-8). Daylight Savings Time is
not observed.
3. Eastern Zone (Aru, Kai, Moluccas, Papua, and Tanimbar)The Time Zone description is INDIA (-9). Daylight

Information on Traffic Separation Schemes off Indonesia
which affect traffic using the Strait of Malacca can be found in
MalaysiaTraffic Separation Schemes.
Information on Traffic Separation Schemes off Singapore
SingaporeTraffic Separation Schemes.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta.
1. Indonesia address
Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5
Jakarta, 10110
2. U. S. address
Unit 8129, Box 1
FPO AP (96520)
U. S. Embassy Indonesia Home Page
http://jakarta.usembassy.gov
IRAN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
223
223
223
224
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
225
225
226
226
227
227
227
227
227
General
Iran is located in Southwest Asia and occupies the W part of
the great Iranian plateau between the Indus River and the Tigris
River. It is bounded on the N by Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan; on the E by Afghanistan and Pakistan; on the S by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and
on the W by Iraq and Turkey. Part of the E bank of the Shatt al
223
Arab waterway is situated in Iran.

After an 8-year war with Iraq, Iran restored diplomatic relations in 1990 and is still trying to work out an agreement concerning the freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the
Shatt al Arab waterway.
The terrain consists of a rugged and mountainous rim, a high
central basin with deserts and mountains, and small plains
along both coasts.
The climate is mostly arid or semiarid, with a subtropical area along the Caspian Sea coast.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Special Warning 114 (Issued 5 February 2001; reviewed 19
November 2014)
1. Mariners are advised to exercise caution when transiting
the waters of the north Persian Gulf.
2. Iranian-flag speedboats and patrol craft operating in Iranian and international waters have boarded vessels and demanded payment before the vessels are allowed to proceed.
3. Mariners should exercise extreme caution and vigilance
when operating in this area, and should obtain and evaluate
current warning information broadcasted by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) via HYDROPAC broad-
Pub. 160
224
Iran
casts.
4. Any anti-shipping activity should be reported to NGA
NAVSAFETY BETHESDA MD or navsafety@nga.mil via
Ship Hostile Action Report (SHAR) procedures (See NGA Pub
117Chapter 4), or directly to the U.S. State Department, or
nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate.
5. The publication of this notice is solely for the purpose of
advising U.S. mariners of information relevant to navigational
safety, and in no way constitutes a legal recognition by the
United States of the validity of any foreign rule, regulation, or
proclamation so published.
c. 2811'N, 5117'E.
d. 2811'N, 5103'E.
Government

Warning
Piracy
Acts of piracy, mostly against small merchant vessels, have
been occurring in and around Iraqi territorial waters, including
the Khor Abd Allah. For further information, see IraqCautionsPiracy.
Locust Reports
information.
Visibility
Navigation off the coast of Iran may be impeded by dust and
haze frequently obscuring the land; this is especially prevalent
from April through June. Vessels relying on visual fixes should
remain in depths greater than 20m.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Iranian rial, of which 10
equal 1 toman.
Firing Areas
It has been reported (2007) that unannounced missile firing
exercises may be conducted in the following areas:
1. North side of the Gulf of Oman.In an area bounded
a. 2538'N, 5800'E.
b. 2518'N, 5950'E.
c. 2450'N, 5950'E.
d. 2500'N, 5745'E.
2. North and E sides of the Strait of Hormuz.In an area
bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 2646'N, 5703'E.
b. 2615'N, 5706'E.
c. 2615'N, 5644'E.
d. 2626'N, 5645'E.
e. 2645'N, 5624'E.
f. 2657'N, 5628'E.
3. Southsoutheast of Bushehr.In an area bounded by
a. 2837'N, 5031'E.
b. 2843'N, 5055'E.
Pub. 160
Flag of Iran
Iran is a theocratic republic. The country is divided into 31
provinces.
Iran is governed by a directly-elected President who serves a
maximum of two consecutive 4-year terms. The Council of
Ministers is appointed by the President with the approval of the
Islamic Consultative Assembly.
The unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly consists of
290 directly-elected members serving 4-year terms.
An 86-member Assembly of Experts was established in 1982
and is popularly elected every 8 years. Its mandate is to interpret the constitution and select the religious leaders. Candidates for election are examined by a 12-member Council of
Guardians. All legislation is subject to approval by the Council
of Guardians.
The legal system is based on Islamic law.
The capital is Tehran.
Holidays
February 11
Revolution Day
March 20
Oil Nationalization Day
March 21-25
Iranian New Year (Eyde

Nowrooz)
April 1
Iranian Islamic Republic Day
April 2
13th Day after Nowrooz
June 4
Death of Imam Khomeini

(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Ashoora, the
Prophet's Birthday, Birthday of Imam Ali, Martyrdom of Imam
Ali, Martyrdom of Imam Jaffar Sadegh, Birthday of Hazrat
Emam Reza, Eid ul Ghadeer Al Khom, Tassoa, Ashoora, Arbaein, Death of the Holy Prophet and Martyrdom of Imam
Hassan, and Birth of the Holy Prophet and Imam Jaffar Sadegh.
Iran
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, petroleum and petrochemicals, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other
construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, and armaments.
The main exports are petroleum products, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits, nuts, and carpets. The main exporttrading partners are China, India, Turkey, South Korea, and
Japan.
The main imports are industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods,
and technical services. The main import-trading partners are
the United Arab Emirates, China, Turkey, and South Korea.
Languages
Farsi (Persian) is the official language. Other languages include Kurdish and Luri (in the W); Arabic, Gilaki, and Mazandarami (in the N); Baluchi (in the SE); and Turkish dialects (in
the NW).
225
** Claims security jurisdiction in the Contiguous Zone.
*** Fisheries Zone and Continental Shelf extend to
median line equidistant from baseline of neighbors.

Iran and the United Arab Emirates are conducting talks to resolve disputes over Irans occupation of Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (2616'N., 5518'E.), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek
(2614'N., 5509'E.), and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (2553'N.,
5502'E.). It has been reported (2014) an agreement has been
reached where Iran will return sovereignty of the islands to the
United Arab Republic while retaining the sea bed rights surrounding the islands.
Irans lack of a maritime boundary with Iraq prompts jusrisdictional disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the
Persian Gulf.
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime boundary with Iran.
Pollution
Meteorology
Marine forecasts in English and Farsi are available from the
Iran Meteorological Organization (http://www.weather.ir or
http://www.irimet.net).
Mined Areas
Vessels are advised that Mine Danger Areas exist in the N
part of the Persian Gulf. Information concerning swept routes
should be obtained from the local authorities. Mine sightings
should be reported to the naval authorities by INMARSAT
(150 5612) or to Coalition naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or
16. Details of areas reported to be dangerous due to mines are
also promulgated by Notice to Mariners issued by the Middle
East Navigation Aids Service (MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
For further information, see IraqMined Areas.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Iran are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone ***
Continental Shelf ***
MARPOL Special Area

The Gulf of Oman has been designated as a MARPOL Special Area. MARPOL Special Areas are sea areas where special
Pollution Reporting
The National Coordination Center for Oil Pollution Preparedness and Cooperation is located in the Ports and Shipping
Organization (PSO) and is managed by the PSO Deputy for
Maritime Affairs. Pollution reports, especially oil slicks, in Iranian territorial waters can be sent to the PSO, as follows:
1. Telephone:
98-21-8493-2192
98-21-8493-2141
2. Facsimile:
98-21-8493-2190
98-21-8493-2675
3. E-mail:
aparhizi@pso.ir
derakhshannik@yahoo.com
The reports can also be sent to the following ports:
1. Asaluyeh
a. Telephone:
98-772-732-4227
b. Facsimile:
98-772-737-6631
2. Bandar Imam Khomeini
a. Telephone:
98-652-252-2451
98-652-252-2452
98-652-252-2453
b. Facsimile:
98-651-222-6902
3. Bandar Shahid Rajai
a. Telephone:
98-761-451-4032
98-761-451-4033
98-761-451-4034
98-761-451-4035
Pub. 160
Iran
226
b. Facsimile:
4. Bushehr
a. Telephone:
b. Facsimile:
5. Chahbahar
a. Telephone:
b. Facsimile:
98-761-451-4036
98-771-253-0074
98-771-253-0075
98-771-253-0077
98-545-222-1415
98-545-222-1215

The coast of Iran lies within the Regional Organization for
the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area.
For further information on the ballast water exchange requirements in this area, see Red Sea and the Persian GulfPollutionPersian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management
Regulations.
Regulations
General
Alcoholic drinks are prohibited in Iranian ports.
All crew, men or women, should strictly observe the Islamic
way of dressing (Hejab).
Vessels should fly the Iranian national flag when in Iranian
territorial waters, when at an anchorage, or when moored at a
berth.
The Iranian Ministry of Road and Transportation has advised
(2005) that the term Arabian Gulf should not be used in the
documents of vessels calling at Iranian ports; the internationally-approved term Persian Gulf should be used. In cases
where the term Arabian Gulf is used, Iranian ports will not
provide port and maritime services to the offending vessels and
their agents.
intending to enter Iranian territorial waters and ports should
fully comply with the provisions of Chapter XI-Part 2 of the
SOLAS Convention and Part A of the ISPS Code. Vessels shall
demonstrate that appropriate maritime security measures are in
place according to ISPS Code regulations. Vessels shall maintain compliance until leaving Iranian territorial waters.
Requests for free pratique should be made 24 hours prior to
arrival. Messages should contain the following information:
1. Name of vessel and nationality.
2. Last port of call.
3. Total number of crew, including master.
4. Masters name.
5. Net tonnage.
6. Any illness or disease on board.
Reporting
All vessels heading for Iranian ports should report to Bandar-e Shahid Rajai Port Control, through Bandar-e Shahid Rajai coast Radio Station (EQI), on passing Ras al Kuh (2548'N.,
5717'E) stating their ETA at the Strait of Hormuz and destination. If clearance is not received before passing Bandar-e Shahid Rajai (2711'N., 5617'E), vessels should proceed to the
Pub. 160
anchorage off that port.

All tankers intending to load or unload crude oil or petroleum products at Iranian terminals must advise, at least 72
hours before their arrival, the terminal authorities or their fully
authorized agent at the terminal concerned.
The following information should be passed to the port authority of the vessels destination in Iran, via the agent, at least
72 hours prior to arrival:
1. Vessel name.
2. Masters name.
3. Voyage number.
4. Flag/nationality.
5. Port of registry.
6. IMO number.
7. Call sign.
8. Beam and loa.
9. Arrival draft forward and aft.
10. Agent.
11. Type of vessel.
12. Deadweight tons.
13. Gross tons.
14. NRT
15. DWT.
16. ETA
17. Maximum speed.
18. Does the vessel have a Ship Security Certificate? (Yes
or No).
19. Expiration date of Ship Security Certificate.
20. Issuing authority of Ship Security Certificate.
21. Last port.
22. Year built.
23. Number of cranes.
24. Cargo type.
25. Cargo quantity.
26. Dangerous cargo on board.
27. Loading port.
Search and Rescue

The Ports and Maritime Organization is responsible for coordinating maritime search and rescue operations. The HQ Tehran can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
98-21-84932175
98-21-84932172
98-21-84932170
2. Facsimile:
98-21-84932190
98-21-88651191
3. E-mail:
Tehran-mrcc@pmo.ir
Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers (MRCC), along with
their contact information, are located, as follows:
1. MRCC Bandar Imam Khomeyni (Persian Gulf).
a. Telephone:
98-651-2226902
98-652-2522451
98-652-2522452
98-652-2522453
b. Facsimile:
98-651-2226902
2. MRCC Bandar Shahid Rajai (Persian Gulf).
a. Telephone:
98-761-4514031
98-761-4514032
98-761-4514033
98-761-4514034
Iran
98-761-4514035
98-761-4514036
98-761-4514037
b. Facsimile:
98-761-4514036
3. MRCC Bushehr (Persian Gulf).
a. Telephone:
98-771-2530075
98-771-2566449
b. Facsimile:
98-771-2566400
98-771-2530077
4. MRCC Chahbahar (Gulf of Oman).
a. Telephone:
98-545-2221415
98-545-2221215
b. Facsimile:
98-545-2221215


The following are submarine exercise areas declared by the
Iranian navy:
1. Area SO1.Bounded by lines joining:
a. 2632.05'N, 5649.05'E.
b. 2636.08'N, 5653.30'E.
227
c. 2647.00'N, 5650.05'E.
d. 2643.05'N, 5640.08'E.
2. Area SO2.Bounded by lines joining:
a. 2518'N, 5800'E.
b. 2528'N, 5832'E.
c. 2528'N, 5800'E.
d. 2518'N, 5832'E.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is 3 hours 30 minutes fast of
UTC. Daylight Savings Time (4 hours 30 minutes fast of UTC)
is observed from the end of March to the end of September; the
exact changeover dates should be obtained from local authorities.
Note.The Iranian year is a solar year running from 21
March to 20 March.

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) in Iran are, as follows:
1. Off Ras al Kuh. (IMO adopted)
2. In the Strait of Hormuz. (IMO adopted)
3. Tonb-Forur (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg to Jazireh-ye
Forur). (IMO adopted)
U.S. Embassy
There is no U.S. Embassy or diplomatic representation. Diplomatic messages may be passed to the authorities through the
Embassy of Switzerland.
Pub. 160
IRAQ
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
229
229
229
232
232
232
232
232
232
232
233
233
233
233
233
233
229
Commission redefined Iraqs border with Kuwait, moving it

slightly to the N. Iraq formally accepted this UN-demarcated
border and recognized the independence of Kuwait in 1994.
The country slopes from mountains, up to 3,050m high,
standing along the Turkey/Iran border to the alluvial plains of
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. These two rivers join to form
the Shatt al Arab. Several areas of reedy marshes lie along the
S border.
The climate is mostly desert with dry, hot summers and cool,
mild winters. The mountain area in the N has cold winters with
occasional heavy snow.
Buoyage System
General
Cautions
Iraq is located at the head of the Persian Gulf within a triangle of mountains, desert, and fertile river valleys. The coastline, about 36 miles long, extends from Khawr Shatanah to the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab. The country is bounded on the E by
Iran, on the N by Turkey, on the W by Syria and Jordan, and on
the S by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
After an 8-year war with Iran, Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 and is still trying to work out an agreement concerning the freedom of navigation and sovereignty over the
Shatt al Arab waterway. In 1992, the United Nations Boundary
Multinational Security Force Vessel Requirements for Vessels Bound for Iraq
1. Background.At the request of the Iraqi government
and in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) 1483 and 1546, a multinational Maritime Security Force (MSF) continues to operate in the Northern
Arabian Gulf (NAG). This force is authorized to conduct maritime security operations to prevent the unauthorized trade of
arms and related material, to perform customary defense missions on behalf of the Iraqi government and to take all neces-
Pub. 160
230
Iraq
sary measures to contribute to the maintenance of security and

stability in Iraq.
2. Action.All vessels en route to and from Iraqi ports are
subject to query, and may be subject to boarding and inspection
by the MSF until further notice. This notice affects vessels traversing or preparing to traverse Iraqi territorial waters, the
Khawr Abd Allah, Shatt al Arab and Iraq's offshore Al Basrah
and Khawr Al Amaya oil terminals. Inspections are conducted
to verify compliance with relevant UNSCRs and to contribute
to the maintenance of security and stability in Iraq. The intent
is to conduct thorough inspections with minimum disruption to
maritime commerce. All cleared vessels will be permitted to
proceed to their next port of call upon inspection completion.
Any vessel carrying unauthorized arms and related material or
other cargo that could jeopardize the maintenance of security
and stability in Iraq will be detained and turned over to the
Iraqi government for appropriate action in accordance with
Iraqi law. Specifically, violations may result in the seizure and
confiscation of cargo by the Iraqi government. Additionally,
the master and crew members of vessels carrying such cargo
are subject to arrest, detention, and prosecution under Iraqi law.
Strict adherence to the procedures in this notice will minimize
delays associated with such inspections. Iraqi port status, categories of vessel traffic that can be accepted, and other restrictions will be published via separate notice by the Iraqi
government. Hydrographic conditions of Iraqi ports and connecting waterways will also be published via separate notice by
the Iraqi government. Parties wishing to dispatch ships to Iraqi
ports are advised to review these notices and contact the Iraqi
port authority for current entry protocol and restrictions.
3. Checkpoint.Vessels bound for or departing from Iraqi
ports and offshore oil terminals must pass within a 5-nautical
mile radius of latitude 2935'N and longitude 4853'E. Approaching vessels must contact the Maritime Security Force
Commander on Marine VHF (bridge-to-bridge) radio telephone, channel 16 within 5 nautical miles of this point and be
prepared to respond to MSF queries.
4. Notification.All shipping must be coordinated with
the Iraqi Port Authority or State Oil Marketing Organization
(SOMO).
5. Cargo documentation.Documentation for Iraq bound
cargo must include the items listed below:
a. An original manifest describing the cargo, as well as
its location in the ship, must be onboard. The original manifest must include the port of origin, ports of call, complete
business names and addresses of all shippers and consignees
and final destination of all cargo. A complete business address must include, the street address, a prominent identifiable geographic location, or a post office box, contact
person, name or recipient ministry or entity, an e-mail address plus a telephone number or fax number.
b. Consignee names and addresses on all cargo must
match the manifest.
c. The manifest must bear an original signature of the
vessels master or chief mate. The manifest may be on shippers letterhead, fax, photocopy, or computer printout, but it
must bear an original signature.
d. The original manifest may consist of more than one
document if there are amendments that list cargo dropped off
at a given port or correct the original manifest. These amendments may originate from the shipper or carrier. Since addiPub. 160
tional documents may be transmitted to a vessel by telegram

or fax, they need not bear an original signature. However, the
master is required to certify in writing that the amended
manifest accurately reflects what is on board the vessel.
6. Incomplete
documentation.Iraq-bound
vessels
which are determined to have incomplete cargo manifests, to
be otherwise in violation of requirements listed in Paragraph 5
of this advisory or Iraqi laws, may be detained by the MSF for
turn over to the Iraqi government or diverted to last port of call
until appropriate conditions are met.
7. Petroleum imports and exports.Trade in petroleum
products is controlled by the Iraqi government. Iraqi law authorizes the seizure and confiscation of vessels found in violation
of any petroleum import or export authorization. All petroleum
imports and exports are handled through SOMO or its agent
the Iraqi South Oil Company (SOC). Only those oil shipments
verified to be under valid SOMO contract, or otherwise specifically authorized by the Iraqi government will be allowed to
pass. SOMO can be contacted by fax at 00-8737-6370-5020.
8. Vessel documentation.Vessels must maintain sufficient indicia of flag state registry, such as the original certificate of registry, on board at all times the vessel is in operation.
Stateless vessels or vessels without valid safety and environmental protection certificates are not welcome in Iraq.
a. Questionable registryVessels with questionable registry may be delayed in obtaining clearance to proceed or
face detention and other penalties upon arrival in Iraqi ports.
b. Invalid registryVessels presenting certificates of registry confirmed to be invalid will be denied entry into Iraq,
and could be subject to arrest by the Iraqi government.
9. Personnel identification.All crew members on Iraq
bound vessels must possess valid seaman's documents or passports. All passengers en route Iraq must possess valid passports
or other identification documents acceptable under Iraqi law or
regulation.
10. Ferries and passenger ships.Ferries or passenger
ships traversing the Iraqi maritime security force checkpoint
will be subject to the following requirements:
a. Vessels carrying passengers only (with no commercial
cargo capacity) may arrange for an expeditious transit
through the checkpoint by forwarding a certified passenger
list at least 36 hours prior to transit by fax or letter to the
Iraqi port authority. Additionally, 10 days prior to first transit
forward a certified passenger list by fax or letter from a recognized member of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) that the ship in fact has no cargo
carrying capacity.
b. A passenger vessel arriving at the Iraqi Maritime Security Force checkpoint that has not complied with the requirements of paragraph 10a will be held until authorized by the
Iraqi Port Authority to enter port. The passenger vessel may
be boarded and inspected while awaiting authorization.
11. Query/boarding procedures.MSF units querying
passing vessels will identify themselves as Maritime Security
Force warship (or aircraft) and may give an identifying number. Merchant vessels will be expected to provide the following
information in response to query:
a. Name.
b. Flag.
c. International radio call sign or distinctive letters assigned by flag state.
Iraq
d. Cargo quantity and description (with exception of military cargo).
e. Agent.
f. Last port of call and date departed.
g. Next port of call and estimated arrival.
h. Date of arrival and departure.
Following query, vessels may be cleared to proceed or directed to standby for boarding. Ships directed to standby for
boarding will be boarded as expeditiously as possible, with due
regard for weather conditions and vessel characteristics. Coalition vessels conducting boarding's will endeavor to provide advance notice of boarding team arrival whenever possible.
a. Boarding/security sweep.Boarding teams will advise vessels of requirements to muster crew and account for
any watchstanders prior to boarding. All directions from the
coalition vessel should be followed explicitly to avoid misunderstanding. If any direction is not understood, the vessel
master should ask for clarification. Merchant crews should
not take offense at security sweeps, and should not interfere
with them. Remain in locations designated until cleared to
move about the ship by the boarding team.
b. Ship inspectionVessel masters can facilitate the inspection process by opening hatch covers and making other
reasonable preparations prior to the arrival of the boarding
team. The ship's certificate of registry, cargo documentation,
and crew passports or seaman's books should be available for
inspection by the boarding officer. Boarding teams may require copies of some documents.
Warning and Exclusion Zones Surrounding Iraqi Offshore
Oil Terminals
1. All Mariners are advised to remain clear of Coalition
Maritime Security Forces and to identify themselves and make
their intentions known when operating in the vicinity of Coalition warships. If queried, mariners should clearly identify
themselves and state their intentions and, if given directions
from Coalition warships, they should immediately execute
such directions so as to make their intentions known. Mariners
are reminded that Coalition warships are prepared to take defensive measures, including, if necessary, the use of deadly
force against any contact whose identity or intentions are unknown and which subjectively pose a threat.
2. Warning Zones and Exclusion Zones established:
a. KAAOT Warning Zone.The Warning Zone extends
3,000m from the outer edge of the terminal structure, creating an oval-shaped area, oriented NW to SE, centered on the
terminal. This Warning Zone is complementary to the Exclusion Zone established and detailed later in this advisory.
b. KAAOT Exclusion Zone.An Exclusion Zone extends 2,000m from the outer edges of the terminal structures
in all directions. The right of innocent passage is temporarily
suspended in accordance with international law in the Exclusion Zone.
c. ABOT Warning Zone.The Warning Zone extends
4,000m from the outer edge of the terminal structure, in all
directions, creating an oval-shaped area, oriented NW to SE,
centered on the terminal. This Warning Zone is
complementary to the Exclusion Zone established and
detailed later in this advisory.
d. ABOT Exclusion ZoneAn Exclusion Zone which
extends 3,000m from the outer edges of the terminal struc-
231
tures in all directions. The right of innocent passage is temporarily suspended in accordance with international law in
the ABOT Exclusion Zone.
3. Vessels are to remain clear of the Warning Zones for all
but essential transits. If transit requires entry into the zone, vessels are to contact the Iraqi navy via marine VHF channel 16,
identify themselves, and make transit intentions known. If Iraqi
navy forces order a vessel to depart the Warning Area, the vessel should immediately depart. Such direction will be given only when necessary to keep the vessel from standing into danger
or when it is considered by the Iraqi navy that the vessels presence constitutes a direct subjective threat to either oil terminal.
No fishing or anchoring is permitted in the Warning Zones in
any way or form whatsoever.
4. VLCC traffic to the terminals is expected to remain at
high levels indefinitely. In addition to berthing and departing
VLCCs and assisting tugs, Iraqi navy warships conducting
maritime security patrols maneuver unpredictably within the
Warning Zones and Exclusion Zones.
5. Only tankers and support vessels authorized by terminal
operators or the Iraqi navy are allowed to enter the Exclusion
Zones. Vessels attempting to entering the zones without authorization may be subjected to defensive measures, including
when necessary, the use of deadly force. All reasonable efforts
including established pre-planned responses will be taken to
warn vessels away before employing deadly force. Deadly
force will be employed when necessary to protect Iraqi navy
forces, legitimate shipping present in the Exclusion Zones, and
the oil terminals.
6. Questions regarding this advisory may be directed, as follows:
a. U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, IZMS Coordinator:
Telephone:
973-1785-4627
973-1785-4839
Facsimile:
973-1785-9117
973-1785-4344
b. U.S. Maritime Liaison Office (MARLO) Bahrain:
Telephone:
973-1785-3925 (office)
973-3940-1395 (after hours)
Facsimile:
973-1785-3930
Note.KAAOT is the abbreviation for the Khawr al Amaya
Oil Terminal (2947'N., 4848'E.).
ABOT is the abbreviation for the Al Basra Oil Terminal
(2941'N., 4849'E.).
Warning
information.
Piracy
the Khor Abd Allah. There were 70 such incidents reported
from June through December, 2004; from January through
June, 2005 attacks decreased to about 25 incidents, and have
been moving outward from the Khor Abd Allah and the Shatt
al Arab to the deep-water anchorages.
Most incidents have occurred when the moon was more than
half full, usually between 0100 and 0300, by groups of three to
Pub. 160
Iraq
232
eight people using small boats, described as skiffs. The majority of attacks have occurred while vessels were at anchor.
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the new Iraqi dinar.
Government
Industries
The main industries are petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizers, and metal fabrication and processing.
The main exports are crude oil, food, and livestock. The
main export-trading partners are the United States, India, China, and South Korea.
The main imports are food, medicine, and manufactured
goods. The main import-trading partners are Turkey, Syria,
China, and the United States.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. Kurdish is spoken in the NE
part of Iraq (Kurdish region). Other languages used are Assyrian and Armenian.
Mined Areas
Flag of Iraq
Iraq is a parliamentary democracy. The country is composed
of 18 governorates and one region.
Iraq is governed by a President elected by the Council of
Ministers to serve a 4-year term. The unicameral 325-member
Council of Representatives is elected by an open-list system of
proportional representation. The constitution also calls for the
creation of an upper chamber known as the Federation Council.
The legal system is a mix of civil law and Islamic law.
The capital is Baghdad.
Holidays
Vessels are advised that Mine Danger Areas exist in the N

part of the Persian Gulf. Further information should be obtained from the local authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the naval authorities by INMARSAT (150 5612) or to
Coalition naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported to be dangerous due to mines are also promulgated
by Notice to Mariners issued by the Middle East Navigation
Aids Service (MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
A Mine Danger Area is located N and NW of Khawr al
Amaya Oil Terminal and extends to the Shatt al Arab. Several
Former Mine Danger Areas are located within Khawr Abd Allah. All areas are best seen on the chart.
Mariners are warned that a greater mine threat exists within a
Mine Danger Area and no swept routes have been established
in these areas.
In a Former Mine Danger Area, mines could still present a
hazard. Anchoring, fishing, or sea bed operations are not recommended anywhere within these areas. However, when anchoring is necessary, it should be carried out only within the
designated anchorage areas, as directed by local authorities.
0.0
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Iraq are, as follows:
January 1
New Years Day
January 6
Army Day
April 9
Fall of Baghdad
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
May 1
Labor Day
Continental Shelf
No specified limit.
July 14
Republic Day

Pub. 160

Iraqs lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jusrisdictional disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the
Persian Gulf.
No maritime boundary with Kuwait exists in the Persian
Gulf.
Iraq
Pollution
Ballast Water Management.The coast of Iraq lies within
the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area. For further information on the
ballast water exchange requirements in this area, see Red Sea
and the Persian GulfPollutionPersian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management Regulations.
Regulations
General
All vessels, when inside Iraqi territorial waters, should listen
for instructions on VHF channel 16.
Vessel Clearance Protocols
All shipping must be coordinated through the Iraqi Port Authority (IPA). The IPA Vessel Booking form is used to advise
the IPA of a vessel arriving at an Iraqi port including, but not
limited to, Umm Qasr and Az Zubayr.
A Vessel Booking Form must be completed by the vessels
agent and submitted to Umm Qasr Port Operations at least 5
working days prior to the vessels arrival. The vessels agent
should also provide a cargo manifest to the IPA, preferably at
least 5 working days prior to the vessels arrival, but no later
than 48 hours prior to the vessels arrival.
The following information is required to be submitted in the
Vessel Booking Form:
1. Vessel name.
2. Flag.
3. Call sign.
4. Vessel size (metric tons).
5. Cargo.
6. Agents name.
8. Arrival date.
9. Departure date.
The Vessel Booking Form is to be sent to Umm Qasr by e-
233
mail, as follows:
ummqasrport@hotmail.com
A copy of the Vessel Booking Form should also be sent to
the Iraqi Coastal Defense Force by e-mail, as follows:
icdfcdr@yahoo.com
Search and Rescue

Basrah Control (YIR) and Umm Qasr (YIU) maintain a continuous listening watch on VHF channel 16 for distress traffic.

Time Zone
The Time Zone description is CHARLIE (-3). Daylight Savings Time is not maintained.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is located on Al-Kindi Street, International Zone, Baghdad.
The mailing address is APO AE (09316).
U. S. Embassy Iraq Home Page
http://iraq.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
235
ISRAEL
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
235
235
235
235
235
236
236
236
236
236
237
237
237
238
238
General
Israel, located in the Middle East, is bordered on the NW by
the Mediterranean Sea, on the N by Lebanon, on the NE by
Syria, on the SE by Jordan and the Gulf of Aqaba, and on the
SW by Egypt. The country extends about 260 miles in a N/S
direction and varies from 10 to 65 miles in width. The Sinai
Peninsula was formerly occupied by Israel after the 1967 Six
Day War until 1982. The Gaza Strip, the westernmost coastal
area, is now largely administered by the Palestinian Authority.
The Dead Sea, lying on the E side of the country, is 399.9m
below sea level and the lowest point on the earths surface. The
terrain consists of low, coastal plains, central mountains, and
the Negev Desert in the S.

The climate is primarily temperate, although it is hot and dry
in the S and E areas.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Locust Reports
Currency
The official currency is the Israeli shekel, consisting of 100
agorot.
Government
Israel is a parliamentary democracy. The country is divided
into six districts.
The Knesset, directly elected for a 4-year term, is a 120member Parliament. The system of election is by proportional
representation. Executive power lies in the Cabinet, headed by
the directly-elected Prime Minister. The President of the Knesset, who serves as chief of state for a 7-year term, is chosen by
the Knesset.
Pub. 160
Israel
236
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Israel are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles. *
Zone
200 miles. *
Continental Shelf
Limit of Exploitation.
* Reduced to 3 miles off Gaza.

** To median lines or boundaries.
Flag of Israel
The legal system is based on English common law, British
Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions.
The capital, as proclaimed in 1950, is Jerusalem. The United
States, like nearly all other countries, does not recognize this
status and maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv.
Holidays
The following holiday is observed:
May 1
Labor Day
Other holidays, which are dependent on the appearance of

the moon, include Passover, Independence Day, Pentecost, Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year), Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), and the Feast of the Tabernacles.
Industries
The main industries are high-technology products, wood and
paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metal products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles, and footwear.
The main exports are machinery and equipment, software,
cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, and
clothing. The main export-trading partners are the United
States, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom.
The main imports are raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, and consumer
goods. The main import-trading partners are the United States,
China, Germany, and Switzerland.
Languages
Hebrew is the official language. Arabic is the official language of the Arab minority. English is also widely used.
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 132, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Eastern Mediterranean.
Pub. 160
Pollution
Ballast Water Exchange
In order to prevent the import of nonnative aquatic organisms into the waters of the ports of Israel from ballast water
discharges, all ships destined for Israeli ports must exchange
any ballast water that has not been taken on in open ocean.
The best method of protecting harbor waters from foreign organisms that may exist in the ballast water collected in foreign
harbors and near-shore areas is for the ballast water to be exchanged in open ocean, beyond any continental shelf or fresh
water current effect.
For vessels calling at Israeli Mediterranean ports, ballast exchange must be carried out in the Atlantic Ocean when practicable.
For vessels calling at Eilat, ballast exchange must be carried
out outside the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic
Ocean, when practicable.
Vessels failing to comply with the above procedure will not
be permitted to pump out their ballast water during their stay in
the port or while navigating along the coast of Israel.
A record of the location, date, and time of the ballast water
exchange should be entered in the ships log book, or in other
suitable documentation, such as an official ballast water record
book. Masters of vessels will be requested to provide ships inspectors (pilots) with a completed ballast water exchange report.
Pollution Reports
All vessels navigating in Israeli waters should report any pollution, grounding, or dangerous situation to the Marine and
Coastal Pollution Division through RCC Haifa. Reports should
include the following details:
1. Date and time in UTC.
2. Position of pollution/dangerous vessel.
3. Spread and direction of spillage from polluting vessel.
4. Visible sheen or color of water surface.
5. Any other information concerning the type of pollution, including length and breadth of surface area covered.
The Oil Pollution Response Center is co-located with RCC
Haifa and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
972-4-8632072
972-4-8632074
2. Facsimile:
972-4-8632117
Civil Liability
From 20 February 1997, entry to the territorial waters of Israel by oil tankers will be permitted only by those holding an
Israel
insurance policy covering civil liability for oil pollution damage issued by their flag state.
Vessels over a certain age carrying persistent oils (as stated
in Regulation 15a of Israeli Regulations of Shipping and Ports)
will not be allowed to enter Israeli territorial waters, as follows:
1. Mediterranean SeaVessels 25 years of age and older.
2. Gulf of EilatVessels 20 years of age and older.
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted.
Regulations
Communications
Within Israeli territorial waters, all vessels are forbidden to
transmit by radiotelephone or radiotelegraphy except in accordance with the following conditions:
1. Carry out communications with or through an Israeli
coastal radio station on its authorized frequency of 26.96
MHz.
2. Use the minimum power possible.
3. Do not cause interference with other authorized stations.
4. Stop transmitting when requested by Israeli coastal stations.
Quarantine
The Maritime Declaration of Health form should be forwarded to the Port Authority, including a copy to the vessels agent,
12 hours prior to arrival. No contact with the shore is allowed
until free pratique is granted by the Quarantine Authorities.
Search and Rescue

Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) Haifa can be contacted,
as follows:
1. Telephone:
972-4-8632145
972-4-8632073
972-4-8632075
2. Facsimile:
972-4-8632117
972-4-8590919
3. E-mail:
rcc@mot.gov.il

Israeli Ministry of Transport (IMOT)
Vessels bound for Israeli ports are required to report the following information through the Israeli navy to the Israeli Ministry of Transport (IMOT) when 100 miles off the Israeli coast
(25 miles for small craft):
1. Vessel name (and previous name).
2. Call sign.
3. Flag and port of registry.
4. IMO number.
237
5. MMSI.
6. Telex number and satellite telephone number.
7. Mobile telephone number.
8. Year when vessel was built.
9. Gross tonnage.
10. Vessel type and cargo on board.
11. Number of crew/passengers.
12. Agents name, telephone number, and facsimile.
13. Name of owner and operator.
14. Is the ship holding a valid International Ships Security
Certificate (ISPS)?
15. What is the security level on board (Level 1, Level 2,
or Level 3)?
16. Are there any guns or weapons on board? If yes, state
type and quantity.
17. Last port/previous port and date of departure.
18. Destination.
19. Present position, course, and speed.
20. ETA (UTC).
21. Crew list, including name, rank, nationality, residence
(country and city), age, gender, seniority in company, date of
signing-on, passport number, and S.B. number.
22. AIS is activated.
Vessels which do not report according to the above IMOT

procedures or do not comply with the ISPS Code will not be allowed to enter Israeli territorial waters.
The vessels agent may be requested to furnish additional details to be submitted 48 hours prior to arrival according to the
nature of the last port of call.
The IMOT report must be sent to the Israeli navy by one of
the following methods:
1. Facsimile: 972-3-6064567
2. E-mail:
crew_report@israports.co.il
The Israeli navy will confirm receipt of the IMOT report via
INMARSAT-C.
If the vessel is not equipped with INMARSAT-C, or if communication fails, the IMOT report should be sent through RCC
Haifa by e-mail (rcc@mot.gov.il) or by radio (VHF channel 16
or 70, 2187.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, or 8414.5 kHz).
The report, when sent by e-mail, must be sent as an attachment as the information is being received by a computerized
process. The following instructions must be followed:
1. The attached file must be in the approved format only.
2. The attached file must be named crewreport.xls.
3. The subject line must be crewreport.
The file can be downloaded from the Israports web site
(http://eng.israports.co.il/TargetServices/Pages/download.aspx).
Vessels with internet access can submit the IMOT and 48hour reports by registering at the Israel Ports Company TASK
YAM web site (https://taskyam.israports.co.il).
All vessels shall contact the Israeli navy on VHF channel 16
when 25 miles off the coast. The report shall include the following information:
1. Vessels name and call sign.
2. Present position, course, and speed.
3. ETA.
Note.This contact with the Israeli navy is not a substitute
for the required IMOT report sent.
Pub. 160
238
Israel

Reporting System.
March until the end of October; the exact changeover date

should be obtained from local authorities.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel
Aviv.
The mailing address is 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv 63903.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is BRAVO (-2). Daylight Savings Time (CHARLIE (-3)) is maintained from the end of
Pub. 160
U. S. Embassy Israel Home Page

http://israel.usembassy.gov
IVORY COAST
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
239
239
239
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
241
241
General
The Ivory Coast is located on the W coast of Africa. The
country is bounded by Liberia and Guinea on the W, Mali and
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) on the N, and Ghana on
the E.
The sea coast, about 275 miles long, lies between the mouth
of the Riviere Cavally (422'N., 732'W.) and a position 2.5
miles W of Newtown. The W part of the coast is high and
rocky. The country rises gradually to the interior. The E part of
the coast is low and sandy, with a series of lagoons and connecting canals reaching some distance inland.
The most important characteristic of the country is the pri-
239
meval forest, which covers about forty percent of the country's

area. North of the forest lies an inland savanna zone of sandy
soil, where the vegetation is sparse and the landscape unbroken. Only the Guinea Highlands in the NW, which rise up to
1,460m, break the monotony of the inland plain.
The climate varies with the terrain, from tropical along the
coast to semiarid and hot in the N.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in the Ivory Coast are unreliable. Lights
may be extinguished; buoys and beacons may be missing, unlit, or out of position.
Cautions
For security reasons, the Ivorian authorities advise that all
vessels, particularly fishing vessels, operate at least 3 miles off
the coast.
and deep-water areas off the coast of the Ivory Coast.
Cautions.
Pub. 160
Ivory Coast
240
Currency
November 9
Day of Mourning
November 15
Peace Day
December 7
National Feast Day
Fishing Areas
December 25
Christmas Day

(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), and the
Prophets Birthday.
Government
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, foodstuffs, beverages, wood
products, gold mining, oil refining, truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizers, building materials, and electricity.
The main exports are coffee, cocoa, timber, petroleum, cotton,
bananas, pineapples, palm oil, and fish. The main export-trading
partners are the United States, Nigeria, and Germany.
The main imports are fuel, capital equipment, and foodstuffs.
The main import-trading partners are Nigeria, France, and China,
Languages
Flag of Ivory Coast
The Ivory Coast is a republic. The country is divided into 12
districts and two autonomous districts.
The Ivory Coast is governed by a directly-elected President
who serves a 5-year term.The President appoints the Prime
Minister and the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 255 directly-elected members serving
5-year terms.
law.
In March 1983, the capital was changed from Abidjan
(515'N., 401'W.) to Yamoussoukro, which is situated 155
miles NW. The new capital is not recognized by the United
States, which maintains an official presence in Abidjan.
Holidays
French is the official language. Dioula, one of over 60 native

dialects, is also widely spoken.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the Ivory Coast are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

Disputed maritime boundary with Ghana.
January 1
New Years Day
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
August 7
Republic Day
Time Zone
August 15
Assumption Day
November 1
All Saints Day

is not observed.
Pub. 160
Search and Rescue

Abidjan Coast Radio Station (TUA) maintains a continuous
listening watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz and VHF channel 16.
RCC Abidjan can be contacted by telephone (22521368051).
Ivory Coast
U.S. Embassy
U. S. Embassy Ivory Coast Home Page
http://abidjan.usembassy.gov
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Cocody Riviera Golf,
Abidjan.
241
The mailing address is 01 B.P. 1712, Abidjan 01.

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in the approaches to
Abidjan (1515'N., 400'W.). For further information, see Pub.
123, Sailing Directions (Enroute) West Coast of Africa.
Pub. 160
243
JORDAN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
243
243
243
243
243
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
245
General
Jordan, located in the Middle East, is bounded on the N by
Syria, on the E by Iraq, on the SE and S by Saudi Arabia, and
on the W by Israel.
The country is landlocked, except for its S extremity, where
16 miles of shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba provide access to
the Red Sea through the port of Aqaba (Al Aqabah).
The climate is predominantly Mediterranean, with hot dry
summers and cool wet winters.
The rainy season is from November to April. The E part of
the country has an arid desert climate.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Locust Reports
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Jordan dinar, consisting of
1,000 fils.
Government
Jordan is a constitutional monarchy. The country is divided
into 12 governorates.
Jordan is governed by a King. The Prime Minster is appointed by the King. The Prime Minister appoints the Cabinet, in
consultation with the King.
The bicameral National Assembly consists of the appointed
(by the King) 60-member House of Notables (Senate), serving
4-year terms, and the directly-elected, via proportional representation, 150-member House of Deputies (House of Representatives), serving 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on Islamic law and civil law.
The capital is Amman.
Pub. 160
Jordan
244
sian Gulf.
Maritime Claims
The only maritime territorial claim of Jordan is a territorial
sea of 3 miles.
Pollution
Flag of Jordan
Holidays
MARPOL Special Area

been adopted.
January 1
New Years Day
January 30
King Abdullahs Birthday
Regulations
Palm Sunday
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 25
Independence Day
Reporting
A Notice of Arrival and ETA must be sent to the harbormaster at Aqaba, through the ship's agent, at least 24 hours before
arrival. The ETA must be confirmed by radio before entering
the Strait of Tiran. A confirmation of ETA by VHF is also required at least 2 hours prior to arrival.
Entry of ships to the anchorage between 2000 and daybreak
is prohibited.
June 10
Army Day
November 14
King Husseins Birthday
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
New Years Eve

(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Ashoora, Ascension of the Prophet, and the Prophets Birthday.
Industries
The main industries are textiles, phosphate mining, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, potash, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, and tourism.
The main exports are clothing, phosphates, fertilizers, potash, vegetables, and pharmaceuticals. The main export-trading
partners are the United States, Saudi Arabia, and India.
The main imports are crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, iron, and cereals. The main import-trading partners are
Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, and Italy.
Search and Rescue

The Aqaba Harbormaster is responsible for coordinating
search and rescue operations and maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on VHF channels 16 and 70.

Reporting System.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is BRAVO (-2). Daylight Savings Time (CHARLIE (-3)) is observed from the last Friday in
March/first Friday in April until the last Friday in October;
contact local authorities for the exact changeover date.
U.S. Embassy
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English is also widely used in
commerce and government.
Enroute Volume
Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Per-
Pub. 160
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Abdoun, Al-Umawyeen

Street, Amman.
1. Jordan address
P.O. Box 354
Amman, 11118
2. U.S. address
Unit 70200, Box 5
Jordan
APO AE (09892-0200)
U. S. Embassy Jordan Home Page
http://jordan.usembassy.gov
245

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in the approaches to
Aqaba. For further information, see Pub. 172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Pub. 160
KENYA
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
247
247
247
247
247
248
248
248
248
248
248
248
248
General
Kenya is located on the E coast of Africa. It is bounded on
the N by Ethiopia and Sudan, on the S by Tanzania, and on the
E by Somalia and the Indian Ocean.
Much of the land in the N and E parts is arid. From the coastal lowlands, the land rises through a wide arid plain to the
highlands. Mount Kenya, 5,199m high, rises in the W part.
Several plateaus, 910 to 3,000m high, stand between the mountain ranges and provide some of Africas most fertile soil. The
Great Rift Valley extends S from Lake Turkana and divides the
central highlands from the W plateau, which gradually descends to Lake Victoria. The Tana, rising on the slopes of
Mount Kenya, is the principal river. It is navigable by shallowdraft vessels for about 200 miles above the mouth.
247
The climate is tropical with wet and dry seasons. However,

considerable variations in altitude form differing conditions between the hot, coastal lowlands and the cooler plateaus. Heavy
rain falls during April and May, but a second wet season, in
November and December, occurs in some places.
Buoyage System
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Kenya shilling, consisting
of 100 cents.
Fishing Areas
Long-line tuna fishing may be encountered within 20 miles
of the Kenyan coast. These fishing lines may be up to 4 miles
long and are marked by buoys and flags.
Government
Kenya is a republic. The country is divided into 47 counties.
Kenya is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
5-year term. The Cabinet is appointed by the President. The bicameral National Assembly consists of a 67-member Senate
and a 349-member National Assembly, all serving 5-year
Pub. 160
Kenya
248
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Kenya are, as follows:
Flag of Kenya
terms.
The legal system is based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan
and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law.
The capital is Nairobi.
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.
* Established a straight baseline system. Claims Ungwana

Bay as historic waters.
Search and Rescue
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
June 1
Madaraka Day
October 10
Moi Day
October 20
Kenyatta Day
December 12
Jamhuri/Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Eid-il-Fitr (End of Ramadan), an Islamic holiday subject to

the appearance of the moon, is also celebrated.
Industries
The main industries are small-scale consumer products, agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining, aluminum, steel,
lead, cement, commercial ship repair, and tourism.
The main exports are tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, and cement. The main export-trading
partners are Uganda, Tanzania, the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.
The main imports are machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, and
resins and plastics. The main import-trading partners are India,
China, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia.
The ATS Division of the Kenyan Directorate of Civil Aviation is responsible of coordination of search and rescue operations. A Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) is located in
Nairobi and can be contacted by telephone (254-20-824587).
in Mombasa. MRCC Mombasa can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
254-41-2131100
254-72-3745487 (mobile)
2. E-mail:
mrcc_kmamsa06@yahoo.com

Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated on United Nations Avenue,
Nairobi.
1. Kenya address
P.O. Box 606, Village Market
00621 Nairobi
2. U. S. address
U.S. Department of State
Washington, DC (20521-8900)
Languages
English and Swahili are the official languages. There are many tribal languages.
Pub. 160
U. S. Embassy Kenya Home Page

http://nairobi.usembassy.gov
249
KUWAIT
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
249
249
249
249
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
251
251
251
251
251
General
Kuwait is located at the NW corner of the Persian Gulf. It is
bordered on the NW by Iraq, on the SW by Saudi Arabia, and
on the E by the Persian Gulf. The islands of Qaruh,
Kubrqurayn, Faylakah, Awhah, Maskin, Umm al Maradim,
Bubiyan, and Al Warbah are dependencies of Kuwait. Ownership of Umm al Maradim and Qaruh is disputed by Saudi Arabia.
The terrain is mostly flat with some undulating desert plain.
The climate is dry desert, with intensely hot summers and

short cool winters.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Warning
Piracy
the Khor Abd Allah. For further information, see IraqCautionsPiracy.
Locust Reports
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Kuwaiti dinar, consisting
of 1,000 fils.
Pub. 160
Kuwait
250
Government
Flag of Kuwait
Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy. The country is divided
into six governorates.
Kuwait is governed by an Amir. The Prime Minister, who is
named by the Amir, appoints the Council of Ministers, with the
approval of the Amir. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 50 directly-elected members, serving 4-year terms, and
16 ex-officio cabinet ministers appointed by the Prime Minister.
The legal system is based on a English common law, French
civil law, and Islamic law.
The capital is Kuwait (Al Kuwayt).
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
February 25
Kuwait National Day
February 26
Liberation Day

moon, include Al-Isra, Eid Al-Fitr (End of Ramadan), Waqfat
Arafat, Eid Al-Adha (End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New
Year), and the Prophets Birthday.
Industries
The main industries are petroleum, petrochemicals, cement,
shipbuilding and repair, desalination, food processing, and
construction materials.
The main exports are oil, refined petroleum products, and
fertilizers. The main export-trading partners are South Korea,
India, Japan, the United States, and China.
The main imports are food, construction materials, vehicles
and parts, and clothing. The main import-trading partners are
the United States, China, Saudi Arabia, Japan, South Korea,
and Germany.
Bard Halq, extending NW for about 6 miles. No swept routes

exist through this area.
Former Mine Danger Areas exist off the coast of Kuwait and
in the entire Khalij al Kuwayt. Mines could still present a
hazard in these areas; anchoring, fishing, or seabed operations
are not recommended anywhere in this area. Additionally,
drifting mines may be encountered anywhere.
Mine sightings should be reported to the naval authorities by
INMARSAT (150 5612) or to Coalition naval vessels on VHF
channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported to be dangerous due
to mines are promulgated by Navigation Notices issued by the
Middle East Navigation Aids Service (MENAS) and MARAD
advisories.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The only maritime territorial claim of Kuwait is a territorial
sea of 12 miles.
No maritime boundary with Iraq exists in the Persian Gulf.
Pollution
General
Vessels shall not discharge into the water of the port any part
of the content of their cargo, slop, ballast tanks or bilges which
is liable to pollute the waters. Kuwait has stringent laws in
force concerning the pollution of the sea by oil; persons
responsible for pollution are liable to heavy fines.
The coast of Kuwait lies within the Regional Organization
for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea
Area. For further information on the ballast water exchange requirements in this area, see Indian OceanPollutionPersian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management Regulations.
Regulations
General
The selling, giving, or taking out of the ship or transferring
from one ship to another of alcohol is strictly prohibited by
law. Alcoholic beverages are strictly prohibited to be held out
of bond. The import of firearms and ammunition is forbidden.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English is widely used.
Mined Areas
A Mine Danger Area lies off the coast of Kuwait from close
E of Hadd al Himarah (2832.0'N., 4825.9'E.) to W of Ard
Pub. 160
Quarantine
Quarantine messages for Mina Abd Allah, Mina al Ahmadi,
and Mina ash Shuaybah should contain the following information:
1. Vessel name.
3. Health condition of crew.
Kuwait
4. Validity of Smallpox Certificate and Cholera Certificate.
5. Request for free pratique.
Reporting
Due to the prevailing situation in the Persian Gulf area, the
Ports Public Authority now exempt vessels, proceeding for Kuwait, from sending cables through Kuwait shore stations giving
details of ETA. It is now requested that the vessels agent at the
port of departure, from which the vessel sailed for Kuwait, notify the Director, Marine Operations Department, Ports Public
Authority, Kuwait (Telex: HM SHP 22740 KT), as soon as the
vessel departs. Messages should contain the following information:
1. Date and time of sailing.
2. Length of vessel.
3. Arrival draft.
4. Flag.
When entering Kuwaiti territorial waters, vessels must contact the Marine Operations Department, Ports Public Authority,
in the usual manner.
Every merchant ship entering a port between sunrise and
sunset shall fly, in addition to the required national and courtesy flags, the vessels signal letter flags.
Search and Rescue

The Maritime Affairs Department is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations and can be contacted, as
follows:
1. Telephone:
965-24814371
965-24844102
2. Facsimile:
965-24814372
3. E-mail:
marine-dept@mockw.net
251

Time Zone

An IMO-approved Traffic Separation Scheme is located off
Kuwait in the approaches to Mina al Ahmadi, Ash Shuaybah,
and Mina Abd Allah.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated in Bayan 36302, Block 13, AlMasjed Al-Aqsa Street, Kuwait City.
1. Kuwait address
P.O. Box 77
Safat 13001
2. U.S. address
PSC 1280
APO AE (09880-9000)
U. S. Embassy Kuwait Home Page
http://kuwait.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
MADAGASCAR
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
253
253
253
254
254
254
254
254
254
255
255
255
255
256
256
256
General
Madagascar, the worlds fourth-largest island, lies in the Indian Ocean and is separated from the African continent by the
Mozambique Channel. The island is about 980 miles long and
attains a maximum width of about 360 miles. The coasts of the
island are generally low with the E shore being bordered at many places by lagoons.
The W shore is broken by the estuaries of many rivers and is
fringed by numerous small islands and islets. The interior is
formed mostly by a plateau with an average height of 300m.
Several isolated massifs, 2,640 to 2,880m high, rise in the N,
253
central, and S parts.

The climate is tropical along the coasts, temperate inland,
and arid in the S part.
Buoyage System
Buoyage around the island cannot be relied upon and navigational lights on the coasts are frequently reported to be extinguished or irregular.
Cautions
Off-lying Dangers
Almost the entire W and NW coasts of Madagascar are
fronted by steep-to banks or chains of shoals extending far offshore. Numerous dangers lie on these banks; there may also be
other undiscovered dangers anywhere off these coasts.
Seismic Surveys
Vessels conducting seismic surveys may be encountered off
the coast of Madagascar.
Magnetic Anomalies
Magnetic anomalies have been reported off the coast of
Madagascar, as follows:
1. In the vicinity of Farafangana (2249'S., 4751'E.).
2. In the vicinity of Valomandry (1920'S., 4858'E.).
Pub. 160
Madagascar
254
3. In the vicinity of Fenoariva (1723'S., 4925'E.).

4. In the vicinity of Ile Sainte-Marie (1655'S., 4953'E.).
5. In the vicinity of Iharana (1321'S., 5000'E.).
Holidays
Currency
January 1
New Years Day
The official unit of currency is the ariary, consisting of 5

iraimbilanja.
March 29
Martyrs Day (Memorial Day)
Easter Sunday
Variable
Fishing Areas
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
June 26
Independence Day
August 15
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
September 27
St. Vincent de Paul Day
November 1
All Saints Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 30
Anniversary of the Democratic

Republic of Madagascar
Information on fishing activities in the vicinity of Madagascar is given in the table titled MadagascarFishing Operations.
Government
Industries
Flag of Madagascar
Madagascar is a republic. The country is divided into six
provinces.
Madagascar is governed by a directly-elected President serving a 5-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The cabinet is named by the Prime Minister.
The bicameral legislature consists of a 151-member directlyelected National Assembly, who serve 4-year terms, and a 33member Senate, with two-thirds of the Senate seats filled by directly-elected regional assemblies and the remaining one-third
of the Senate seats filled by Presidential appointments, all serving 4-year terms.
law.
The capital is Antananarivo (Tananarive).
The main industries include agriculture, meat processing,

seafood, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware,
cement, automobile assembly, paper, petroleum, and tourism.
The main exports are coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton
cloth, clothing, chromite, and petroleum products. The main
export-trading partners are France, China, the United States,
Singapore, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, and India.
The main imports are capital goods, petroleum, consumer
goods, and food. The main import-trading partners are China,
France, South Africa, India, and Mauritius.
Languages
French and Malagasy are the official languages.
MadagascarFishing Operations
Type of Fishing
Fishing Technique
Season
Sailing canoes
Traps, handlines, and gill nets
Year round
Year round
Shrimp trawlers less than 25m long
Trawling (single rig and double rig)
Mainly from October/November to May
Deep long lines

and the Equator
January to Junesouth of Mauritius
Purse seining
Seychelles Bank/Chagos Archipelago
Pub. 160
Madagascar
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Madagascar are, as
follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
200 miles or 100 miles

from the 2,500m depth
isobath.
255
Pollution par les Hydrocarbures (OLEP), as follows:

1. Telephone:
261-20-22-00303
2. Facsimile:
261-20-22-64081
3. E-mail:
info@olep.mg
The report should contain the following information:
1. Date and type of pollution.
2. Position.
3. Wind direction and speed at sea surface.
4. Sea state.
5. Origin of pollution.
6. Name, tonnage, and nationality of vessel causing pollution.
7. Name(s) of vessel(s) in vicinity.
8. Information on type of oil.
9. Dimensions of the oil slick (width and length) and the
estimated amount of oil spilled.
10. Measures already taken by the vessel to stop the further spilling of oil or to combat the floating oil.
11. Details of observer.

Claims French-administered Iles Glorieuses (1133'S.,
4718'E.), Ile Juan de Nova (1703'S., 4243'E.), Ile Europa
(2220'S., 4021'E.), and Bassas da India (2127'S., 5527'E.).
Claims Banc du Geyser (1241'S., 4626'E.), a drying reef in
the Mozambique Channel.
Regulations
Pollution
Search and Rescue
The discharge of oil products into the sea is prohibited, as

follows:
1. Within 100 miles of the coast of Madagascar W of the
meridian of Tanjon i Vohimena, the S point of the island, and
the meridian of Tanjon i Bobomby, the N point of the island.
2. Within 150 miles of the coast of Madagascar E of the
meridian of Tanjon i Vohimena, the S point of the island, and
the meridian of Tanjon i Bobomby, the N point of the island.
All vessels navigating in the coastal waters of Madagascar
are requested to report oil pollution and accidents which could
lead to pollution to the Organe de Lutte Contre lEvenement de
A Joint Rescue Coordination Center (JRCC) located in Antananarivo can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
261-20-2244410
261-20-2245909
261-32-0745909 (mobile)
2. Facsimile:
261-20-2245909
3. E-mail:
jrccmad@moov.mg
jrccmad@skyfile-c.com
Note.The JRCC does not operate 24 hours.
Except in case of emergency or distress, foreign fishing vessels are prohibited from entering the territorial waters off the
ports of Antsiranana (Diego Suarez), Toamasina, Taolanaro,
Hellville, Mahajanga, and Toliara. Anchorage may be authorized, temporarily, in certain circumstances.
MadagascarStorm Signals
Signal
No.
Signal
Meaning
Cylinder above two cones, points upward
Between Antsiranana and AntalahaE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder between two cones, points upward
Between Antalaha and Port Sainte Marie (Ambodifototra)E

coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below two cones, points upward
Between Port Sainte Marie (Ambodifototra) and VatomandryE

coast of Madagascar
Cylinder above two cones, points downward
Between Vatomandry and MananjaryE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder between two cones, points downward
Between Mananjary and FarafanganaE coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below two cones, points downward
Between Farafangana and Tolanaro (Faradofay)E coast of

Madagascar
Pub. 160
Madagascar
256
MadagascarStorm Signals
Signal
No.
Signal
Meaning
Cylinder below two cones, with the upper cone

point downwards and the lower cone point
upwards
Between Antsiranana and Hellville (Andoany)W coast of Madagascar
Cylinder above a cone, points upwards
Between Hellville (Andoany) and Mahajanga (Majunga)W

coast of Madagascar
Cylinder below a cone, points upwards
Between Mahajanga (Majunga) and MaintiranoW coast of

Madagascar
10
Cylinder above a cone, points downwards
Between Maintirano and MorondavaW coast of Madagascar
11
Cylinder below a cone, points downwards
Between Morondava and ToliariW coast of Madagascar
12
Cylinder above two cones, with the upper cone

point downwards and the lower cone point
upwards
Between Toliari and Tolanaro (Faradofay)S extremity of Madagascar
13
Cylinder between two cones, points towards the

cylinder
Comoros
14
Cylinder between two cones, bases towards the

cylinder
E part of the Comoros
Signals
Storm signals denoting the localities of the Comoros and
Madagascar threatened by a cyclone are indicated by showing
a black cylinder and black cones, displayed from a flagstaff, as
described in the accompanying table titled Madagascar
Storm Signals. The signals are numbered from 1 to 14 to permit rapid transmission by radio.
These signals are displayed at the following ports:
1. Ananalaval (1438'S., 4746'E.).
2. Antalaha (1455'S., 5016'E.).
3. Baie dAntsiranana (1214'S., 4922'E.).
4. Iharana (1321'S., 5001'E.).
5. Manakara (2208'S., 4701'E.).
6. Port de la Nievre (1216'S., 4918'E.).
7. Taolanara (2502'S., 4700'E.).
8. Toamasina (1809'S., 4924'E.).
Pub. 160
9. Toliara (2321'S., 4340'E.).
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 207-A, Andranoro, Antananarivo.
The mailing address is B.P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo.
U. S. Embassy Madagascar Home Page
http://www.antananarivo.usembassy.gov
MALAYSIA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Pilotage
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
257
257
257
258
258
259
259
259
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
261
261
261
261
261
262
General
Malaysia consists of 11 states and one federal territory, located on the mainland (Malay Peninsula), and the states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo. The two
sections of the country are separated by the South China Sea
and lie about 400 miles apart.
The mainland section of Malaysia is bounded on the N by
Thailand and on the S by Singapore.
The island section is bounded on the S side by Indonesia (S
part of Borneo) and Brunei lies about midway along its N
coast.
Malaysia is involved in a complex territorial dispute with
257
China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei concerning the Spratly Islands. In addition, Malaysia is involved in a
dispute with Singapore concerning two islands, with Brunei
concerning two islands, and with the Philippines concerning
Sabah.
The terrain consists of coastal plains rising to hills and
mountains. Most of the central part of the Malay Peninsula is
covered by dense tropical jungle.
The climate is tropical, with a Southwest Monsoon from
April to October and a Northeast Monsoon from October to
February.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Fishing Devices
Fish aggregating devices are moored at a number of places
off the E and W coasts of the Malay Peninsula. These devices
lie in depths of up to 30m or up to 10 miles offshore and are
usually marked by buoys. Vessels should give then a wide
berth.
Fishing stakes are extensively employed off the coast within
the 20m depth contour. During the Northeast Monsoon they are
frequently destroyed; broken wooden stakes, often below water
and dangerous to small craft, may be encountered anywhere
along the coast.
Fish-trapping enclosures are common off the coast of Malaysia. They have a solid platform well above HW and consist of
poles strengthened by crossbeams on which there may be a hut.
The platform is usually at the apex of a V formed by poles embedded in the mud. The arms of the V may extend up to 0.5
mile from the apex, which usually points in the direction of the
flood current. The platforms are rarely found in depths greater
Pub. 160
258
Malaysia
than 10m and may be useful in pointing out shallow water.

Single spars anchored to the bottom and showing a slender
above-water extension, sometimes carrying a palm frond, may
be encountered further offshore in depths up to 30m. Small
craft lie to these during the strength of the current and catch
fish attracted to the eddies caused by the spar.
Rigs
Movable oil drilling rigs and production platforms may be
encountered off the coasts of Malaysia and in open waters.
Buoys associated with the drilling operations are frequently
moored in the vicinity of these structures. The positions of
these rigs and buoys are frequently changed and are generally
promulgated by radio navigational warnings.
Piracy
armed thieves in the vicinity of Malacca Strait and Singapore
Strait, mainly near Phillip Channel. These attacks were usually
made from fast motor boats approaching from astern. Loaded
vessels with low freeboard seem to be particularly vulnerable.
Vessels with low freeboard transiting the Strait of Malacca often use security lights to guard against piracy. These lights by
their brilliance may obscure the vessels navigation lights.
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures Center at Kuala Lumpur.
The center operates for the Southeast Asian Region and is
able to receive reports from vessels concerning attacks and advise of danger areas. Piracy warnings originated by the Center
will be broadcast daily to NAVAREA XI, VIII, and X through
Enhanced Group Calling using the SafetyNET System.
For further details the IMB Center can be contacted, as follows:
IMB Piracy Reporting Center
ICC IMB (Asia Regional Office)
P.O. Box 12559
50782 Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Telephone:
60-3-2078-5763
Facsimile:
60-3-2078-5769
Telex:
MA34199 IMBPCI
E-mail:
imbkl@icc-ccs.org
piracy@icc-ccs.org
Web site:
http://www.icc-ccs.org (click on IMB Piracy Reporting Center)
It should be noted that mariners can use the above web site to
access the following information promulgated by the IMB Piracy Reporting Center:
1. IMB Piracy Alert.
2. IMB Weekly Piracy Report.
3. IMB Live Piracy Map.
A 24-hour Anti-Piracy Helpline has been established at the
IMB Piracy Reporting Center to report information concerning
maritime crime and security, including terrorism, piracy, and
other illegal activities. All information will be treated in strict
confidence and will be passed on to relevant authorities for further action. The Anti-Piracy Helpline can be contacted 24
hours, as follows:
1. Telephone:
60-3-2031-0014
2. Facsimile:
60-3-2078-5769
Pub. 160
3. Telex:
4. E-mail:
MA 34199 IMBPCI
imbsecurity@icc-ccs.org
Sand Waves
Strong tidal currents in Malacca Strait, arising from the water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the South China
Sea, cause large uniform sand waves on the sea bed. For further
information, see SingaporeCautionsSand Waves.
General
For further information concerning dangers in the vicinity of
the Malacca and Singapore Straits, see SingaporeCautions.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Malaysian ringgit, consisting of 100 sen.
Firing Areas
The following firing practice and exercise areas lie off the W
coast of Malaysia:
1. (WM) D1 Butterworth.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 543'N, 10019'E.
b. 543'N, 10015'E.
c. 557'N, 10002'E.
d. 602'N, 10002'E.
e. 604'N, 10004'E.
f. 604'N, 10009'E.
g. 553'N, 10021'E.
2. (WM) D16 Song Song.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 549'N, 10017'E.
b. 549'N, 10018'E.
c. 548'N, 10020'E.
d. 547'N, 10021'E.
e. 546'N, 10019'E.
f. 545'N, 10018'E.
g. 547'N, 10017'E.
3. (WM) D18 Butterworth.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 500'N, 9900'E.
b. 547'N, 9900'E.
c. 547'N, 9947'E.
d. 500'N, 9947'E.
e. 505'N, 9905'E.
f. 513'N, 9905'E.
g. 513'N, 9942'E.
h. 505'N, 9942'E.
i. 542'N, 9905'E.
j. 542'N, 9942'E.
k. 534'N, 9942'E.
l. 534'N, 9905'E.
4. (WM) P19 Bukit Serene.An area within a circle,
with a radius of 2 miles, centered on 128'N, 10346'E with
the S border coinciding, with the coast line of South Johor.
5. (WM) D30 Butterworth.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 704'N, 9800'E.
b. 545'N, 9800'E.
Malaysia
408'N, 10018'E.
500'N, 10005'E.
500'N, 10000'E.
615'N, 10000'E.
620'N, 9955'E.
617'N, 9930'E.
6. (WM) D41 Malaysian Naval Exercise Area.Enclosed by a line joining the following positions:
a. 125'N, 10300'E.
b. 130'N, 10300'E.
c. 127'N, 10310'E.
d. 122'N, 10310'E.
7. (WM) R301 Lumpur.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 320'N, 10108'E counterclockwise along a 20-mile
arc from the point of vortex (320'N., 10128'E.) to
b. 259'N, 10127'E direct to
c. 240'N, 10125'E on a 40-mile arc from the point of
vortex, then clockwise along the 40-mile arc to
d. 320'N, 10048'E.
8. (WM) R401 Lumpur.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 320'N, 10057'E.
b. 320'N, 10037'E.
c. 400'N, 10009'E.
d. 400'N, 10029'E.
e. 348'N, 10047'E then S for 2 miles to the W side of
the coast line and then to
f. 335'N, 10101'E.
9. (WM) R402 Alor Setar.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 615'N, 9930'E.
b. 615'N, 10005'E then W along the Alor Setar Control Zone boundary to
c. 626'N, 10009'E then a straight line joining the
Malaysia/Thailand border to
d. 626'N, 9930'E.
10. (WM) R403 Alor Setar.Enclosed by a line joining
a. 558'N, 10021'E then W along the coast to Alor
Setar Control Boundary to
b. 624'N, 10008'E then W along the same boundary
to
c. 610'N, 10004'E.
d. 558'N, 10017'E.
For further information concerning firing practice areas lying off the E coast of the Malay Peninsula and off the N coast
of East Malaysia, see Pub. 120, Sailing Directions (Planning
Guide) Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
259
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Government
Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. The country is divided into 13 states and one federal territory with three components.
Malaysia is governed by a paramount ruler (King) elected by
and from the hereditary rulers of the states for a 5-year term.
The Prime Minister is the leader of the party who wins a plurality in legislative elections for the House of Representatives.
The bicameral Parliament consists of a 70-member Senate (44
appointed by the King and 26 appointed by the state legisla-
Flag of Malaysia
tures), serving 3-year terms, and a 222-member directly-elected House of Representatives, serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law, Islamic
law, and customary law.
The capital is Kuala Lumpur.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day (not observed

in Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Trengganu)
Chinese New
Year
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Wesak Day
Variable
First Saturday in
June
Kings Birthday
August 31
Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day

In addition, numerous local holidays, which vary from port
to port, are also observed.
Industries
The main industries are, as follows:
1. Peninsular MalaysiaRubber and oil-palm processing
and manufacturing, petroleum and natural gas, light manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals, medical technology,
and electronics and semi-conductors.
2. SabahLogging, petroleum production, and natural
gas production.
3. SarawakAgricultural processing, petroleum production, natural gas production, and logging.
The main exports are semi-conductors and electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood
products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals, and solar panels.
The main export-trading partners are Singapore, China, Japan,
the United States, and Thailand.
Pub. 160
Malaysia
260
The main imports are electronics, machinery, petroleum

products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, and
chemicals. The main import-trading partners are China,
Singapore, Japan, the United States, Thailand, and Indonesia.
Languages
Malay is the official language. Tamil, Chinese, and tribal dialects are also widely used. English is used in commerce, government, and secondary education.
The International Court of Justice awarded sovereignty of

Pedra Blanca (Pulau Batu Putih) (120'N., 10424'E.) to Singapore and Middle Rocks to Malaysia but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or the disposition of South Ledge.
China and Taiwan both claim James Shoal (358'N.,
11220'E.), which has an average depth of about 17m, and lies
about 50 miles off the coast of the Malysian state of Sawarak
on the NW side of the island of Borneo, despite the fact the
shoal lies within the exclusive economic zone of Malaysia.
Pilotage
Meteorology
Marine weather forecasts are available in English and Malay
from the Malaysian Meteorological Department.
Pilotage is compulsory for all major ports and offshore terminals in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, and Sabah.
Pollution
Malaysian Meteorological Department Home Page
http://www.met.gov.my
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 161, Sailing Directions (Enroute) South China Sea and
Gulf of Thailand.
Sumatera.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Malaysia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.
* Claims straight baselines. Prior authorization required

for nuclear-powered vessels or vessels carrying nuclear
material to enter the territorial sea.
Involved in a complex dispute with China, the Philippines,
Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei over the Spratly Islands (838'N.,
11155'E.). The 2002-issued Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea has eased tensions but falls
short of a legally-binding code of conduct desired by several of
the disputants. For further information, see ChinaNavigational InformationMaritime Boundary Disputes in Pub.
120, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) Pacific Ocean and
Southeast Asia.
Reports of pollution can be made to the Department of the

Environment by telephone, as follows:
1. Hot line:
60-1-800882727
2. Complaints:
60-3-88891972
Department of the Environment Home
Page
http://www.doe.gov.my
Regulations
For information concerning Navigation Rules for the Malacca Strait and Singapore Strait, see SingaporeRegulations.
Routes
A Deep-Water Route, best seen on the chart, is located on the
SW side of Port Dickson to the Tanjung Keling Traffic
Separation Scheme in the Strait of Malacca.
Search and Rescue

The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency is responsible
for coordinating search and rescue operations.
A network of Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers
(MRCC) and Maritime Rescue Subcenters (MRSC) monitors
VHF, MF DSC, 2182 kHz, and VHF channel 16 for distress
traffic. Contact information can be found in the table titled
MalaysiaMRCC/MRSC Contact Information.
MalaysiaMRCC/MRSC Contact Information

Station
MRCC Putrajaya
Telephone
Facsimile
60-3-89413140
60-3-89413129
E-mail
mrccputrajaya@mmea.gov.my
Peninsular Malaysia
MRSC Langkawi
Pub. 160
60-4-9665307
60-4-9669543
opsroomwiluta@mmea.gov.my
Malaysia
261
MalaysiaMRCC/MRSC Contact Information

Station
Telephone
Facsimile
E-mail
60-9-5738476
opsroomwiltim@mmea.gov.my
60-7-2224739
mrccputrajaya@mmea.gov.my
60-9-5717368
MRSC Kuantan
60-9-5734066
60-9-5735587
MRSC Johor Bahru
60-7-2219231
Sabah and Sarawak

MRSC Kota Kinabalu (Sabah)
MRSC Kuching (Sarawak)
60-88-429803
60-88-427075
60-88-425073
60-88-384164
60-82-367943
60-82-364941
mrsckkwilsab@ymail.com
mrscwilswk@mmea.gov.my
STRAITREP
STRAITREP is a joint Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore mandatory ship reporting system in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait. For further information on STRAITREP, see
SingaporeShip Reporting System.
Signals
General
Signals are used within the limits of ports in Malaysia are
given in the accompanying table titled MalaysiaPort Signals.
Diving Operations
A vessel attending underwater swimmers or divers will display the following signals as a warning to proceed at reduced
speed in the vicinity:
1. By dayA red flag with a white diagonal cross.
2. At nightA red light waved slowly from side to side.
Ammunition and Explosives
Vessels employed in dumping ammunition and other explosives at sea display the following signals:
1. By dayA red flag at a height of not less than 3.6m
above the upper deck.
2. At nightA red flag at a height of not less than 3.6m
above the upper deck.
These vessels should be given a wide berth.
Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) in Malaysia are, as follows:

1. SarawakApproaches to Bintulu Port. (Government
of Malaysia)
2. Strait of Malacca
a. At One Fathom Bank (Permatang Sedepa). (IMO
adopted)
b. Port Klang (Pelabuhan Klang) to Port Dickson.
(IMO adopted)
c. Port Dickson to Tanjung Keling. (IMO adopted)
d. Melaka to Iyu Kecil. (IMO adopted)
Information on Traffic Separation Schemes off Singapore
SingaporeTraffic Separation Schemes.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400
Kuala Lumpur.
1. Malaysia address
376 Jalan Tun Razak
50400 Kuala Lumpur
2. U.S. address
American Embassy Kuala Lumpur
APO AP (96535-8152)
Time Zone
U. S. Embassy Malaysia Home Page

http://malaysia.usembassy.gov
The Time Zone description is HOTEL (-8). Daylight Savings

MalaysiaPort Signals
Day signals
A red flag
A red flag at both main yardarms
Night signals
Meaning
When displayed by a port service craft or buoytenderIndicates buoying, sweeping, or a diver down.
Other vessels must keep well clear and reduce speed
to dead slow when passing.
A red light at both main yardarms
When shown on a dredgeIndicates to keep well

clear on either side.
Pub. 160
Malaysia
262
MalaysiaPort Signals
Day signals
Night signals
Meaning
A black ball on one main yardarm and a red flag on the opposite main yardarm
A white light on one main yardarm

and a red light on the opposite main
yardarm
When shown on a dredgeIndicates to not pass on

the side of the red flag or red light.
Note.All lights, shapes and signals required by the Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea, and all the flags and meanings of the International Code of Signals will be recognized within the port limits with the above modifications and additions.

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in Port Klang
Pub. 160
(300'N., 10122'E.), on the W coast of Malaysia. See Pub.

174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of Malacca and Sumatera for further information.
MALDIVES
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
263
263
263
263
263
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
265
265
265
263

It is reported that many lighted beacons, of limited range,
have been erected on the reefs and atolls for the use of local
fishermen.
Cautions
Maldives charts are based mainly on satellite imagery and
aerial photography. Depths inside the atolls have been obtained
through lead line surveys from as early as 1835. Many uncharted dangers exist and mariners should use extreme caution
when navigating.
Depths, coastlines, and associated features may have
changed since the tsunami of late 2004. Local knowledge
should be obtained before navigating in these waters.
General
Currency
Maldives, lying about 400 miles SW of Sri Lanka (Ceylon),

consists of a chain of 19 atolls formed by about 2,000 low, coral islets. This chain extends N for about 470 miles from Addu
Atoll (035'S., 7305'E.). Only about 200 of the larger coral islets are inhabited.
The islets are seldom more than 2m high, so that the coconut
palms standing on them appear, on first approach, to be growing out of the water.
The climate is tropical, being mostly hot and humid. There is
a dry Northeast Monsoon, from November to March, and a
rainy Southwest Monsoon, from June to August.
The official unit of currency is the rufiyaa (Maldivian rupee),

consisting of 100 laari. It is reported that Sri Lankan currency
is also used.
Buoyage System
Fishing Areas
Fishing with traps, hand lines, and trolling gill nets is carried
out in the vicinity of the atolls.
Fish Aggregating Devices are common in the deep waters
surrounding the islands. These devices, which are moored 12
to 15 miles off the coast and are used to attract fish, are not normally charted.
Fishing vessels may be encountered in the vicinity of the following atolls and their associated islands:
1. Addoo Atoll (004'S., 7310'E.).
Pub. 160
Maldives
264
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Huvadhoo Atoll (030'N., 7315'E.).

Hadhdhunmathee Atoll (155'N., 7324'E.).
Kolhumatdulu Atoll (222'N., 7307'E.).
Mulaku Atoll (300'N., 7330'E.).
South Nilandhe Atoll (250'N., 7255'E.).
North Nilandhe Atoll (312'N., 7255'E.).
Ari Atoll (355'N., 7255'E.).
Rasdhoo Atoll (418'N., 7259'E.).
South Male Atoll (300'N., 7330'E.).
Male Atoll (425'N., 7330'E.).
Gaafaru (445'N., 7326'E.).
Faadhippolhu Atoll (524'N., 7330'E.).
South Maalhosmadulu Atoll (515'N., 7300'E.).
North Maalhosmadulu Atoll (535'N., 7255'E.).
Powell Islands (558'N., 7257'E.).
Government
Industries
The main industries are fish processing, tourism, shipping,
boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, and coral and sand mining.
The main export is fish. The main export-trading partners are
France, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, Sri
Lanka, Italy, and Germany.
The main imports are petroleum products, clothing, and intermediate and capital goods. The main import-trading partners
are Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, India, Malaysia, China, and Thailand.
Languages
Maldivian Divehi is the official languages. English is used
by most government officials.
Enroute Volume
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Maldives are, as follows:
Flag of Maldives
Maldives is a republic. The country is divided into seven
provinces and one municipality.
Maldives is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a 5-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the President.
The unicameral Peoples Council consists of 85 directly-elected members serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on Islamic law, with elements of
English common law, primarily in commercial matters.
The capital is Male (410'N., 7330'E.), which stands on one
of the islands of North Male Atoll.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
July 26-27
Independence
Days
November 3
Victory Day
November 11-12
Republic Days

Pub. 160
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
* Claims archipelagic status. Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the
territorial sea.
Regulations
Quarantine
Vessels with smallpox on board are placed under strict quarantine for 40 days after the recovery of the last person affected.
In cases where the disease was prevalent at the vessels previous port, quarantine is enforced for 12 days, even if there is no
sickness on board.
Search and Rescue

The Maldives Coast Guard is responsible for coordinating
search and rescue operations within the Maldives Search and
Rescue Region and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
960-3398898
960-3395981
2. Facsimile:
960-3391665
3. E-mail:
maldivescoastguard@defence.gov.mv
Maldives
The GMDSS Operations Center (8Q2) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz and VHF
channel 16.
Rescue craft are located in Male.

265
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is ECHO (-5). Daylight Savings
U.S. Embassy
There is no diplomatic representative in Maldives. All matters are referred through the U.S. Embassy in Colombo, Sri
Lanka, which is situated at 210 Galle Road, Colombo.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 106, Colombo.
U. S. Embassy Sri Lanka Home Page
http://srilanka.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
MAURITIUS
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
267
267
267
267
267
268
268
268
268
268
269
269
270
270
270
General
Mauritius (2017'S., 5733'E.), an island of volcanic formation, lies about 500 miles E of Madagascar. The island has a
small coastal plain that rises to mountains with heights of over
800m. The shores are mostly fringed with coral reefs.
The climate is tropical, being modified by the Southeast
Trade winds. There is a dry season, from May to November,
and a hot wet season, from November to May.
Ile Rodrigues (1941'S., 6325'E.), the Agalega Islands
(1026'S., 5640'E.), and Cargados Carajos (Saint Brandon)
(1650'S., 5930'E.) are dependencies of Mauritius.
Ile Rodrigues lies about 350 miles E of Mauritius. It is 9.5
miles long, 4.5 miles wide, and formed of volcanic formations.
The island attains a height of about 400m;its shores are fringed
by coral reefs. Ile Rodrigues produces salt and onions. Livestock raising and fishing are carried out.
267
The Agalega Islands, two in number, are low, wooded, and

fringed by reefs.
Cargados Carajos is an extensive group of reefs, small islands, islets, and shoals. The main reef, mostly above water,
extends about 26 miles in a SSW/NNE direction.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in Mauritius may be out of position due to
frequent cyclonic activity.
Cautions
Rollers, long swell waves created by distant storms, affect
Mauritius and Ile Rodrigues. This phenomenon occasionally
lasts 4 to 5 days, frequently causing great damage and suspending all activities, though rarely for longer than 24 hours.
During cyclone season, rollers may provide a good indication
of a developing or approaching storm.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Mauritius rupee, consisting of 100 cents. It is reported that British sterling and French
francs can also be used.
Fishing Areas
Information on fishing activities in the vicinity of Mauritius
is given in the table titled MauritiusFishing Operations.
Pub. 160
Mauritius
268
Government

Industries
Flag of Mauritius
Mauritius is a parliamentary democracy. The country is divided into nine districts and three dependencies.
Mauritius is governed by a President who is elected for a 5year term by the National Assembly. The Prime Minister and
the Council of Ministers are appointed by the President. The
unicameral National Assembly consists of 62 directly-elected
members and eight members appointed by the election commission, serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on French civil law, with some elements of English common law.
The capital is Port Louis.
Holidays
The major industries are food processing (primarily sugar

milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products,
transport equipment, non-electrical machinery, tourism, and
agriculture.
The main exports are clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, fish, and molasses. The main export-trading partners are
the United Kingdom, France, the United States, South Africa,
Spain, Italy, and Madagascar.
The main imports are manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, and chemicals. The main
import-trading partners are India, China, France, and South Africa.
Languages
English is the official language. French, Creole, and Bhojpuri are also widely used.
January 1-2
New Years Days
February 1
Abolition of Slavery
March 12
Independence Day (Republic

Day)
Good Friday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
September 9
Father Leval Day
November 1
All Saints Day
November 2
Arrival of Indentured Laborers
December 25
Christmas Day (Natal)
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Mauritius are, as follows:
Cavadee, Maha Shivaratree, Chinese New Year/Chinese

Spring Festival, Holi, Ougadi and Varusha Piruppu, Ganesh
Chaturthi, Mid-Autumn Festival, Divali, and Ganga Asnan are
religious festivals, the dates of which vary from year to year
depending on the appearance of the moon.
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
*Claims straight baselines. Requires advance permission

MauritiusFishing Operations
Location
Type of Fishing
Fishing Technique
Season
Mauritius
Motorized boats less than 10m

long
Traps, handlines, trolling,

and gill nets
Year round
Rodriquez Island
Motorized boats less than 10m

long
Traps, handlines, trolling,

and gill nets
Year round
Pub. 160
Mauritius
269
MauritiusFishing Operations
Location
Type of Fishing
Dories less than 25m long operating from motherships
Soudan Bank, Nazareth

Bank, and Saya de Malha Bank
South of Mauritius
Fishing Technique
Season
Traps and handlines
October to May
Deep long lines
August to Januarybetween
Madagascar and the Equator
Ocean-going trawlers
Trawling
Year round by trawlers en route

to and from the Southern Ocean
Tuna boats (600 to 2,500 gross

tons)
Deep long lines
January to June

Claims, along with Seychelles, the Chagos Archipelago, part
of the United Kingdom-administered British Indian Ocean Territory.
Claims French-administered Ile Tromelin (1553'S.,
5431'E.).
Pollution
Mauritius is a signatory to the South Western Indian Ocean
Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan. Any incident of pollution
that is observed by ships at sea is required to be reported by a
POLREP message by facsimile, telephone, radio, or any other
available means to any of the authorities listed. Mauritius Radio (3BM), MRCC Mauritius, and Port Louis Harbor Radio
will assist in forwarding POLREP traffic and can be contacted,
as follows:
1. Mauritius Radio
Telephone:
230-2110839
230-2085950
Facsimile:
230-2110838
E-mail:
3bm.mrs@mauritiustelecom.com
2. MRCC Mauritius
INMARSAT-C:
464590210=MNCG X
3. Port Louis Harbor Radio
Telephone:
230-2123041
Facsimile:
230-2123094
E-mail:
HarbourRadio@mauport.com
POLWARN and POLINF are the two types of POLREPs that
can be sent.
POLWARN is sent to report any pollution incident or threat
of pollution. The message should give details of the person
(originator) making the report and should be addressed to the
Director of the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (Director
NOSCP). The message should contain the following information:
1. Date and time of observation (UTC).
2. Position in latitude/longitude and, if possible, as a
range and bearing from a prominent shore mark.
3. Pollution incident or threat and nature of the incident
(for exampledamaged vessel).
4. Spill details, substances involved (for examplecrude
phenol), and the quantity. It should also indicate the rate of
pollution and the potential threat.
5. Confirmation of receipt.
POLINF is sent to give more details on the pollution incident. The message should give details of the person (originator) making the report and should be addressed to Director
NOSCP. The message should contain the following information:
1. Date and time of observation (UTC).
2. Position.
3. Characteristics of the pollution.
4. Source and cause of the pollution.
5. Wind speed and direction.
6. Current and tide in the area.
7. Sea state and visibility.
8. Slick drift/movement.
9. Predicted movement of slick.
10. Identity of the observing unit and vessels in the area.
11. What action has been taken, if any?
12. Have photographs been taken?
13. Any additional information.
14. Confirmation of receipt.
Regulations
Quarantine
Quarantine messages should be addressed to Port Health Inspection Service and sent through the vessels agent not more
than 36 hours before and not less than 4 hours before arrival.
The message must include the following information:
1. A request for free pratique.
2. Name of vessel.
3. ETA.
4. Ports of loading during current voyage.
5. Ports of departure during current voyage.
7. Number of crew on board, including the master.
8. Number of persons on board, including stowaways.
9. Whether a ships surgeon is carried on board.
10. Confirmation that all personal vaccination or prophylaxis certificates are valid.
11. Expiration date of the Ship Sanitation Control Certificate (SSCC certificate) - this used to be the Deratting Certificate/Deratting Exemption Certificate.
12. The occurrence onboard of:
a. Death of a person.
b. Illness, where the person who is ill has:
i. A temperature, rash, or glandular swelling or
Pub. 160
270
Mauritius
jaundice for more than 24 hours.

ii. Diarrhea or vomiting (apart from that associated
with sea sickness).
iii. Symptoms suggestive of any infectious or communicable disease.
13. The presence of animals, including birds or fish, on
board.
14. Whether forestry products or grain have been carried
in the last 3 months. Include the loading port(s), the discharge port(s), and a description of the cleaning performed
since the cargo was discharged.
15. The presence of dunnage (wood) on board and whether covered by treatment certificate(s).
16. An undertaking to lodge an International Maritime
Declaration of Health on arrival.
Free pratique is not granted to ships which arrive from countries where there is a threat of avian flu, SARS, or other infectious and communicable diseases.
Search and Rescue

The National Coast Guard coordinates search and rescue operations within the waters around Mauritius and can be contacted through Mauritius Coast Radio Station (3BM).
MRCC Mauritius can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
230-2088317
230-2083935
2. Facsimile:
230-2122757
3. E-mail:
ngops.mpf@govmu.org
opsncghq@orange.mu
Pub. 160
Mauritius Coast Radio Station (3BM) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on VHF channel 16,
VHF channel 70, 2182 kHz, and 2187.5 kHz and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
230-2085950
230-2110839 (SAR)
2. Facsimile:
230-2110838
3. E-mail:
3bm.mrs@mauritiustelecom.com
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is DELTA (-4). Daylight Savings
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 4th Floor, Rogers House,
John Kennedy Street, Port Louis.
1. Mauritius address
P.O. Box 544
Port Louis
2. U.S. address
American Embassy Port Louis
Department of State
U. S. Embassy Mauritius Home Page
http://mauritius.usembassy.gov
MOZAMBIQUE
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
271
271
271
271
272
272
272
272
272
272
273
273
273
General
Mozambique is located in the SE part of Africa. It is bounded on the E by the Indian Ocean, on the S by South Africa, and
on the N by Tanzania.
The coast is mostly sandy, with several lagoons and inlets.
The broad coastal plain rises to central plateaus and mountains
stand along the W border. The country is crossed by a number
of important rivers.
The climate varies from tropical to subtropical in all areas
except the high plateaus and mountains. Warmer temperatures
prevail during the rainy season (October to May). The rainfall
is irregular, and some areas, particularly in the S, are subject to
271
severe droughts and floods.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Sand waves.Sand waves are similar to sand dunes on
land; the action of the water movement forms the sand or gravel sea bed into a series of ridges. Fields of sand waves may be
several miles in extent, varying in size from mere ripples to
waves of up to 20m in amplitude. The waves forming the primary pattern may be several miles long. They usually lie nearly
at right angles to the main direction of water movement, but
small waves are sometimes found lying parallel to it. Secondary patterns are usually superimposed on the primary pattern,
often at an angle; it is where the crests of the patterns coincide
that the shallowest depths can be expected.
At the entrance to Sofala Bay, Mozambique, sand waves up
to 26m high have been reported to exist.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the metical, consisting of 100
centavos.
Pub. 160
Mozambique
272
Government
trading partners are South Africa, Belgium, China, Italy, Spain,

and India.
The main imports are machinery and equipment, vehicles,
fuels, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs, and textiles. The
main import-trading partners are South Africa, China, India,
and the United States.
Languages
Portuguese is the official language. English is also widely
spoken. There are many tribal languages.
Flag of Mozambique
Mozambique is a republic. The country is divided into ten
provinces and one city.
Mozambique is governed by a directly-elected President
serving a 5-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the
President. The unicameral Assembly of the Republic consists
of 250 directly-elected members serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on Portuguese civil law, Islamic
law, and customary law.
The capital is Maputo (formerly Lourenco Marques).
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
February 3
Heroes Day
April 7
Day of the Mozambique Woman
May 1
Labor Day
June 25
Independence Day
September 7
Victory Day
September 25
Revolution Day
November 10
Maputo City Day (Maputo only)
December 25
Christmas Day/Family Day
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Mozambique are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Search and Rescue

The National Maritime Administration and Safety Authority
(SAFMAR) coordinates all maritime search and rescue operations within the Maritime Search and Rescue Region of Mozambique and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
258-21-301963
258-21-320552
2. Facsimile:
258-21-324007
3. E-mail:
ianmar@trcabo.co.mz
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, beverages, chemicals
(fertilizers, soap, paints), aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco, and food.
The main exports are aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton,
sugar, citrus, timber products, and electricity. The main export-
A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) located at

Maputo maintains a continuous listening watch for distress
traffic on 2182 kHz and VHF channel 16 and can be contacted,
as follows:
1. Telephone:
258-21-494396
2. Facsimile:
258-21-494396
3. E-mail:
safmar@zebra.uem.mz
MozambiqueStorm Signals
Day signal
Night signal
Meaning
One black triangle, point up
Two red lights, vertically disposed
Gale or storm from NW
One black triangle, point down
Two yellow lights, vertically disposed
Gale or storm from SW
Two black triangles, points up, vertically disposed
One red light over one yellow light
Gale or storm from NE
Pub. 160
Mozambique
273
MozambiqueStorm Signals
Day signal
Night signal
Meaning
Two black triangles, points down,

vertically disposed
One yellow light over one red light
Gale or storm from SE
Two black triangles, bases together,

vertically disposed
One red light between two yellow lights,

vertically disposed
Gale, storm, or cyclone probable
One black ball
One red light
Gale or storm from undetermined

direction
Square flag
Wind expected to veer
Two square flags
Wind expected to back
Black cylinder
One green light
Cyclone in Mozambique Channel
Signals
U.S. Embassy
Storm signals used in Mozambique are given in the accompanying table titled MozambiqueStorm Signals.
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda

193, Maputo.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 783, Maputo.
Time Zone
U. S. Embassy Mozambique Home Page

http://maputo.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
NAMIBIA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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275
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276
276
276
276
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276
276
276
276
277
277
277
General
Namibia, located in the S part of Africa, is bounded on the N
by Angola and Zambia, on the W by the South Atlantic Ocean,
on the S and SE by South Africa, and on the E by Botswana.
The coast, about 800 miles long, extends between the mouth
of the Kunene River (1714'S., 1145'E.) and the mouth of the
Orange River.
The country consists of three main regions, as follows:
1. The Namib Desert, an extremely arid and desolate region, is 50 to 80 miles wide and stretches along the entire
coast.
2. The Central Plateau, which covers about half of the to-
275
tal area, lies E of the Namib Desert. This plateau varies in elevation from 1,000 to 2,000m and consists of rugged
mountains, sand-filled valleys, and plains.
3. The Kalahari Desert covers the E, NE, and N regions
of the country.
The rainy season lasts from January to March with fewer
showers from September to December.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Marine Mining Vessels
Marine Mining Vessels (MMVs), which process gravel for
diamonds, may be encountered in fairly large numbers on the
coast of Namibia close inshore from Saddle Hill (2555.0'S.,
1455.0'E.) to Needle Point (2740.5'S., 1531.5'E.). The barges are normally moored with a spread of four anchors, which
may be marked by unlighted anchor buoys extending up to
1,500m from the MMV, and display the lights and shapes prescribed in Rule 27 of The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972). The MMVs may move up to
0.5 mile within the anchor spread.
Lost mining gear, anchors, floating ropes, and other debris
may be encountered in the mining area. Caution must be exercised by all vessels, but especially trawlers, transiting this area.
Pub. 160
Namibia
276
Currency
December 26
The official unit of currency is the Namibia dollar, consisting

of 100 cents. The South African rand is also a legal tender of
parity.
Fishing Areas
Crayfish trap fishing is common along the coast of Namibia
S of Luderitz Bay.
Government
Family Day
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, meat packing, fish processing, dairy products, food and beverages, and mining (diamonds, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, and copper).
The main exports are diamonds, copper, zinc, gold, lead, uranium, livestock, and processed fish. The main export-trading
partners are South Africa and the United States.
The main imports are foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, and chemicals. The main importtrading partners are South Africa and the United States.
Languages
English is the official languages. Afrikaans and German are
also spoken.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Flag of Namibia
Namibia a multi-party republic. The country is divided into
14 regions.
Namibia is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a maximum of two 5-year terms. The bicameral legislature
consists of a directly-elected 72-member National Assembly,
serving 5-year terms, and a 26-member National Council, composed of two appointed members from each of the 13 regions,
The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law and the 1990
constitution.
The capital is Windhoek.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
March 21
Independence Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 4
Cassinga Day
Ascension Day
Variable
May 25
Africa Day
August 26
Heroes Day
December 10
Human Rights Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Pub. 160
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Namibia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Pollution
Pollution Reports
The Principal Officer South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) shall be notified of discharge of oil and/or
damage to vessels when navigating within 50 miles of the
coasts of South Africa and Namibia. For further information,
see South AfricaRegulationsPollution Reports.
Regulations
General
Vessels should send their ETA at least 72 hours in advance
(excluding Sunday and public holidays) to their port of destination, stating the following information:
1. Vessel length, freeboard, and draft fore and aft.
2. Details on any dangerous cargo.
3. Type and quantity of cargo being landed or loaded.
4. Bunkers and other requirements.
5. Factors affecting the safe entry and/or berthing of the
vessel.
6. Is the vessel engaged in towing or salvage? If yes, further details are required.
Namibia
Vessels should send their ETA to the appropriate Port Control on VHF channel 16 when within 20 miles of their destination.
A continuous listening watch is to be maintained on VHF
channel 16 by all vessels anchored within or near the limits of a
Namibian port.
Search and Rescue

The Namibian Search and Rescue Organization (NAMSAR)
coordinates all search and rescue efforts within Namibian waters and works in close cooperation with the South African
Search and Rescue Organization (SASAR). Walvis Bay Port
Control acts as a Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenter
(MRSC) under control of the Maritime Rescue Coordination
Center (MRCC) South Africa and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
264-64-2082265
2. Facsimile:
264-64-2082325
3. E-mail:
portc@namport.com.na
Walvis Bay Coast Radio Station (V5W) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz, 4125 kHz,
and VHF channel 16 and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
264-64-203581
2. Facsimile:
264-64-207497
3. E-mail:
wvsradio@telecom.na
277
Luderitz Coast Radio Station (V5L) maintains a continuous

listening watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz.
Inshore rescue craft are stationed at Walvis Bay and Swakopmund.
The waters of Namibia lie within the area of responsibility
for the South African Ship Reporting System. For further information, see South AfricaSearch and RescueShip Reporting System.
Time Zone
Time (BRAVO (-2)) is maintained from the first Sunday in
September until the first Sunday in April of the following year.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 14 Lossen Street, Windhoek.
The mailing address is Private Bag 12029, Windhoek.
U. S. Embassy Namibia Home Page
http://windhoek.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
NIGERIA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pilotage
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
279
279
279
279
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
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281
282
282
282
General
Nigeria, located on the W coast of Africa, is bounded on the
W by Benin, on the N by Niger, on the NE by Chad and Cameroon, and on the S by the Gulf of Guinea.
A belt, from 10 to 60 miles wide, fronts the coast and consists of dense mangroves and swamps. Tropical forests, rich in
palm-oil trees and mahoganies, are located behind this belt.
A few mountains rise in the S portion of the country except
along the E boundary. A large plateau, from 609 to 1,828m
high, lies N and E of the junction of the Niger River and the
Benue River.
279
The climate varies, being equatorial in the S part of the country, tropical in the central part, and arid in the N.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in Nigeria are unreliable. Lights may be
extinguished; buoys and beacons may be missing, unlit, or out
of position.
Cautions
and deep-water areas off the coast of Nigeria, especially within
the Bight of Biafra.
The West African Gas Pipeline lies off the coast of Nigeria.
Cautions.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the naira, consisting of 100
kobo.
Pub. 160
Nigeria
280
Fishing Areas
coa, and rubber. The main export-trading partners are the United States, India, the Netherlands, Spain, Brazil, and the United
Kingdom.
The main imports are machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, and livestock. The main import-trading partners are China, the United States, and India.
Government
Languages
English is the official languages. Numerous native dialects,
of which Hausa is the most common, are also spoken.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Flag of Nigeria
Nigeria is a sovereign federal republic. The country is divided into 36 states and one federal territory.
Nigeria is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
maximum of two 4-tear terms. The bicameral National Assembly consists of a directly-elected 360-member House of Representatives serving 4-year terms and a directly-elected 109member Senate serving 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law, traditional law, and Islamic law.
The capital is Abuja.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Good Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 29
Democracy Day
October 1
Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day

Industries
The major industries include agriculture, crude oil, coal, tin,
columbite, rubber products, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, and steel.
The main exports are petroleum and petroleum products, co-
Pub. 160
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Nigeria are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.
Pilotage
Pilotage is compulsory within the four Sea Pilotage Districts
within the Exclusive Economic Zones of the Nigerian coast.
The districts are contained within an area bound by the following points:
a. 430'19.8''N, 824'07.2''E.
b. 401'48.0''N, 820'25.2''E.
c. 326'30.0''N, 724'25.2''E.
d. 328'45.0''N, 600'00.0''E.
e. 449'07.2''N, 500'00.0''E.
f. 600'00.0''N, 430'00.0''E.
g. 600'00.0''N, 310'00.0''E.
h. 623'45.0''N, 310'00.0''E.
The boundaries of the four Sea Pilotage Districts are, as follows:
1. District A (Calabar River Oil Terminal).The
navigable area between 824'07.2''E and 724'25.2''E.
2. District B (Bonny Offshore Oil Terminal and Brass
Offshore Oil Terminal).The navigable area between
724'25.2''E and 600'00.0''E.
3. District C (North Apoi Oil Terminal, Forcados Oil
Terminal, and Escravos Oil Terminal).The navigable ar-
Nigeria
ea between 600'00.0''E and 430'00.0''E.
4. District D (Kuramo and Lekki).The navigable area between 430'00.0''E and 310'00.0''E.
Regulations
Ship Entry Notice (SEN)
Two months prior to arrival in Nigerian waters, agents must
register vessels with the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) in order to obtain a Ship Entry Notice (SEN). This does not apply to
vessels carrying petroleum products in bulk or in ballast. Vessels cannot enter the territorial waters of Nigeria without a
SEN.
The SEN can be sent electronically through the Electronic
Ship Entry Notice (eSEN) Portal at the Nigerian Ports Authority web site (http://www.nigerianports.org).
Night Navigation in Nigerian Ports
All Nigerian ports are closed from 2000 to 0600. Port signals
stations display three red lights, vertically disposed, during this
period to indicate the port is closed. No vessel may enter or depart a port when this signal is displayed except in an emergency with prior approval of the harbormaster.
In addition, vessels are prohibited from approaching, maneuvering, or anchoring in the following area from 2000 until 0600
unless they have been cleared to enter Nigerian ports and their
ETA has been reported to the harbormaster, as follows:
1. Lagos.An area extending 10 miles E and W of the
harbor entrance to a distance of 5 miles from the coast.
2. Approaches to the Escravos River and the Forcados
River.An area lying between the parallels of 521'N and
545'N to a distance of 15 miles from the coast.
3. Approaches to the Bonny River and the New Calabar
River.An area extending 5 miles E and W of Fairway
Lighted Buoy to a distance of 15 miles from the coast.
4. Approaches to the Calabar River.An area extending
5 miles E and W of Fairway Lightfloat to a distance of 15
miles from the coast.
Due to the complicated nature of the regulations, vessels are
advised to communicate with their local agents well in advance
in order to ensure compliance.
Unauthorized vessels are prohibited to come alongside vessels in the above areas. Vessels should report any unauthorized
craft to the harbormaster.
Special Requirement
Before entering any of the creeks, rivers, or channels in Nigerian waters, vessels are required to broadcast their intentions
and keep a continuous watch on 2182 kHz as necessary.
Vessels should broadcast their positions frequently to facilitate safe navigation, but such messages must be discontinued
on request by any naval, military, or port authority or any Nigerian radio station or authorized officer.
VHF Communications
All VHF communication is subject to the following regulations:
1. VHF channel 16Used as a calling and listening frequency by vessels, the harbormaster, the pilot station, and
the East Mole Signal Station.
2. VHF channels 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14Reserved for the
281
sole use of the NPA. Agents and vessels are not to use these
channels unless required to do so by the NPA.
3. VHF channels 22, 23, 24, and 25Reserved as working channels for vessel-to-vessel and agent-to-vessel communications.
4. VHF channel 21Reserved as a calling and listening
frequency for communication between agents and their land
mobile station.
5. VHF channels 17, 18, 19, and 20Reserved as working channels for communications between shore stations other than the NPA.
The manner of operation under these restrictions is, as follows:
1. All vessels will keep simultaneous listening watches
on VHF channels 16 and 21. They will use VHF channel 16
when calling the harbormaster, pilot station, the East Mole
Signal Station, or other vessels. Vessels will use VHF channel 21 when calling their agents.
2. All non-NPA fixed stations will keep watch on VHF
channels 16 and 21. They will use channel 16 when calling
the pilot station, harbormaster, and East Mole Signal Station.
For calling their respective vessels, they will use VHF channel 21. After establishing contact, they will switch over to a
mutually acceptable channel. Agents will only use VHF to
contact the NPA station as a last resort and only when the
more conventional methods such as telephones and messengers fail.
3. The NPA stations will use VHF channel 16 for contacting vessels, tugs, and operational centers. They will use
VHF channel 11 for other NPA internal communications.
After establishing contact, these stations will select a working channel other than VHF channel 11, 14, or 16. The fire
service will continue to use VHF channel 14 while maintaining a listening watch on VHF channel 16.
Oil TerminalsETA Reporting
Vessels are required to report their ETA at the terminal anchorage or fairway lighted buoy 7 days, 72 hours, 48 hours,
and 24 hours in advance. If the vessel is leaving the previous
port less that 7 days prior to arrival at the terminal, the ETA
should also be sent upon departure from the previous port.
Any amendments to the ETA of more than 12 hours should
be sent immediately.
Vessels should contact the terminal directly when within
VHF range.
Search and Rescue

The National Maritime Authority and Safety Agency (NIMASA) is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations and can be contacted as follows:
1. Telephone:
234-1-2713622
234-1-2713623
234-1-2713624
234-1-2713627
2. Facsimile:
234-1-2713625
3. E-mail:
rmrccnigeria@nimsa.gov.ng
Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) Lagos can
be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
234-7306618
234-1-2713623
Pub. 160
Nigeria
282
234-8030685167 (mobile)
msssdnma@yahoo.com
mrccnigeria@yahoo.com
Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenters (MRSC) have
been established at Oron and Lokoja.
2. E-mail:
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Plot 1075, Diplomatic
Pub. 160
Drive, Central District Area, Abuja.

The mailing address is P.O. Box 5760, Garki, Abuja.
U. S. Embassy Nigeria Home Page
http://nigeria.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in the Bonny River.
For further information, see Pub.123, Sailing Directions (Enroute) West Coast of Africa.
OMAN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
283
283
283
284
284
284
284
284
285
285
285
285
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286
286
286
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283
ing the S side of the entrance to the Persian Gulf. This province
also includes the islands lying close off the promontory. The
Sultanate of Oman was formerly known as the Sultanate of
Muscat and Oman until 1970.
The country consists of a vast central desert plain with rugged mountains in the N and S parts. Al Batinah, a fertile coastal
plain, extends NW of Masqat for over 150 miles.
The climate is mostly dry desert; it is hot and humid along
the coast, but is hot and dry inland. The southernmost part of
the country is subject to a Southwest Monsoon in the summer
(May to September).
Buoyage System
Cautions
General
Oman is located in the SE part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is
bordered on the W by Yemen and Saudi Arabia, on the S by the
Arabian Sea, on the NE by the Gulf of Oman, and on the NW
by the United Arab Emirates. The country includes the islands
of Kuria Muria and Al Masirah which lie off the SE coast. In
addition, the detached province of Ru us al Jibal is located at
the extremity of the promontory (Musandam Peninsula) form-

Warning
See Indian OceanCautionsLocust Reports for further
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Pub. 160
284
Oman
Fish Havens
Numerous fish havens are located in the inshore waters of
Oman, usually within 5 miles of the coast and in the approaches to ports and anchorages.
These areas operate using clear range procedures, meaning

that exercises and firings only take place when the ranges are
clear of all shipping. The warnings are promulgated via Omani
Notices to Mariners and, if necessary, radio navigational warnings.
Currency
Government
The official unit of currency is the Omani rial, consisting of
1,000 baiza.
Firing Areas
and other exercises take place within the following areas:
1. Area Tahr (D37).An area bounded by lines joining
a. 2418.00'N, 5740.00'E.
b. 2400.00'N, 5839.00'E.
c. 2351.75'N, 5820.00'E.
d. 2351.75'N, 5806.00'E.
e. 2409.00'N, 5740.00'E.
2. Daymaniyat Naval Gunfire Support Range.An
area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 2351.75'N, 5806.00'E.
b. 2351.75'N, 5820.00'E.
c. 2401.70'N, 5820.00'E.
d. 2353.90'N, 5802.60'E
3. Area Umm al Fayyarin (D38).An area bounded by
the segment of a circle 10 miles in radius centered on
2611'N, 5630'E from 020 clockwise to 060.
4. Area Jazirat al Ghanam (R15).An area bounded
by the segment of a circle 5 miles in radius centered on
2624'N, 5623'E from 040 clockwise to 250 and then 10
miles in radius centered on the same point from 250 clockwise to 040.
5. Area Qarzawit (Area Jazirat Ghazant) (D57).An
area bounded by the segment of a circle 10 miles in radius
centered on position 1736'25.2''N, 5607.2'E beginning at
position 1735'49.8''N, 5557'45.0''E and clockwise to position 1728'30''N, 5614'13.2''E, and then a straight line back
to position 1735'49.8''N, 5557'45.0''E.
6. Area Marbat (D65).An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 1653'N, 5430'E.
b. 1653'N, 5510'E.
c. 1613'N, 5510'E.
d. 1613'N, 5430'E.
7. Area Ras Hamar (D67).An area bounded by lines
a. 1642'N, 5355'E.
b. 1640'N, 5334'E.
c. 1625'N, 5337'E.
d. 1628'N, 5358'E.
8. Area Abu Rasas (D20).An area bounded by lines
a. 1957.6'N, 5807.0'E.
b. 2018.4'N, 5829.3'E.
c. 2004.8'N, 5844.0'E.
d. 1943.8'N, 5821.7'E.
9. Area Al Hadri (D41).An area of a circle with a radius of 1 mile centered on 2035'20''N, 5853'08"E.
Pub. 160
Flag of Oman
Oman is a hereditary monarchy. The country is divided into
11 governorates.
Oman is governed by a Sultan, who is both the chief of state
and head of government. The Sultan legislates by decree and
appoints a cabinet to assist him.
The Majlis al-Dwala (upper chamber) consists of 71 members, appointed by the Sultan, who have advisory powers only.
The Majlis al-Shura (lower chamber) consists of 84 members
serving 4-year terms who are directly elected by a limited number of voters; the Sultan has final authority over the make-up of
the body, which debates domestic issues, but has no legislative
or veto powers.
The legal system is based on English common law and Islamic law, with ultimate appeal to the Sultan.
The capital is Masqat (Muscat).
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Third week of November

(two days, as declared by
the government)
Omani National Days
December 31
Bank Holiday

Industries
The main industries are crude oil production and refining,
natural and liquefied natural gas production, construction, cement, copper mining and smelting, steel, chemicals, and optical fiber.
The main exports are petroleum, re-exports, fish, metals, and
Oman
textiles. The main export-trading partners are China, Japan, the
United Arab Emirates, and South Korea.
manufactured goods, food, livestock, and lubricants. The main
import-trading partners are the United Arab Emirates, Japan,
India, China, and the United States.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English, Baluchi, Urdu, and
several Indian dialects are also used.
Meteorology
Marine weather forecasts are available in English and Arabic
from the Oman Meteorological Department (http://
www.met.gov.om).
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Oman are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
200 miles or the Limit of

Exploitation.

Pollution
General
The discharge of oil is prohibited within 50 miles of the
Omani coast.
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted. Several areas off the coast of Oman have been
designated as MARPOL Special Areas, as follows:
1. An extensive area extending seaward from the SE
coast of Oman.
2. The Gulf of Oman.
Reporting
Vessels navigating in Omani waters are required to report
pollution incidents and oil slicks. These reports are to be sent
285
directly to the Maritime Pollution Monitoring Operation Center (MPMOC) during working hours (0730 to 1430):
1. Telephone:
968-24-693666
968-99219429 (24 hour mobile)
2. Facsimile:
968-24-691082
Contact can also be made through Masqat Maritime Radio
Station (telephone: 968-24-24571400/968-24-24571500 or
facsimile: 968-24-562995).
The following information should be included in the report
whenever possible:
1. Date of observation.
2. Local time of observation.
3. Location of pollution:
a. Latitude/longitude or grid reference.
b. Distance from land.
c. Nearest town/village.
4. Approximate size of pollution, in meters:
a. Length.
b. Width.
c. Percentage of area covered by oil.
5. Oil type and description:
a. Is it a continuous complete cover? (Yes/No).
b. Is it broken cover (patchy, streaky)? (Yes/No).
c. Tar balls (Yes/No).
d. Other (Yes/No).
e. Light brown (Yes/No).
f. Dark brown (Yes/No).
g. Black (Yes/No).
h. Silver sheen on water (Yes/No).
i. Rainbow colors on water. (Yes/No).
6. Direction and speed of surface winds.
7. Wave height.
8. Pollution source (if vessel involved in the incident is
seen):
a. Name of vessel.
b. Type of vessel.
c. Size of vessel.
d. Nationality/port of registration.
e. Course and speed of vessel.
f. Photographs/oil sample taken?
g. Is the vessel in distress?
h. State nature of distress (fire, collision, etc.).
The coast of Oman lies within the Regional Organization for
Regulations.
Regulations
General
The master or owner of every ship shall be held directly responsible for the proper conduct and behavior of the crew and
for strict observance of the laws of the Sultanate of Oman, particularly those laws concerning the sale, transference or consumption of any narcotic or alcoholic or intoxicating drink of
any kind.
Pub. 160
286
Oman
Vessels calling at the ports of Oman are required to have a

copy of the local rules and regulations aboard. Vessels without
a copy must obtain one as early as possible on arrival.
Anchorage
All vessels anchoring within the territorial waters of the Sultanate of Oman (12 miles), for the purpose of waiting for orders or in order to carry out engine repairs, should anchor
within the latitudes of 2353'N and 2340'N, and between the
longitudes of 5810'E and 5827'E. No other anchorage in this
area may be used except when actually loading or discharging
at SBM buoys.
All vessels using this anchorage must contact Mina Qabus
Port Control on VHF channel 16 and give the following information:
1. Flag or port of registry.
2. Call sign.
3. Deadweight tons, gt, and nrt.
4. Ports of call, including last port and next port.
5. Whether the vessel is carrying dangerous or hazardous cargo.
Standard quarantine messages, giving the present health conditions and requesting free pratique, should be sent 24 hours
prior to arrival.
The following ports accept quarantine reports:
1. Mina Raysut (Salalah) HarbormasterBy e-mail
(salalahportcontrol@slalahport.com).
2. Mina Qabus (Port Sultan Qaboos) Health Inspector
by e-mail (mktg@pscoman.com).
3. Sohar Health Inspectorby e-mail (info@portofsohar.com).
Search and Rescue

The Royal Air Force of Oman is responsible for coordinating
search and rescue operations. Masqat (Muscat) Coast Radio
Station (A4M) maintains a continuous listening watch on international distress frequencies.
Pub. 160

Time Zone

Traffic Separation Schemes in Oman are, as follows:
2. Off Ras al Hadd. (IMO adopted)
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is located on Jameat ADuwal Al Arabiya
Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 202, Postal Code 115, Madinat-al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat.
U. S. Embassy Oman Home Page
http://oman.usembassy.gov
PAKISTAN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
287
287
287
288
288
288
288
289
289
289
289
289
290
290
291
291
292
292
General
Pakistan is located in the S part of Asia. It is bounded on the
W by Iran, on the NW by Afghanistan, on the N by China, on
the NE by the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, on the
E by India, and on the SW by the Arabian Sea.
The N part of the country includes formidably mountainous
terrain. At one point in this area, a narrow strip of Afghan territory, barely 20 miles wide, separates Pakistan from Tajikistan.
Between the Iranian frontier and Karachi, the coast consists
287
chiefly of a wilderness area with hills and cliffs fronting the

Baluchistan Plateau. Swamps and desert plains lie at the foot of
the hills. Between the Indian frontier and Karachi, the Indus
River enters the sea through many mouths, but is little used as a
waterway.
The climate is mainly hot dry desert with almost arctic temperatures in the mountainous N part.
Buoyage System
Some buoys and beacons may not conform to the IALA system.
Cautions
1. Mariners calling on Pakistan are advised that levels of
sectarian and factional violence remain high. Karachi, the main
port, continues to be affected by politically motivated killings.
2. Anti-American sentiment can be provoked easily and
spontaneously in response to international events that radicals
misconstrue as directed against Islam.
3. Port facilities and vessels may offer targets of
opportunity for terrorist attacks. U.S. mariners are advised to
exercise heightened security awareness and prudent security
precautions when in Pakistani ports and waters.
4. In September 2014, al-Qa'ida's new affiliate in South
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288
Pakistan
Asia (AQIS) claimed responsibility for attempting to hijack a

Pakistani frigate docked in Karachi and use it to target U.S.
Navy vessels in the Arabian Sea.
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Oil Exploration
Oil exploration activities are taking place off the coast of
Pakistan in depths of up to 3,000m.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Pakistan rupee, consisting
of 100 paisas.
Safety height1,524m.
4. Area H1 (surface live ammunition)Enclosed by a
line joining the following positions:
a. 2436'N, 6315'E.
b. 2436'N, 6230'E.
d. 2421'N, 6230'E.
c. 2421'N, 6315'E.
5. Area H2 (surface live ammunition)Enclosed by a
line joining the following positions:
a. 2436'N, 6230'E.
b. 2436'N, 6145'E.
d. 2421'N, 6145'E.
c. 2421'N, 6230'E.
6. Sonmiani Range (anti-aircraft live ammunition)As
follows:
a. Centered on 2511'N, 6645'E.
b. Arc of firing 220 to 310.
c. Safety range14,000m (7.7 miles within arc).
d. Safety height10,000m.
Firing Areas
Firing, bombing, and other defense practice exercises take
place in a number of areas lying off the coast of Pakistan. In
view of the responsibility of range authorities to avoid accidents, the limits of these practice areas may not be shown on
charts and the descriptions may not appear in the Sailing Directions (Enroute).
When air to air, air to sea, or ground firings are being carried
out by aircraft, a large white or red sleeve-banner, a winged target, or a large flag are towed by another aircraft on a steady
course. Generally, these warning signals are shown when the
targets are stationary, but not when towed targets are used.
All marine craft operating as range-safety craft or target towing vessels will display, for identification purposes while in or
in the vicinity of the danger area, a large red flag at the masthead. The range authorities are responsible for ensuring that
there should be no risk of damage from falling shell splinters,
bullets, etc., to any vessel which may be in the practice area.
Firing practice exercise areas are located, as follows:
1. Area ALPHA (surface-to-surface and surface-to-air)
a. 2436'00''N, 6647'50''E.
b. 2447'36''N, 6658'36''E.
c. 2450'00''N, 6640'00''E.
2. Area BRAVO (surface-to-surface and surface-to-air)
a. 2419'00''N, 6658'00''E.
b. 2400'30''N, 6639'00''E.
c. 2411'00''N, 6627'00''E.
d. 2425'00''N, 6642'00''E.
3. Area ECHO (surface-to-surface and surface-to-air)
a. 2507'N, 6630'E.
b. 2507'N, 6639'E.
c. 2450'N, 6639'E.
d. 2450'N, 6630'E.
Pub. 160
Government
Flag of Pakistan
Pakistan is a republic. The country is divided into four provinces, one territory, and one capital territory.
Pakistan is governed by a President elected through an Electoral College comprising the Senate, the National Assembly,
and the provincial assemblies to serve a 5-year term. The bicameral Parliament consists of a 104-member Senate, indirectly elected by provincial assemblies, serving 6-year terms, and a
342-member directly-elected National Assembly, serving 5year terms.
The legal system is based on English common law, with provisions to accommodate the countrys stature as an Islamic
state.
The capital is Islamabad.
Holidays
March 23
Pakistan Day
May 1
Labor Day
August 14
Independence Day
Pakistan
September 6
Defense of Pakistan Day
September 11
Death Anniversary of Quaid-eAzam
November 9
Iqbal Day
December 25
Birthday of Quaid-e-Azam
Christian holidays subject to the appearance of the moon include Good Friday, Easter Sunday, and Easter Monday. Christmas Day (December 25) and Boxing Day (December 26) are
also celebrated.
the Prophets Birthday. In addition, the Islamic holidays of
Shab-e-Barat and 27th Ramzan are observed in Karachi.
Industries
The main industries are textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products,
fertilizer, and shrimp.
The main exports are textiles, rice, leather goods, sporting
equipment, chemicals, manufactured goods, carpets, and rugs.
The main export-trading partners are the United States, China,
the United Arab Emirates, and Afghanistan.
The main imports are petroleum and petroleum products,
machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron, steel, and tea. The main import-trading partners are China, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
Emirates, and Kuwait.
Languages
Urdu is the official language. Punjabi is also widely used.
English is used in business and in most government ministries.
Enroute Volumes
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Pakistan are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
289

or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Requires foreign supertankers, nuclear-powered ships, and ships carrying nuclear materials to give
prior notice before entering the territorial sea.
A dispute with India over the terminus of the estuary of Sir
Creek (2338'N., 6802'E.), at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch,
has prevented the establishment of a maritime boundary. In
2004, this disputed area was resurveyed in preparations for discussions concerning the maritime boundary.
Pollution
The Maritime Security Agency in Pakistan is responsible for
preventing and controlling marine pollution. Pakistans Exclusive Economic Zone is under constant surveillance to monitor
pollutants. Vessels found polluting the marine environment
will be prosecuted in accordance with the law and will be held
responsible for all consequences.
Mariners are advised to inform the following organizations
immediately upon sighting or detecting marine pollution when
passing through Pakistani waters:
Director General, Maritime Security Agency
1. Telephone:
92-21-921-4624
92-21-921-4964
92-21-921-4965
92-21-921-4966
92-21-921-4967
2. Facsimile:
92-21-921-4621
92-21-921-6259
3. E-mail:
mrccpmsa@cyber.net.pk
Director General, Ports and Shipping
1. Telephone:
92-21-920-6405
92-21-920-6406
92-21-920-6407
2. Facsimile:
92-21-920-6407
Hydrographer of the Pakistan Navy
1. Telephone:
92-21-4850-6151
92-21-4850-6152
2. E-mail:
hydropk@bol.edu.pk
Regulations
intending to enter Pakistani territorial waters and ports should
fully comply with the provisions of Chapter XI-Part 2 of the
SOLAS Convention and Part A of the ISPS Code. Vessels shall
demonstrate that appropriate maritime security measures are in
place according to ISPS Code regulations. Vessels shall maintain compliance until leaving Pakistani territorial waters.
Pub. 160
290
Pakistan
Joint Maritime Information and Coordination Center

(JMICC)
The Pakistani navy operates the 24-hour JMICC from Karachi. The objective of the JMICC is to coordinate and harmonize maritime security efforts within the maritime jurisdiction
of Pakistan in order to assist vessels transiting the northern
Arabian Sea. Vessels are requested to report any illegal activity,
including maritime pollution incidents, in Pakistans Exclusive
Economic Zone or in the northern Arabian Sea, in addition to
notifying any other relevant authorities, as follows:
1. Facsimile:
92-21-992-32196
2. E-mail:
jmio@paknavy.gov.pk
Reporting Format, to the following offices:

1.
Search and Rescue

The Ports and Shipping Wing of the Ministry of Communications is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations. The Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC)
Pakistan can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
92-21-921-4624
92-21-921-4964
92-21-921-4965
92-21-921-4966
92-21-921-4967
2. Facsimile:
92-21-921-4625
92-21-921-4621
3. E-mail:
Rescue craft are stationed in Karachi.

Pakistan Ship Reporting System (PASREPS)
The Pakistan Ship Reporting System (PASREPS) has been
established to regulate the transport of hazardous and dangerous substances on vessels in order to prevent, reduce, and control marine pollution in Pakistani waters. All vessels regardless
of tonnage or size carrying dangerous and hazardous cargo
while transiting the Pakistan Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
or intending to call on any Pakistani port shall report the details
of such cargo at least 24 hours prior to entering the Pakistan
EEZ or 48 hours prior to transiting the territorial waters of Pakistan or entering any Pakistani port, whichever is earlier.
Dangerous and hazardous cargo to be declared include the
following:
1. Explosives.
2. Gases.
3. Flammable liquids.
4. Flammable solids or substances.
5. Oxidizing substances.
6. Organic peroxides and toxic substances.
7. Radioactive materials.
8. Corrosive substances.
9. Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles.
10. Substances and materials such as defined in the
Explosives Act, 1884.
11. Materials that are hazardous only when carried in
bulk (MHB).
The report of dangerous and hazardous cargo shall be made,
in the format given in the accompanying table titled PASREPS
Pub. 160
2.
3.
Director General Maritime Security Agency

KDLP Building, West Wharf Road
P.O. Box 13333, Karachi
Telephone:
92-21-9921-4624
92-21-9921-4864
92-21-9921-4865
92-21-9921-4866
92-21-9921-4867
Facsimile:
92-21-9921-4621
92-21-9921-4625
E-mail:
Director General (P and S)
Ministry of Ports and Shipping
Plot No. 12, Miscellaneous Area
Mai Kolachi Bypass
Near KESC Grid, Karachi
Telephone:
92-21-9920-6406
92-21-9920-4196
Facsimile:
92-21-9920-6407
E-mail:
dgpspk@gmail.com
Hydrographer of the Pakistan Navy
Hydrographic Department
Naval Headquarters
11 Liaquat Barracks, Karachi
Telephone:
92-21-4850-6151
92-21-4850-6152
Facsimile:
92-21-9920-1623
E-mail:
hydropk@paknavy.gov.pk
Web site:
http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/
hydro
PASREPS Reporting Format
Designator
Meaning
Name and type of ship
Port of registry
Position
IMO number
Port of departure
Next port-of-call
Type of packages (e.g.: steel drums,

boxes, freight containers, portable
tanks, etc.)
U.N. number(s)
Quantity, weight, and destination
Pakistan
PASREPS Reporting Format
Designator
Meaning
Details of arms and ammunition being

carried on board
Correct technical name of goods
Failure to report or declare the presence of dangerous and

hazardous cargo on board or non-compliance with notices to
mariners shall make the vessel considered to be unsafe. Vessels
suspected of violating these rules or notices to mariners on marine pollution when in the Pakistani EEZ or along the coast
shall be liable to visit and search by vessels or ships of the Pakistani navy or Maritime Security Agency (MSA) and may be
diverted for this purpose. Vessels violating any provisions of
the rules will be directed to the nearest Pakistani port or other
place deemed appropriate by a Pakistani naval, MSA, or government vessel for further investigations and legal proceedings.
Signals
Harbor Signals
Should it become necessary to control the movement of
ships into and within ports in Pakistan, the signals described
below will be displayed from a conspicuous position in or near
the port approaches and/or from any Examination or Traffic
Control Vessel operating in the approaches to the port, as follows:
1. Entry to port prohibited:
Day signalThree red balls, vertically disposed.
Night signalThree fixed red lights, vertically disposed.
2. Entry to port permitted:
Night signalThree fixed green lights, vertically
disposed.
3. Movement or anchorage within port prohibited:
Day signalBlue flag.
Night signalA fixed green light between two
fixed red lights, vertically disposed.
Storm Signals
The General System is used in Karachi (2449'N., 6659'E.).
For further information, see IndiaSignalsStorm Signals.

Exercise Area
A submarine exercise area extends all along the Makran
coast, W and SW of Ras Muari (Cape Monze), and is bounded
a. 2508'N, 6630'E.
b. 2458'N, 6630'E.
291
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2443'N, 6642'E.
2443'N, 6656'E.
2415'N, 6705'E.
2310'N, 6705'E.
2310'N, 6210'E.
2508'N, 6210'E.
Warning Signals
Pakistani submarines may be encountered by day or at night
while operating in any of the waters off the Pakistani coast.
They may be encountered on the surface at night, particularly
in the vicinity of Karachi. Under certain circumstances, warnings that submarines are exercising in specified areas may be
broadcast by the local coastal radio stations.
Pakistan escort vessels fly the International Code Group
periscope may sometimes indicate its position by releasing a
smoke candle that gives off a considerable volume of smoke
on first reaching the surface.
Submarines may sometimes also indicate their positions by
towing on the surface close astern a red-and-white or red-andyellow float.
The following signals are used by submerged Pakistani submarines in exercise areas to indicate their positions:
1. Red pyrotechnic flares, which may be accompanied by
smoke candles, repeated as often as possible indicate that
vessels should clear the area immediately as the submarine is
carrying out emergency surfacing procedure. Vessels must
not stop their propellers and should standby to render assistance.
2. White smoke candles (with flame), yellow smoke candles, or yellow and green pyrotechnic flares indicate the position of the submarine in response to a request from a ship
or aircraft.
3. Two yellow pyrotechnic flares or two white or two yellow smoke candles released singly about 3 minutes apart indicate that the submarine is preparing to surface. Vessels
must not stop their propellers and should keep clear.
If the red pyrotechnic flare signal is sighted and the submarine does not surface within 5 minutes, it should be assumed
attempt should be made to fix the position in which the signal
was sighted.
Navigation Lights
The masthead and side lights of Pakistani submarines are
placed well forward and very low over the water in proportion
to the length and tonnage of these vessels. In particular, the
masthead light may be lower than the side lights. The overtaking light (stern light) is placed very low indeed and may at
times be partially obscured by spray and wash. These lights
may also be invariably lower than the side lights.
The overall arrangement of the submarine's lights is therefore unusual and may well give the impression of a markedly
smaller and shorter vessel. The vulnerability of submarines to
collision when proceeding on the surface dictates particular
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292
Pakistan
caution when approaching such vessels.

While at anchor or moored to a buoy at night, Pakistani submarines exhibit normal anchor lights. In some submarines, the
aft anchor light is mounted on the upper rudder, which is some
distance astern of the hull's surface waterline. Care must be
taken to pass well clear astern of the submarine as the propeller
is placed aft of the rudder.
Pakistani submarines are also fitted with an all-round yellow
quick flashing light. It is usually situated higher than the masthead light and shows about 120 flashes per minute. This light
is used as an aid to identification in narrow waters, in areas of
dense traffic, and in close quarters situations. Showing of the
light is intended for indicating to an approaching vessel the
need for added caution rather than immediate identification of
the vessel exhibiting the light.
Sunken Submarine
A submarine which has bottomed and is unable to surface
will try to indicate its position by the following methods:
1. On the approach of surface vessels and at regular intervals by firing candles giving off yellow or white smoke. As
far as possible yellow candles will be used by day.
3. Blowing out air.
In some circumstances it may be impossible for a submarine
to fire smoke candles. Correspondingly, a partially-flooded
submarine may have only a certain number of smoke candles
available and searching ships should not therefore expect many
to appear.
that might appear to have come from a submarine while they
are in the probability area.
Searching ships and aircraft can waste many valuable hours
investigating these false contacts.
wait before escaping until rescue vessels are known to be
standing by or conditions inside the submarine deteriorate to
such an extent that an escape attempt must be made. It should
be noted that, in certain circumstances, the latter situation may
not arise through lack of air supply until several days after the
accident. However, if the submarine is badly damaged, survivors may have to make an escape attempt immediately. On arrival at the surface, crew members may be exhausted or ill, and,
if circumstances permit, the presence of a boat already lowered
is very desirable. Some crew members may require a decompression chamber. Therefore, it is the aim of the authorities to
get such a chamber to the scene as soon as possible.
Pub. 160

underwater explosions, and may easily receive fatal injuries.
A distance of about 0.3 mile is considered to be safe. If no
small charges are available, the running of an echo sounder or
the banging of the outer skin of the ship's hull with a hammer
from a position below the waterline are likely to be heard in the
submarine, and such banging and/or sounding should therefore
be carried out at frequent intervals.
Submarine Indicator Buoy
The buoy, which floats on the surface, is semi-spherical in
shape, about 43cm in diameter, and painted fluorescent orange.
It carries a sign giving the name of the Pakistani submarine.
A light, which flashes twice every second, is mounted on the
center of the top surface. This light has an endurance of about
60 hours.
The buoy is equipped with a radio transmitter operating at
243 MHz. The radio transmits a shrill noise at 1 second intervals, with a tone rising from 300 Hz to 3,000 Hz. The transmitter has an endurance of about 76 hours and a range of about
100 miles.
The buoy is also equipped with a radar responder on 9310
MHz if queried from 8500 MHz to 9600 MHz. The radar responder has an endurance of about 50 hours and a range of
about 85 miles.
Vessels finding this buoy should not secure to or touch it.
The Pakistani Navy or local police should be notified immediately.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is ECHO (-5). Daylight Savings
Time is not maintained.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at the Diplomatic Enclave,
Ramna 5, Islamabad.
The mailing address is 8100 Islamabad Place, Washington,
DC (20521-8100).
U. S. Embassy Pakistan Home Page
http://islamabad.usembassy.gov
293
PARAGUAY
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
293
293
293
293
294
294
294
294
294
Currency
The official unit of currency is the guarani, consisting of 100
centimos.
Government
General
Paraguay, located in the central part of South America, is
bounded on the E and NE by Brazil; on the SE, S, and SW by
Argentina; and on the NW by Bolivia.
The Chaco Boreal region, located W of the Rio Paraguay, is
a uniformly flat area with swampy lowlands near the river. In
other parts, it is covered with either dense jungle growth, isolated forests, or thorny scrub. Grassy plains and wooded hills
are located in an area to the E of the river.
The climate is mostly tropical with an abundant rainfall.
There is only a short dry season, from July to September, when
temperatures are lowest. The far W part of the country is semiarid.
Buoyage System
Flag of Paraguay
Paraguay is a constitutional republic. The country is divided
into 17 departments and the capital.
Paraguay is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a 5-year term. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the
President. The bicameral National Congress consists of an 80member directly-elected Chamber of Deputies and a 45-member directly-elected Chamber of Senators; members of both
chambers of Congress serve 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on Argentine, Roman, Spanish and
French civil law.
The capital is Asuncion.
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Paraguay
294
Holidays
cals, and vehicle parts. The main import-trading partners are

Brazil, China, Argentina, and the United States.
Languages
January 1
New Years Day
Heroes Day
March 1
Holy Thursday
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
May 15
Independence Day
June 12
Chaco Armistice Day
August 15
Founding of Asuncion
September 29
Victory at Boqueron
December 8
Our Lady of Caacupe
December 25
Christmas Day
Industries
The main industries are sugar, cement, textiles, beverages,
wood products, steel, metallurgy, and electric power.
The main exports are soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible
oils, wood, and leather. The main export-trading partners are
Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Russia.
The main imports are motor vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical products, tractors, chemi-
Pub. 160
Spanish is the official language. Guarani, a native Indian language, is widely spoken.
Time Zone
The Time Zone description is QUEBEC (+4). Daylight Savings Time (PAPA (+3)) is maintained from the beginning of
October until the end of March of the following year; the exact
changeover dates should be obtained from local authorities.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion.
1. Paraguay address
Casilla Postal 402
Asuncion
2. U. S. address
Unit 4711
APO AA (34036-0001)
U. S. Embassy Paraguay Home Page
http://paraguay.usembassy.gov
QATAR
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
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Buoyage System
Cautions
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
General
The official unit of currency is the Qatari riyal, consisting of

100 dirhams.
Qatar occupies the main peninsula projecting N into the Persian Gulf from the Saudi Arabian mainland. Qatar has a dispute with Bahrain concerning territorial claims over the Hawar
Islands.
Government
The country is mainly flat, barren, and covered with loose

sand and gravel.
The climate is hot and humid. There is very little rainfall,
vegetation is sparse, and temperatures are very high.
Qatar is a traditional monarchy. The country is divided into

seven municipalities.
Qatar is ruled by an Amir, who is also the Prime Minister,
and a Council of Ministers, appointed by the Amir. There is no
parliament, but the Council of Ministers is assisted by a 45member appointed Advisory Council, of which 15 are appointPub. 160
Qatar
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Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Qatar are, as follows:
Flag of Qatar
ed and 30 are directly elected.
The legal system consists of a discretionary form of law controlled by the Amir. Civil codes are being introduced. Islamic
law is significant in personal matters.
The capital is Doha (Ad Dawhah).
Holidays
Qatari National Day

Industries
The main industries are liquefied natural gas, crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers, petrochemicals,
steel reinforcing bars, cement, and commercial ship repair.
The main exports are liquefied natural gas, petroleum products, fertilizers, and steel. The main export-trading partners are
Japan, South Korea, India, Singapore, and China.
food, and chemicals. The main import-trading partners are the
United States, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, the
United Kingdom, and Japan.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English is also commonly
used.
Mined Areas
Vessels are advised that mined areas exist in the N part of the
Persian Gulf. Further information should be obtained from the
local authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the naval authorities by INMARSAT (150-5612) or to Coalition naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported
to be dangerous due to mines are also promulgated by Notice
to Mariners issued by the Middle East Navigation Aids Service
(MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
Pub. 160
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone *
Continental Shelf *
* Extends to median line with neighboring states.
Pollution

December 18
Territorial Sea
Qatar Petroleums Oil Spill and Emergency Response can be

1. Telephone:
974-40131565
974-40131566
2. Facsimile:
974-44293766
3. E-mail:
ashkanani@qp.com.qa
Any oil spill incidents occurring within Qatar should also be
reported to the Qatar Petroleum Major Communication Center,
which can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
974-44402000
2. Facsimile:
974-44402509
The coast of Qatar lies within the Regional Organization for
Regulations.
Regulations
General
Liquor is not allowed ashore and it is a serious offense to offer alcoholic beverages to a Qatari.
Smoking is not permitted in public places during Ramadan.
Quarantine (Pre-arrival Information)
Radio pratique can be obtained via the vessels agent provided the master can declare that there has not been a serious illness on board during the previous 30 days and the following
information is supplied to the Quarantine Officer via the agent:
1. Vessel name and flag.
2. Masters name and nationality.
3. Number and nationality of officers and crew.
4. Ports visited during the last 21 days.
5. Has the vessel any suspected cases of plague, cholera,
yellow fever, typhus, or any other infectious disease?
Qatar
All crew members are required to have a valid cholera certificate.
Search and Rescue

The Department of Customs and Ports General Authority is
responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations.
Doha Coast Radio Station (A7D) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on 2182 kHz and VHF channel
16 and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
974-44404088
974-44864444
2. Facsimile:
974-44980360
3. E-mail:
a7d@ooredoo.qa

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Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated in the Al-Luqta District at 22
February Road, Doha.
The mailing address is 22 February Road, Al-Luqta District,
P.O. Box 2399, Doha.
U. S. Embassy Qatar Home Page
http://qatar.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Service is in operation in Mesaieed (Umm
Said) (2456'N., 5135'E.). For further information, see Pub.
172, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian
Gulf.
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RED SEA AND THE PERSIAN GULF
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Climatology
Currents
Fishing Areas
Offshore Drilling
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Seas
Tides
AppendixRoutes in the Red Sea/Persian Gulf
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General
The Red Sea is bounded on the W by Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea and on the E by Saudi Arabia. The Gulf of Aqaba, in the
N part of the Red Sea, extends NW from the S end of the Sinai
Peninsula and provides maritime access to Israel and Jordan.
The Red Sea, a critical shipping like linking the Indian Ocean
to the Mediterranean Sea., is entered from the S through the
Bab al Mandeb and to the N through the Suez Canal.
The Gulf of Aden, lying in the E approach to Bab-al-
299
Mandeb, is bounded on the N by Yemen and on the S by

Somalia. The island of Suqutra, a part of Yemen, lies on the S
side of the Gulf of Aden, about 130 miles ENE of Gwardafuy,
the NE extremity of Somalia.
The Gulf of Oman, bounded on the S and W by Oman and
the United Arab Emirates and on the N by Iran, lies in the E approach to the Strait of Hormuz. a significant amount of the
worlds oil transits through the Strait of Hormuz.
The Persian Gulf, entered from the S through the Strait of
Hormuz, is bounded on the S and W by the United Arab Emirates., Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, and on the E
and N by Iran and Iraq.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in many areas of the Persian Gulf are
reported to be unreliable. They may be missing, unlit, or out of
position.
Cautions
Special Warning 132 (Issued 4 April 2015)
Special Warning 123 (Issued 11 November 2005; revised 24
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Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
November 2014)
Information on Special Warning 123 can be found in SomaliaCautions.
Special Warning 122 (Issued 11 March 2005; reviewed 6
November 2014)
As of early 2005, the United States Government has received
unconfirmed information that terrorists may attempt to mount a
maritime attack using speedboats against a Western ship, possibly in East Africa. This information is unconfirmed and the
United States is not aware of additional information on the
planning, timing, or intended targets of the maritime attack.
20 November 2014)
1. Due to recent events in the Middle East and the American homeland, U.S. forces worldwide are operating at a heightened state of readiness and taking additional defensive
precautions against terrorist and other potential threats. Consequently, all aircraft, surface vessels, and subsurface vessels approaching U.S. forces are requested to maintain radio contact
with U.S. forces on bridge-to-bridge channel 16, international
air distress (121.5 MHz VHF), or MILAR Distress (243.0
MHz UHF)
vicinity.
Warning
A Coalition of Nations has responded to repeated calls by
the International Community, though the United Nations, for
action to combat international violent extremism. The CMF
from these nations join together to conduct operations in the
Middle East Region with the aim of maintaining maritime
security and combating violent extremism. The Coalition
headquarters is in Bahrain and CMF forces routinely conduct
operations in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Somali Basin,
the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman, the northern Indian Ocean,
and the Arabian Gulf. These areas contain important sea lines
of communication and as such are crucial to worldwide trade
and economy. The CMF will, where possible, assist mariners
in distress and attempt to keep the seas as safe as possible.
Coalition operations may include Maritime Awareness Calls,
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queries, approaches, or boardings of vessels on the high seas.

Mariners are thanked for ensuring these activities are undertaken as swiftly, and with as little impact on the vessel as possible.
The CMF routinely monitor the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to promote awareness and safety throughout the region. Improper or inaccurate use of such equipment is likely to
draw specific interest to the relevant ship by CMF.
If illicit or unusual activities are observed by mariners in the
region, this can be reported to Coalition naval vessels using
VHF channel 16 or via CFMCC, as follows:
1. Telephone:
00-973-1781-2952
2. E-mail:
mail@rewardsforjustice.net
More information can also be found, as follows:
Combined Maritime Forces
http://www.cusnc.navy.mil
All vessels and aircraft approaching the CMF are advised to
maintain radio contact on bridge-to-bridge VHF channel 16,
international air distress (121.5 MHz VHF), or military air distress (243.0 MHz UHF). This notice is effective immediately
and will remain in effect until further notice.
The CMF appreciates the assistance of mariners in contributing to a lawful maritime order in this region.
Locust Reports
General.Many countries in Africa and Southwest Asia
are, from time to time, invaded by swarms of Desert Locust.
These locusts are capable of traveling for hundreds of miles
and have repeatedly been seen in flight at sea within the North
Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf,
and the N part of the Indian Ocean. For further information, see
Indian OceanCautionsLocust Reports.
Ras Bab al MandebTerror Threat
Vessels transiting Ras Bab al Mandeb, the Red Sea, and the
Gulf of Aden along the Yemeni coast should be aware that information suggests (2010) that Al-Qaeda remains interested in
maritime attacks in this region. Although it is unclear how they
would proceed, it may be similar in nature to the attack on the
USS Cole in October 2000 or the M/V Limberg in October
2002, where a small to mid-size boat laden with explosives was
detonated in the vicinity of the targeted ships. However, the use
of more sophisticated targeting methods, such as the use of
missiles or projectiles to target ships (including the mortars
used to target a U.S. Navy vessel in Jordan in 2005) cannot be
ruled out.
Vessels transiting the waters in this region should operate at
a heightened state of readiness and should maintain 24-hour visual and radar watches. Vessels are at the greatest risk in areas
of restricted maneuverability, while in port, or when at anchor.
Vessels are also urged to regularly report their position, course,
and speed to the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Organization (UKMTO).
Merchant vessels are requested to report any suspicious activity to the UKTMO or the IMB Piracy Reporting Center. This
information may also be relayed to the Maritime Security Cen-

terHorn of Africa (MSC-HOA).
Ras Bab al MandebContact Information
Telephone
E-mail
UKMTO
971-50-552-3215
ukmto@eim.ae
MSC-HOA
44-1923-958545
opscentre@mschoa.org
IMB Piracy
Reporting
Center
603-2031-0014
imbkl@icc-ccs.org
piracy@icc-ccs.org
Piracy
General.Acts of piracy are reported to occur within the
waters off the coast of Somalia and in the Strait of Hormuz.
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International
Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures Center at Kuala Lumpur. This center operates for the
Southeast Asian Region and is able to receive reports from vessels concerning attacks and advise of danger areas. Piracy
warnings are broadcast by the center. For further information,
see MalaysiaCautionsPiracy.
in the waters off Egypt, in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea,
off Somalia, in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, and off
Oman
The European Union, in cooperation with Lloyds Registry,
has established a web-based resource for vessels to receive the
latest alerts prior to transiting high risk areas in this region.
Owners and operators are encouraged to register their vessels
with the Maritime Security CenterHorn of Africa, as follows:
Maritime Security Center-Horn of Africa Home Page
http://www.mschoa.org
Industry bodies, including the National Maritime Bureau
(IMB) have published Best Management Practices to Deter
Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the Coast of Somalia (February 2009). This document can be accessed from the International Chamber of Commerces web site, as follows:
International Chamber of Commerce Home Page
http://www.icc-ccs.org/images/stories/pdfs/bmp.pdf
Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA).A Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) has been established in the Gulf of
Aden in support of the International Maritime Organizations
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(IMO) ongoing efforts to ensure the safety of ships and mariners at sea. The MSPA is a geographic region in the Gulf of
Aden utilized by the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) and
positioned to maximize the deployment of available forces in
areas of high risk. CMF forces patrol the MSPA on a routine
basis.
The MSPA is not marked or defined by visual navigational
means, nor is it intended to be a dedicated traffic separation
scheme. The MSPA is a naval term for use by warships when
communicating with each other and should not be confused
with the Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor
(IRTC) for the Gulf of Aden. The IRTC, which is described below, is the recommended path through the Gulf of Aden to allow minimal response time to attacks.
MSPA patrols are intended to monitor activity both inside
and outside the transit corridor. Naval vessels patrolling the
MSPA provide a measure of deterrence through their presence,
but this deterrence is limited due to the vast area of the Gulf of
Aden and even less effective in the open waters E of Somalia.
Given the high volume of shipping in the region, the safety of
all ships cannot be guaranteed due to the often long response
times due to the considerable distances involved. Masters are
recommended to continue to use all available defensive
measures to make their vessels less vulnerable to attack when
operating in the Gulf of Aden and off the E coast of Africa.
Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor.
(IRTC)An IRTC has been established in the Gulf of Aden
by the CMF, in cooperation with the European Union Naval
Force (EURNAVFOR) Atalanta and the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Organization (UKMTO). The corridor is designed
to:
1. Deconflict commercial transit traffic with Yemeni fishermen.
2. Provide a measure of traffic separation.
3. Allow maritime forces to conduct deterrent operations
in the Gulf of Aden with a greater degree of flexibility.
The IRTC is not marked or defined by visual navigational
means, nor is it intended to be a dedicated traffic separation
scheme, but in order for CMF patrols to be effective, vessels
transiting the Gulf of Aden are strongly recommended to adhere to these guidelines regarding the use of the IRTC.
The transit corridor consists of separate eastbound and westbound transit lanes, each lane being 5 miles wide, separated by
a 2-mile wide buffer zone, as follows:
1. Eastbound laneBegins at longitude 4500'E between
latitude 1148'N and latitude 1153'N. The lane is oriented
along a straight line course of 072, ending at longitude
5300'E between latitude 1418'N and latitude 1423'N. The
lane should be entered at a position designated as Point A
(1150'N., 4500'E.).
2. Westbound laneBegins at longitude 5300'E between latitude 1425'N and latitude 1430'N. The lane is oriented along a straight line course of 252, ending at
longitude 4500'E between latitude 1155'N and latitude
1200'N. The lane should be entered at a position designated
as Point A (1428'N., 5300'E.).
Gulf of Aden Group Transits (GOAGT).A designated
Group Transit scheme has been put in place for transit through
the Gulf of Aden, beginning at the following starting points:
1. Point Aposition 1150'N, 4500'E.
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Courtesy of http://www.mschoa.org
Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC)

2. Point Bposition 1428'N, 5300'E.
Though this is not considered a naval convoy, following the
GOAGT scheme will enhance mutual protection, optimize the
coordination of military assets in support, and help vessels in
avoiding the higher risk piracy areas during the most vulnerable time of the day.
Military assets (naval units with air support) will be strategically deployed within the area to provide protection and support to merchant vessels. However, vessels should not expect to
see a routine military presence at point A or Point B and are
unlikely to establish VHF contacts at these points.
Information on the transit schedule is given in the table titled
GOAGT Transit Schedule.
GOAGT Transit Schedule
Transit speed
Start time
(ZULU)
Start time
(local)
Eastbound transit starting at Point A

10 knots
0100
0400
12 knots
0530
0830
14 knots
0830
1130
16 knots
1100
1400
18 knots
1300
1600
Westbound transit starting at Point B

10 knots
1500
1800
12 knots
2100
0001
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GOAGT Transit Schedule

Start time
(ZULU)
Start time
(local)
14 knots
0100
0400
16 knots
0530
0830
18 knots
0700
1000
Transit speed
There are no special procedures for joining a group transit;

simply depart at the scheduled time from Point A or Point B
and proceed through the transit corridor in company with any
other vessels electing to use the transit scheme. When
transiting the corridor, it is recommended that eastbound
vessels navigate S of the corridor while westbound vessels
navigate N of the corridor.
Vessels should comply with the COLREGS at all times.
Vessels are not relieved of their obligation to maintain a 24hour lookout using all available means to get early warnings of
an approaching threat.
Some vessels have been attacked/hijacked in the corridor. It
should be noted that there is no one particular ship for vessels
to follow during the group transit. The idea is to depart at the
given time regardless of the number of ships in the area at the
time of departure.
It is recommended that vessels send a position report every 4
hours to UKMTO and MARLO. Vessels are also encouraged to
register with the Maritime Security CenterHorn of Africa,
which can be contacted through the previously-given web site.
Recommended Reporting Procedures.U.S.-flagged vessels should provide 2 weeks advance notice of arrival in the
waters off the Horn of Africa to MARLO Bahrain. This more

advanced notification provides naval forces more time to plan
the use of available naval assets.
entering the above-described IRTC, check in again when entering the IRTC, and check out upon exiting this same corridor.
While in these waters, it is recommended that vessels report
their position to the UKMTO a minimum of every 6 hours.
Check-in points are, as follows:
1. Eastbound trafficposition 1215'N, 4500'E.
2. Westbound trafficposition 1445'N, 5300'E.
The following reporting format should be used:
A. Vessel name.
B. Call sign.
C. IMO Number.
D. Cargo.
E. Last port.
F. Noon position (UTC).
G. Next port.
H. Additional ports.
I. Security team aboard (Y/N).
J. Reporting via AMVER?
K. Publication 117 aboard?
L. Present position.
MARLO Bahrain can be contacted, as follows:
1. E-mail (preferred):
marlo.bahrain@me.navy.mil
2. Telephone:
973-3940-1395
Information on the Gulf of Aden Voluntary Reporting System and the Middle East Merchant Vessel Voluntary Reporting System can be found under Ship Reporting Systems.
Anti-Piracy Distress Calling Procedures.Commercial
vessels transiting the Gulf of Aden and the E coast of Somalia
and under piracy distress are recommended to use the following reporting procedures:
1. Call for help on VHF channel 16 (primary), VHF
channel 8 (secondary), and MF/HF/DSC.
2. Immediately contact the United Kingdom Maritime
Trade Office (UKMTO):
Telephone:
971-50-552-3215
E-mail:
ukmto@eim.ae
3. If no answer, contact the Maritime Liaison Office
(MARLO) Bahrain:
Telephone:
973-3940-1395
E-mail:
4. Activate the Ship Security Alert System.
Transit Recommendations off the E coast of Africa.Pirates are attacking vessels, including yachts and other noncommercial vessels such as sail boats, in the Gulf of Aden, the
Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the southern Red Sea, and the
Mozambique Channel. The pirates fire automatic weapons and
rocket-propelled grenades in an attempt to board and hijack
vessels. Once the attack is successful and the vessel hijacked,
the pirates direct the vessel to the Somali coast and then demand a ransom for the safe return of the vessel and crew.
Pirates use hijacked fishing vessels and merchant vessels to
conduct piracy operations as mother vessels to sail far from the
Somali coast to attack and hijack vessels in transit or at anchor.
Smaller skiffs are launched from the pirate mother vessels to
attack the targeted vessels.
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Seiches
Seiches (stationary oscillations superimposed upon the tide,
having periods varying from a few minutes to about an hour)
occur in the Persian Gulf. At Ras al Mishab, the height is about
0.1m, with periods of 30 to 60 minutes; at Ras Tannurah, the
height is about 0.2m, with periods of 6 to 12 minutes.
Information on seiches in the Arabian Sea is not available;
however, they should be expected because the Arabian Sea is
similar in shape to the Bay of Bengal, where seiches do occur.
In the Red Sea, the water level is about 0.3m higher in winter
than in summer because of the greater evaporation during the
latter season. Also, strong winds and changes in barometric
pressure may cause appreciable variations in the water level.
VHF Channel 16 Interference
In the Gulf of Oman, the S approach to the Strait of Hormuz,
and particularly in the Persian Gulf itself, VHF channel 16 experiences an extreme level of over-the-air interference. This interference consists of a high volume of extraneous
conversations not related to hailing and safety, as well as loud
and prolonged episodes of whistling and the playing of music.
This causes a severe degradation to the channels intended
function as a maritime hailing and distress frequency.
Abnormal Refraction
Due to abnormal refraction, lights in the Red Sea may be
sighted beyond their listed range.
Iranian Naval Exercises in the Strait of Hormuz
It has been reported (2013) that Iranian naval exercises in the
Strait of Hormuz may result in localized disruptions to shipping. During previous exercises, Iranian maritime forces conducted boardings and inspections of merchant shipping. It is
possible that Iran will attempt to conduct boardings and inspections during future exercises, with limited warnings before
commencing the exercise. The most likely location for this activity would be in the Strait of Hormuz, particularly in areas
closer to Iranian-claimed territorial waters.
Local Craft
Trading between ports in the Persian Gulf, India, the Red
Sea, and the E coast of Africa is partly carried out by vessels
known locally as bagalas and bums; similar vessels from India
are known as kutiyahs and dangiyas, respectively. The term
dhow, used to denote local craft, is of western origin and is not
used by the local trading communities.
These local craft are usually between 100 and 400 tons, with
a tall mainmast and lateen sail, and a small lateen mizzen. They
sail well in moderate winds but do not operate during the
Southwest Monsoon. Smaller local craft are similarly rigged
but do not have a mizzen.
Climatology
General
Routes through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf experience
mostly good weather during the N summer. Prevailing NW
through N winds rarely reach gale force. In the S waters of
both bodies, winds are most variable early in the season.
Through the Strait of Hormuz, SW through NW winds give
way in July to SE winds. Wind speeds average 5 to 10 knots in
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304
the Persian Gulf and southern Red Sea. In the northern Red
Sea, speeds of 8 to 13 knots are common, and gales may occur,
particularly where the prevailing wind is reinforced by the sea
breeze. Over the Persian Gulf the persistent NW winds from
July on are known as the Great Shamal (40-day Shamal). The
winds occasionally blow at near gale strength, bringing clouds
of dust and sand over the Persian Gulf. Dust and haze can reduce visibilities to less than 2 miles, but generally visibilities
are good over both the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Skies are often cloudless, with only a few scattered showers to break the
monotony of good weather.
There are few weather problems in the Persian Gulf and Red
Sea during winter. One hazard occurs in Red Seas narrow Bab
el Mandeb from October through March, when winds in this
area and N to 20N blow out of the SE through S. This creates
a funneling effect in the narrow channel, causing an increase in
wind speeds. While winds reach gale force just 1 to 2 per cent
of the time, they blow at 22 to 33 knots up to 34 per cent of the
time. Farther N and in the Persian Gulf, mainly W through N
winds blow at 6 to 12 knots on the average. Occasionally, a low
pressure system or front may bring gales, rain, and cloudy
skies. Most of the time skies are clear and visibilities are good.
In Somalia, the climate is divided into four seasons of about
3 months each, starting in mid August, as follows:
1. DerThe rainy Southwest Monsoon still prevails until
the NE winds set in.
2. JilalA dry season with constant NE winds.
3. GuA wet season in which the NE winds prevail until
the Southwest Monsoon sets in.
4. AgaiA hot season, with lesser rains at intervals, in
which the Southwest Monsoon is constant.
The Coasts of the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of
Aden, the Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf
General.Weather in this region is strongly seasonal, reflecting the monsoons. During winter, dry NE winds, out of a
high over Siberia, bring cool temperatures with little rain or
clouds. In the summer, strong SW winds bring warm humid air
to all but the most N areas, which remain under the influence
of a dry N flow. Rain and clouds are frequent along the W coast
of India and the coast of Pakistan. In the Gulfs and the Red
Sea, weather is often hot and oppressive. Extratropical cyclones bring some weather to N areas in winter, while tropical
cyclones occur most often in spring and fall.
Tropical Cyclones.Out of the five or six tropical cyclones
(including tropical depressions) that move across the Arabian
Sea in a normal year, usually just one will reach tropical storm
or hurricane strength. This sparse activity is divided by the
Southwest Monsoon into two seasonsMay through June and
October through November. Sometimes a tropical cyclone will
form in the summer during a lull in the monsoon. It can also
occur in winter; however, nearly 75 per cent of all tropical cyclones form during the four seasonal months.
Arabian Sea tropical cyclones usually develop in the SE waters or come across India from the Bay of Bengal. Their most
common paths are either WNW toward the Arabian Peninsula
or they recurve to the N or NE and come ashore over Pakistan
or northwest India.
While these storms are most often tropical depressions, they
can reach hurricane intensity, and winds up to 130 knots have
been estimated. They often generate torrential rains which conPub. 160
tribute significantly to otherwise sparse amounts along the S

Arabian coast. One of the great dangers accompanying these
storms, especially along a low-lying coast, is the storm surge.
This rapid rise in water level is caused by the combination of
low pressure and strong onshore winds.
Extra-tropical Cyclones.Intense extra-tropical cyclones
rarely occur in the Arabian Sea, although low-pressure systems
from the eastern Mediterranean, and some from the Sahara and
western Arabia, do pass through the Persian Gulf in winter.
They are frequently accompanied by gales and thunderstorms,
which are sometimes associated with their cold fronts. These
lows may enter the northern Arabian Sea as weak systems.
About 4 to 7 per month, from November through March, cross
through the area.
General Winds.During the N winter (December through
March), the Northeast Monsoon prevails over most of this region. These winds, which flow from a high over India and Arabia to an equatorial low over Africa, are mainly out of the NE.
However, they become SE through E in the southern Red Sea,
E in the Gulf of Aden, and NW in the Persian Gulf and the
Gulf of Oman. In the northern Red Sea, including the Gulf of
Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba, NW through N prevailing winds
are generated by an extension of the Azores High. Low-pressure systems introduce some variability in this area. Average
wind speeds range from 6 to 12 knots, except along the Somalia coast, where they run 12 to 15 knots. Gales are infrequent,
occurring less than 2 per cent of the time. They are most likely
in the northern Red Sea and through the Bab al Mandeb. Strong
local winds may be encountered.
March through May is a transition period as the Southwest
Monsoon replaces the Northeast Monsoon. The burst of the
summer monsoon usually takes place in early June. During the
transition, winds are light, except in tropical cyclones.
By late June, the summer monsoon is well established and
persistent. Off the Somalia and southern Arabian coasts, winds
blow almost exclusively from the S through SW. Southwest
and W winds are most common in the Gulf of Aden and along
the W coast of India. The Gulf of Oman features SE through S
winds, while in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, winds are primarily out of the W through NW. These areas are under the influence of the low pressure area over India and Arabia.
The summer monsoon is the stronger and more persistent of
the two. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the seas just E
of Suqutra. During the July peak, wind speeds average an incredible 30 knots, while gales blow up to 30 per cent of the
time. June and August are just slightly less devastating. From
June through August, the area of gales occurring 5 per cent or
more of the time extends from the coast of Somalia to near the
entrance to the Gulf of Oman. Elsewhere along the Arabian
Sea and northern Red Sea coasts, average speeds run 15 to 20
knots during the heart of the monsoon. Along the other coasts
of this region, these averages drop to 8 to 12 knots, and gales
are infrequent. Winds may be strong locally in many coastal areas.
October is the principal fall transition month as winds become unsteady and light. There is an increase in NW through
NE winds and, in SE part of the region, the rather frequent NW
winds are referred to as a cross monsoon. Tropical cyclones
can bring severe winds. In the northern, Red Sea mean wind
speeds reach an annual peak in September, when they blow at
13 to 15 knots; gales occur a little more than 1 per cent of the

time.
Coastal Winds.The land-sea breeze effect is extensive,
particularly when pressure gradients are slack. At these times,
the winds blow perpendicular to the coastsonshore during
the afternoon and offshore at night. The land-sea breeze system
can also deflect, reinforce, or retard the prevailing monsoon. At
a few locations along the Somalia shores of the Gulf of Aden
and Red Sea, the sea breeze overcomes the summer monsoon
during the afternoon. At some places, like Djibouti, the sea
breeze strengthens both monsoons, creating strong winds yearround. Along lie Sudan coast, the land breeze blows slightly
offshore from October through May, while in July and August,
it is perpendicular to the coast. The sea breeze is from the NE
in winter and NE trough E in summer. In the Persian Gulf, land
and sea breezes are most conspicuous in winter, between lows,
while in summer they are masked by the prevailing NW winds.
On the Makran Coast, they are noticeable from October
through March. Along the W coast of India on the Kathiawar
Coast and the Sind Coast, winter land breezes reinforce the
Northwest Monsoon, while off the Konkan Coast the deflection of the NE wind toward the NW during the afternoon is attributed to the sea breeze. On the Malabar Coast, the sea breeze
is from the W. After February, the sea breeze becomes more
pronounced as it begins to strengthen the Southwest Monsoon.
Local Winds.The following local winds occur in this area
and are described, as follows:
1. Karif.A SW summer wind that blows on the S
shores of the Gulf of Aden. It is strongest where highlands
back the coast, as they do near Berbera; from mid-July to
mid-August they sometimes exceed 50 knots. The karif sets
in suddenly during the night, increasing in strength until it
reaches a peak in the morning, then decreases in the afternoon. However, it sometimes lows incessantly for 3 to 4
days. It brings 38 to 46C temperatures and raises a great
deal of sand and dust.
2. Khamsin.A hot dry sand-laden wind that blows in
both Djibouti and Egypt. In Djibouti, it is a violent NW wind
that occurs from May through September, sometimes blowing for 3 or 4 days at a time. It usually begins in the early afternoon and slackens around midnight. Wind speeds have
been known to exceed 50 knots. Temperatures rise sharply,
making the weather unbearable during these spells. In Egypt,
the khamsin blows from the S in advance of eastward-moving lows. These winds are most common from February to
May.
3. Saba.A cool violent W wind that blows along the
Djibouti coast. It occurs only on summer mornings beginning and ending suddenly. It is often accompanied by a few
raindrops, which help keep down the dust.
4. Ha boob.A short-lived squall from the SE through
W blowing over Sudan between July and September. This
wind may reach gale force with little warning and can raise
sand and dust.
5. Belat.A strong sandy NW wind found in winter on
the S coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It may reach gale force
for a few minutes or several hours. It can persist for several
days. It usually begins and ends abruptly.
6. Shamal.A NW wind of the Persian Gulf, usually restricted to the stronger winds. It is most frequent in the N
from early June to about mid-July, when it is referred to as
the great or 40-day shamal because of its persistence. Hot
305
dry winds under cloudless skies fill the air with a very fine
dust that extends far out to sea. At other times, shamals occur
in 1 to 5 day periods, setting in suddenly, dying down at
night, and strengthening again during the day.
7. Nashi.A strong NE winter wind that blows in the
Strait of Hormuz region. It can also occur along the Iranian
coast of the Persian Gulf, in the Gulf of Oman, and on the
coast of Pakistan. It generally lasts from 3 to 5 days but can
be much shorter. The nashi is feared by local fishermen
along the Arabian coast, where there is a lack of shelter.
8. Kaus (Arabic)/Sharqi (Persian).A strong SE,
sometimes E, wind that occasionally reaches gale force over
the Persian Gulf. It is mainly a winter wind that precedes
lows to the W or NW of the Persian Gulf and brings humid
cloudy weather with rain squalls. It is often followed by a
clearing SW wind called a suahili.
Climate.Precipitation is sparse from Muqdisho to Karachi. Annual averages range from less than 508mm on the E Somalia coast to less than 25mm in the northern Red Sea. Most
amounts are in the 51 to 204mm range. In arid regions one or
two showers may be responsible for the entire yearly total.
Sometimes one heavy cloudburst can dump twice the average
annual total on one location. There is also a wide variability
from year to year. For example, at Bushehr, Iran, where
267mm is normal, as much as 686mm has fallen, and as little
as no rain, has been recorded in a single year.
In the northern Red Sea, the meager rainfall usually comes
on a few days during winter. The brief storms that bring the
rain are often accompanied by thunder and occasionally by
hail. In the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, winter is
usually the wettest time, but not always. Some rain falls in a local winter convergence zone that oscillates between Bur Sudan
and Aseb. Maximum 24-hour amounts range from 51 to
104mm along these coasts. Along the southern Arabian coast,
late summer through early winter brings the 25 to 51mm that
fall on about 7 to 14 days annually. The exception is Salalah,
where most of the annual total of 91mm falls during July and
August. The Persian Gulf has a definite winter (November
through March) maximum, with ships reporting precipitation 1
to 4 per cent of the time. During this season, much of the annual total of 76 to 127mm falls along the Arabian coast, as does
much of the 76 to 279mm along the coast of Iran. Along these
coasts, maximum 24-hour amounts remain below 152mm,
while thunderstorms occur on 3 to 9 days each year.
Along the coast of Pakistan and the W coast of India, wet
and dry seasons are pronounced, particularly between 10 and
20N. This is where the summer monsoon exerts its greatest influence. North of Mumbai (Bombay) and S of Cochin annual
amounts decrease, and there is less of a seasonal difference.
Between Cochin and Ratnagiri, annual averages range from
100 to 140 inches with 50 to 70 per cent falling in June and July. At Mumbai (Bombay), where 2,082mm fall each year on
the average, less than 25mm per month falls from November
through May. Thunderstorms are most frequent along the SW
coast of India, where they occur on up to 100 days per year,
mainly during the spring and fall changes of the monsoons.
Maximum 24-hour amounts range from 102mm along the Pakistan coast to nearly 559mm at Mumbai (Bombay). Along the
Pakistan coast, annual amounts of 152 to 203mm are common.
The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are among the hottest
places on earth. Air temperature over water averages 29.4C to
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306
more than 32C during the summer months. At several ports,

extremes of 48.9C or more have been recorded. In the northern Persian Gulf, at ports like Kuwait and Abadan, temperatures reach 38C or more on 150 to 200 days annually and just
about every day from June through August. These furnace-like
conditions are also encountered along the S shores of the Gulf
of Aden, where average daily maximums exceed 38C in summer.
Throughout the area June through August is usually the
warmest period, except where the Southwest Monsoon brings
clouds or rain as it does along the SW coast of India, the southern Arabian coast, and the NE coast of Somalia. At these locations, spring is warmer. January is usually the coolest month.
In general summer daytime temperatures range in the low to
upper 30s (C) except in the cloudy regions, where they are 6
to 9C cooler. At night they are in the mid-20 to low-30 (C)
range. In midwinter, average daily maximums range from near
32C on the NE coast of Somalia to the low mid-teens (C)
around Kuwait, while minimums range from the low to mid20s (C) to around 10C.
Diurnal, annual, and extreme temperature ranges are influenced somewhat by latitude, but mainly by exposure. This continentality is most noticeable in the northern Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf. Diurnal variations of up to 12C are common.
Annual variations in average maximums and minimums range
from 18 to 24C. Extremes vary from 48.9C or more to near
or below freezing.
In this region, relative humidities are a reflection of the combination of the inverse effect of temperature and the direct effect of an onshore wind. They can be extremely misleading.
The reputation of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea as sweltering and sticky seems little deserved, with readings in the 25 to
50 per cent range. This figure, however, is due to the high temperatures of the area. The absolute humidity is quite high. The
hot local winds discussed in a preceding section are capable of
dropping relative humidities into the 10 per cent range.
In general, the Southwest Monsoon brings high summer relative humidities to the Arabian Sea, the coast of Somalia, Arabia, Pakistan, and India. Morning readings of 85 to 90 per cent
fall into the 65 to 85 per cent range by afternoon. The winter
monsoon drops these readings about 10 to 20 per cent, except
at island locations, where the seasonal variation is often less
than 10 per cent. The W shores of the Red Sea and the Persian
Gulf and the S shores of the Gulf of Aden all record highest humidities in winter and lowest readings in summer. This is the
result of low temperatures and an onshore low. This is often the
case on the E shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Here,
however, conditions are more variable, as offshore winds blow
in winter and summer winds are influenced by local conditions. In the N reaches of the Red Sea, particularly near the entrances to the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba, conditions
are extremely local. In At Tur, from September through April,
relative humidities increase during the day. This also occurs at
Al Qusayr all year.
During winter dry stable air from the interior of Asia brings
mostly clear skies, with cloud cover mainly confined to isolated patches. Maximum cloud cover is found in the Persian Gulf,
where low pressure systems from the Mediterranean Sea
spread stratus-type clouds; mean amounts average 2/8 or more.
This also occurs in the southern Red Sea due to a local area
convergence zone. The most cloud-free area is off the NW
Pub. 160
coast of India where air is extremely stable; average cloud

amounts are usually less than 1/8. Cloud amounts are even less
in early spring, but this changes with the onset of the Southwest Monsoon.
During the Southwest Monsoon, the W coast of India, particularly between the Kathiawar Peninsula and Mumbai (Bombay), is the cloudiest area. Cloud cover in his region averages
6/8 or more. The northern Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are the
most cloud-free areas in summer; the average sky cover is 1/8
or less.
Visibility.As is common in most tropical regions, visibilities are generally good. They are restricted briefly in showers
and locally in early morning fog. However, dust storms and
sand storms create a problem in this region.
The terms dust storms and sand storms are usually used interchangeably, although technically sand storms are composed
of coarser particles which restrict their height and aerial
spread. Dust storms can rise to 300m and carry far out to sea.
Visibilities in these storms, along the coast, are often reduced
below 6 miles but only occasionally below 1 mile. The most
severe conditions occur in strong local winds. These storms are
also caused by whichever monsoon acts as a land breeze in arid
regions. Over the central and southern Red Sea they are mainly
a summer phenomena, while to the N, where they are less frequent, they are more apt to occur with the khamsin from February through June. Across the Arabian Peninsula, the shamal
creates summer sand storms. Along the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf coasts, blowing dust or sand is reported on 20 to 30
days per month during spring and summer.
Fog is generally local. Ship reports indicate visibilities fall
below 2 miles less than 10 per cent of the time. Some winter
type early morning radiation fog occurs along the Pakistan and
west Indian coasts on clear calm nights. Even advection fog,
which forms over cool upwelled water, is mainly a morning
phenomena. This type of fog occurs up to 5 per cent of the time
in summer along the southern Arabian coast. A locally extreme
condition exists at Salalah, where fog is reported on an average
of 24 to 26 days per month during July and August; dust is also
present on about 10 to 16 days. Visibilities remain below 6
miles most of the day; in the morning they fall below 0.7 mile
15 to 20 per cent of the time.
Currents
In the Arabian Sea from November through March, the current generally sets W in the open sea except in the N part,
where a clockwise gyre develops during November, February,
and March. Coastal currents are, as follows:
1. NovemberThe coastal currents set NW along the W
coast of India, E and W along the coast of Pakistan, and SW
off the SE coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
2. December and JanuaryThe coastal currents set in a
counterclockwise direction.
3. February and MarchWhen the clockwise gyre is discernible, the coastal currents set in opposite directions to
those of the two previous months.
4. April A transition period between the monsoons; the
currents are variable.
5. May through SeptemberThe coastal circulation remains the same as for March, but currents in the open sea set
E.

6. Octobera transition period between the monsoons;
the currents are variable.
In the Gulf of Oman, current directions are variable; current
velocities may attain 1.5 knots but usually do not exceed 1
knot. In the northernmost part of the gulf, tidal currents appear
to predominate. Coastal currents are, as follows:
1. February and MarchA branch of the coastal current
off Ras al Hadd turns and sets NW along the S shore of the
gulf. It then turns in the W part and sets E along the N shore.
2. April through OctoberThe coastal current from the
Arabian Sea appears to extend to the N shore of the gulf,
where it sets W, turning in the W part of the gulf and setting
SE along the S shore
3. NovemberThe currents appear to set SE throughout
the gulf.
4. December and JanuaryThe W current in the Arabian
Sea continues along the N shore of the gulf, turns in the W
part, and sets SEt along the S shore.
In the Strait of Hormuz, surface currents are mainly tidal;
however, a net flow is caused by changes in the winds.
Tidal Currents.Tidal currents are generally weak, except
at springs in the straits and in the vicinity of certain shoal regions. In nearshore waters, the tidal currents are usually reversing, flooding toward and ebbing away from the coast or
alternately flooding and ebbing in opposite directions parallel
to the coast. In regions of diurnal tides, one flood and one ebb
period occur daily; in regions of semidiurnal or mixed tides,
two flood and two ebb periods occur daily.
Rotary currents occur offshore where the direction of flow is
not restricted; their speed varies and their direction rotates
clockwise through all points of the compass during the tidal
day.
In the N part of the Gulf of Oman, the flood current sets
NNW with speeds up to 2 knots, while the ebb current sets SSE
with speeds up to 1.8 knots. Along the SW shore, tidal currents
are almost negligible.
In the Strait of Hormuz, tidal currents are strong. They are
strongest off the E coast of Ras Masandam, where the current
attains a speed of 4.8 knots.
In the Persian Gulf, surface currents appear to be mainly
tidal. Inasmuch as the Persian Gulf has three types of tides (diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed), the tidal currents may be complex and occasionally may differ in type at the same time in the
same general location. Currents in adjacent regions are at times
opposed to each other because of large differences between
their times of slack water and unequal periods of flooding and
ebbing. Under these circumstances, rips may occur where opposing currents converge.
In the Gulf of Aden, tidal currents are weak and are frequently masked by nontidal currents. Along the N shore, as far
E as Mirbat, the flood current sets SE; between Mirbat and Ras
al Hadd it sets NE The ebb current probably sets in the opposite direction.
In Bab al Mandeb, the flood current sets NW and the ebb
current sets SE. However, they are greatly affected by the
winds; winds blowing in the same direction as the current increase its speed and duration while winds blowing in the opposite direction decrease its speed and duration.
At the SE extremity of Barim Island, the NW flood current
divides; one part sets through Small Strait, while the other sets
along the SW coast of Barim Island. The current flowing
307
through Small Strait divides at the N extremity of Barim Island; one part sets NNW, while the other rounds Balfe Point,
turns SE along the SW coast of Barim Island, and meets the
branch of the NW current SW of Barim Island about 2 to 3
hours before high water. This convergence causes overfalls,
which generally extend E to the entrance of False Bay. The behavior of the ebb current is not known.
In the Red Sea, tidal currents are negligible, except in some
narrow channels.
Fishing Areas
Dhow fisherman in the Persian Gulf, particularly in the S between Abu Musa (2552.7'N., 5502.0'E.) and Qatar, deploy
their nets in straight lines between 1 and 4 miles long, in up to
three sections. Each section of up to 2 miles in length will have
a float attached to either end, with either a single isophase yellow or white light or a quick flashing tricolor light (red, white,
and blue) attached. The cable holding the net between the two
lighted floats is held afloat by small buoyant floats spaced at
intervals of about 1m; these floats will show up under a white
search light at a distance of between 50 to 100m.
Fisherman will flash a white light at vessels coming towards
their nets at night and will close at speed, to a range of about
50m, to try and divert vessels around the nets. Fisherman may
also attempt to divert vessels on VHF channel 16 and sometimes use GPS positions to aid in identification. Mariners are
advised to use caution due to communications difficulties and
the limited situational awareness of the fishermen.
should fully comply with the provisions of Chapter XI-Part 2
of the SOLAS Convention and Part A of the ISPS Code. Vessels shall demonstrate that appropriate maritime security measures are in place according to ISPS Code regulations. Further
information can be found in Indian OceanNavigational Information.
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT).Around the world satellite communication systems
have now become synonymous with reliable and quality transfer of information. The International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) is an international consortium comprising over 75 partners who provide maritime safety management and maritime communications services. Further information can be found in Indian OceanRegulations.
(GMDSS).The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS) provides a great advancement in safety over the previous usage of short range and high seas radio transmissions.
Further information can be found in Indian OceanNavigational Information.
Global Positioning System (GPS).The NAVSTAR
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system,
operated by the US. Air Force, which provides very accurate
positioning, time, and velocity information to multiple users. It
Pub. 160
308
is an all-weather system with world wide and continuous

usage. Further information can be found in Indian Ocean
Navigational Information.
SafetyNET.NAVTEX is an international automated direct
printing service for the promulgation of navigational and meteorological warnings and urgent information to ships. It is a
component of the World Wide Navigational Warning Service
(WWNWS) and is an essential element of GMDSS.
The SafetyNET broadcast system provides the same information as NAVTEX to vessels on the high seas beyond NAVTEX coverage (generally about 200 miles offshore) and is
delivered by the INMARSAT-C system.
General Information.For further information concerning
the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS), the SafetyNET system, and the Global Positioning
System (GPS), see Pub. No. 9, The American Practical Navigator (Bowditch-2002 Edition); Pub. 117, Radio Navigation
Aids; and Annual Notice to Mariners No. 1.
(ATON)
For information, see South Atlantic OceanNavigational
Information.
Enroute Volumes
Offshore Drilling
Many oil and gas fields are located in the Persian Gulf. Numerous rigs and drilling platforms, most of which exhibit lights
and sound fog signals, are located in these fields. Caution
needs to be exercised as rigs, platforms, and other obstructions
may be uncharted or unlit. Mobile drill rigs and vessels engaged in underwater surveys may be encountered anywhere in
the Persian Gulf.
Some production platforms in the Persian Gulf have been removed and in many cases all that remains are pipes standing
from 3 to 6m above sea level. These pipes do not show up well
on radar and could be a hazard to navigation.
Pollution
been adopted.
Vessels of 400 gross tons and over are prohibited from discharging into the sea any oil or oily mixtures except when the
following conditions are satisfied:
2. The oily mixture is processed through oil-filtering
equipment meeting the requirements of Regulation 14.7 of
MARPOL Annex I.
3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution does
not exceed 15 parts per million.
4. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pumproom bilges on oil tankers.
Pub. 160

Vessels of less than 400 gross tons shall retain on board any
oil or oily mixtures for subsequent discharge to reception facilities or discharged into the sea with the following provisions:
2. The ship has in operation equipment of a design approved by the Administration that ensures that the oil content
of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 parts per
million.
3. The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pumproom bilges on oil tankers.
MARPOL Special Areas are defined, as follows:
1. Red Sea Area.The Red Sea proper, including the
Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba, bounded on the S by a
line joining Ras Siyan (1228.5'N., 4319.6'E.) and Husn
Murad (1240.4'N., 4330.2'E.).
2. Gulfs Area.The sea area located NW of a line joining Ras al Hadd (2230.0N., 5948.0'E.) and Damagheh-ye
Pas Bandar (Ras al Fasteh) (2504.0'N., 6125'E.).
3. Gulf of Aden Area.That part of the Gulf of Aden
between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea bounded to the W
by a line joining Ras Siyan (1228.5'N., 4319.6'E.) and
Husn Murad (1240.4'N., 4330.2'E.) and to the E by a line
joining Ras Asir (Gees Gwardafuy) (1150.0'N., 5116.9'E.)
and Ras Fartak (1535.0'N., 5213.8'E.).
4. Oman Area of the Arabian Sea.The sea area
bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 2230'00.0''N, 5948'00.0''E.
b. 2347'16.2''N, 6035'43.8''E.
c. 2240'37.2''N, 6225'17.4''E.
d. 2147'24.0''N, 6322'13.2''E.
e. 2030'22.2''N, 6252'24.6''E.
f. 1945'54.0''N, 6225'58.2''E.
g. 1849'55.2''N, 6202'56.4''E.
h. 1744'21.6''N, 6105'31.8''E.
i. 1643'42.6''N, 6025'37.2''E.
j. 1603'54.0''N, 5932'14.4''E.
k. 1515'12.0''N, 5858'31.2''E.
l. 1436'55.8''N, 5810'13.8''E.
m. 1418'55.8''N, 5727'01.8''E.
n. 1411'31.8''N, 5653'45.0''E.
o. 1353'48.0''N, 5619'14.4''E.
p. 1345'51.6''N, 5554'31.8''E.
q. 1427'22.8''N, 5451'25.2''E.
r. 1440'06.0''N, 5427'20.8''E.
s. 1446'12.6''N, 5408'33.6''E.
t. 1520'44.4''N, 5338'20.0''E.
u. 1548'41.4''N, 5332'04.2''E.
v. 1623'01.2''N, 5314'49.2''E.
w. 1639'03.6''N, 5306'31.2''E.
Further information on MARPOL Special Areas can be
found in MARPOL Consolidated Edition 2006.

low-energy collisions or groundings. Further information can
be found in Indian OceanPollution.
ballast water onboard, ballast exchange at sea, ballast management aimed at preventing or minimizing the uptake of contaminated water or sediment, and the discharge of ballast ashore.
national legislation in accordance with the BWM Convention.
Persian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management Regulations
All vessels, regardless of flag, are required to exchange,
treat, or deliver to a shore reception facility all ballast water
taken up outside the Regional Organization for the Protection
of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area. The ROPME
Sea Area (RSA) is comprised of the countries of Bahrain, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates and is defined as the area bounded by the coast and
a. 1639'00''N, 5303'30''E. (coast)
b. 1600'00''N, 5325'00''E.
c. 1700'00''N, 5630'00''E.
d. 2030'00''N, 6000'00''E.
309
e. 2504'00''N, 6125'00''E. (coast)

Vessels arriving from outside the RSA are to exchange ballast water in waters at least 200m deep and 200 miles from the
nearest land. If this is not possible due to safety reasons, ballast
may be exchanged in areas within the 200-mile limit, as long
as such exchanges are made more than 50 miles from the nearest land and in waters deeper than 200m.
If a ship cannot exchange ballast in the required depths or at
the required distance from land, it will be required to provide
the respective port authority with the reason why the exchange
cannot be achieved. Further ballast water management measures may also be required.
Ballast which has been treated with a ballast water treatment
system approved in accordance with IMO standards need not
be exchanged.
Ships are required to have on board an approved ballast water management plan in accordance with the IMO standards.
Ships should also have and maintain a ballast water record
book.
Regulations
Information concerning Ship Sanitation Control Certificates
(SSC) and Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates (SSCEC) can be found in Indian OceanRegulations.
Routes
in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and routes to and from the
Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to ports in the Indian Ocean.
In general these routes are as direct as safe navigation
permits. However, in some instances a divergence is made to
avoid dangers to navigation, to take advantage of favorable
currents or to minimize the effects of adverse currents. In some
cases several routes are recommended due to the effects of
strong seasonal winds caused by the alternation of the
monsoons. Where the same route may be followed either way,
the reverse route is not described.
Detailed information on these routes can be found in the
Appendix.
Seas
The Red Sea
Excessive refraction and mirages are frequent in the Red
Sea. In November 1902, Al Ikhwan (The Brothers Islets)
(2619'N., 3451'E.) was reported seen from a distance of over
100 miles. The excessive refraction causes an apparent elevation or depression of the horizon and this effect may introduce
errors of up to 20' of longitude and 10' of latitude in the results
of celestial observations.
Occasionally, the water in the Red Sea suddenly becomes
brilliant at night because of bioluminescence. This effect may
occur during both winds and calms.
During both monsoons, variable cross currents, which set E
or W, occur in all months and are observed in all parts of the
Red Sea. The velocity of the majority of these currents does
not exceed 1 knot. However, rates exceeding 2 knots have been
experienced on extremely rare occasions to the S of 20N. In
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310
addition, currents with rates exceeding 2 knots may occur, at

times, in the Strait of Bab al Mandeb during the Northeast
Monsoon.
Water levels in the Red Sea may fluctuate as a result of
changes in winds and atmospheric pressure. Onshore winds or
a decrease in atmospheric pressure can cause an increase in the
water level, whereas offshore winds or an increase in atmospheric pressure can cause a lowering of the level. The maximum fluctuations in water level may be about 0.7m higher in
winter than in summer. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in the vicinity of Jeddah, where numerous reefs only uncover during the summer.
Numerous drilling and production platforms, oil wells, and
associated structures, many of which are unlighted or lighted
only by flares, are situated in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez.
The S part of the Red Sea is one of the hottest areas on earth;
temperatures as high as 47.7C have been recorded.
The Gulf of Aden
Excessive refraction phenomena in all forms is common in
the Gulf of Aden, but haze is infrequent, except in summer.
The currents in the gulf are seasonal, mainly depending on
the monsoons of the N part of the Indian Ocean.
Numerous drilling and production platforms, oil wells, and
associated structures, many of which are unlighted or lighted
only by flares, are situated in the gulf.
Sand storms, known locally as khamsin may occur in the
gulf without warning and frequently set in with great violence
from the N.
The Arabian Sea
Care should be exercised during the Southwest Monsoon in
the Arabian Sea when the weather may be stormy, the sea
heavy, and the land often obscured by thick haze.
Great caution is advisable off Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui)
and in the region of Suqutra (Socotra) due to the likelihood of
some degree of onshore set at any time of the year. The East
African current branches E into the ocean to the S of Suqutra
and is very strong during the SW monsoon, especially from July to September. During these months, the area with strongest
currents lies between 730'N and 1030'N, and between
5130'E and 5430'E. Many of the currents have rates of 4 to 5
knots and occasionally some currents attain rates of 6 to 7
knots. Between Suqutra and 14N, the currents usually attain
maximum rates of 2 to 3 knots during the SW monsoon.
The most probable direction of movement of tropical storms
off the SE coast of Arabia is towards the NW. However, individual storms are liable to move erratically on almost any
course. Although tropical storms (cyclones) are rarely encountered in these waters, they are very dangerous due to the difficulty of forecasting their approach. Therefore, any unusually
signs of bad weather should always be noted, especially at the
change of the monsoons when cyclones are most likely to be
experienced.
Small scale whirlwinds, which may give rise to dust-devils
over land or waterspouts at sea, may occur in the region of the
Arabian Sea.
Luminosity of the sea occurs in this region and a white water phenomena is quite common within the Arabian Sea. With
a strong monsoon blowing and a high sea, the horizon has been
reported to become suddenly very clear. In addition, a white
Pub. 160
bank that seemed to be rushing toward the ship has appeared

dead ahead. A short time later, the sea was reported to be a
sheet of pure white that lit up the surroundings to the brilliancy
of a full moon. After an hour, this phenomena gradually faded
away. Other reports described the surface of the sea being
smooth with flashes of light giving it a violent, agitated appearance like breakers on a low beach.
The Gulf of Oman
Poor visibility may be experienced in the Gulf of Oman. It is
caused by early morning fog, salt haze, or, more frequently,
dust. The dust haze occurs most frequently from May through
August; the visibility is usually reduced to 2 to 6 miles, but on
occasion has been reduced to as little as 0.5 mile. The haze will
often occur on the day after a severe dust storm, even though
the strength of the wind at that time may be considered insufficient to create such a haze.
Strong tidal currents occur in the extreme N part of the gulf.
Fish aggregating devices are reported to lie close off the
coast in this area.
The Persian Gulf
A significant number of oil and gas fields exist in the Persian
Gulf. Numerous drilling and production platforms, seismic survey vessels, oil wells, pipelines, and associated structures are
situated in the gulf. Most are lit and sound found signals, but
vessels should be aware that unlit and uncharted platforms and
other obstructions may be encountered.
It should be noted that flares for burning off gas emanating
from oil rigs are sometimes very bright and difficulty may be
experienced in sighting navigational lights in their vicinity.
Movements of mobile drilling rigs and vessels engaged in
seismic surveys are promulgated by local notices to mariners
issued by the Middle East Navigation Aids Services
(MENAS). Notices are not issued for movements within
existing fields or in areas of no navigational significance. In
certain circumstances, MENAS will also broadcast their
movements through local coast radio stations. The Iranian
authorities also issue local notices. Movements of mobile rigs
and survey vessels are also promulgated through NAVAREA
IX radio navigation warnings.
Vessels are cautioned that many submarine pipelines within
the gulf are not buried and may rise up to 2m above the bottom.
Some oil production platforms in the Persian Gulf may have
been removed. In many cases, all that remains of the structure
are pipes extending 3 to 6m above the surface of the water.
These pipes do not show up well on radar and may be a hazard
to navigation.
Sand waves are known to exist in many parts of the Persian
Gulf and caution is advised. Although the range of the tide in
the gulf nowhere exceeds 3m and is less than 2m in the S part,
such heights may be crucial to the underkeel clearance of deepdraft vessels that are required to predict the rise of tide for
locations in the open sea at considerable distances from the
reference stations in the tables. Because of the complex nature
of the tides and the existence of amphidromic points in the
gulf, predictions based on the nearest port may be considerably
in error. In extreme cases, the HW at a port may coincide with
the LW at a location in the open sea no more than 50 miles
distant.
At some ports within the gulf, regulations stipulate the mini-

mum underkeel clearance permissible for ships entering or
leaving. It must be appreciated that such clearances are calculated allowing for ships following accurately surveyed channels in relatively sheltered waters with no heavy seas or swells
and proceeding at low speeds. Under no circumstances should
such regulations be taken as a guide to safe underkeel clearance in the open sea.
Strong winds blowing in a constant direction for a prolonged
period can set up a surface current which can lower the sea level in one place and raise it in another. As the waters of the Persian Gulf are shallow and winds can blow for prolonged
periods, it must be expected that unpredictable changes in sea
level will occur and some allowance should be made for this
fact.
Haze, especially in summer and also during winter in the S
part of the gulf, often completely obscures the land and reduces
the visibility of shore lights. In addition, sand storms have been
reported to suddenly reduce visibility to less than 1,000m.
Strong tidal currents setting near the entrance of the Persian
Gulf necessitate caution. Off Ras Musandam (2623'N.,
5632'E.), on the W side of the entrance, the current has been
reported to attain rates of over 4 knots. Within the gulf, the set
caused by the winds is sometimes so great that an opposing tidal current fails to overcome it. The resulting set continues in
the same direction as before and merely changes its rate.
Except at the entrance, the Arabian coast of the gulf is low
and, in places, shoals and reefs lie up to 50 miles offshore.
Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) and buoyed channels are
provided for safe navigation in this area.
In addition to dust storms and haze, squalls with waterspouts
are also common in the gulf, particularly in autumn. Wind
gusts of up to 95 knots winds have been recorded during these
squalls.
Temperatures are very high in the open gulf and may reach
45C.
An unusual oceanographic phenomenon of the open gulf is
the submarine spring formed off Bahrain. The source of this artesian fresh water upwelling is reported to be the Jabal Tuwayq
in Arabia.
Part of the trade between the Persian Gulf, India, the Red
Sea, and the E coast of Africa, is carried on by local vessels.
Such small vessels, usually between 100 and 400 tons, with a
tall mainmast and lateen sail and a small lateen mizen, are
known as bagala or bum boats by the Arabs. Similar Indian-built vessels are called kutiyah or dangiyah. The term
dhow (from the Swahili word daw) is mostly unknown to
the inhabitants of the Persian Gulf littoral, but is used commonly by Europeans to denote any local sailing craft. They sail
well in moderate winds but are not active during the Southwest
Monsoon.
Local magnetic disturbances have been reported to occur
within the gulf.
gulf. Swept routes are provided in the approaches to ports and
information concerning them should be obtained from the local
authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the naval authorities by IMARSAT (150-5612) or by VHF. Further details
of areas reported to be dangerous due to mines are promulgated
by Navigation Notices issued by the Middle East Navigation
Aids Service (MENAS). In addition, see Annual U.S. Notice to
Mariners No. 1 (MARAD Advisories).
311

Merchant vessels of any flag or ownership are invited and
encouraged to report upon entering the voluntary reporting area from sea or when leaving a port within the reporting area.
The system, which covers the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean N of
1000'S, and the Arabian Sea, is bounded, as follows:
1. Northern limitGulf of Suez (3000'N), S coast of the
Arabian Peninsula, and the Persian Gulf (2300'N).
2. Eastern limitLongitude 7800'E.
3. Southern limitLatitude 1000'S.
4. Western limitEast African coast.
When crossing a boundary of the reporting area or when
leaving a port within the reporting area, the following reporting
requirements are recommended:
1. Make an initial report, via facsimile or e-mail, to UKMTO Dubai. The following information should be included
in the initial report:
a. Vessel name.
b. Flag.
c. IMO number.
d. INMARSAT telephone number.
e. Time and position.
f. Course.
g. Speed.
h. Freeboard.
i. Cargo.
j. Destination and ETA.
k. Name and contact details of company security officer.
l. Nationality of master and crew.
m. Armed/unarmed security team embarked.
2. Register the vessels movement, via facsimile or email, with MSC-HOA.
3. Additionally, register the vessels movement, via facsimile or e-mail, with MSC-HOA if planning to transit the
Gulf of Aden or if navigating within an area bounded, as follows:
a. Northern limitLatitude 1200'N.
b. Eastern limitLongitude 5800'E.
c. Southern limitLatitude 1000'S.
d. Western limitEast African coast.
After filing the initial reports to UKMTO Dubai and MSCHOA, as applicable, vessels are asked to report the following
information to UKMTO daily by 0800 UTC:
1. Vessel name.
2. Call sign.
3. IMO Number.
4. Noon position.
5. Course.
6. Speed.
7. ETA.
8. If calling at ports within the reported area, also report
the date/time of arrival and the ETD.
All times referenced should be in UTC.
Vessels should also submit the information required in the
daily report when transiting the Strait of Hormuz between longitudes 58E and 53E.
If planning to transit the Gulf of Aden, vessels are requested
to add their ETA at the appropriate entry point (Point A or
Pub. 160
312
Point B) of the Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor

(IRTC) to their daily report to UKMTO Dubai and MSC-HOA.
Further information on the IRTC can be found under
CautionsPiracy.
Vessels are also encouraged to report at 6-hour intervals
when within 6 hours of entering or navigating within the IRTC.
When reaching port or departing the voluntary reporting
area, a final report should be sent. The following information
should be included:
1. Vessel name.
2. Call sign and IMO number.
3. Time of report (UTC).
4. Port or position when leaving the voluntary reporting
area.

further information, see CautionsPiracy
Tides
General
Tides are negligible in the Red Sea.
Changes in Water Levels in the Persian Gulf
The shamal (NW wind) may lower the water level as much
as 0.9m at the head of the gulf, raise it from 0.6 to 0.9m in the
vicinity of Ras Tannurah and lower it about 0.6m on the E side
of Qatar. The kaus (SE winds) may raise the water level about
0.9m at the head of the gulf, lower it as much as 0.2m in the
vicinity of Ras Tannurah, and raise it about 0.2m on the E side
of Qatar. Consequently, when the kaus precedes the shamal,
the water level may be altered 1.5 to 1.8m at Shatt al Arab, 1.5
to 2.7m at Ras Tannurah, and about 1.2m on the E side of
Qatar.
Gulf of Aden/Horn of AfricaContact Information

Organization
Telephone
Facsimile
Website
E-mail
973-1785-3930
http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo
MARLO
Bahrain
973-1785-3925 (O)
UKMTO
971-50-552-3215
971-4-309-4254
MSC-HOA
44-1923-958545
44-1923-958520
http://www.mschoa.org
postmaster@mschoa.org
NATO
Shipping
Center
44-1923-956574
44-1923-956575
http://www.shipping.nato.int
info@shipping.nato.int
Pub. 160
973-3940-1395 (C)
ukmto@eim.ae
313
AppendixRoutes in the Red Sea/Persian Gulf

Routes in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are divided into
the following sub-categories:
1. Routes within the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
2. Routes between Aden and ports in the N part of the
Indian Ocean.
3. Routes between Aden and the E part of the Indian
Ocean.
4. Aden to the S and SE coasts of Africa.
5. Approaches to the Persian Gulf.
6. Routes in the Persian Gulf.
7. The Persian Gulf to ports in the Indian Ocean and the
Red Sea.
1. ROUTES WITHIN THE RED SEA AND THE GULF OF ADEN

As Suways (Suez) to Bab al Mandeb.Ships from As Suways (Suez) proceeding through the Red Sea first steer
through the dredged channel leading from Bahr al Quzum (Suez Bay) into Khalij as Suways (Gulf of Suez). When in the
gulf the ship's position should be constantly checked as the tidal currents tend to set toward the reefs when a short distance
from them. In the vicinity of some of the large reefs the direction of these currents is uncertain; in mid-channel the currents
generally set in the direction of the gulf.
From a position about 1 mile S of Newport Rock Light, steer 196 for 7 miles; then alter course S to enter the southbound
traffic lane as shown on the chart. Follow the traffic lane to its S terminus, about 3 miles E of Jazirat Shadwan (Shakir).
Following the main ship channel of the Red Sea, steer SE about 81 miles to pass 3 miles E of Al Ikhwan (The Brothers)
Light, then alter course to pass a short distance off on either side of Daedalus Reef Light. When abeam the light, a course
can then be shaped to pass about 1.5 miles W of Jabal at Ta'ir Light.
The Suakin Archipelago and Dahlach (Dahlak) Bank on the Wand Farasan Bank on the E tend to narrow the central
channel to some extent, and crosscurrents must be guarded against. If a vessel wished to proceed about midway between
these banks it should steer for position 1700'N, 4040'E and then toward Jabal at Ta'ir.
From W of Jabal at Ta'ir a course should be set to pass SW of Jaza'ir az Zubayr. Centre Peak, the S island of the latter
group, should be passed about 2.5 miles to the SW. During S winds the Zubayr group should not be closed to less than 1
mile as the set of the sea is then toward them.
From a position 2.5 miles SW of Centre Peak, a vessel can steer direct for Abu Ail Channel. This course if made good
passes about 6 miles W of Avocet Rock, which is 18 miles NNW of Abu Ail Channel. Vessels desiring to give this rock
more clearance can make good a course of about 148 from 2.5 miles SW of Centre Peak toward the summit of Jazirat
Zuqar. When about 18 miles off Jazirat Zuqar, alter course to pass 1.25 miles E of High Island. A lighthouse stands on the
summit of Quoin Island, the latter lying on the E side of Abu Ail Channel.
From Abu Ail Channel steer to pass 1.25 miles E of East Point on Jazirat Zuqar, and then head SSE passing about 2.75
miles E of Low Island, then 4 miles E of Mushajjara, and 7.5 miles WSW of the conspicuous South Fort tower at Al Mukha.
Because both Low Island and Mushajjara are low and flat, they should be given a wide berth at night unless the weather is
clear. Soundings of 30m or over will keep a vessel outside the shoals extending about 4.5 miles W of Al Mukha. From
abeam of Al Mukha continue SSE, passing 2 miles W of Barim. Depths on the E side of the N approach to Bab al Mandeb
are fairly regular, and sounding is a good guide. If a vessel wishes to keep nearer the E shore to avoid the force of the wind
and sea, a sufficient berth must be given to the shoals S of Zi Hill; Chiltern Shoal, the outermost of these dangers, lies 2.5
miles offshore within the 20m curve. Precautions should be taken and proper allowances made for the strong currents when
nearing Barim. Sandstorms have been reported to obscure the lights on Barim.
Alternate route.An alternative route to Bab al Mandeb leads from about 8 miles S of Centre Peak, passing W of
Jazirat Zuqar and the Hanish islands group, and then between Isolotto Haycock Sud-Ovest and Isola Aha (High Island) of
the Isole Mohabbacah group. If using this route it is advisable to remain in the deeper water between Jabal at Ta'ir and Al
Hanish al Kabir because of the possible existence of unknown dangers. After passing Isolotto Haycock Sud-Ovest, steer SE
to pass NE of Secca Fieramosca and Secche Scilla.
To a vessel approaching Bab al Mandeb, Ra's Bab el Mandeb appears as an island with several peaks sloping to a low
point, off which is the islet Sheikh Malu. Barim becomes visible from a distance of about 20 miles. There is a lighthouse on
its W extremity and another near its E end. Large Strait should be used instead of Small Strait, where numerous casualties
have occurred in the past. At times the currents are strong in the straits.
During the Northeast Monsoon, when strong SE winds prevail in the S part of the Red Sea, low-powered vessels
proceeding S should pass through Canale di Mitsiwa. When a vessel is through The Narrows, the channel opens and a SW
swell is met; keep as close to the W shore as safety permits, taking advantage of the lee afforded by the headlands and
islands until off Ras Darma; then steer to pass N of Secca Fieramosca and join the main track.
Bab al Mandeb to As Suways.The track from Bab al Mandeb through the Red Sea toward Khalij as Suways is
essentially the reverse of the N to Strack already given. When about 3 miles E of AI Ikhwan Light, steer NW to pass about
7 miles E of Jazirat Shakir. Between these islands a strong W current and occasionally an E current have been experienced.
The steep and brown Jazair Jiftun, about 15 miles S of Jazirat Shakir, can usually be seen. From about 7 miles E of Jazirat
Shakir, enter the northbound traffic lane as shown on the chart. Follow the traffic lane to its N terminus; then steer N and
proceed toward Bar al Quzum (Suez Bay).
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314
The E shore of the gulf between Ra's Mal'ab and As Suways is gravel-colored, low, and bordered by extensive plains
rising gradually to the hills; this makes the distance from the shore very deceptive, and at night when in this vicinity caution
should be used. In general, the E side of the gulf should be avoided if possible.
Should there be strong N winds in the S part of the Red Sea, which is rarely the case, Canale di Mits'iwa may be used by
low-powered vessels; they can also use one of the channels W of Jazirat Shakir if entering the Khalij as Suways against the
strong NW winds often prevailing in this vicinity. These channels can only be used by day, but several good anchorages are
available should it be necessary to anchor at dusk.
Caution.If the weather is misty and a westerly set is experienced, Jaza'ir Jiftun may be mistaken for Jazirat Shakir.
These islands can be approached off their E side in deep water. If in doubt as to their identity, however, pass close enough to
be able to see Jazirat Shakir Light. If no lighthouse is seen it would indicate that this island is Jaza'ir Jiftun.
2. ROUTES BETWEEN ADEN AND PORTS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE INDIAN OCEAN
Aden to al Basrah, Iraq.From Aden, proceed as direct as safe navigation permits along the SE coast of the Arabian
Peninsula and through the Persian Gulf to destination.
Aden to Karachi, Pakistan.From Aden, proceed as direct as safe navigation permits along the SE coast of Arabia
until SE of Jaza'ir Khuriya Muriya (Kuria Muria Islands), then proceed direct to Karachi.
Aden to Mumbai (Bombay), India.From October to April, vessels should proceed direct to Mumbai (Bombay).
During this season it is advisable to approach Mumbai (Bombay) at night, because of the coastal features being obscured by
haze in the morning and during the day. Vessels westbound during this season can follow the reverse of the above route.
From May to September, vessels should proceed to position 1310'N, 5450'E and then direct to Mumbai (Bombay).
During the strength of the Southwest Monsoon, from June to August, vessels can make a better passage westbound by
steering directly W from Mumbai (Bombay) until about 100 miles off the Arabian coast; then keep from 20 to 30 miles
offshore to destination.
Low-powered vessels westbound during the strength of the Southwest Monsoon should proceed to position 600N,
6700'E, then proceed due W to 6000'E, and then to position 800'N, 5240'E. From the latter position vessels should steer
to round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), and on to destination.
At all seasons of the year a strong onshore set of current is frequently experienced by vessels making Aden.
Aden to Colombo, Sri Lanka.From October to April vessels should steer direct for a position N of Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui); then proceed by rhumb line to a position S of Minicoy, passing S of Suqutra (Socotra). Then proceed to
destination. On the return route vessels should follow the reverse of the above until after rounding Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui); then, if preferred, smoother water and more favorable currents will be found by keeping close along the African
shore as far as Mait Island (1113'N., 4713'E.) when course should be altered for Aden.
A dangerous local N current is experienced just E of the port of Aden.
Vessels proceeding from Aden to Colombo during May to September should make for position 1310'N, 5450'E, and
then as direct as safe navigation permits to destination. It should be noted that a heavy cross sea will be experienced S of
Suqutra during the SW monsoon.
Vessels westbound from Colombo pass about 55 miles S of Minicoy; then proceed by rhumb line to position 800'N,
6000'E; then by rhumb line to position 830'N, 5300'E; round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and set a course for Aden. On
this route the utmost caution is necessary when rounding Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) from the S or SE during the Southwest
Monsoon, because of stormy weather, a heavy sea and strong current, and the land is generally obscured by thick haze. Care
must also be taken not to mistake Ras Hafun for Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui).
Alternate route.Follow the above route to position 800N., 6000E. Then proceed by rhumb line to position
1310'N, 5450'E (40 miles NE of Suqutra), and then direct to destination. A second alternate route leads from S of Minicoy
to position 1000'N., 6000'E., and then to the position off the NE end of Suqutrao If these routes are used, no attempt
should be made for a landfall off Suqutra because of the strength of the SW monsoon, the strong and irregular currents, the
frequent deceptive haze, and the lack of any definite banks for fixing a vessel's position by soundings. A vessel should not
expect to sight the island when westbound. During the Southwest Monsoon, better conditions of wind and sea are
undoubtedly found in the route S of Suqutra, via Ras Hafun and Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui). An alternate route passing well
N of Suqutra is, however, preferred by some navigators because of the unpredictable variation of currents to the S and the
uncertainty of the sea horizon making it difficult to obtain sights for accurate fixes.
Low-powered vessels, after passing S of Minikoy, proceed to position 600'N, 6700'E; then due W to position 600'N,
6000'E; then to position 800'N, 5240'E; round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui); and proceed to destination. Slow vessels can
pass through Kardiva Channel in the Maldive Islands and keep well S of the above routes.
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3. ROUTES BETWEEN ADEN AND THE EASTERN PART OF THE INDIAN OCEAN
Aden to Calcutta, Rangoon, and Singapore.The routes between the Aden and Calcutta, Rangoon, and Singapore are
substantially the same as those described for all types of vessels and seasons in the Aden to Colombo route, with the
exception that E of Minicoy and the Maldive Islands, course should be shaped to pass around the S end of Sri Lanka, and
then as direct as safe navigation permits to the destinations.
Aden to Torres Strait and northern Australian ports.From October to April, vessels eastbound to Torres Strait or N
Australian ports should steer first for position 1210'N, 5045'E, then after rounding Capo Guardafui proceed to pass
through One and A Half Degree Channel in the S Maldive Islands. From here proceed to position 730'N, 10620'E, and
then as direct as safe navigation permits to the destination.
Vessels westbound from October to April should proceed as direct as safe navigation permits to position 720'N, 7300'E
in the S part of Eight Degree Channel in the Maldive Islands. From this position vessels should proceed direct to Ras Aser
(Capo Guardafui) and then to Aden.
Vessels eastbound from May to September should first steer for position 1310'N, 5450'E, about 40 miles NE of
Suqutra; then proceed direct to a position at the S part of Eight Degree Channel, and then direct to destination.
Vessels westbound from May to September should proceed as direct as safe navigation permits to One and Half Degree
Channel in the Maldive Islands; then direct to position 800'N, 5240'E, round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), and proceed to
destination.
Vessels westbound can, in all seasons, pass either N or S of Timor. Vessels bound to Torres Strait have a choice of three
routes: via Singapore; via S of Jawa and Timor; or via Selat Sunda and north of Jawa. Smoother water will be found on the
routes leading N of Jawa.
Low-powered vessels eastbound from October to April should steer to round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), round the S
Maldive Islands, making for position 220'S, 7630'E, and then as direct as safe navigation permits to destination.
Low-powered vessels eastbound from May to September should steer for a position about 40 miles NE of Suqutra; then
proceed through Eight Degree Channel and to a point off the S end of Sri Lanka. Cross the Equator at about 9630'E, and
then, use the route either between the main coast of Sumatera (Sumatra) and the off-lying islands, or directly W of the offlying islands. Smoother water will be found in the inner route. From Selat Sunda proceed N of Jawa and Timor to destination.
Low-powered vessels westbound during July and August should proceed to Selat Sunda; steer direct to position 230'S,
6500'E, and then to position 800'N, 5240'E, passing through position l10'S, 6130'E. From position 800'N, 5240'E
round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) to destination.
Low-powered vessels westbound during April, May, June, September, and October should, from Selat Sunda, proceed
direct to position 800'S, 6800'E. From this position proceed to position 800'N, 5240'E, and round Ras Aser (Capo
Guardafui) to destination. These westbound routes for low-powered vessels are also recommended for vessels of small size.
Low-powered vessels westbound from May to September can also proceed as direct as safe navigation permits from
Torres Strait, passing S of Timor to position 1130'S, 11800'E. Then proceed direct to position 400'S, 6530'E, and on to
position 800'N, 5240'E; passing through position l10'S, 6130'E; round Ras Aser (Capo Guardfui), and proceed direct to
destination.
Aden to Cape Leeuwin and southern Australian ports.Vessels eastbound can, during all seasons, round Ras Aser
(Capo Guardafui) and proceed direct to destination. The route to Cape Leeuwin leads N of the Chagos Archipelago.
From October to April, vessels westbound use the reverse of the above route. Caution is necessary in the vicinity of the
Chagos Archipelago during this season because of the uncertain currents.
From May to September vessels westbound should proceed to position 800'S, 6800'E, SW of the Chagos Archipelago.
Then proceed to position 800'N, 5240'E, and round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) to destination.
Alternate route.An alternate westbound route from May to September leads from position 800'S, 6800'E to position
800'N, 6000'E, and then to a position about 40 miles NE of Suqutra, and from there on to destination.
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4. ADEN TO THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST COASTS OF AFRICA
Aden to the Cape of Good Hope.Vessels southbound after rounding Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui), should proceed as
direct as safe navigation permits to position 1545'S, 4045'E; then keep from 20 to 30 miles off the African coast to get the
full benefit of the Agulhas Current to destination.
During May to September, low-powered vessels should round Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and then proceed to position
800'N, 5240'E. From this position proceed to position 110'N, 5500'E; and then to a position off the W side of Grande
Comore. From here the route is the same for all vessels. Although the low-powered route is longer, the strength of the
Southwest Monsoon and the NE current will be avoided.
Vessels northbound should avoid the strength of the Agulhas Current by keeping as close to the coast as safe navigation
permits as far as Durban. When abeam Durban haul off to about 100 miles from shore where the current is weak, steer
direct for the middle of Mozambique Channel E of Ile Europa and on to destination, passing W of Grande Comore.
Alternate route.An alternate northbound route is to steer S of the Cape of Good Hope, across the Agulhas Current to
position 3630'S, 2000'E; then to position 3430'S, 3230'E; and to position 3000'S, 3820'E. From the latter position
proceed N in the strength of the Madagascar Current to a position off Ile Juan de Nova, passing E of Ile Europa and Bassas
da India. From position 1700'S, 4215'E off Ile Juan de Nova, proceed to pass W of Grande Comore and then to
destination. This alternative route, although longer, avoids the Agulhas Current, and full advantage will be received from
the Madagascar Current, which sets N up the E side of Mozambique Channel.
Aden to Mombasa, Kenya.Vessels should proceed around Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) and S along the African coast
as direct as safe navigation permits.
Vessels northbound should follow the reverse of the above route. The N current will be generally carried as far as the
Equator during the Northeast Monsoon, and as far as Ras Aser (Capo Guardafui) during the Southwest Monsoon.
5. APPROACHES TO THE PERSIAN GULF
Entering the Gulf of Oman from the S or SE.Vessels entering the Gulf of Oman from the S or SE usually make the
Arabian coast in the vicinity of Ra's al Hadd. In the fine season the coast from this cape to Muscat is generally visible from
a great distance, especially at sunset. The high land between Sur and Ras Abu Daud is conspicuous, and Wadi Hail al Ghaf
may be identified. During the Southwest Monsoon, vessels should pass about 3 miles off Ra's al Hadd; the high land will
probably not be seen until off Sur or Kalhat, and, because of the haze, it may not be seen at all from a vessel far offshore
except possibly around sunset.
After passing Ra's al Hadd, vessels proceeding direct to the entrance of the Persian Gulf should steer to pass about 7
miles SW of Ra's al Kuh and enter the westbound lane of the traffic separation scheme for the Strait of Hormuz about 6
miles E of Jazirat Musandam.
Vessels bound for Muscat.Vessels bound for Muscat should, after passing Ra's al Hadd, steer for a position about 4
miles NE of Ra's al Khayran and then proceed to the anchorage.
Entering the Persian Gulf from the E.Vessels approaching the entrance of Persian Gulf from the E should pass at
least 6 miles S of Ra's-e Jask and about 7.5 miles SW of Ra's al Kuh; then they should proceed as previously directed for
vessels approaching the entrance from a position directed for vessels approaching the entrance from a position off Ra's al
Hadd.
Caution.Because of volcanic disturbances in 1945, vessels navigating along the N side of the Arabian Sea between
6600'E and 6110'E, are advised to keep outside the 20m curve. If it is necessary to close the land, vessels should do so
with caution as the charted depths are reported to be unreliable.
Vessels bound for Bandar Abbas from the Gulf of Oman should pass E of As Salama wa Banat-ha and Jazireh-ye Larak
and then proceed to the anchorage.
6. ROUTES IN THE PERSIAN GULF
Vessels proceeding between the Strait of Hormuz and the NW part of the Persian Gulf should keep along the Iranian
coast, which is generally high and steep-to, and has few outlying dangers.
Except at the entrance, the Arabian coast of the gulf is low, and from it, for most of its length, shoals and reefs extend as
much as 30 to 50 miles in places. Among these dangers are channels, marked by navigational aids, that lead to the ports and
petroleum installations on the Arabian side.
During a shamal, especially in summer, and while the nashi is blowing in the S part of the gulf in winter, the haze so
completely obscures the land that the surf on the beach may be the first indication of its proximity.
Caution.A large number of oil structures have been placed in the Persian Gulf some of which lie on or near suggested
routes and must be avoided.
Large tankers with heavy drafts may in some cases find the routes described of insufficient depth and must therefore
proceed via alternate courses which will maintain the safety of the vessel.
Pub. 160
317
Traffic Separation Schemes have been established between the Quoin Islands and the Musandam Peninsula and N and S
of Jazireh-ye Tonb and Jazireh-ye Forur. All vessels are advised to use these zones day and night and in all weather
conditions to reduce the possibility of collisions.
Strait of Hormuz to Shatt al Arab.From Ra's al Kuh to Jazireh-ye Hengam the tidal currents set strongly across the
entrance of the Persian Gulf. When passing S of As Salama wa Banat-ha, vessels should guard against the N current.
In this area the suhaili blows from between SW and WSW.
Proceeding W from the Strait of Hormuz, vessels should enter the westbound lane of the traffic separation scheme N of
Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg. Care should be taken to keep clear of The Flat and Mariner Shoal, which lie off the SW end of
Qeshm; the edge of The Flat is marked by discolored water.
After passing Jazireh-ye Forur, vessels should pass S of Jazireh-ye Qeys, Jazireh-ye Hendorabi, and Jazireh-ye Sheykh
Sho'eyb and steer for a position about 18 miles S of the islet of Nakhilu. A northerly set is sometimes experienced between
Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg and Jazireh-ye Sheykh Sho'eyb.
Great caution is necessary in making or passing any of the islands when the visibility is reduced by the haze that
accompanies a shamal; soundings are of little use. The most easily seen of the off-lying islands is Jazireh-ye Forur; it is high
and dark-colored and steep-to, except for a small ledge on its W side.
In thick weather or at night, vessels passing SW of Ra's al Motaf should not approach within a depth of 27.4m. The mudcolored water on the shoal extends some distance outside it and indicates its location in daylight when the visibility is good.
From the position about 18 miles S of the islet of Nakhilu vessels bound for Shatt al Arab should steer as safe navigation
permits to, and then through, Khawr al Amaya to the entrance of Outer Bar Reach.
Strait of Hormuz to Al Bahrayn and Ra's at Tannurah.A vessel bound for Al Bahrayn or Ra's at Tannurah from the
entrance of the Persian Gulf should proceed as for Shatt al Arab until N of Jazireh-ye Forur, when it should steer for a
position about 2 miles N of Stiffe Bank Light Float. From this position proceed direct to Bahrain Lighted Buoy or to Ras
Tanurah Light Float.
Strait of Hormuz to Ras al Mishab, Mina al Ahmandi, and Al Kuwayt.A vessel bound for Ras al Mish'ab should
proceed to a position about 7 miles S of Jazireh-ye Queys and then steer for a position about 2 miles SW of Jazireh-ye Farsi.
From the latter position the vessel should make for the entrance of the channel leading to the facilities at Ras al Mishab.
From a position about 2 miles SW of Jazireh-ye Farsi a vessel bound for Mina al Ahmadi or Al Kuwayt should steer to
pass E of Ahmadi Lighted Buoy (2856'N., 4853'E.) and then steer to enter the charted traffic separation scheme beginning
about 14 miles E of Jazirat Kubbar. From here the vessel may either approach Mina al Ahmadi or enter the harbor of Al
Kuwayt.
Strait of Hormuz to Khowr-e Musa and Bushehr.A vessel bound for either Khowr-e Musa or Bushehr from the
entrance of the gulf should proceed as directed for the route to Shatt al Arab as far as the position about 18 miles S of the
islet of Nakhilu. From this position a vessel bound for Khowr-e Musa should proceed as direct as safe navigation permits to
the pilot station off the entrance. If bound for Bushehr from the position S of Nakhilu, steer to pass about 10 miles SW of
that islet and about 6 miles WSW of Ra's-e Halileh. After passing Ras-e Halileh, the vessel should proceed to the anchorage
off Bushehr.
7. THE PERSIAN GULF TO PORTS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THE RED SEA
Persian Gulf to Aden and Bur Said.Vessels bound for Aden should, after passing Ra's al Hadd, proceed as direct as
safety permits along the SE coast of Arabia to destination. During the Southwest Monsoon it is advisable to keep as close as
possible to the coast, for by so doing the full force of the wind and the northeasterly current will be felt only in the vicinity
of Jaza'ir Khuriya Muriya (Kuria Muria Islands) and off Ras al Kalb.
Vessels continuing past Aden to Bur Said enter the Red Sea through Bab al Mandeb and then proceed through the Red
Sea and the Suez Canal to destination.
Caution.When navigating along the SE coast of Arabia, vessels should avoid a close approach to Khalij Masirah
because of the numerous dangers and strong tidal currents in that vicinity. Thick fogs are prevalent in this area during the
Northeast Monsoon.
Vessels bound for or passing Aden are cautioned against a current which sets strongly to the N off the E side of Aden
Peninsula during both monsoons.
Persian Gulf to the Cape of Good Hope.Vessels southbound from the Persian Gulf to the Cape of Good Hope should
round Ra's al Hadd and then steer for position 2100'N, 5927'E. From here proceed to position 1545'S, 4045'E, passing E
of Suqutra and W of the Grande Comore. Then proceed to a position about 20 miles S of Cape Agulhas, keeping from 20 to
30 miles off the African coast after passing Cape St. Lucia in order to get the benefit of the Agulhas Current. From the
position S of Cape Agulhas vessels can steer a direct course for a position in 3422'S, 1823'E, which is the junction point
(see Pub. 151 Distances Between Ports) off the Cape of Good Hope of the routes in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic
Ocean that pass S of Africa.
Pub. 160
318
Cape of Good Hope to the Persian Gulf.Vessels northbound from the Cape of Good Hope to the Persian Gulf should
avoid the strength of the Agulhas Current by keeping as close to the coast as safe navigation permits as far as Durban. When
abeam Durban steer away from the coast on an ENE course until about 100 miles offshore, where the current is weak, and
then proceed through the middle of Mozambique Channel, passing E of Ile Europa and W of Ile Juan de Nova, until about 5
miles E of the S end of Anjouan. From this position proceed direct to position 2100'N, 5927'E, and then follow the reverse
of the southbound route to destination.
Alternate route.An alternative northbound route from the Cape of Good Hope to the position about 5 miles E of the S
end of Anjouan, although longer than the route described in the preceding paragraph, avoids most of the Agulhas Current
and has the advantage of favorable currents in the E part of Mozambique Channel. Vessels following this route should steer
a S course across the Agulhas Current from a position off the Cape of Good Hope to about position 3630'S, 2000'E. They
should then proceed to position 3430'S, 3230'E and then to position 3000'S, 3820'E. From the latter position a course
should be set for a position about 13 miles W of Ile Juan de Nova, passing E of Ile Europa and Bassas da India. After
passing Ile Juan de Nova, steer for the position E of Anjouan and then continue to destination as previously directed.
Persian Gulf to Karachi.Vessels bound for Karachi should, after passing Ra's al Kuh, steer to pass not less than 6
miles S of Ra's-e Jask and then proceed E to the harbor of Karachi, passing about 15 miles S of Ra's Jiwani and about 5
miles S of Ras Muari. Vessels should keep outside the 18.3m curve off the coasts of Iran and Pakistan between the
meridians of 6110'E and 6600'E.
Persian Gulf to Mumbai (Bombay).From about 10 miles SW of Ras-e Jask vessels can proceed direct to a position
off the entrance of the harbor at Mumbai (Bombay).
Persian Gulf to Colombo.After passing Ra's al Kuh, vessels bound for Colombo should proceed to a position about
10 miles NE of Kiltan Island and then to position 822'N, 7644'E. From the latter position steer to pass about 8 miles off
Muttam Point (Muttum Point(, on the Indian coast, and proceed direct to destination.
Alternate route.A safer though slightly longer route avoids the Laccadive Islands altogether. Remain W of the
Laccadives Islands until clear, then proceed through Nine Degree Channel and direct to Colombo.
Persian Gulf to ports in the Bay of Bengal.Vessels bound for ports in the Bay of Bengal should proceed to position
822'N, 7644'E or through Nine Degree Channel as directed in the foregoing paragraph. Then round the S end of Sri Lanka
at a safe distance offshore and proceed to destination as direct as safe navigation permits.
Persian Gulf to Cape Leeuwin.From a position off Ra's al Kuh vessels should steer for a position about 10 miles NE
of Minicoy Island and proceed direct to position 3432'S, 11508'E about 10 miles S of Cape Leeuwin. Due to the strong NS component of this route, the distance saved by great circle sailing is of little consequence.
Persian Gulf to Singapore.Vessels from the Persian Gulf bound for Singapore should proceed to a position off the S
end of Sri Lanka, as directed for the route to ports in the Bay of Bengal. From this position steer an E course to about
position 600'N, 9520'E, passing between Pulau Rondo and Pulau We, and then proceed through the Strait of Malacca and
the W part of Singapore Strait to Singapore by as direct a route as safety permits.
Pub. 160
REUNION
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
AppendixSURNAV
319
319
319
319
319
320
320
320
320
320
320
321
321
321
322
322
323
General
Reunion (formerly Ile Bourbon) lies about 360 miles E of
Madagascar and is a dependent territory of France (an Overseas Department of France). The island has an area of 968
square miles.
Mayotte (Ile Mayotte), the easternmost island of the Comoros, is a Territorial Collectivity of France. After referendums in 1976, the island rejected inclusion into the Comoros.
The island is attached for administrative purposes to Reunion.
Iles Eparses, consisting of Ile Tromelin (1553'S., 5431'E.),
Iles Glorieuses (1133'S., 4718'E.), Ile Juan de Nova
(1703'S., 4243'E.), Ile Europa (2220'S., 4021'E.), and Bassas da India (2127'S., 5527'E.), are all administratively attached to Reunion, but have no permanent inhabitants.
The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous, with fertile
319
lowlands near the coasts. The island is composed of volcanic

formations. Piton des Neiges, 3,069m high, is the summit. Piton de la Fournaise rises in the SE part of the island and is an
active volcano.
The climate is tropical, being moderated by the high elevations. It is usually cool and dry from May to November, and
wet and rainy from November to April. However, the Northeast
Monsoon sometimes brings heavy rains to the E side of the island from October to April.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Rollers, long swell waves created by distant storms, affect
Reunion. This phenomenon occasionally lasts 4 to 5 days, frequently causing great damage and suspending all activities,
though rarely for longer than 24 hours. During cyclone season,
rollers may provide a good indication of a developing or approaching storm.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Euro.
Firing Areas
Reunion
A firing area, identified as FM-D50, is bounded by lines
a. 2112'45.0''S,5456'39.0''E.
Pub. 160
Reunion
320
b.
c.
d.
2126'45.0''S,5502'09.0''E.
2131'57.6''S,5447'03.0''E.
2117'57.6''S,5441'39.0''E.
Mayotte
The Baldamiers Firing Range is located between the E side
of Mayotte and the W side of Petite Terre (Ile Pamandzi) between the bearings of 280 and 350 extending from position
1246.4'S, 4516.6'E. The outer boundary of the area is delineated by the arc of a circle, with a radius of 4,000m, centered
on position 1246.4'S, 4516.6'E; the inner boundary of the area is delineated by the arc of a circle, with a radius of 500m,
centered on the same position.
Fishing Areas
Motorized fishing boats less than 10m long, utilizing traps,
handlines, trolling gear, and gill nets, operate year round off
the coast of Reunion.
Fish aggregating devices, marked by strings of orange, red,
or yellow buoys fitted with radar reflectors, lie up to 14 miles
off the W coast of Reunion, up to 6.5 miles off the N coast of
Reunion, and up to 6 miles off the E coast of Reunion. Vessels
should keep at least 1 mile clear of them.
Government
May 1
Labor Day
May 8
Victory Day (1945)
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
July 14
Bastille Day
August 15
Assumption Day
November 1
All Saints Day
November 11
Victory Day (1918)
December 20
Slavery Abolition Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Industries
The main industries are sugar processing, rum distilling, cigarettes, handicrafts, and flower oil extraction.
The main exports are sugar, rum, molasses, perfume essences, and lobster. The main export-trading partners are France
and Japan.
The main imports are manufactured goods, food, beverages,
tobacco, machinery and transport equipment, raw materials,
and petroleum products. The main import-trading partner is
France.
Languages
French is the official language, but Creole is also widely
used.
Flag of Reunion
Reunion is an Overseas Department of France.
Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate
and five deputies to the French National Assembly. Locally, the
island is governed by a 49-member directly-elected General
Council, whose members serve 6-year terms, and a 45-member
directly-elected Regional Council, whose members serve 6year terms.
The legal system is based on French civil law.
The capital is Saint-Denis.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
Pub. 160
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
As a dependent territory of France, the maritime territorial
claims of Reunion are identical to the maritime territorial
claims of France, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.
Maritime Disputes
Ile Tromelin is claimed by Mauritius.
Iles Glorieuses, Ile Juan de Nova, Ile Europa, and Bassas da
India are claimed by Madagascar.
Reunion
Regulations
Anchorage Regulations
Vessels with a length of 25m and over are prohibited from
anchoring in the waters surrounding Reunion except in authorized anchoring areas, as follows:
1. Northeast of Port Est.An area bounded by lines joining the following positions:
a. 2051'33.0''S, 5523'06.0''E.
b. 2052'40.8''S, 5523'28.8''E, then SE along the 20m
curve to
c. 2055'06.0''S, 5520'18.0''E.
d. 2053'54.0''S, 5519'54.0''E.
2. Baie de Saint-Paul.An area bounded by lines joining
a. 2100'39.0''S, 5515'06.0''E, then WSW along the
20m curve to
b. 2100'48.0''S, 5514'36.0''E.
c. 2100'36.0''S, 5514'36.0''E.
d. 2100'36.0''S, 5512'00.0''E.
e. 2058'36.0''S, 5512'00.0''E.
f. 2058'36.0''S, 5512'39.0''E.
g. 2059'42.0''S, 5514'30.0''E.
3. West of Pointe des Aigrettes.An area bounded by
a. 2059'09.0'S, 5510'15.0'E.
b. 2058'48.0'S, 5512'00.0'E.
c. 2100'36.0'S, 5512'00.0'E.
d. 2100'36.0'S, 5513'42.0'E.
e. 2101'54.0'S, 5512'00.0'E.
f. 2105'00.0'S, 5512'00.0'E.
g. 2105'00.0'S, 5510'15.0'E.
All vessels over 25m long must submit an anchorage request
to MRCC Reunion stating the following information:
1. Vessel name.
2. Call sign.
3. Vessel type.
4. Flag.
5. Length overall.
6. Gross tonnage.
7. Number of persons on board.
8. Maximum draft.
9. Last port.
10. Destination port.
11. Cargo on board.
12. Position and time when submitting anchorage request.
13. Route and speed.
14. Reason for anchoring.
15. Requested duration.
16. Position of anchorage requested.
17. Possible damage.
18. Other information.
All vessels over 25m long awaiting entry to a port or awaiting authorization to leave a port must advise the La Reunion
harbormaster of their anchorage within the areas of La Possession, Saint-Paul Bay, and Cap la Houssaye and to advise the
harbormaster and CROSSRU of their intention to cast off 6
hours in advance.
All vessels over 25m long at anchor must do the following:
1. Maintain a continuous listening watch on VHF channel
321
16.
2. Respond to all requests and instructions made by the
maritime authorities.
3. Conform to all instructions made by the maritime authorities.
4. Report all incidents or events affecting the environment, security, and safety.
The Reunion harbormaster can be contacted, as follows:
1. Call sign:
Capitainerie La Reunion
2. VHF:
VHF channels 12 and 16
3. Telephone:
262-262-711470
4. Facsimile:
262-262-711477
5. E-mail:
dde974capitainerie@wanadoo.fr
Single-Hull Tankers
Single-hull tankers carrying heavy petroleum products are
not permitted to enter, leave, or anchor in Reunion, Mayotte,
and Iles Esparses.
Search and Rescue

The Centre Operational de Sauvetage en Mer de la Reunion
(COSRU) at the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center
(MRCC) Reunion maintains a continuous listening watch on
VHF channel 16, 2182 kHz, and 8291 kHz for distress traffic.
MRCC Reunion can also be contacted, as follows:
Telephone:
262-262-434343
262-262-711468
Facsimile:
262-262-711595
E-mail:
reunion@mrccfr.eu
crossru@orange.fr (secondary)
lareunion.mrcc@developpement-durable.gouv.fr

SURNAV.Vessels bound to and from the French-administered territories listed below are all subject to the reporting requirements of SURNAV.
The SURNAV system is intended to prevent accidental pollution in French territorial waters of the South Indian Ocean,
hereafter known as the Area, and the waters within 50 miles of
the coast of the Area. The Area includes the following:
6. Bassas da India.
7. Europa Island.
For further information, see the Appendix.
Pub. 160
322
Reunion
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy

Reunion is an Overseas Department of France. There is no

diplomatic representation.
Pub. 160
Reunion
323
AppendixSURNAV
Vessels bound to and from the French-administered territories listed below are all subject to the reporting requirements of
SURNAV.
The SURNAV system is intended to prevent accidental
pollution in French territorial waters of the South Indian
Ocean, hereafter known as the Area, and the waters within 50
miles of the coast of the Area. The Area includes the following:
6. Bassas da India.
7. Europa Island.
Covered Vessels.The regulations are mandatory for the
following vessels:
1. Vessels carrying hydrocarbons or the gaseous residues
of hydrocarbons as specified in Annex 1 of MARPOL 73.
2. Non-inert tankers and vessels carrying the following:
of MARPOL 73 and classed in Category A and Category
B in Chapter 17 of the IBC Code.
b. Liquefied gas in bulk.
c. Plutonium-239, uranium-233, uranium-235, uranium-238, thorium, or any material containing them with the
exception of ores.
d. Acetaldehyde (UN 1089), alcoholic ether (UN
1155), ethylvinylic ether (UN 1302), monoethylamine
(UN 1036), ammonium nitrate (UN 0222), or propylene
oxide (UN 1280).
e. Composite organochlorides, such as organochloride
pesticides (UN 2761, UN 2762, UN 2995, and UN 2996).
3. Vessels carrying the following:
a. Harmful liquid substances as specified in Annex 2
of MARPOL 73 and not listed above.
b. Noxious liquid substances as specified in Annex 3
of MARPOL 73.
c. Dangerous cargo as specified in the International
Maritime Code of Dangerous Goods (IMDG), including
radioactive materials specified in the INF Code.
d. Dangerous cargo as specified in Chapter 17 of the
IBC Code and Chapter 19 of the IGC Code.
SURNAV-FRANCE Messages.All vessels listed in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of Covered Vessels preparing to pass
through of stay in the territorial waters of the Area must contact CROSSRU 6 hours prior to entering the territorial waters
of the Area or 4 hours prior to departing from a port or anchorage in the Area.
SURNAV messages should be addressed to SURNAV
CROSSRU and headed RAPPORT SURNAVCIRCULATION EAUX TERRITORIALES/SIGNALEMENT CARGAISON TRANSPORTEE by telephone, facsimile, telex, e-mail,
or INMARSAT-C, as follows:
1.
Call sign:
CROSSRU
2.
VHF:
VHF channel 16
3.
Telephone:
262-262-434343
4.
Facsimile:
262-262-711595
5.
Telex:
961-916140 (COSRU 916140E)

583-422799193 (INMARSAT-C)
E-mail:
lareunion.trafic@developpementdurable.gouv.fr
If the vessel is in a French port, the message can be sent as

directed by the Port Authority. Radio frequencies 2182 kHz
and 8291 kHz should be used only as a last resort.
Designator
ALFA
Vessels name, call sign, MMSI, and

flag.
BRAVO

CHARLIE
ECHO
Course.
FOXTROT
Speed.
GOLF
Last port of call.
HOTEL
1. Date and time (UTC) and position of entering territorial waters or

2. Date and time (UTC) and place
of getting underway.
INDIA
KILO
1. Date and time (UTC) and position of leaving territorial waters or

2. Date and time (UTC) of arrival
at destination (port, anchorage, waiting position, deballasting position)
within territorial waters.
LIMA
Intentions.
MIKE
PAPA *
Cargotype (as defined by MARPOL

73) and quantity.
QUEBEC
Any defects, damage, faults, or restrictions.
SIERRA
Weather conditions in the area.
TANGO
Notification to authorities relating to

dangerous cargo on board.
UNIFORM
Type of vessel, loa, and draft.
WHISKEY
XRAY
Other remarks.
ZULU
End of message.

Pub. 160
Reunion
324
Messages should be sent in the format given in the table

below and should also include the following additional
information:
1. Intended movements within territorial waters.
2. Current ability to maneuver and navigate.
Any subsequent changes to the above information should be
reported immediately.
Incident/Accident Report.Vessels of 300 gross tons and
over on a commercial voyage and navigating with the limits of
the Economic Zone must immediately report the following:
1. Every incident or accident affecting the safety of the
vessel (collision, stranding, damage, breakdown or failure,
piracy, shifting of cargo, or all defects within the hull or
damage to the structure).
2. Every incident or accident affecting the safety of navigation (damage likely to affect the vessels maneuverability
or navigation, or every defect affecting the propulsion systems, steering gear, the production of power, or the navigation or communication equipment).
3. Every situation likely to lead to pollution (discharge or
risk of discharge of pollutants into the sea).
4. Every slick of pollution and every drifting container or
package seen in the sea.
Messages should be addressed to CROSSRU, prefixed SURNAV-AVARIES, in the format given below.
Incident/Accident Report
Designator
Incident/Accident Report
Designator
WHISKEY
XRAY *
Date and time (UTC) of call for assistance or towing, presence and name of
assisting vessel, time (UTC) of arrival
of assisting vessel, or other information.
YANKEE
Request transmission of report to another system (AMVER, JASREP,

MAREP, etc.).
ZULU
End of message.

Assisting Vessel Report.Vessels providing assistance to
vessels of 300 gross tons and over less than 50 miles from the
coast must immediately contact CROSSRU with a message
prefixed SURNAV-AVAIRES, with the following information:
Assisting Vessel Report
Designator
ALFA

flag.
BRAVO
Date and time (UTC) suffixed ZULU

ALFA

flag.
CHARLIE
Position (latitude/longitude) of assisting vessel.
BRAVO
Date and time (UTC) suffixed ZULU

ECHO
Course of assisting vessel.
CHARLIE
FOXTROT
Speed of assisting vessel.
ECHO
Course.
INDIA
FOXTROT
Speed.
MIKE
Available means of communication.
GOLF
Last port of call.
OSCAR
Draft.
INDIA
PAPA
Cargo of vessel being assisted.
MIKE
QUEBEC
OSCAR
Draft.
Damage sustained to vessel being assisted, if known.
PAPA *
Cargo and details of dangerous or pollutant cargo on board.
TANGO
QUEBEC *
Nature of incident or situation, with

damage or problem suffered.

possible consignees of assisting vessel
in France.
UNIFORM
Type of assisting vessel.
XRAY
ROMEO *
Description of the pollution caused or

observed and of all containers, parcels,
or cargo lost overboard or observed
drifting and presenting a danger to
navigation and/or the environment.
Date and time (UTC), position, weather, name, call sign, flag of vessel,
course and speed of vessel involved in
the accident, or other information.
Request transmission of report to another system (AMVER, JASREP,
MAREP, etc.).
End of message.
SIERRA
Weather conditions.
YANKEE
TANGO

possible consignees in France.
ZULU
UNIFORM
Vessel type.
Pub. 160
Listening watchVessels must maintain a continuous lis-
Reunion
tening watch, except when alongside, on 2182 kHz, VHF chan-
325
nel 16, and any other frequency they are advised to listen on.
Pub. 160
SAINT HELENA/ASCENSION ISLAND
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
327
328
328
328
328
328
328
328
328
329
329
329
329
General
Saint Helena
Saint Helena (1556'S., 542'W.), 1,200 miles off the coast
of West Africa, is a dependency of the United Kingdom.
The island is of volcanic origin and has an area of 47 square
miles. From a distance, it resembles a high pyramidal-shaped
fortress rising abruptly from the sea. A line of precipitous and
almost inaccessible cliffs, intersected by chasms, fronts the
shores. The island is divided into two unequal parts by a ridge
of mountains from 600 to 820m high.
The island, which was the place of exile and first burial site
of Napoleon Bonaparte, harbors at least 40 species of plants
unknown anywhere else in the world. Numerous small fish,
about 15cm long, swim around anchored vessels in large
327
schools. They are known locally as Black Fish and eat anything thrown into the water within seconds. The fish will only
attack humans if they have an open cut or wound letting blood
into the water, but caution should be exercised.
The climate is mild with little variation.
Ascension Island
Ascension Island (757'S., 1422'W.) is of volcanic origin
and lies about 700 miles NW of Saint Helena. It has an area of
about 34 square miles and most of the surface is barren, rocky,
and almost destitute of vegetation. Green Mountain, 857m
highest, forms the summit of the island and is surrounded by
numerous craggy peaks. The shores are fronted in many places
by white sandy beaches; the sand being composed of shell and
coral.
The island is noted for sea turtles, feral donkeys, and rabbits.
The island is the location of an important telecommunications center. In addition, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the
United States Air Force (USAF) have small military bases on
the island.
Tristan da Cunha Group
Tristan Island (3706'S., 1217'W.) is the largest of a group
of five islands lying 1,320 miles SW of Saint Helena, about
halfway between the Cape of Good Hope and South America.
Inaccessible Island, the second largest, lies 18 miles SW of
Tristan Island. Nightingale Island, Middle Island, and Stoltenhoff Island lie close together, 17 miles SSW of Tristan Island.
Tristan Island consists of a volcano, 2,060m high, and its
Pub. 160
Saint Helena/Ascension Island
328
coast is fronted by a line of inaccessible cliffs, 300 to 610m

high. The settlement of Edinburgh is situated on the largest of
the lowland strips, near the NW extremity of the island.
In 1961, the volcano, which was believed to be extinct,
erupted unexpectedly. The entire population of the island was
evacuated and settled temporarily in the United Kingdom, almost all returning in 1963.
Gough Island
Gough Island (4019'S., 956'W.) lies about 230 miles SSE
of Tristan da Cunha. This island, which is about 7 miles long
and 4.3 miles wide, is of volcanic origin and wooded. Edinburgh Peak, 910m high, is the summit and rises from a central
plateau bordered by a series of deep valleys and craggy ridges.
The coast of the island is fronted by narrow beaches backed by
cliffs, 61 to 457m high. Waterfalls cascade over the cliffs in numerous places.
A meteorological and scientific station, manned by South
African personnel, is situated on the island and may be contacted by VHF.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Rollers
Dangerous swells, known as rollers, affect Ascension Island
and St. Helena; these swells may be up to 3m high and make
landing dangerous on both islands. On Ascension Island, rollers occur about every 2 weeks. On St. Helena, the most dangerous time is from December to March. Further information can
be found in Pub. 123, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Southwest
Coast of Africa.
Kelp
Tristan da Cunha is surrounded by kelp; out to the 36m
curve, it is thick enough to block sea water intakes.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Saint Helenian pound.
Government
Flag of Ascension Island

Elizabeth II, recognized as the Chief of State, appoints a
Governor. The unicameral Legislative Council consists of three
ex-officio members of the Executive Council, a Speaker and
Deputy Speaker elected by the Legislative Council, and 12 directly-elected members serving 4-year terms.
Ascension Island and the Tristan da Cunha Group each have
their own separate Island Council.
The capital is Jamestown.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
May Day
Whitmonday
Variable
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Industries
The main industries are construction, handicrafts, fishing,
and philatelic sales.
The main exports are fish, coffee, and handicrafts. The main
export-trading partners are Tanzania, the United States, Japan,
and the United Kingdom.
The main imports are food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oil, animal feed, building material, motor vehicles and parts, and machinery and parts. The main import-trading partners are the
United Kingdom, South Africa, Spain, and Tanzania.
Languages
English is the official language.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Flag of Saint Helena
Saint Helena is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
The country consists of three administrative areas.
Pub. 160
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of St. Helena, including its
dependencies of Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha Group,
Saint Helena/Ascension Island

and Gough Island, are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
2. Facsimile:
3. E-mail:
329
247-6271 (24-hour operator)
247-6119
ross.denny@ascension.gov.ac
(Harbormaster)
kitty.george@ascension.gov.ac
(Assistant Harbormaster)
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Visitors are not allowed to land on Ascension Island without

permission of the Administrator of Ascension Island.
Gough Island has been declared a nature reserve and visitors
are not allowed without permission of the Administrator of
Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena Coast Radio Station (ZHH) can offer assistance

for distress traffic, but does not maintain continuous listening
watches on any international distress frequencies.
Ascension Island Coast Radio Station (ZBI), with a range of
about 200 miles, maintains a continuous listening watch on
2182 kHz and will relay relevant messages by request.
Quarantine
St. Helena.Vessels shall notify the harbormaster, using the
standard pratique message, 24 hours in advance by one of the
following:
1. Telephone:
290-2825
2. E-mail:
harbourmaster@cwimail.sh
Ascension.Vessels shall notify the harbormaster, using the
standard pratique message, 48 hours in advance by one of the
following:
1. Telephone:
247-7000101 (Harbormaster)
247-6244 (Assistant Harbormaster)
Time Zone
is not observed.
U.S. Embassy
Saint Helena is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom.
There is no diplomatic representation.
Pub. 160
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
331
331
331
331
332
332
332
332
332
332
General
The two islands of Sao Tome and Principe are located in the
Gulf of Guinea. They lie 275 miles and 125 miles, respectively,
off the N coast of Gabon and combine to form one of Africa's
smallest countries. These islands are part of an extinct volcanic
mountain range, which also includes the island province of
Equatorial Guinea, located to the N, and the towering mass of
Mount Cameroon, rising on the W coast of continental Africa.
The country also includes the islets of Pedras Tinhosas, lying
close off Principe, and Ilheu Gago, lying close off Sao Tome.
Sao Tome, the larger and most mountainous island, is 30
miles long and 20 miles wide. It is oval-shaped, with elevations
of up to 2,024m. Principe is 10 miles long and 4 miles wide.
Both islands have prominent needle-shaped peaks and are covered by luxuriant vegetation and dense forests.
The climate is tropical, being very hot and humid, but is
somewhat modified in the higher elevations. The rainy season
331
normally occurs from October to May.
Buoyage System
It is reported that lights and navigational aids on Ilha do
Principe and Ilha do Sao Tome are unreliable.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the dobra, consisting of 100
centimos.
Government
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe

Sao Tome and Principe is a republic. The country is divided
into the province of Sao Tome and the province of Principe.
Pub. 160
Sao Tome and Principe
332
Sao Tome and Principe is governed by an directly-elected

President who serves a 5-year term. The National Assembly
chooses the Prime Minister, with the approval of the President.
The President appoints a Council of Ministers. The unicameral
National Assembly is composed of 55 directly-elected members serving 4-year terms. Since 1995, Principe has had internal self-rule, with a 5-member regional government and an
elected assembly.
The legal system is based on Portuguese law and customary
law.
The capital is Sao Tome.
Languages
Portuguese is the official language. Lungwa, a Portuguese
creole, and Fang, a Bantu dialect, are also spoken.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Sao Tome and Principe
are, as follows:
Holidays
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
January 1
New Years Day
February 3
Martyrs Day
Easter Holiday
Variable
July 12
Independence Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Corpus Christi
Variable
Time Zone
December 25

is not observed.
Industries
The main industries are agriculture, light construction, textiles, soap, beer, fish processing, and timber.
The main exports are cocoa, copra, coffee, and palm oil. The
main export-trading partners are the Netherlands, Belgium,
Spain, Nigeria, and the United States.
The main imports are machinery and electrical equipment,
food products, and petroleum products. The main import-trading partners are Portugal and Gabon.
Pub. 160
* Claims archipelagic status.
U.S. Embassy
There is no U.S. Embassy; however, the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to the country on a non-resident basis and
makes periodic visits to the islands.
U. S. Embassy Gabon Home Page
http://libreville.usembassy.gov
SAUDI ARABIA
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pilotage
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
333
333
334
334
334
334
334
334
334
334
334
335
335
335
336
336
336
337
337
337
337
337
General
Saudi Arabia is located in Southwest Asia and occupies most
of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered on the N by Jordan,
Iraq, and Kuwait; on the W by the Red Sea; and on the S and E
by Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Persian
333
Gulf.
A narrow plain, rising in Al Hijaz and the Asir Highlands,
extends along the Red Sea coast and then gradually slopes E as
a desert plateau to a low-lying coastal region along the Persian
Gulf. The highlands attain heights of up to about 2,750m; the
desert plateau is 760 to 1,070m high.
The climate is mostly harsh, dry desert with great extremes
of temperature.
Areas to be Avoided
Approaches to Jizan
Two IMO-adopted Areas to be Avoided are located within
the deep-water route in the approaches to Jizan (1654'N.,
4231'E.), as follows:
1. A circle, with a radius of 650m, centered on position
1708'20.4''N, 4124'20.4''E.
2. A circle, with a radius of 650m, centered on position
1710'22.8''N, 4153'57.6''E.
Fasht Buldani
An IMO-adopted Area to be Avoided is located off the E
coast of Saudi Arabia and is bounded by lines joining the following approximate positions:
a. 2754.0'N, 4920.0'E.
b. 2751.0'N, 4904.0'E.
c. 2806.0'N, 4951.5'E.
d. 2811.0'N, 4853.5'E.
e. 2813.5'N, 4855.0'E.
Pub. 160
Saudi Arabia
334
f. 2818.0'N, 4908.5'E.
g. 2808.5'N, 4919.0'E.
All tankers, gas carriers, and chemical tankers, regardless of
their size, and all other vessels greater than 50,000 gross tons,
should avoid the area.
by special committees.
The official capital is Riyadh. The religious capital is Mecca.
Holidays
Buoyage System
Cautions
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Patrol Area.
September 24
Unification of the Kingdom

Industries
The main industries are crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, caustic soda, cement, fertilizer, plastic, metals, commercial ship
and aircraft repair, and construction.
The main exports are petroleum and petroleum products.
The main export-trading partners are the United States, China,
Japan, South Korea, and India.
chemicals, motor vehicles, and textiles. The main import-trading partners are China, the United States, South Korea, Germany, India, and Japan.
Languages
Currency
The official unit of currency is the riyal, consisting of 100
halalah.
Arabic is the official language.
Mined Areas
Government
Vessels are advised that Mined Danger Areas exist in the N

part of the Persian Gulf. Further information should be obtained from the local authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the naval authorities by INMARSAT (1505612) or to
Coalition naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported to be dangerous due to mines are also promulgated
by Notice to Mariners issued by the Middle East Navigation
Aids Service (MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
Flag of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is a monarchy. The country is divided into 13
provinces
Saudi Arabia is governed by a King in consultation with the
royal family, a Council of Ministers, and religious leaders. A
150-member Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Council), headed
by a chairman, is appointed by the King for a term of 4 years.
A process is underway to allow the direct election of one-third
of the members of the Majlis al-Shura, but no implementation
date has been announced.
The legal system is based on Islamic law. Several secular
codes have been introduced. Commercial disputes are handled
Pub. 160
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Saudi Arabia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
No specified limit.
Continental Shelf
No specified limit.
Saudi Arabia
* Claims straight baselines. Claims power to regulate nuclear-powered vessels in the territorial sea and to require
prior authorization for such vessels.
Saudi Arabia claims the Egyptian-administered islands of
Tiran (2756'N., 3433'E.) and Sanafir (2756'N., 3443'E.)
on the E side of the Strait of Tiran.
Pilotage
Pilotage is compulsory for all vessels of 150 nrt and over, except pleasure craft, entering or navigating within or leaving the
pilot zones of Saudi Arabia.
Pollution
Every port authority shall, in order to prevent or mitigate any
threat to maritime safety, the safety of individuals and property,
or the environment, ensure that the master of a vessel sailing
within Saudi territorial waters immediately report, as follows:
1. Any incident or accident affecting the safety of the
vessel, such as collision, fire, running aground, damage, malfunction or breakdown, flooding or shifting of cargo, any defects in the vessels steering equipment or hull or structural
failure, or any other damages.
2. Any incident or accident which compromises shipping
safety, such as failures likely to affect the vessels maneuverability or seaworthiness.
3. Any situation likely to result in pollution of the water
or coastline.
4. Any slick of oil or other polluting materials and containers or packages seen drifting at sea.
The report should include the following details:
1. Vessels identity.
2. Position.
3. Port of departure.
4. Port of destination.
5. The address from where the information may be obtained on the danger, hazard, or threat of dangerous and polluting cargo carried on board.
6. Number of persons on board.
7. Details of the incident and any relevant information in
compliance with pertinent updated IMO requirements.
It is illegal to discharge oil or oily mixtures within 100 miles
of the coast of Saudi Arabia.
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted.
335

The E coast of Saudi Arabia lies within the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME)
Sea Area. For further information on the ballast water exchange requirements in this area, see Red Sea and the Persian
GulfPollutionPersian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management Regulations.
Regulations
General
Vessels calling at ports in Saudi Arabia are required to have a
copy of Rules and Regulations for Saudi Arabian Seaports,
Parts 1-4, produced by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ports Authority, on board. Every vessel entering a port should have a
copy or obtain one immediately on arrival. These rules and regulations are extensive and extracts are given below:
1. Guidelines concerning standards of dress and behavior
are laid down and strictly enforced.
2. The import of certain articles is strictly prohibited and
includes such items as religious matter not pertaining to the
Muslim faith; playing cards or other gambling devices; narcotics; printed matter, photographic matter, or video tapes
depicting what could be considered pornographic; and alcoholic beverages, including beer, table wines, and liquor.
Any of the above items on board any vessel calling at Saudi
ports must be secured in appropriate locked storerooms which
will be sealed by the authorities who may carry out inspections
to ensure that the seals are intact and that none of the above articles are in use. Penalties for violations are severe and major
delays to vessels can be incurred.
Vessels equipped with VHF should contact the Port Control
Signal Station as soon as the vessel enters within VHF range.
Traffic Control Areas have been established in areas within a
radius of 25 miles from Port Control Signal Stations. Vessels
are prohibited from moving within a Traffic Control Area without prior permission from the Port Control Signal Station.
Vessels more than 15 years old may not discharge cargo at
Saudi Arabian ports unless an approved surveyor has established that the vessel complies with all Saudi Arabian standards.
All vessels are required to display the Saudi Arabian flag
from the vessels foremast 24 hours when in Saudi Arabian waters.
Tankers which have loaded ballast water in the sea areas of
Japan and are en route to ports in Saudi Arabia should exchange ballast water prior to entering the Persian Gulf or the
Red Sea. These vessels are subject to random testing of their
ballast water for radioactivity.
All vessels approaching a Saudi Arabian port must display
the Quarantine flag, by day, or the appropriate lights, at night,
until free pratique has been granted.
The Saudi Seaports Authority advises mariners not to enter
the restricted areas, best seen on the chart, surrounding Saudi
oil fields.
Notification
The owners of vessels bound for a port within Saudi Arabia
with cargo must give preliminary notice of the vessels intended arrival to the Port Management of the discharge port(s) by
telex or cable, either directly or through the vessel's agents, on
Pub. 160
336
Saudi Arabia
arrival at the first or sole loading port, before loading commences. Estimated time of arrival and estimated quantity of
cargo by type must be given with the preliminary notice.
On completion of loading cargo for Saudi ports, the following information must be sent to the Port Management of the
discharge port(s) by telex or cable, either directly or through
the vessels agents:
1. Vessels name and former names, if any.
2. Flag, port of registry, and call sign.
3. Length overall, gt, nrt, and dwt.
4. Expected draft on arrival.
5. Expected time of arrival.
6. Cargo particulars, including nature, weight, tonnage,
and stowage by hatches; car carriers, ro-ro, and container
vessels to give both number and weight in tons of each type
of unit.
7. Any other cargo being carried for other destinations.
8. If dangerous cargo is being carried, the quantity and
class must be indicated in accordance with the IMDG Code
and it must be stated whether this cargo is to be discharged
or is in transit.
9. Number, position, and SWL of derricks and/or cranes,
and particulars and positions of ramps.
10. The number and nationalities of passengers to be disembarked or in transit.
11. Expected requirements for bunkers and water.
12. Name of the vessel's agent.
13. Vessels intending to call at Saudi ports must submit to
the Port Management a detailed list of arms and ammunition
carried on board for the purpose of self-defense, at least 48
hours prior to arrival. Failure to comply with this procedure
will result in heavy fines and seizure of the arms by the Saudi authorities.
A further notice of ETA is to be sent 5 days, 2 days, and 1
day prior to arrival at the port.
Tankers must also report the following information:
1. The flash point of any cargo to be discharged.
2. If the vessel is in ballast, whether gas-free or not, or
whether in an inert condition.
3. Any other relevant information concerning special
conditions, difficulties, defective equipment, or defective
gear which would create special hazards when mooring, unmooring, or handling cargo.
Having complied with the above and received the necessary
permission to proceed with loading, the vessel's agent must
submit to the relevant Port Management full details of all cargo
on board, whether to be discharged in Saudi ports or elsewhere.
Any vessel that fails to comply with these procedures, or is
found to be carrying weapons, explosives, and ammunition
without prior permission will be detained.
The discharge of cargo for transshipment to another port,
whether in or outside the waters of Saudi Arabia, is strictly forbidden.
Vessels calling at any commercial port in Saudi Arabia, with
cargo destined for non-Saudi ports, must submit manifests declaring the nature of such cargo. Violation of this requirement
may lead to the detention of the vessel.
Pub. 160
Routes
Deep-Water Routes, best seen on the chart, are located, as
follows:
1. In the approach to King Abdullah Port (2231'N.,
3905'E.) in the northern Red Sea.
2. In the approach to Jizan (1654'N., 4231'E.) in the
southern Red Sea.
Search and Rescue

A network of coast radio stations in the Persian Gulf and the
Red Sea maintains a continuous listening watch on international distress frequencies.

Saudi Ship Reporting System (SSRS)
The Saudi Ship Reporting System (SSRS) is a voluntary service for vessels navigating in the Red Sea. Such vessels are requested to report to the SSRS center via Jeddah Coast Radio
Station (HZH) by facsimile or e-mail, as follows:
1. Facsimile:
966-12647-4675
2. E-mail:
jeddahradio@stc.com.sa
Reports should be sent every 24 hours, either between 0700
and 0730 UTC or between 1900 and 1930 UTC, and consist of
the following format:
Identifier
Content
Vessel name, call sign, flag, and cargo.
Date and time (UTC) of report.
Latitude and longitude.
Course.
Speed.
Port of departure (name of last port of

call).
Port of destination, including latitude and

longitude, and ETA.
Port of arrival, including latitude and longitude, and time of arrival.
Route.
Details of frequencies guarded.
Medical resources.
Remarks.
Remarks.
Crew nationality and number.
Vessels are also requested to provide contact details on the

owner. This information may be used during an emergency.
Saudi Arabia
337

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) in Saudi Arabia are, as
follows:
1. Red Sea
a. Approaches to Yanbu. (Royal Commission for
Jubail and YanbuKingdom of Saudi Arabia)
b. Approaches to Jizan. (IMO adopted)
c. In the Entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba. (IMO adopted)
2. Persian Gulf
a. Approaches to Ras Tannurah. (IMO adopted)
b. Approaches to Ras al Juaymah. (IMO adopted)
c. Approaches to Ras al Khafji. (IMO adopted)
d. Between Zuluf Oil Field and Marjan Oil Field.
(IMO adopted)
Signals
U.S. Embassy
Every vessel approaching the limits of a port must hoist the

ship's signal letters (in case of VHF failure), the International
code Q flag in accordance with health regulations; the International code B flag in accordance with the carrying of dangerous goods or hazardous materials, and the national flag of
the country to which the ship belongs.
The U.S. Embassy is located on Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh.

1. Saudi Arabia address
P.O. Box 94309
Riyadh 11693
2. U.S. address
6300 Riyadh Place
Washington, DC (20521-6300)
In addition, every vessel entering a port must display the flag

of Saudi Arabia from the foremast and keep it flying at all
times while the vessel is in port. The Saudi Arabian flag is
properly displayed when the writing appears on top and the
sword on the bottom.
U. S. Embassy Saudi Arabia Home Page

http://riyadh.usembassy.gov
Time Zone
The capital and all major port cities keep the Zone Time. It is
reported that much of the remainder of the country keeps Islamic sun time or Arabic Time. (All clocks are set daily to 12
midnight at sunset.)
Vessel Traffic Services operate, as follows:

1. Strait of Tiran (2800'N., 3427'E.)operated by
Egypt.
2. Ad Damman (2631'N., 5012'E.).
For further information, see Pub. 172, Sailing Directions
(Enroute) Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
Pub. 160
SEYCHELLES
General
Areas to be Avoided
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
339
339
340
340
340
340
340
340
340
341
341
341
341
341
341
341
General
Seychelles, a group consisting of 115 main islands and islets,
lies scattered over the W part of the Indian Ocean, about 600
miles NE of Madagascar. Mahe Island (437'S., 5527'E.), the
largest of the group, is the site of Victoria, the capital.
The Granitic Islands, 32 in number, are part of the group and
lie within about 30 miles of Mahe Island. These islands are
mostly hilly, mountainous, and fringed in places by rocks and
extensive reefs. Many small coral islands, which are dependencies of Seychelles, lie as far as 600 miles SW and S of Mahe Island. These islands are low and consist of sand cays or raised
339
reefs with no permanent population. Some of the coral islands

are waterless and uninhabitable. Aldabra, with a lagoon, is a
rare example of a coral atoll largely untouched by man; many
of its animal, plant, and insect species exist nowhere else on
earth.
The climate is tropical. The hot, wet, and humid season
(Northwest Monsoon) lasts from December to May. The cooler
season of trade winds (Southeast Monsoon) lasts from June to
November.
Areas to be Avoided
Assumption Island and Aldabra Island.An IMO-adopted Area to be Avoided has been established around Assumption Island and Aldabra Island. The area consists of a circle,
with a radius of 30 miles, centered on position 936'S, 4621'E.
Vessels over 500 gross tons carrying oil or hazardous material should avoid entering the area.
Seychelles Banks.Two IMO-adopted Areas to be Avoided
have been established on Seychelles Bank. Vessels over 200
gross tons should avoid entering these areas. These areas are
separated by a N-S channel, varying from 6 to 20 miles in
width, which allows access to the port of Victoria, on the E
coast of Mahe.
The Areas to be Avoided are, as follows:
1. West of MaheAn area bounded by the low water
line on the W coast of Mahe and lines joining the following
positions:
a. 440.8'S, 5532.2'E. (coast)
Pub. 160
Seychelles
340
b. 449.5'S, 5534.5'E.
c. 506.8'S, 5508.5'E.
d. 442.0'S, 5352.0'E.
e. 400.0'S, 5422.0'E.
f. 340.0'S, 5458.0'E.
g. 340.0'S, 5525.0'E.
h. 433.5'S, 5525.9'E. (coast)
2. East of MaheAn area bounded by lines joining the
a. 510.0'S, 5713.0'E.
b. 550.0'S, 5700.0'E.
c. 550.0'S, 5624.0'E.
d. 512.0'S, 5536.0'E.
e. 449.0'S, 5541.5'E.
f. 431.0'S, 5540.0'E.
g. 426.0'S, 5532.0'E.
h. 342.0'S, 5538.0'E.
i. 345.0'S, 5602.0'E.
Buoyage System
Flag of Seychelles
The legal system is based on French civil law, English common law, and traditional practices.
The capital is Victoria.
Holidays

January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
Corpus Christi
Variable
June 5
Liberation Day
June 29
Independence Day
The official unit of currency is the Seychelles rupee, consisting of 100 cents.
August 15
Assumption Day
November 1
All Saints Day
Fishing Areas
December 8
Fishery rafts, which display a red flag, are moored in various

locations throughout the group.
Information on fishing activity in the Seychelles is given in
the table titled SeychellesFishing Operations.
December 25
Christmas Day
Cautions
Seismic Surveys
Vessels conducting seismic surveys may be encountered on
Seychelles Bank and on the banks of Mascarene Plateau SSE
of Seychelles Bank.
Currency
Government
Seychelles is a republic. The country is divided into 25 administrative districts.
Seychelles is governed by a directly-elected President who
serves a 5-year term. The President appoints the Council of
Ministers. The unicameral Legislative Assembly consists of 34
members, of which 25 members are directly elected and 9 of
which are appointed based on proportional representation, all
Industries
The main industries are fishing, tourism, food processing
(vanilla and coconuts), coconut fiber rope, boat building, printing, furniture, and beverages.
The main exports are canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon
bark, copra, and re-exports of petroleum products. The main
export-trading partners are France, the United Kingdom, Japan,
and Italy.
petroleum products, and chemicals. The main import-trading
partners are Saudi Arabia, Spain, and France.
SeychellesFishing Operations
Type of Fishing
Fishing Technique
Season
Year round
Auxiliary sloops 9 to 14m long
Traps, handlines, and trolling
Year round, with maximum activity from October to May
Pub. 160
Seychelles
341
SeychellesFishing Operations
Type of Fishing
Fishing Technique
Season
Dories, less than 25m long, operating

from motherships
Traps and handlines
October to May, on the Mascarene Plateau

between Mauritius and Seychelles
Deep long lines

and the Equator
Purse seining
Seychelles Bank/Chagos Archipelago
Languages
English, French, and Creole are the official languages. Creole is spoken by 95 per cent of the population.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Seychelles are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
operations.
The Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC)
Seychelles Coast Guard maintains a continuous listening watch
for distress traffic on VHF channel 16 and can be contacted, as
follows:
1. Telephone:
248-2224411
248-2224616
2. Facsimile:
248-2323288
248-2224665
3. E-mail:
seycoast@seychelles.net
Seychelles Coast Radio Station (S7Q) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on international distress
frequencies.
It has been reported (2009) that a Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenter (MRSC) is now in operation in Victoria.
* Claims archipelagic status. Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the
territorial sea.
Claims, along with Mauritius, the Chagos Archipelago, part
of the United Kingdom-administered British Indian Ocean Territory.

Time Zone
Regulations
Entry
No vessels may call at any island of the Seychelles group unless permission has first been obtained from the authorities at
Mahe.
Search and Rescue

The Seychelles Coast Guard coordinates search and rescue
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. does not have an embassy in Seychelles. The U.S.
ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Seychelles.
U. S. Embassy Mauritius Home Page
http://mauritius.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
SINGAPORE
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pilotage
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
AppendixSTRAITREP
343
343
343
344
344
344
344
345
345
345
345
345
345
346
349
349
349
349
349
349
349
349
351
General
Singapore lies at the S extremity of Asia and is located at the
SE end of the Malay Peninsula. It is separated from the Malay-
343
sian mainland by the Johore Strait and from Indonesia by the

Singapore Strait. The country consists of one large island and
about 64 nearby islets.
The terrain consists mostly of lowland, originally swamp and
jungle in many areas, with a gentle undulating central plateau.
The climate is tropical, being hot, humid, and rainy. There
are no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur
on 40 per cent of all days, including 67 per cent of all days
during April.
Buoyage System
Cautions
Fishing Devices
Fishing stakes and enclosures may be encountered along
most of the coastal banks and shores of the Indonesian islands,
particularly off the mouths of rivers. These devices are generally found in depths of 5 to 10m, but in some cases may be laid
in greater depths. The positions of such devices are only charted when their locations are permanent.
Fish aggregating devices may be encountered at a number of
places off the E and W coasts of the Malay Peninsula. These
devices are moored in depths of up to 30m and are usually
marked by buoys.
Pub. 160
344
Singapore
Haze
Thick haze often occurs in the vicinity of Singapore, particularly in the early morning and late afternoon. Vessels are advised to send an accurate ETA, as it is difficult to identify ships
approaching the pilot boarding stations during such periods.
Occasionally, smoke from fires on the nearby islands reduces
visibility in the approaches to the port area.
Piracy
armed thieves in the vicinity of the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait, mainly near Phillip Channel. These attacks were
usually made from fast motor boats approaching from astern.
Loaded vessels with low freeboards seem to be particularly
vulnerable.
Vessels with low freeboards transiting the Strait of Malacca
and Singapore Strait often use security lights to guard against
piracy. These lights by their brilliance may obscure the vessels
navigation lights.
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures Center at Kuala Lumpur. for further information, see
MalaysiaCautionsPiracy.
Sand Waves
Strong tidal currents in Strait of Malacca, arising from the
water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the South China
Sea, cause large uniform sand waves on the sea bed. The height
of these sand waves, which form at right angles to the water
flow, can be up to 13m in the One Fathom Bank Traffic Separation Scheme and vary from 4 to 15m elsewhere; the wavelengths of these sand waves range from 250 to 950m.
Surveys in the traffic separation schemes have shown the following areas, which are significant to the safe navigation of
deep-draft vessels, to be the most subject to sand waves:
1. Northwest and SSW of Permatang Sedepa (One Fathom Bank) (253'N., 10100'E.).
2. Southwest of Tanjung Tuan (Cape Rachado) (224'N.,
10151'E.).
3. South of Muar (203'N., 10234'E.).
In addition, there are also long sand waves running parallel
with the tidal currents.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Singapore dollar, consisting of 100 cents.
Firing Areas
The following Firing Exercise Areas lie in the S approaches
to Singapore:
1. Southern Islands Live Firing Area.
a. 113'49"N, 10342'25"E.
b. 112'41"N, 10342'56"E.
c. 112'09"N, 10343'10"E.
d. 111'47"N, 10343'20"E.
e. 111'47"N, 10344'17"E.
f. 110'32"N, 10344'58"E.
g. 109'50"N, 10344'51"E.
h. 109'37"N, 10344'19"E.
Pub. 160
i. 109'37"N, 10343'45"E.
j. 111'31"N, 10342'19"E.
k. 112'12"N, 10340'49"E
then to a point where it meets an arc having a radius of
6,126.5m, and then gradually NE following the aforesaid arc
for a distance of 4,277.1m back to point a.
2. Pulau Sudong Live Firing Area.
a. 112'43"N, 10342'55"E.
b. 112'53"N, 10343'26"E.
c. 112'41"N, 10343'56"E.
d. 112'16"N, 10344'10"E.
e. 111'47"N, 10344'19"E.
f. 111'47"N, 10344'20"E.
g. 112'43"N, 10342'55"E.
3. Pulau Sudong Maneuvering Area.
a. 112'43"N, 10342'55"E.
b. 113'30"N, 10342'34"E.
c. 113'49"N, 10343'09"E.
d. 113'31"N, 10343'51"E.
e. 113'28"N, 10344'10"E.
f. 112'16"N, 10344'10"E.
g. 112'41"N, 10343'56"E.
h. 112'53"N, 10343'26"E.
i. 112'43"N, 10342'55"E.
For information concerning firing areas and restricted areas
in the outer approaches to Singapore, see Pub. 120, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Government
Flag of Singapore
Singapore is a republic.
Singapore is governed by a directly-elected President
serving a 6-year term. The President appoints the Prime
Minister and the Cabinet. The unicameral Parliament consists
of 87 directly-elected members serving 5-year terms and, to
ensure the representation of parties not in the government, up
to nine appointed members.
The capital is Singapore.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
Good Friday
Varies
Singapore
May 1
Labor Day
August 9
National Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Other religious public holidays, which vary depending on

the appearance of the moon, are Chinese New Year, Good Friday, Hari Raya Haji (Eid Al Adha), Vesak (Buddha Pumima),
Deepavali (Diwali), and Hari Raya Puasa (Eid Al Fitr).
Industries
The main industries are electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil-drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, food and beverage processing,
ship repair, offshore platform construction, and life sciences.
The main exports are machinery and equipment (including
electronics and telecommunications equipment), pharmaceuticals, chemicals, refined petroleum products, and food and beverages. The main export-trading partners are Malaysia, Hong
Kong, China, Indonesia, and the United States.
The main imports are machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs, and consumer goods. The main import-trading partners are Malaysia, China, the United States,
South Korea, Japan, and Indonesia.
Languages
Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, and English are the official
languages. English is used in government and commerce.
Mined Areas
For information concerning mined areas in the outer approaches to Singapore, see IndonesiaMined Areas.
Enroute Volume
Sumatera.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Singapore are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Zone *
200 miles.
* To boundaries provided for in international law. Has

stated its intention to negotiate agreed maritime boundary
delineations with neighboring countries whose territorial
sea and exclusive economic zone claims overlap with
Singapores claims.
A dispute with Malaysia over Singapores extensive land
reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in
Johor Strait and Singapore Strait.
345
Singapore and Indonesia have agreed (2005) to finalize their

1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas N of Pulau Batam.
Pilotage
Pilotage is compulsory for all liquefied gas carriers and
chemical carriers. For the purpose of compulsory pilotage, a
chemical carrier means any vessel which is carrying or has previously carried as a whole or part of the cargo in bulk any of
those dangerous chemicals listed in Chapter 17 of the IBC
Code. A vessel shall remain to be considered a chemical carrier
so long as any of its tanks or cargo system is not completely
cleaned and removed of any such residual cargo.
Pilotage is also compulsory for other vessels in the three pilotage districts of Singapore. For further information, see Pub.
174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of Malacca and Sumatera.
Pollution
Bunker Convention Certificate (BCC)
All vessels greater than 1,000 gross tons entering or leaving
the port of Singapore are required to carry a Bunker Convention Certificate (BCC) on board to attest that insurance or other
financial security to cover liability for bunker oil pollution is in
place.
Oil tankers greater than 1,000 gross tons, whether actually
carrying oil in bulk (i.e. when laden) or with oil residues on
board during the voyage after carrying oil (i.e. on ballast voyage) are already covered by the convention on Civil Liability
for Oil Pollution damage (CLC 92) and need not carry a BCC
when entering or leaving the port of Singapore.
However, oil tankers greater than 1,000 gross tons would be
required to carry a BCC in the exceptional circumstance when
they are operating in a completely clean condition, such as
when it can be proven that there are no residues from carrying
oil in, or remaining in, its oil tanks; an example of this exceptional circumstances would be a vessel making its maiden voyage as a new-build from a shipyard.
Reporting Marine Incidents in Port
In the event of a marine emergency, such as collision,
grounding, oil pollution, fire, sinking, or other marine incident,
the owner, agent, or master shall immediately report to the Port
Masters Department by one of the methods given in the table
titled Marine Incident Contact Information.
When making this report, the following information shall be
provided:
1. Vessel name, call sign, and type.
2. Any casualties?
3. Location of the vessel.
4. Nature of marine incident (collision, fire, man overboard, grounding, flooding, oil pollution, or other incident).
5. Nature of assistance required, if any.
6. If there are chemicals or dangerous cargo on board:
a. Name and quantity of chemicals or dangerous cargo
(MSDS or IMO class and UN Number, if any).
b. Stowage or method of stowage (ISO tanks, contain-
Pub. 160
Singapore
346
ers, etc.).
Marine Incident Contact Information
Marine Safety
Control Center
Port Operations
Control Center
Telephone
65-6325-2488
65-6325-2489
65-6325-2493
65-6325-2494
Facsimile
65-6325-2484
65-6224-5776
VHF
VHF channel 7
VHF channels 5, 9, 12,

16, 18, 21, 22, and 68
Telex
E-mail
pms_mpa@mpa.
gov.sg
RS 87-22896 PORTPM
RS 87-32124 PORTPM
pocc@mpa.gov.sg
Regulations
Pre-Arrival Notification (PAN)
The following vessels are required to submit a PAN 24 hours
prior to the vessels arrival at Singapore:
1. Passenger ships, including high-speed passenger ships.
2. Cargo ships, including high-speed craft, of 500 gross
tons and over.
3. Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs).
Owners, agents, or masters of these vessels shall complete
the PAN form contained in MPA Port Marine Circular No. 5 of
2013 (http://www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/circulars_and_notices/pdfs/
port_marine_circulars/pc13-05.pdf) and forward it at least 24
hours prior to arrival to the MPA Port Security Department by
one of the following methods:
1. Facsimile:
65-6221-3036
2. E-mail:
isps@mpa.gov.sg
The ships agent based in Singapore may also submit the
PAN through MPAs Marinet (http://marinet.mpa.gov.sg)
Vessels coming from a port with less than 24 hours sailing
time from Singapore shall notify the Port Security Department
of the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) of Singapore immediately upon departure from such a port.
An electronic PAN form (ePAN) can be found on the web
site of the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) of Singapore.
Maritime and Port Authority (ePAN form)
http://www.mpa.gov.sg/circulars_and_notices/
pdfs/port_marine_circulars/epan.html
This electronic document allows mariners to fill out and submit the PAN form electronically. The web page listed above includes links to the ePAN form, which contains submission
instructions, and its corresponding instruction manual.
The following information is required in the PAN:
1. IMO number.
2. Vessel name.
3. Port of registry.
4. Flag.
5. Vessel type.
6. Call sign.
Pub. 160
7. Length overall.
8. Arrival draft (forward, midships, and aft).
9. Air draft.
10. INMARSAT number.
11. MMSI number.
12. Gross tonnage.
13. Company name.
14. Name and 24-hour contact number of company Security Officer.
15. Ship safety conditions, such as:
a. Conditions affecting the safe navigation of the vessel (defective propulsion machinery/steering gear, list,
awkward tows, etc.).
b. Any accident affecting vessel safety.
c. Any fire hazards, including hazards involving dangerous cargo.
16. Voyage number.
17. Previous port.
18. Name of anchorage or port facility bound for, ETA,
ETD, and purpose of call.
19. General description of the cargo.
20. Is the ship carrying any dangerous cargo? Y/N
21. Has the Dangerous Cargo Manifest has been forwarded to the MPA Hazardous Cargo Section? Y/N/NA
22. Has the Crew List has been forwarded to the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority? Y/N/NA.
23. Has the Passenger List has been forwarded to the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority? Y/N/NA.
24. Does vessel have an approved security plan on board?
Y/N.
25. Current security level of the vessel.
26. For the last ten ports of call, give the port name, facility name, arrival date, departure date, and the security level
the vessel operated at these ports where it has conducted a
ship/port interface.
27. Were any special or additional security measures taken during any ship/port interfaces at the ports listed in No. 26
above? If yes, give the details.
28. Were any ship/ship interfaces conducted during the
time frame listed in No. 26 above? If yes, list the five most
recent ship/ship interfaces and include details about dates,
locations, activities conducted, and security measures applied.
29. Are there any privately-contracted security personnel
on board the vessel? Y/N
30. Does the vessel have any refugees, stowaways, or persons rescued from sea on board? Y/N.
31. Is the vessel carrying arms or ammunition on board?
Y/N.
32. Does the vessel have the following valid certificates
(include issuer and expiration date) on board? Y/N
a. Certificate of Registry.
b. Passenger Ship Safety Certificate.
c. Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate.
d. Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate.
e. Document of Compliance.
f. Safety Management Certificate.
g. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate.
h. Certificate of Fitness for Carriage of Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk.
i. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certifi-
Singapore
cate.
j. International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate.
k. International Load Line Certificate.
l. International Tonnage Certificate.
m. International Anti-fouling System Certificate.
n. Bulker Convention Certificate.
o. CLC92 Certificate.
p. International Ship Security Certificate (ISSC).
33. Name, title, and location of person reporting.
34. Present vessel position.
35. Date and time (UTC) of PAN.
Navigation through the Strait of Malacca and the Strait of
Singapore
An IMO-approved Routing System has been established in
the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait. This system consists of several Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) and a Deep
Water (DW) Route which may best be seen on the chart. The
following rules apply to vessels transiting this routing system:
1. For the purpose of these rules, the following definitions apply:
a. A vessel having a draft of 15m or more shall be
deemed to be a deep-draft vessel.
b. A tanker of 150,000 dwt or more shall be deemed to
be a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC).
The above definitions do not prejudice the definition of
Vessels constrained by their draft as described in Rule 3
(h) of the 72 COLREGS.
2. The following general provisions apply:
a. Deep-draft vessels and VLCCs shall allow for an underkeel clearance of at least 3.5m at all times during the
entire passage through the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait and shall also take all necessary safety precautions, especially when navigating through the TSSs.
b. Masters of deep-draft vessels and VLCCs shall have
particular regard for navigational constraints when planning their passages through the straits.
c. All deep-draft vessels and VLCCs navigating within
the TSSs are recommended to use the pilotage services of
the respective countries when they become available. (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.)
d. Vessels shall take into account the precautionary areas where crossing traffic may be encountered and be in a
maximum state of maneuvering readiness in these areas.
3. The following rules apply:
a. Rule 1Eastbound deep-draft vessels shall use the
designated deep-water routes.
b. Rule 2Eastbound deep-draft vessels navigating in
the deep-water routes in Phillip Channel and Singapore
Strait shall, as far as practicable, avoid overtaking.
c. Rule 3All vessels navigating within the TSS shall
proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane and maintain as steady a
course as possible, consistent with safe navigation.
d. Rule 4All vessels having defects affecting operational safety shall take appropriate measures to overcome
these defects before entering the Strait of Malacca and
Singapore Strait.
e. Rule 5In the event of an emergency or breakdown
of a vessel in the traffic lane, the vessel shall, as far as
practicable and safe, leave the lane by pulling out to the
347
starboard side.
f. Rule 6
(i) Vessels proceeding in the westbound lane of the
In the Singapore Strait TSS when approaching Raffles
Light shall proceed with caution, taking note of the local
warning system, and, in compliance with Rule 18(d) of
the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions
at Sea, 1972, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by its draft which is exhibiting the signals required in Rule 28 and which is obliged to cross
the westbound lane of the scheme in order to approach
the SPM facility (in approximate position 111'25.2''N,
10347'24.0''E) from Phillip Channel.
(ii) Vessels proceeding in the TSSs when approaching any of the precautionary areas shall proceed with
caution, taking note of the local warning system, and, in
compliance with Rule 18(d) of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by its
draft which is exhibiting the signals required in Rule 28
and which is obliged to cross that precautionary area.
(iii) Information relating to the movement of ships
constrained by their draft as referred to in paragraphs (i)
and (ii) above will be given by radio broadcasts. The
particulars of such broadcasts are promulgated by Notices to Mariners. All vessels navigating in the area of
the TSS should monitor those radio broadcasts and take
account of the information received.
g. Rule 7VLCCs and deep-draft vessels navigating
in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait shall, as far
as it is safe and practicable, proceed at a speed of not more
than 12 knots over the ground in the following areas:
(i) At One Fathom Bank TSS.
(ii) Deep-water routes in Phillip Channel and in
Singapore Strait.
(iii) Westbound lanes between positions 112'
30.6''N, 10352'09.0''E and 111'35.4''N, 10350'12.6'E
and between positions 111'07.8''N, 10349'04.8''E and
108'39.0''N, 10344'18.0''E.
h. Rule 8All vessels navigating in the routing system of the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait shall
maintain at all times a safe speed consistent with safe navigation, shall proceed with caution, and shall be in a maximum state of maneuvering readiness.
i. Rule 9
(i) Vessels which are fitted with VHF radio communications are to participate in the ship reporting system
adopted by the Organization.
Note.Information on this reporting system, known
as STRAITREP, can be found in the Appendix.
(ii) VLCCs and deep-draft vessels navigating in the
Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait are advised to
broadcast, 8 hours before entering the TSSs, navigational information giving name, deadweight tonnage, draft,
speed, and times of passing One Fathom Bank Light,
Raffles Light, and Horsburgh Light. Difficult and unwieldy tows are also advised to broadcast similar information
j. Rule 10All vessels navigating in the Strait of
Malacca and Singapore Strait are requested to report by
radio to the nearest shore authority any damage to or malPub. 160
348
Singapore
function of the aids to navigation in the straits, or any aids

out of position in the straits.
k. Rule 11Flag states, owners, and operators
should ensure that their vessels are adequately equipped in
accordance with the appropriate international conventions/
recommendations.
4. Mariners are warned that local traffic, which could be
unaware of the internationally-agreed regulations and practices of seafarers, may be encountered in or near the TSSs.
Therefore, mariners should take any precautions which may
be required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case.
Interim Recommendations for Vessels Crossing the Traffic
Separation Scheme (TSS) and Precautionary Areas in the
Singapore Strait During Hours of Darkness
The following IMO-adopted regulations are in effect:
1. Vessels are recommended to display, if carried, night
signals consisting of three all-around green lights, vertically
disposed, in the following situations:
a. Vessels departing from ports or anchorages when
crossing the westbound or eastbound lane of the TSS or
precautionary areas in the Singapore Strait to join the eastbound or westbound traffic lane, respectively.
b. Eastbound or westbound vessels in the TSS or precautionary areas in the Singapore Strait crossing to proceed to ports or anchorages in the Singapore Strait.
2. Night signals are recommended to be displayed by:
a. Vessels of 300 gross tons and over.
b. Vessels 50m or greater in length.
c. Vessels engaged in towing or pushing with a combined size of 300 gross tons and over or with a combined
length of 50m and over.
3. Vessels crossing the TSS and precautionary areas in
the Singapore Strait to proceed to or from ports or anchorages should comply with the following procedures:
a. A vessel in the Singapore Strait which intends to
cross the eastbound or westbound traffic lanes in the TSS
or precautionary areas, respectively, should comply with
the following:
i. Report to the VTIS to indicate its intention in advance, allowing the VTIS to alert ships in the vicinity of
the crossing vessel.
ii. Display the signals consisting of three all-around
green lights, vertically disposed, in ample time prior to
crossing for other vessels to note the intention to cross
the TSS or precautionary area.
iii. When traffic conditions are favorable, alter
course boldly, if necessary, to be readily apparent to other vessels in the vicinity observing by sight or radar, and
cross the traffic lane on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general directions of traffic
flow.
iv. Report to the VTIS and extinguish the night signal when it has safely left, crossed, or joined the appropriate traffic lane.
b. Display of the night signals shall not exempt the
crossing vessel of its obligation to give way to other vessels in a crossing situation or any other rules under COLREGS.
Pub. 160
General
For details concerning Pilotage Regulations and Rules of
Navigation for the Port of Singapore, see Pub. 174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of Malacca and Sumatera.
Single-hulled TankersPre-arrival Notification
Single-hulled oil tankers of 5,000 dwt and over must submit
a pre-arrival notification to the Port Master at least 24 hours
prior to arrival. Single-hulled tankers of 5,000 dwt and over
sailing from a port less than 24 hours sailing time to Singapore
must submit the pre-arrival notification to the Port Master immediately upon departure from that port.
The pre-arrival declaration shall be addressed to the Port
Master and shall be transmitted by any of the following means:
1. Telefax: 65-6224-5776
2. Telex: RS34970 (Answer Back PORTPM 34970)
Pre-arrival Quarantine Reporting
The following categories of vessels will NOT be granted
free/radio pratique and must anchor on arrival at the Quarantine Anchorage for inspection by the Port Health Office:
1. Vessels which have been in a plague-infected area
within 60 days prior to arrival in Singapore.
2. Vessels which report the occurrence of illness on board
with the following symptoms:
a. Temperature of 38C or greater which was accompanied or followed by any one or more of the following
rash, jaundice, glandular swelling which has persisted for
more than 48 hours.
b. Diarrhea which has been severe enough to interfere
with work or normal activity.
3. Vessels with a death on board.
4. Vessels with dead rodents.
5. Vessels with refugees on board.
The master, owner, or agent of a vessel under any of the categories listed above shall:
1. Notify the Singapore Port Health Office not less than 4
hours and not more than 12 hours before arrival.
2. Display the appropriate day and night signal when the
vessel enters the Singapore port limits.
3. Anchor at the Quarantine Anchorage and wait until
port health clearance is obtained from the Port Health Officer.
4. Ensure no person, other than a pilot, immigration officer, or customs officer, boards or leaves the vessel without
the permission of the Port Health Officer.
The following categories of vessels are exempted from Port
Health Clearance:
1. Passenger vessels with no sickness or death (other than
deaths from accidents) on board.
2. Vessels arriving from a non-infected port with no sickness or death on board.
3. Warships.
4. Vessels going out of the port limits for sea trials.
All vessels arriving in Singapore are required to be in possession of a valid Ship Sanitation Control Certificate/Ship San-
Singapore
349
itation Control Exemption Certificate. All vessels arriving from

plague-infected ports must be inspected and fumigated if found
to be infested with rodents.
The Port Health Office can be contacted, as follows:
1. VHF:
VHF channel 14
2. Telephone:
65-622-26924
65-622-22585
3. Facsimile:
65-622-28543
2. Night signalwhite isophase light shown every 10

seconds in the shape of an X.
Vessels should keep a good lookout for these signals and
should avoid impeding the passage of a VLCC by reducing
speed or stopping if necessary and should in no circumstances
cross ahead of such a vessel.
Routes
The Time Zone description is HOTEL (-8). Daylight Savings

A Deep-Water Route, best seen on the chart, forms part of

the eastbound traffic lane of the In Singapore Strait Traffic
Separation Scheme.
Time Zone
The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore is responsible

for coordinating search and rescue operations.
Singapore Port Operations Control Center (POCC) maintains a continuous listening watch for distress traffic on VHF
channels 16 and 70 and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
65-622-65539
65-632-52493
65-632-52494
2. Facsimile:
65-622-79971
65-622-45776
3. Telex:
87-20021 MARTEL RS
4. E-mail:
pocc@mpa.gov.sg
Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) in Singapore are, as follows:

1. Port of Singapore Traffic SystemsSinki Fairway.
(Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore)
2. Port of Singapore Traffic SystemsSouthern Fairway.
(Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore)
3. In Singapore Strait (Main Strait). (IMO adopted)
4. In Singapore Strait off St. Johns Island (Pulau Sakijang Bendera). (IMO adopted)
5. In Singapore Strait off Changi and Pulau Batam. (IMO
adopted)
6. At Horsburgh Lighthouse Area. (IMO adopted)
Information on Traffic Separation Schemes in the Strait of
Malacca can be found in MalaysiaTraffic Separation
Schemes.
U.S. Embassy
Search and Rescue
STRAITREP is a joint Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore mandatory ship reporting system in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait. Further information can be found in the
Appendix.
Signals
Traffic signals are occasionally displayed from a steel framework tower, 36m high, standing 91m N of Raffles Light
(110'N., 10345'E.). The signals are intended to warn vessels
that a VLCC is crossing Singapore Main Strait bound for Shell
SBM, situated about 4 miles NE of Raffles Light. The VLCC
may approach either through West Raffles Fairway or through
Phillip Channel.
The signals are, as follows:
1. Day signalblack cone, point up, over a black cylinder.
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 27 Napier Road, Singapore.

1. Singapore address
27 Napier Road
Singapore 258508
2. U. S. address
FPO AP (96507-0001)
U. S. Embassy Singapore Home Page
http://singapore.usembassy.gov

A Vessel Traffic Information Service (VTIS) is in operation
in Singapore. See Pub. 174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait
of Malacca and Sumatera for further information.
Pub. 160
Singapore
351
AppendixSTRAITREP
STRAITREP is a joint Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore mandatory ship reporting system in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore Strait. The objectives of the system are, as follows:
1. To enhance the safety of navigation.
2. To protect the marine environment.
3. To facilitate the movement of vessels.
4. To support search and rescue operations and oil pollution response operations.
The following categories of vessels are required to participate in STRAITREP:
1. Vessels of 300 gross tons and over.
2. Vessels 50m long and over.
3. Vessels engaged in towing or pushing with a combined
gross tonnage of 300 gross tons and above, or with a combined length of 50m or greater.
4. Vessels of any tonnage carrying hazardous cargo in accordance with the definitions of paragraph 1.4 of Resolution
MSC 43(64).
5. All passenger vessels fitted with VHF, regardless of
length or gross tonnage.
6. Any category of vessels less than 50m long or less than
300 gross tons which are fitted with VHF and, in an emergency, uses the appropriate traffic lane or separation zone, in
order to avoid immediate danger.
The operational area of STRAITREP covers the Strait of
Malacca and Singapore Strait between longitude 10040'E and
longitude 10423'E, as shown in Chartlet 1 and Chartlet 2. This
area includes the routing system in the Strait of Malacca and
Singapore Strait.
A STRAITREP shall be made to the appropriate VTS authority, as follows:
1. When entering the W limit of the STRAITREP operational area.
2. When entering the E limit of the STRAITREP operational area.
3. When crossing a line joining Tanjung Piai and Pulau
Karimun Kecil.
4. When approaching from the S:
a. Via Selat Riaewhen abeam of Karang Galang
Light.
b. Via Selat Durianwhen abeam of Pulau Jangkat
Lighted Beacon.
5. When approaching from East Johor Straitwhen
abeam of Eastern Lighted Buoy.
6. When leaving a port or anchorage in the area
7. Prior to joining the traffic lane of the TSS.
8. A ship approaching from a direction other than stated
in 1 through 7 above shall, upon reaching Sector 7, 8, or 9,
report by giving the vessels position as a bearing and distance from one of the following reference points:
a. Pulau Iyu Kechil Light.
b. Sultan Shoal Light.
c. Raffles Light.
d. Sakijang Lighted Beacon.
e. Bedok Light.
f. Tanjung Setapa Light.
g. Horsburgh Light.
As an alternative, the position may also be given in latitude
and longitude.
The format for a STRAITREP is, as follows:

Designator
Information
Vessel name, call

sign, and IMO Number (if available).
Latitude (4 figures
with N) and longitude (5 figures with
E).
The format in C or
D may be used.
True bearing (3 figures) and distance in

nautical miles from
identified landmark.
The format in C or
D may be used.
Course (3 figures)
When requested by
the VTS authority.
Speed, in knots and

tenths of knots (3 figures).
When requested by
the VTS authority.
Hazardous cargo on
board.
P
Defects, damage, deficiencies, or other

limitations.
Pollution or dangerous cargo lost overboard.
Remarks
Indicate if YES@
or NO@. If YES@,
then indicate class,
if applicable, and
information in Q
and/or R, as applicable.
Give brief details.

Indicate position as
in C or D above.
The following designators contain information essential

to meeting the operations of STRAITREP and shall be included in all STRAITREP reportsA, C or D, P, and Q or
R.
The following designators are required when requested
by the VTS authorityE and F.
A STRAITREP will be based on VHF voice radio communication. The call to the appropriate VTS authority shall be made
on the VHF channel assigned to the sector where the ship is located, as follows:
STRAITREP Communications
Sector
VHF channel
VTS authority
1 (Angsa)
66
Klang VTS
2 (Jugra)
88
Klang VTS
3 (Cape Rachado)
84
Klang VTS
4 (Undan)
61
Klang VTS
5 (Segenting)
88
Klang VTS
Pub. 160
Singapore
352
STRAITREP Communications
Sector
VHF channel
VTS authority
6 (Piai)
88
Johor VTS
7 (VTIS West)
73
Singapore VTS
8 (VTIS Central)
14
Singapore VTS
9 (VTIS East)
10
Singapore VTS
The STRAITREP shall be submitted on that channel or on

another available. All reports shall be transmitted in English.
Depending on the sector, every ship shall also maintain a listening watch on the appropriate VHF channel of that sector. Information of general interest to ships will be broadcast on VHF
Pub. 160
channel 16 and any other channel as may be specified by the

appropriate VTS authority. This broadcast will be preceded by
an announcement on the appropriate VHF channel assigned to
that sector.
STRAITREP also provides information to ships about specific and critical situations which could cause conflicting traffic movements and other information concerning the safety of
navigation
General
For information concerning the Vessel Traffic Information
Service System (VTIS) for the Port of Singapore and the inner
approaches, see Pub. 174, Sailing Directions (Enroute) Strait of
Malacca and Sumatera.
Singapore
353
Pub. 160
354
Pub. 160
Singapore
SOMALIA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
355
355
355
356
356
357
357
357
357
357
357
357
357
General
Somalia is located on the E coast of Africa and, with Ethiopia and Djibouti, is often referred to as the Horn of Africa.
The country is bounded on the N by the Gulf of Aden, on the
E and S by the Indian Ocean, on the NW by Djibouti, and on
the W by Ethiopia and Kenya.
The N part of the country is hilly, with elevations of up to
2,100m, while the central and S parts are flat and low.
The Guiba River and the Scebeli River rise in Ethiopia and
flow S across Somalia; however, the latter river does not reach
the ocean. Much of the country is arid, although rain is more
adequate in the S part.
355
Buoyage System
Navigational lights in Somalia have been reported to be unreliable.
Cautions
Special Warning 123 (Issued 11 November 2005; revised 24
November 2014)
1. Due to continuing conditions of armed conflict and
lawlessness in Somalia and waters off its coast, mariners are
advised to avoid the port of Mogadishu and remain at least 200
nautical miles distant from the Somali coast. The U.S.
government does not have an embassy in Somalia and cannot
provide services to U.S. citizens. Travelers to Somalia should
enroll with the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. U.S. citizens
traveling by sea to the area of high threat are urged to inform
MSC-HOA by emailing POSTMASTER@MSCHOA.ORG,
with the subject line 'Yacht Vessel Movement.' The U.S.
Embassy in Nairobi is located on United Nations Avenue,
Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya; telephone (254)(20)363-6000; after
hours emergencies (254)(20)363-6170. The mailing address is
P.O. Box 606 Village Market 00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
Pub. 160
356
Somalia
2. Recent vessel hijackings off the E coast of Somalia

demonstrate that pirates are able to conduct sea hijackings
from as far S as Kismaayo (Chisimayu) (022'S.), though vessels are advised to transit no closer than 200'S, to as far N as
Eyl (800'N.) and out to a distance of 170 miles. The first
known attempt to hijack a cruise vessel occurred in November
2005. All merchant vessels transiting the coast of Somalia, no
matter how far offshore, should increase anti-piracy precautions and maintain a heightened state of vigilance. Pirates are
reported to have used previously-hijacked ships as bases for
further attacks.
3. Another reported pirate tactic has been to issue a false
distress call to lure a ship closer inshore. Therefore, caution
should be taken when responding to distress calls keeping in
mind it may be a tactic to lure a vessel into a trap
4. Victimized vessels have reported two to three (2-3)
speedboats measuring six to nine meters (6-9m) in length.
Each vessel has a crew of three to six (3-6) armed men with
AK-47s and shoulder-launched rockets, which are opening fire
on vessels in broad daylight in order to intimidate them into
stopping.
5. To date, vessels that increase speed and take evasive maneuvers avoid boarding while those that slow down are boarded, taken to the Somali coastline, and released after successful
ransom payment, often after protracted negotiations of as much
as 11 weeks.
Warning
information.
Piracy
Mariners are advised that acts of piracy and armed robbery
by armed boarders are occurring off the coast of Somalia. Several incidents have been reported (2007) by vessels up to 190
miles off the coast.
Pirates apparently have lain in wait for potential victims, primarily waiting along shipping lanes for targets of opportunity.
Pirates have previously been concentrated in an area bounded
roughly by lines joining the following positions:
a. 100'N, 4500'E.
b. 730'N, 4930'E.
c. 730'N, 5130'E.
d. 100'N, 5130'E.
These boundaries reflect not only the area in which actual
seizures have occurred, but also reflect the area in which
known pirate attacks have occurred.
Based on distance from shore and weather conditions, it has
been assessed (2007) that pirates may be utilizing a larger merchant vessel as a mother ship to launch attacks by small boats.
Vessels are advised to stay at least 50 miles from position
120'N, 4810'E until the mother ship threat has been fully
evaluated.
General information on the timing of these attacks, based on
2005 statistics, is given below:
1. Attacks tend to occur in early daylight hours (0400 to
0900 UTC).
2. There have been fewer attacks in late daylight hours
(0900 to 1200 UTC).
3. No attacks have been reported at night.
Pub. 160
4. Attacks have been heaviest on Sundays, followed by

Thursdays and Saturdays. Minimal attacks have occurred on
Mondays or Tuesdays, with no reported attacks occurring on
Wednesdays or Fridays.
The attacks have typically been carries out by multiple fast
boats about 3 to 9m long. They typically approach from aft of
their victim to maximize surprise in order to come alongside
and board before the intended victim can increase its own
speed. Although they approach from aft, the final attack has often been from multiple/different directions.
Vessels are advised to keep at least 200 miles from the coast
of Somalia. Radio communications, including the use of VHF,
should be kept to a minimum while in Somali waters.
Vessels are also cautioned that piracy tactics have included
issuing false distress calls to lure a ship closer inshore. Caution
should be used when responding to distress calls, as this may
be a tactic used to lure a vessel into a trap. Vessels that increase
speed and take evasive action are less likely to be boarded than
those vessels who slow down.
It has also been reported (2007) that pirates may be using
previously-hijacked vessels as bases for further attacks.
Patrol Area.
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Somali shilling, consisting of 100 cents.
Government
Flag of Somalia
Somalia currently has no functioning government. The present political situation is one of anarchy, marked by interfactional fighting and banditry. The country is divided into 18 regions.
Somalia is nominally governed by a President elected by the
National Parliament. The President chooses the Prime Minister
and the Cabinet, subject to approval by the National Parliament. The unicameral National Parliament consists of 275
Somalia
members appointed by clan elders.
There is no national legal system; local legal procedures are
based on a mixture of English common law, Italian law, Islamic
law, and Somali customary law.
The capital is Mogadishu (Mogadiscio).
357
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
June 26
Independence Day of Northern

Regions
July 1
Independence Day of Southern

Regions

Industries
The main industries are agriculture, sugar refining, textiles,
and wireless communications.
The main exports are livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, and scrap metal. The main export-trading partners are the
United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Oman.
The main imports are manufactured goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, and qat. The main import-trading partners are Djibouti, India, Kenya, China,
Pakistan, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates.
Languages
Somali and Arabic are the official languages. English and
Italian are also extensively used.
Pollution
MARPOL Special Area
The Gulf of Aden has been designated as a MARPOL Special Area. MARPOL Special Areas are sea areas where special

Time Zone
Enroute Volumes
U.S. Embassy
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Somalia are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
200 miles.
The U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu was closed in 1991. U.S.

interests are managed by the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
U. S. Embassy Kenya Home Page
http://nairobi.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
SOUTH AFRICA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Offshore Drilling
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
Appendix ISAMSA
Appendix IISAFREP
359
360
360
360
360
361
361
362
362
362
362
362
362
363
363
364
365
365
365
367
367
368
368
369
371
359
General
South Africa, located at the S extremity of the African continent, is bounded on the N by Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; on the NE by Mozambique and Swaziland; on the E by
the Indian Ocean; and on the S and W by the South Atlantic
Ocean.
South Africa has a narrow coastal zone and a vast interior
plateau, 915 to 1,830m high, rimmed by rugged hills. The river
mouths are unpromising due to the universal presence of large
sandbars that block entry for most of the year. The Drakensberg Range, with peaks over 3,000m, rises in the SE part of the
country.
The Prince Edward Islands, consisting of Marion Island and
Prince Edward Island, were given to South Africa in 1947 by
Great Britain and lie isolated in the South Atlantic Ocean,
about 1,200 miles SE of Cape Town.
Lesotho, the former British colony of Basutoland, is a landlocked enclave within South Africa.
The climate is abundant with sunshine and relatively low
rainfall. The SW part of the country has a Mediterranean climate, with rain mainly in the winter. It is subtropical along the
E coast, with sunny days and cool nights.
Pub. 160
360
South Africa
Buoyage System
Cautions
Shark Nets
Shark nets made of polyethylene rope and twine, marked by
red buoys, may be encountered at beaches around the S and E
coasts of South Africa. The nets are laid about 20m apart and
parallel to the coastline between 200 and 400m offshore, in
depths of about 11 to 15m. These nets may or may not be
charted. Vessels on passage are advised to remain at least 1
mile offshore in order to avoid them.
Freak Waves
An area in the Indian Ocean lying between the Cape of Good
Hope and Durban has long been regarded as dangerous due to
large swells and the occurrence, without warning, of abnormally high freak waves. For further information, see Indian
OceanCautionsFreak Waves.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the rand, consisting of 100
cents.
Firing Areas
Defense exercises, including firing and bombing practices,
take place within a number of areas lying off the coast of South
Africa.
The principal types of practice include the following:
1. Bombing practice from aircraft.Warning signals
usually shown.
2. Air-to-air and air-to-sea or ground firing.Air-toair firing is carried out by aircraft at a large white or red
sleeve, a winged target, or a flag towed by another aircraft
moving on a steady course. Air-to-sea firing or air-to-ground
firing is carried out from an aircraft at towed or stationary
targets on sea or land. The firing in each case being directed
seawards. As a general rule, warning signals are shown when
the targets are stationary, but not when towed targets are
used. All marine craft operating as range safety vessels, or
towing targets, or managing radio controlled targets will display, for identification purposes while in or close to the danger area, a large red flag at the masthead and a painted
canvas strip, 2m long and 1m wide, on the fore deck or cabin
roof with red and white checkered squares.
3. Antiaircraft firing.This may be directed at a target
towed by an aircraft, a pilotless aircraft, a balloon, or a kite.
Firing may take place from shore batteries or ships. Warning
signals as a rule are shown from shore batteries and ships fly
red flags.
4. Firing from shore batteries or ships at fixed or floating targets.Warning signals, when given, usually consist
of red flags by day and red fixed or red flashing lights at
night. However, the absence of any such signals cannot be
accepted as evidence that a practice area does not exist.
Warning signals are usually shown from shortly before the
Pub. 160
practice starts until it stops. Ships and aircraft carrying out

night exercises may illuminate with bright red or orange
flares.
Vessels may be unaware of the existence of a practice area
and may fail to observe the warning signals. However, the
range authorities are responsible for ensuring that there should
be no risk of damage to any vessels which may be in the practice area. If vessels find themselves to be within an area where
practice is in progress, they should maintain their course and
speed, and try to clear the area as quickly as possible.
Fishing vessels operating in or near firing practice and exercise areas may occasionally bring unexploded missiles or parts
of missiles to the surface in their nets or trawls. These objects
may be dangerous and should be treated with great circumspection.
Coastal radio navigational warnings are broadcast whenever
military exercises take place.
Firing exercises are carried out in the following areas:
1. Doringbaai (Papendorp)Antiaircraft weapons.
Bound by lines joining the following positions:
a. 3142.4'S, 1811.7'E.
b. 3137.5'S, 1805.0'E.
c. 3144.0'S, 1802.0'E.
d. 3150.0'S, 1806.0'E.
e. 3152.0'S, 1813.5'E.
f. 3143.5'S, 1812.5'E.
2. Saldanha (Langebaan Road Range)Air-to-air
weapons. Bound by lines joining the following positions:
a. 3245.0'S, 1740.0'E.
b. 3245.0'S, 1749.0'E.
c. 3258.0'S, 1755.0'E.
d. 3306.0'S, 1756.0'E.
e. 3308.2'S, 1758.0'E.
f. 3314.9'S, 1805.8'E.
g. 3321.0'S, 1809.0'E.
h. 3329.0'S, 1804.5'E.
i. 3327.0'S, 1759.0'E.
j. 3300.0'S, 1740.0'E.
3. SaldanhaAir-to-air weapons. Bound by lines joining the following positions:
a. 3245.0'S, 1749.0'E.
b. 3326.0'S, 1805.0'E.
c. 3329.0'S, 1754.0'E.
d. 3248.0'S, 1738.0'E.
4. Saldanha (North Head)Weapons. Bound by lines
a. 3303'00.6''S, 1754'30.6''E.
b. 3303'00.6''S, 1753'13.8''E.
c. 3300'42.0''S, 1753'07.8''E.
d. 3301'13.8''S, 1754'15.0''E.
5. Saldanha (Tooth Rock)Jacobs Reef Bombing AreaAir-to-ground weapons and test firing of illuminants. A
circle, with a radius of 3.5 miles, centered on position
3259.0'S, 1751.0'E.
6. Cape Point (Western Cape)Naval exercises. Bound
a. 3415.0'S, 1823.0'E.
b. 3424.0'S, 1744.5'E.
c. The arc of a circle, with a radius of 50 miles and its
center at position 3358.1'S, 1836.0'E, extending clockwise from position 3424.0'S, 1744.5'E to position
South Africa
3444.0'S, 1900.0'E.
d. 3430.0'S, 1900.0'E.
e. 3430.0'S, 1848.0'E.
f. 3415.0'S, 1848.0'E.
g. 3415.0'S, 1828.3'E.
7. Cape Point (Bellows Rock)Naval weapons. Rock
in position 3423.3'S, 1829.6'E used as target.
8. False Bay (Garden No. 1)Sound Testing Range.
a. 3408'36''S, 1827'06''E.
b. 3408'36''S, 1828'15''E.
c. 3409'36''S, 1828'15''E.
d. 3409'36''S, 1827'06''E.
9. False Bay (Garden No. 2)Sound Testing Range.
a. 3410'51.6''S, 1827'06.6''E.
b. 3410'52.8''S, 1827'08.4''E.
c. 3410'52.8''S, 1827'00.6''E.
d. 3410'54.0''S, 1827'07.2''E.
10. False Bay (Simons Town)Seaward range. Bound
a. Arc of a circle, with a radius of 11 miles (20,384m)
centered on position 3410'30.0''S, 1825'45.0''E, between
the bearings of 254 and 291
b. 3415'00.0''S, 1837'51.0''E.
c. 3411'13.2''S, 1826'19.2''E. (T-Wall)
d. 3410'30.0''S, 1825'45.0''E.
11. False Bay (Swartklip)Test range. Bound by lines
a. 3404.4'S, 1842.1'E.
b. 3405.0'S, 1841.0'E.
c. 3406.0'S, 1841.2'E.
d. 3406.2'S, 1845.3'E.
e. 3405.0'S, 1845.0'E.
f. 3404.5'S, 1843.9'E.
12. False Bay (Simons Town)Shallow water demolition range. Bound by lines joining the following positions:
a. 3411'15.9''S, 1826'39.0''E.
b. 3411'19.0''S, 1826'59.5''E.
c. 3411'25.0''S, 1826'56.4''E.
d. 3411'23.0''S, 1826'42.0''E.
13. Cape AgulhasDeHoop (Potberg)Weapons testing range. The sea area at right angles to the coast for a distance of 500m from position 3430'28.2"S, 2026'55.8"E to
position 3435'04.8"S, 2021'49.8"E and the sea area that
runs at right angles from the shore for a distance of 5,000m
from position 3435'04.8"S, 2021'49.8"E to position
3438'03.0"S, 2016'10.2"E.
14. Port Elizabeth (Cape Recife)Rifle range. Bound
a. 3401.0'S, 2539.0'E.
b. 3401.0'S, 2540.0'E.
c. 3403.0'S, 2540.0'E.
d. 3403.0'S, 2539.0'E.
15. DurbanNaval weapons. Bound by lines joining the
a. 2951'54.0''S, 3103'52.2''E.
b. 2947'36.0''S, 3120'24.0''E.
c. 3000'00.0''S, 3118'48.0''E.
d. 3008'12.0''S, 3107'42.0''E.
e. 2953'45.0''S, 3102'28.8''E.
361
16. Saint LuciaNaval weapons. Bound by lines joining

a. 2742'57.0''S, 3237'45.0''E.
b. 2740'19.8''S, 3231'00.0''E.
c. 2752'34.8''S, 3224'12.0''E.
d. 2755'34.8''S, 3224'30.0''E.
e. 2803'49.8''S, 3223'00.0''E.
f. 2805'00.0''S, 3227'49.2''E.
g. 2805'30.0''S, 3229'37.8''E.
h. 2806'40.2''S, 3233'34.8''E.
i. 2807'19.8''S, 3248'00.0''E.
j. 2738'00.0''S, 3254'00.0''E.
k. 2738'00.0''S, 3245'45.0''E.
17. Test firings of minor illuminants of various colors,
with or without parachutes, frequently occur without warning along the coast in the vicinity of Swartklip (3404.5'S.,
1841.2'E.).
Fishing Areas
Crayfish trap fishing is common along the Atlantic coast of
South Africa. Mariners should navigate with caution when
within 3 miles of the coast due to the presence of numerous anchored or drifting small fishing boats and their unlit bottom
gear, marker buoys, and recovery lines. Vessels process their
catch at night. During this period lighting on board may be
poor and a large vessel not keeping a good lookout could easily
run down a small craft without being aware of it.
Extensive fishing is carried out on the continental shelf of
South Africa. Lighted and unlighted buoys marking trawlerfishing areas may be encountered.
Crayfishing is carried out seasonally, but may vary in time of
year and location. In general it extends, as follows:
1. Port Nolloth area15 October 30 June.
2. All other areas1 November to 30 June.
Government
Flag of South Africa

South Africa is a republic. The country is divided into nine
provinces.
South Africa is governed by a President elected to a 5-year
term by the National Assembly. The President appoints the
Cabinet. The bicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly, which is composed of 400 directly-elected members
(using a system of proportional representation) serving 5-year
terms, and the National Council of Provinces, which is composed of 90 indirectly-elected members (ten members elected
by each provincial legislature) serving 5-year terms.
Pub. 160
South Africa
362
The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law, English

common law, and customary law.
The administrative capital is Pretoria. The legislative capital
is Cape Town. The judicial capital is Bloemfontein.
Dependent Islands
Marion Island and Prince Edward Island (4638'S.,
3756'E.), known as the Prince Edward Islands, lie about 1,200
miles SE of Cape Town and are the twin peaks of a submerged
volcano. These two islands, which are usually surrounded by
kelp, have a total area of 125 square miles and are separated by
a passage, 11 miles wide.
The islands are bounded by rocky cliffs, which are generally
low on the E side and high on the W. Marion Island, the southernmost, is covered by mosses, ferns, and peat bogs. Its volcanic peak is 1,230m high and covered by snow and ice. Prince
Edward Island has a rounded summit, 672m high. Penguins,
seals, and various birds, including albatrosses, inhabit the islands. Vessels approaching the islands from the NW should
steer SE between them in order to pass clear of Solglimt Blinders (Aldebert Reef), a dangerous off-lying reef that may not
break, even in calm conditions.
The island group is a possession of South Africa; a meteorological and radio station is situated on Marion Island. The climate is generally cloudy or dull with rain or snow on most days
of the year and high winds.
Holidays
commercial ship repair.

The main exports are gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals
and minerals, and machinery and equipment. The main exporttrading partners are China, the United States, Japan, and Germany.
petroleum products, scientific equipment, and foodstuffs. The
main import-trading partners are China, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United States.
Languages
The 11 official languages, in order of predominance, are IsiZulu, IsiXhosa, Afrikaans, Sepedi, English, Setswana, Sesotho, Xitsonga, Siswati, Tshivenda, and IsiNdebele.
English is the sole language of command in the armed forces.
Meteorology
Marine forecasts are available in English from the South African Weather Service (http://www.weathersa.co.za).
Enroute Volumes
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of South Africa are, as follows:
January 1
New Years Day
March 21
Human Rights Day
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Easter Monday
Variable
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Family Day
Variable
200 miles.
April 27
Freedom Day
Zone
May 1
Workers Day
Continental Shelf
June 16
Youth Day
August 9
National Womens Day
September 24
Heritage Day
December 16
Day of Reconciliation
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Day of Goodwill
Industries
The main industries are mining (platinum, chromium, gold,
and diamonds), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, and
Pub. 160
Offshore Drilling
Offshore oil and gas exploration production is carried out of
the coast of South Africa, especially between Cape Agulhas
and Durban, as follows:
1. Sable Oil Field (3512.3'S., 2118.4'E.).
2. Oribi Oil Field and Onyx Oil Field (3514.0'S.,
2129.9'E.).
3. EM Control Buoy (3454.8'S., 2142.6'E.).
4. FA Production Platform (3458.2'S., 2210.2'E.).
Numerous underwater obstructions, as well as abandoned or
suspended well heads, extending to a height of 4.6m above the
sea bed, exist in these areas.
South Africa
Pollution
General
Regulations are in force prohibiting the discharge of oil or
oil mixed with any other substance into the internal or territorial waters of South Africa (12 miles from the coast), and any oil
or mixture containing more than 100 parts per million of oil
from the limit of the territorial sea to 50 miles from the coast.
MARPOL Special Area
An extensive area extending seaward from the W and S
coasts of South Africa has been designated as a MARPOL Special Area. MARPOL Special Areas are sea areas where special
Pollution Sightings
Vessels navigating off the coast of South Africa or lying in
an anchorage at the various ports are requested to report the
following:
1. Oil slicks sighted.
2. Oil accidentally discharged.
3. Oil discharged in the interest of the safety of life at sea.
4. Vessels in distress likely to cause pollution.
Reports can be passed through any South African maritime
radio station and should be addressed to The Principal Officer,
Port Control, via VHF channel 16, at the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) via MRCC Cape Town.
SAMSA will ensure that MRCC Cape Town has an up-to-date
duty roster for Principal Officers at the following ports:
1. Richards Bay.
2. Durban.
3. East London.
4. Port Elizabeth.
5. Mossel Bay.
6. Cape Town.
7. Saldanha Bay.
Reports of pollution incidents should contain as much of the
following information as possible:
1. Name of person reporting the incident.
2. Telephone number (work/home) or other means of
contact.
3. Date and time of observation.
4. Details of observation.
5. Location (latitude/longitude or position relative to the
coastline).
6. Source and cause of pollution (name and type of vessel; collision or grounding).
7. Type and estimated quantity of oil spilled and the potential and probability of further pollution.
8. Weather and sea conditions.
9. Action taken or intended action in response to the incident.
The following is a guide as to the appearance of oil on the
water and the method of reporting such oil:
1. Effect of the oil on the appearance of the water, given
by one of the following conditions:
Condition 1Barely visible under most favorable
light conditions.
363
Condition 2Visible as a silvery sheen on the surface of the water.

Condition 3First trace of color may be observed.
Condition 4Bright bands of color observed.
Condition 5Colors begin to turn dull natural to
color of oil.
Condition 6Colors natural to color of oil.
2. Position.
3. Extent of the slick.
4. Weather or direction of the wind.
5. Vessel involved.
No master or crew member making or associated with a report of this type would be called upon to give evidence in a
court of law if the vessel is due to sail before the trial.
MRCC Cape Town can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone: 27-21-938-3300
2. Facsimile: 27-21-938-3309
3. E-mail:
mrcc.ct@samsa.org.za
Pollution Reports
The following information is required for a radio report of
discharge of oil and/or damage to vessels when navigating
within 50 miles of the coasts of South Africa and Namibia:
1. Name, call sign, official number, and port of registry.
2. Position, course, and speed.
3. Nature of damage (see note below).
4. Prevailing weather and sea conditions.
5. Whether bound for a port in South Africa.
If applicable, the particulars contained in the certificate
which, in terms of Article VII of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution,1969, is required to be carried on board.
Note.Damage to a vessel shall be deemed to have created
the likelihood of a discharge of oil if it is of such a nature as to
detrimentally affect, in any way, the vessels seaworthiness or
efficient working.
In addition to oil pollution, vessels not under command and
vessels suspected of not being under innocent passage shall also be reported to SAMSA.
Regulations
General
Vessels should send their ETA at least 72 hours in advance
(excluding Sunday and public holidays) to their port of destination, stating the following information:
1. Vessel length, freeboard, and draft fore and aft.
2. Details on any dangerous cargo.
3. Type and quantity of cargo being shipped, landed, or
trans-shipped.
4. Bunkers and other requirements.
5. Factors affecting the safe entry and/or berthing of the
vessel.
6. Is the vessel engaged in towing or salvage? If yes, further details are required.
Vessels should send their ETA to the appropriate Port Control on VHF channel 16 when within 20 miles of their destination.
Vessels at anchor within or near the port limits of South African harbors must maintain a continuous listening watch on
VHF channel 16, unless in the area of a VTS System, when the
Pub. 160
364
South Africa
watch should be on the appropriate designated frequency, as

follows:
1. Saldanha Bay:
VHF channel 12
2. Table Bay (Cape Town): VHF channel 14
3. Durban:
VHF channel 9
4. Port Elizabeth/Ngqura:
VHF channel 12
5. Richards Bay:
VHF channel 12
Navigational safety calls, comprising the vessels name, position, and intended course of action, are to made on VHF
channel 16, or the appropriate VTS frequency, in the event of
any of the following:
1. Risk of collision.
2. A call from another vessel indicating that a close
quarters situation is developing.
3. Overtaking, or being overtaken, in a narrow channel.
4. Doubt about another vessels intentions.
5. An obstruction or bend in the channel which may obscure approaching vessels.
6. In restricted visibility, approaching charted routes or
groups of vessels.
7. If vessel is restricted in its ability to maneuver.
8. Approaching dredges and floating plants in restricted
waters, which are not covered by a VTS system.
9. Leaving a berth, anchorage, mooring area, etc.
10. Any other occasion when a call could contribute to
safe navigation.
Tankers
The following regulations, as promulgated by the South African authorities, concern the navigation of laden tankers.
In these regulations, a laden tanker means any tanker other
than a tanker in ballast having in its cargo tanks residual cargo
only.
In addition, summer months refers to that period from 16
October to 15 April and winter season refers to that period
from 16 April to 15 October.
The winter zone boundary line is the northernmost limit of
the South Winter Seasonal Zone, as defined by the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966.
The following rules apply to laden tankers navigating off the
South African coast:
1. Laden tankers, westbound, should adhere to the following:
a. Maintain a minimum distance of 20 miles off the following points:
i. South Sand Bluff.
ii. Bashee River (Mbashe Point).
iii. Hood Point.
iv. Cape Recife.
b. Steer to pass through the westbound (northern) lanes
of the Traffic Separation Schemes off FA Platform and the
Alphard Banks and then maintain a minimum distance of
20 miles from the following points:
i. Cape Agulhas.
ii. Quoin Point.
iii. Cape Point.
iv. Slangkop Point.
v. Cape Columbine.
2. Laden tankers, eastbound, should also maintain a minimum distance of 25 miles off when passing the points listed
in 1a and 1b and, when between Cape Agulhas and Cape RePub. 160
cife, steer a course to pass through the eastbound (southern)

lanes of the Traffic Separation Schemes off FA Platform and
the Alphard Banks.
3. The following exemptions to the laden tanker rules apply:
a. Vessels calling at Cape Town (Table Bay) to rendezvous with service craft or helicopters should follow the
recommended routes until, in the case of laden tankers
when proceeding W, Cape Point Light bears 000 at a distance of 20 miles. Vessels should then alter course towards
a position where Slangkop Point Light bears 250 at a distance of 20 miles. Course may then be altered to the rendezvous area 6 miles W of Green Point Light.
b. Laden tankers engaged solely between South African
ports are exempted from the provisions of paragraphs 1
and 2 of these regulations and are to maintain a distance of
10 miles off the salient points of the coast, subject to
weather, sea, and current conditions, when setting courses
to their ports of loading and discharging.
c. During the winter season, westbound laden tankers
should maintain the minimum distance of 20 miles off the
appropriate landmarks in paragraph 1a. However, on approaching the winter zone, they may remain within the
summer zone as close to the separation zone as possible,
and for the minimum period necessary, to ensure that they
can remain on their summer loadline throughout. In the vicinity of FA Platform and the Alphard Banks, they are to
adjust their course to pass through the westbound traffic
lanes.
Proclaimed Guano Islands
It is prohibited to land on or disturb sea birds or seals between the high water mark and low water mark of the following Proclaimed Guano Islands:
1. Algoa BayBird Island, Stag Island, Seal Island, and
Black Rocks.
2. Mossel BaySeal Island.
3. Quoin PointQuoin Rock.
4. Danger PointDyer Island and Geyser Island.
5. False BaySeal Island.
6. Hout BayDuikerklip.
7. Melkbos PointRobbesteen.
8. Dassen Island.
9. Saldanha BayJutten Island, Marcus Island, Malgas
Island, Meeu Island, Skaap Island, Vondeling Island, and Jacob Rock.
10. Cape ColumbinePaternoster Rocks.
11. Lamberts BayPenguin Island.
12. Olifants RiverElephant Rock.
13. Prince Edward Island Group.
Quarantine
The standard quarantine message must be sent 48 hours prior
to arrival.
Search and Rescue

The South African Department of Transport is responsible
for coordinating search and rescue operations. MRCC Cape
Town, located at Plattekloof near Cape Town, can be contacted,
as follows:
South Africa
1. Telephone: 27-21-938-3300
2. Facsimile: 27-21-938-3309
3. E-mail:
Port control offices at the following major ports act as Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenters (MRSC) operating under
the control of MRCC Cape Town, as follows:
1. MRSC Saldanha Bay.
2. MRSC Cape Town.
3. MRSC Port Elizabeth.
4. MRSC East London.
5. MRSC Durban.
6. MRSC Richards Bay.
The South African Search and Rescue Organization (SASAR) is the responsible authority for coordinating the efforts
of other means of search and rescue at the port captains disposal; namely, tugs, police launches, and the resources of the
South African Navy and Air Force. Commercial aircraft operated by affiliated organizations are also available when requested.
The National Sea Rescue Institute of South Africa (NSRI)
has been established and is administered by the Department of
Transport. The NSRI provides sea rescue facilities inshore and
offshore at all ports and operates under the control of the South
African Search and Rescue Organization (SASAR) through the
port captains of the areas concerned. All NSRI vessels and
boats, all of which are equipped with VHF radios, with some
equipped with HF radios, are controlled by NSRI through its
shore-based transmitters. Vessels range from 3 to 7m long rigid
inflatables, for rapid response in inshore waters, to self-righting all-weather craft up to 13m long, which have an operating
range of 50 miles.
The NSRI operates rescue stations at the following locations:
1. Saldanha Bay.
2. Table Bay.
3. Bakoven.
4. Hout Bay.
5. Kommetjie.
6. Simons Town.
7. Strandfontein.
8. Gordons Bay.
9. Hermanus.
10. Struisbaai.
11. Stilbaai.
12. Mossel Bay.
13. Wilderness.
14. Knysna.
15. Plettenbergbaai.
16. Port Saint Francis.
17. Port Elizabeth.
18. Port Alfred.
19. East London.
20. Port St. Johns.
21. Port Edwards.
22. Shelly Beach.
23. Durban.
24. Richards Bay.
The NSRI operates auxiliary rescue stations at the following
365
locations:
1. St. Helena Bay.
2. Melkbosstrand.
3. Coffee Bay.
4. Kleinmond.
5. Struisbaai.

South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) Reporting System
South Africa has implemented maritime security requirements through the South African Merchant Shipping (Maritime
Security Regulations, 2004 and the International Ship and Port
Facility (ISPS) Code.
For further information on SAMSA, see Appendix I.
South African Ship Reporting System (SAFREP)
The South African Ship Reporting System (SAFREP) has
been established to identify and monitor the positions and
movements of vessels participating in the system within the
SAFREP area. All vessels operating within the SAFREP area
are welcome to participate in the system, although emphasis is
placed on trading vessels of over 100 gt.
For further information on SAFREP, see Appendix II.
Signals
At times, it may be necessary to control the entrance of vessels into and the movement of vessels within certain ports of
South Africa. The signals denoting the controls will be displayed from a conspicuous position in or near the port concerned and may also be displayed by examination or traffic
control vessels. The signals are, as follows:
1. Entrance prohibited
a. Day signalThree red balls, vertically disposed.
b. Night signalThree flashing red lights, vertically
disposed.
2. Entrance permittedThe night signal is three green
lights, vertically disposed.
3. Movement within the port prohibited
a. Day signalA blue flag.
b. Night signalOne green light between two red
lights, vertically disposed.

South African submarines may be encountered by day or at
night while operating in the waters off the South African coast.
Under certain circumstances, warnings that submarines are exercising in specified areas may be broadcast by local coastal radio stations.
Submarines frequently exercise off the SW coast of South
Africa in an area generally bounded by lines joining the following positions.
a. 3200'S, 1600'E.
b. 3200'S, 2000'E.
c. 3600'S, 2000'E.
d. 3600'S, 1600'E.
South African submarines may be encountered on the surface at night, particularly in the vicinity of the ports of SalPub. 160
366
South Africa
danha Bay, Cape Town, Simons Town, Hout Bay, Port

Elizabeth, East London, and Durban.
South African warships fly the International Code Group
surfaced, are in the vicinity. Vessels are cautioned to give a
wide berth to any vessel flying this signal.
Warning Signals
periscope may indicate its position by means of an underwater
lantern, which will illuminate the sea surface from below.
while in submarine exercise area:
1. White smoke markers (with flare) indicate the position
in response to a request from a ship or aircraft, or as required.
2. Green parachute flares (fired 130m into the air) indicate the position from which a practice torpedo has been
fired. All vessels are requested to keep clear as the submarine may want to surface after the firing.
3. Red parachute flares (fired 130m into the air), which
may be accompanied by smoke candles repeated as often as
possible, indicate that vessels should keep clear as the submarine is carrying out emergency surfacing procedure. Vessels must not stop their propellers, but should clear the area
immediately and stand by to render assistance.
Note.If the red parachute flare is sighted and the submarine does not surface within 5 minutes, it should be assumed
attempt should be made to fix the position in which the signal was sighted, after which the actions to be taken in the
event of a sunken submarine should be initiated. The flare
and marker signals will float for 1 hour and then self-scuttle
and sink.
4. Two white smoke signals released 3 minutes apart indicate that vessels should keep clear as the submarine is preparing to surface. Vessels must not stop their propellers and
should clear the immediate vicinity.
Navigation Lights
The steaming and side lights of South African submarines
appear to be placed well forward and very low above the water
in proportion to the length and tonnage of these vessels. South
African submarines are fitted with an amber quick-flashing
light situated 1 to 2m above the steaming light as an aid to
identification. This light will also be used when snorkeling.
While at anchor or moored to a buoy at night, submarines display normal anchor lights.
The overall arrangements of submarine lights is unusual and
the surface dictates particular caution when approaching such
vessels.
South African submarines may exhibit a quick flashing amber light showing about 80 flashes per minute.
Collisions with Submarines
Most submarine losses during peace time have been caused
by collisions with other vessels. Submarines, with their low
Pub. 160
buoyancy factor, if involved in a collision, may sink or be unable to surface because of their ballast tanks being ruptured.
Because of their size and low profile, surfaced submarines
are often difficult to see. Submarines operating at periscope
depth are obviously even more difficult to detect.
A collision or suspected collision with a submarine must be
reported by the fastest means available to the nearest coast radio station. The position of the collision, together with the estimated current, wind force, and sea state, as well as any other
relevant information, must be included in the report.
The report should be sent by radio using emergency clearance procedures on distress or normal frequencies. The message can be passed direct to NAVCOMCENCAPE, via a coast
radio station or harbor radio network, whichever is considered
faster, as speed of handling is essential. The message will then
be sent to the Submarine Operations Authority (SUBOPAUTH), Private Bag X1, Simons Town, 7995 or signals address, Force Preparation Operations Center, telephone (Cape
Town) 27-21-787-4126 or 27-21-787-4129, facsimile (Cape
Town) 27-21-787-4002.
Sunken Submarine
A South African submarine which is bottomed and unable to
surface will try to indicate its position by the following methods:
1. Releasing two life rafts, which are equipped with
EPIRBS, as soon as the incident occurs.
2. By firing the smoke signals, described under Warning
Signals above, on the approach of surface vessels and at regular intervals.
4. Blowing out air.
5. Activating its sonar beacon.
6. Transmitting on its underwater telephone.
It may be impossible for a submarine to fire smoke candles.
Correspondingly, a partially-flooded submarine may only have
a certain number of smoke candles available and searching
ships should not therefore expect many to appear.
which appear to have come from a submarine while they are in
the probability area. Searching ships and aircraft can waste
valuable time investigating these false contacts.
Some South African submarine pyrotechnics can be fitted
with message carriers. These may be recovered as soon as they
have finished burning. The contents of the message, as well as
the position and time of recovery, should be passed by the most
rapid means of communication available to one of the following:
1. The nearest Naval vessel in the vicinity.
2. NAVCOMCENCAPE, Private Bag X1, TOKAI, 7966,
telephone (Cape Town) (021-787-2911 or 021-787-2459) or
by e-mail (navcomcen@sanavy.co.za).
3. COMFLEET, Naval Base, Simons Town.
4. The nearest branch of the South African Police Service.
South African submarines are fitted with two life rafts, each
fitted with its own EPIRB, which can be released from inside
in case of emergencies or if for any reason the submarine is unable to surface. They are described later in this section under
South Africa
Submarine Rescue Devices.
South African submarines carry an indicator buoy that can
be released if the submarine is unable to surface. It is cylindrical, about 0.6m long, about 0.2m in diameter, painted orange,
and topped by an antenna.
In any submarine accident, time is the most vital factor
affecting the chances for rescue of the survivors, and, as the
sighting of life rafts may be the first intimation that an accident
has in fact occurred, it is vital that no time should be lost in
taking action.
The sighting of any smoke signals and/or life rafts should at
once be reported at once to Naval authorities or a Port Office
by the quickest available means. If known, the name of the submarine should be included in the report. However, if vessels are
unable to establish communication without leaving the vicinity
of the submarine, it should be borne in mind that the primary
consideration should be for vessels to remain standing by to
rescue survivors and not leave the scene of the accident.
South African submarines are equipped smoke signals and
life rafts. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the position, together with the estimated current and the strength and
direction of the wind at that position, and the time of first sighting of the buoy be accurately and speedily reported to the appropriate authorities.
wait before escaping until:
1. Rescue vessels are known to be standing by,
2. Conditions inside the submarine deteriorate to such an
extent that an escape must be attempted, or
3. It is determined whether or not a DSRV rescue is possible.
It should be noted that, in certain circumstances, condition 2
above may not arise through lack of air supply until several
days after the accident. However, if the submarine is badly
damaged, survivors may have to make an escape attempt immediately. On arrival at the surface, crew members may be exhausted or ill, and, if circumstances permit, the presence of a
boat already lowered is very desirable. Some crew members
may require a decompression chamber. Therefore, it is the aim
of the authorities to get such a chamber to the scene as soon as
possible.
Survivors escaping from a submarine may surface at a
distance from the smoke signals and/or life rafts marking the
submarines position due to the effects of wind and current.
sounder or the banging of the outer skin of the ships hull with
In summary, the aims of a submarine rescue operation are, as
follows:
1. Fixing the exact position of the submarine.
367
2. Getting a ship standing by to pick up survivors, if practicable, with boats already lowered.
3. Getting medical assistance to survivors picked up.
4. Getting a divers decompression chamber to the scene
in case this is required by those seriously ill after being exposed to great pressure.
5. Informing the trapped crew that help is at hand.
6. Getting a Deep Sea Rescue Vessel (DSRV) to the scene
of the submarine incident.
Submarine Rescue Devices
South African submarines are fitted with two life rafts,
which can be released in case of emergency. Each life raft has
the following characteristics:
1. The life raft pops out of a pressure-proof GRP container. The GRP container will be visible on the surface.
2. The life raft can carry 25 persons.
3. The life raft is tethered to the submarine by 600m of
rope.
4. The life raft is fitted with the following devices:
a. EPIRB.An Emergency Position Indicating Radio
Beacon is tethered to the life raft and is activated as soon
as it comes into contact with sea water. The EPIRB transmits a signal of warbling notes on 406 MHz. Ships hearing
this signal should report the fact, giving their position and,
if possible, an indication of signal strength.
b. SART.The Search and Rescue Radar Transponder
is used to locate survival craft or distressed vessels by creating a series of dots on a rescuing ships radar display.
The response frequency is 9.2 to 9.5 GHz.
c. A portable VHF radio.
The submarines sonar beacon serves to alert rescue authorities to the submarines position and to provide a homing signal
for the DSRV. It operates a at frequency of 3.5 khz and 12 kHz.
The submarine is fitted with an underwater telephone, which
is capable of voice and Morse communications.
The DSRV is a mini-submersible capable of rescuing personnel from the submarine should the submarine have bottomed or fouled underwater. The submarines forward hatch is
configured to receive the DSRV skirt and form a watertight
connection. This allows the forward hatch to be opened and for
the trapped personnel to be transferred to the DSRV.
Time Zone

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) in South Africa are, as
follows:
1. Approaches to Port Elizabeth/Ngqura. (Government of
South Africa)
2. Approaches to Saldanha Bay. (Government of South
Africa)
3. Approaches to Table Bay. (Government of South Africa)
4. Alphard Banks (South of Cape Infanta). (IMO adopted)
5. Platform FA (South of Cape St. Blaize). (IMO adoptPub. 160
South Africa
368
ed)
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 877 Pretorius Street, Arcadia, Pretoria.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001.
U. S. Embassy South Africa Home Page
http://southafrica.usembassy.gov

1. Saldanha Bay 1 (3302'S., 1759'E.).
2. Table Bay (Cape Town) 1 (3354'S., 1826'E.).
3. Durban 2 (2953'S., 3103'E.).
4. Port Elizabeth/Ngqura 2 (3358'S., 2539'E.).
5. Richards Bay 2 (2848'S., 3205'E.).
1
For further information, see Pub. 123, Sailing Directions
(Enroute) Southwest Coast of Africa.
2 For further information, see Pub. 171 (Sailing Directions
(Enroute) East Africa and the South Indian Ocean.
The following information applies to all South African Inshore VTS systems (as distinct from an offshore system; i.e.,
for Laden Tankers off the Alphard Bank), unless otherwise
stated:
1. Description.Participation in these VTS systems is
mandatory for the following:
a. Vessels of 15m or more in length.
b. Towing vessels where the tow is 15m or more in
length, or the overall length of vessel and tow is 30m or
more.
c. Any passenger-carrying vessels.
d. All vessels carrying dangerous or pollutant cargo.
2. Procedure.Vessels may be required to report the
following information:
a. Vessels name.
b. Call sign.
c. Position.
d. ETA at the Reporting Point of vessel entering the
VTS zone.
e. Destination.
f. ETA at destination.
g. Whether any pollutant or dangerous goods cargo is
carried on board or on any vessel or object being towed or
pushed.
h. ETD from a berth.
i. ETA at a location requiring a report (such as a Reporting Point).
The above information must be reported, as follows,
when:
i. Entering a VTS Zone.Fifteen (15) minutes before entering a VTS zone, a vessel must apply for Traffic Clearance, stating 2a through 2g as specified above.
0.0
Pub. 160
ii. Arriving at a Reporting Point (RP).On arriving

at an RP, a vessel must report 2a, 2c, and 2i as specified
above.
iii. Arriving at a berth.As soon as practicable after
arriving, a vessel must report 2a and 2c as specified
above.
iv. Departing a berth.Five (5) minutes prior to departing a berth, a vessel must report 2a through 2c and
2e through 2h as specified above.
v. Immediately prior to departing a berth.A vessel
must report 2a, 2c, and 2i as specified above.
vi. Maneuvers.Fifteen (15) minutes prior to commencing any maneuver listed below, a vessel must apply
for traffic clearance stating 2a, and 2c as specified
above, plus a description of their intended maneuvers:
A. Compass adjustment.
B. The calibration and servicing of navigational
aids.
C. A sea trial.
D. A dredging operation.
E. The laying, picking up, and servicing of a submarine cable or navigation mark.
F. Any other maneuver that may be detrimental to
safe navigation.
As soon as possible after the maneuver is completed, a description of the maneuver (just completed) must be communicated to the VTS Center.
3. Incident Reports.Vessels should immediately report any of the following and include 2a and 2c as specified
under Procedure:
a. An onboard fire that may impair safe navigation.
b. The involvement of the vessel in a collision, grounding, or striking that may impair safe navigation.
c. Any defect to the vessels hull, main propulsion
equipment, steering, radars, compass, radio equipment,
anchors, or cables that may impair safe navigation.
d. Any discharge or threat of discharge of a pollutant
from the vessel.
e. Another vessel in apparent difficulty.
f. The presence of any other vessel which may impede
the movement of other vessels.
g. Any obstruction to navigation.
h. Any aid to navigation that is functioning improperly,
damaged, off-position, or missing.
i. The presence of any pollutant in the water.
j. Any weather condition which may impair safe navigation.
Items g, h, and i need not be reported if the information has been previously reported by Notice to Mariners
or Coastal Navigation Warnings.
4. VHF Equipment Failure.In the event of VHF radio failure, the VTS Center should be alerted immediately by
sending a message through a Coast Radio Station, another
vessel, or by other means, stating that there is a failure and
giving the vessels position and destination.
5. Note.All times should be given in local time.
South Africa
369
Appendix ISAMSA
South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) Reporting System
South Africa has implemented maritime security requirements through the South African Merchant Shipping (Maritime
Security) Regulations, 2004 and the International Ship and
Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.
Certain vessels are required to submit either a pre-arrival report or a pre-entry report to the Maritime Rescue Coordination
Center (MRCC) Cape Town at least 96 hours in advance of the
vessels ETA in its first South African port. If the vessel is arriving from a foreign port where the voyage time is less than 96
hours, the vessels must ensure that the pre-arrival/pre-entry information is sent in compliance with the 96-hour requirements
and is updated when the vessel clears the last foreign port. The
pre-arrival/pre-entry information required is, as follows:
1. Pre-arrival information is required from vessels on international voyages bound for South African ports, as follows:
a. Foreign passenger vessels.
b. Cargo vessels of 500 gross tons or greater.
c. Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs).
2. Pre-entry information is required from vessels bound
for South African ports, as follows:
a. Foreign-going South African passenger vessels.
b. Cargo vessels of 500 gross tons or greater.
c. Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) bound for
a South African port.
The following vessels are exempt from the pre-arrival/preentry reporting requirements:
1. Fishing vessels.
2. Vessels used only for recreation or sport.
3. Government vessels on non-commercial voyages.
4. Coastal vessels.
5. Vessels transiting South African territorial waters, including ships calling off-limits at a South African port for
the transfer of stores, crew, etc. However, voluntary compliance with the SAMSA Reporting System in encouraged and
may avoid delay in the event, for example, of transfer operations having to be done within port limits due to adverse
weather conditions.
The information required must be in English. It must be in
writing and must be transmitted to MRCC Cape Town via
Cape Town Radio by e-mail (maritimeradio@ixmail.co.za).
Note.Cape Town Radio will accept a forwarded e-mail

message from the ships agent, provided the agent confirms receipt of the e-mail with Cape Town Radio. Cape Town Radio
will not forward e-mail messages to the MRCC without this
confirmation. The e-mail reports must be sent in the body of
the message and not as an attachment; attachments are stripped
from Cape Town Radio e-mails. Reports will not be accepted
via voice communications.
The preferred means of ship-to-shore communication for
pre-arrival/pre-entry information reports is via an e-mail
(maritimeradio@ixmail.co.za). If INMARSAT-C is used, the
ships officer can confirm receipt by selecting the option
request delivery confirmation on the ships terminal. A ships
agent can also confirm receipt 6 hours after transmission by
contacting Cape Town Radio on the help line 800-222208.
When a vessel transits between South African ports, prearrival/pre-entry information is only required if the vessel
interfaces with another ship between ports or visits a port in
another country. If this occurs, the pre-arrival/pre-entry
information must be transmitted as soon as possible but at least
5 hours before the vessels ETA.
Failure to submit complete and timely pre-arrival/pre-entry
information could result in delays to the vessel. Failure to submit pre-arrival/pre-entry information will result in the vessel
being denied entry to the port.
An amended report must be made, as follows:
1. If the ETA date changes. A change in time on the same
date need not be reported.
2. If there has been a ship-to-port or ship-to-ship interface
after the original report was made.
3. If any other information in the original report changes.
Note.It has been reported (2007) that vessels must also include full ETA details (date and time) of all port calls in South
Africa, the name of the next port-of-call after leaving South
Africa, and a detailed crew list. The crew list may not be sent
as an attachment.
For further information, SAMSA can be contacted, as
follows:
1. Telephone:
27-21-938-3300
2. Facsimile:
27-21-938-3309
3. E-mail:
Pre-Arrival/Pre-entry Report Format

Code
Prefix
Required Information
Vessel name, call sign, port of registry, and current security level on board.
Time of report in UTC (6 digit group-DDHHMM).
Position (latitude is 4-digit group in degrees and minutes with N or S; longitude is 5-digit group in
degrees and minutes E or W).
Type of vessel.
Course (3 digits).
Speed in knots and tenths (3 digits, with the decimal point omitted).
IMO number.
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370
Pre-Arrival/Pre-entry Report Format

Code
Prefix
Required Information
ISSC certificate on board (Y/N) and issuing authority.
Business name of vessels agent at intended port of call.
Name of and ETA at first South African port of call and name of next port of call.
P1
Last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
additional security measures taken, and were appropriate security measures maintained during ship-toship activity in the port (Y/N).
P2
Second to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special
or additional security measures taken, and were appropriate security measures maintained during ship-toship activity in the port (Y/N).
P3
Third to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
P4
Fourth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special
P5
Fifth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
P6
Sixth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
P7
Seventh to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special
P8
Eighth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special
P9
Ninth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
P10
Tenth to last port of call, departure date (8-digit group-DDMMYYYY), ship security level, any special or
Name of registered owner or bareboat charterer, contact address, telephone number, facsimile number,
and e-mail address, if applicable.
Name and rank of Ship Security Officer.
Name of Company Security Officer, contact telephone number, mobile telephone number, and e-mail
address, if applicable.
General description of cargo on board and hazardous cargo as per the IMDG Code.
Details of persons on board who are designated as crew, giving full name, surname, gender, date of birth
(DDMMYYYY), nationality, travel document number, and document expiration date.
Details of persons on board who are designated as passengers, giving full name, surname, gender, date of
birth (DDMMYYYY), nationality, travel document number, and document expiration date.
Details of persons on board who are neither passengers nor crew, giving full name, surname, date of birth
(DDMMYYYY), nationality, travel document number, and the reason they are on board.
Pub. 160
South Africa
371
Appendix IISAFREP
South African Ship Reporting SystemSAFREP
The South African Ship Reporting System (SAFREP) has
been established to identify and monitor the positions and
movements of vessels participating in the system within the
SAFREP area. All vessels operating within the SAFREP area
are welcome to participate in the system, although emphasis is
placed on trading vessels of over 100 gross tons
Vessels within the SAFREP area are requested to provide
regular position reports. This information, which is used to
maintain a computer plot of the vessels last position and to
calculate future DRs, is used to:
1. Limit the search area for a rescue at sea.
2. Provide accurate information on shipping resources in
the area, in the event of a marine casualty.
The SAFREP area is bound by lines joining the following
positions:
a. 1715'S, 1145'E. (The mouth of the Kunene River
on the W coast of Africa at the Angola/Namibia border)
b. 1715'S, 1000'W.
c. The coast of Antarctica at longitude 1000'W.
d. The coast of Antarctica at longitude 7500'E.
e. 5000'S, 7500'E.
f. 5000'S, 4500'E.
g. 3000'S, 4500'E.
h. 3000'S, 4000'E.
i. 2650'S, 4000'E.
j. 2650'S, 3254'E. (Ponta do Ouroon the E coast of

Africa at the South Africa/Mozambique border)
SAFREP operating principles.The SAFREP system operates under the assumption that vessels transiting the SAFREP
area will send, at a minimum, the following three basic reports
to Cape Town Radio, who will, in turn, forward the information to MRCC Cape Town and other relevant authorities:
1. When entering the SAFREP area.
2. When crossing 20E longitude S of Cape Agulhas.
3. When departing the SAFREP area.
Vessels wishing to report more frequently are encouraged to
do so by submitting a Position Report (SAFREP PR), as this
will increase the accuracy of the SAFREP computer plot.
Vessels should be aware that the SAFREP system is a passive reporting system. Should further SAFREP reports not be
received from a vessel, SAR actions will not automatically be
initiated.
Coastal vessels and vessels arriving at and departing from
South African and Namibian ports will make Arrival Reports
(SAFREP AR) and Departure Reports (SAFREP DPR) to Cape
Town Radio. Ports of South Africa and Namibia are considered
to lie outside the SAFREP area; when a vessel enters any of
these ports, it is considered to have departed from the SAFREP
area.
Pub. 160
South Africa
372
Message requirements.Vessels participating in the SAFREP system are requested to send the reports listed below in
Types of Reports. All reports should include the system identifier SAFREP and the code for the appropriate report (e.g. SAFREP PR). A report should be sent at least once every 2 days,
especially when significant course and/or speed changes are
made, in order to update the SAFREP computer plot and ensure a quicker response in the event of a maritime emergency.
Types of Reports.The requested reports for vessels participating in the SAFREP system are, as follows:
1. Sailing Plan (SAFREP SP)Sent to the SAFREPCC
for any vessel entering the SAFREP area from a port outside
South Africa or Namibia.
2. Position Report (SAFREP PR)Sent when crossing
20E longitude S of Cape Agulhas or when the master considers it necessary for updating the SAFREP computer plot.
3. Final Report (SAFREP FR)Sent when leaving the
SAFREP area bound for a port outside South Africa or Namibia.
4. Arrival Report (SAFREP AR)Sent within 3 hours
of a vessel arriving at a port in the SAFREP area.
5. Departure Report (SAFREP DRP)Sent within 3

hours of a vessel departing from a port in the SAFREP area.
6. Deviation Report (SAFREP DR)Sent when the
vessels position varies significantly from the position that
would have been predicted from previous reports or as decided upon by the master.
7. The following reports are also sent in the event of a
maritime incident:
a. Maritime Pollutants Report (SAFREP MP)
Sent in the event of a pollution incident.
b. Dangerous Goods Report (SAFREP DG)Sent
in the event of the loss of dangerous cargo.
c. Harmful Substance Report (SAFREP HS)Sent
in the event of the discharge of a harmful substance.
Message Formats.All reports should be sent in the standard reporting coded format. All reports should include the
system identifier SAFREP and the code for the appropriate report (e.g. SAFREP SP). All dates and times entered in SAFREP reports are to be in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).
Message formats are given in the accompanying table titled
SAFREPMessage Formats.
SAFREPMessage Formats
Identifier
Content
SP
PR
FR
AR
DPR
DR
DG
HS
MP
A/
Name/call sign/MMSI number/flag//

(for flag, use as defined in Lloyds publications)
B/
Time (UTC)//(date and time of report 6

digits-day of month 2 digits; hour and
minutes 4 digits)
C/
Lat/Long//(latitude is 4-digit group in

degrees and minutes with N or S; longitude is 5-digit group in degrees and minutes E or W)
E/
Course//(true heading is a 3-digit

group)
X1
F/
Speed//(knots and tenths of knots e.g.

155=15.5)
X1
G/
Port of departure//(name of last port of

call)
H/
Date/Time/Position of entry into the SAFREP area or name of port when de-parting a port in the SAFREP area//(date
and time as expressed in B; position as
expressed in C)
I/
K/
Date/Time/Position of departure from

SAFREP area or name of the port when
entering a port within the SAFREP area//
(date and time as expressed in B; position as expressed in C)
Pub. 160
X1
X2
South Africa
373
SAFREPMessage Formats
Identifier
Content
SP
M/
Radio communications//(Name(s) or
call sign(s) of coast radio stations and frequencies guarded)
O/
Draft//(in meters)
P/
PR
FR
AR
DPR
DR
DG
HS
MP
Pollution details, as described in the Key

below
X4
X5
X4
Q/
Defects, damages, deficiencies, and other

limitations//(brief details)
X6
X6
R/
Pollution, dangerous cargo lost overboard//
X7
X8
X7
S/
Weather//(sea state (1-9), wind speed

(in knots), wind direction {N/NE/E/SE/S/
SW/W/NW}, and visibility {good/moderate/poor})
T/
Vessels agent//(name and particulars)
X9
X9
U/
Vessel size/type//(vessels gross tonnage and type)
X10
X10
X3
X
X1
V/
Medical personnel//(doctor, physicians

assistant, nurse, or NIL)
W/
Persons//(State number of persons on

board)
X/
Remarks//(Any other useful information)
Key
X
Required information.
X1
When sailing from a port in the SAFREP area, this information is not required for coastal vessels but is required
from vessels departing from a port outside South Africa or Namibia.
X2
This information is not required for coastal vessels.
X3
Coastal vessels sailing in the SAFREP area for the first time should include this information.
X4
DGThis information is required if the condition of the vessel is such that there is danger additional losses of
packaged dangerous cargo into the sea.
MPThis information is required in the event of probable discharge.
2 UN number(s).
vehicle or freight container, or other transport unit containing packages. Include official registration marks and
numbers assigned to the unit.
Information not immediately available should be sent in a supplementary message or messages.
Pub. 160
South Africa
374
Key
X5

2 UN number(s).
3 Pollution category (A, B, C) for noxious liquid substances.
5 Quantity.
X6

X7

2 UN number(s).
vehicle or freight container, or other transport unit containing packages. Include official registration marks and
numbers assigned to the unit.
9 Cause of loss.
X8

1 Type of oil or the correct technical name(s) of the noxious liquid discharges into the sea.
2 UN number(s).
3 Pollution category (A, B, C) for noxious liquid substances.
8 Cause of loss.
9 Estimate of the movement of the discharge or lost substances, giving current position, if known.
X9
Name, address, telex number, and telephone number of the vessels owner and representative (charterer, manager, or
operator of the vessel or their agent).
X10

3 The master of an assisting or salvaging vessel should report the particulars of the action undertaken or planned.
After the transmission of the information referred to in the initial report, as much as possible of the information
essential for the protection of the marine environment as is appropriate should be reported in a supplementary
message as soon as possible. That information should include items P, Q, R, S, and X. The master of any vessel
engaged in or requested to engage in an operation to render assistance or undertake salvage, should report as far as
practicable, using the standard reporting format, the following items:
HSItems A, B, C, E, F, M, P, Q, R, S, T, U, and X.
MPItems A, B, C, M, P, Q, R, S, T, U, and X.
The master should also keep the coastal state informed of any developments.
The forward slash (/) should be used to separate each element of the component; the double forward slash (//) should be
used at the end of each component. This facilitates the automatic entry of this information into the SAFREP computer data
base. An example is:
SAFREP PR A/EXAMPLE/XXXX/12345678//B/... etc.
Pub. 160
Reports should only include those components as listed in

the SAFREP Message Formats table.
For reports submitted by telex or INMARSAT-C, all typing
should be done in uppercase.
Transmission of Messages.SAFREP messages can be
sent through Telkom SA Ltd coast radio stations at Cape Town,
Port Elizabeth, and Durban.
SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
General
Cautions
Climatology
Currents
Fishing Areas
Government
Ice
Offshore Drilling
Pollution
Regulations
Routes
Seas
Tides
AppendixRoutes in the South Atlantic Ocean
375
375
378
385
387
387
387
388
388
388
389
389
389
390
391
375
nent. In some areas these fracture zones provide conduits for

the flow of the deep waters from basin to basin. The area of the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes the volcanic islands of Ascension,
St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Gough, and Bouvetoya.
The Walvis Ridge extends in a SW direction from the African coast, in the vicinity of Cape Frio (1826'S., 1200'E.), to
join the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the latitude of Tristan da Cunha.
Several banks lie along this ridge including Valdivia Bank
(2555'S., 530'E.), which has a least reported depth of 23m,
and Wust Seamount, with a reported depth of 22m. Another
ridge, the Biafra Ridge, extends SW from the Bay of Biafra.
The Angola Basin, with depths of over 5,000m, lies between
the Walvis Ridge and the Biafra Ridge. It possesses a generally
flat and featureless bottom, except in the N part, where there
are a series of seamounts with minimum depths of about 77m.
General
Cautions
The South Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the E by Africa, on

the S by Antarctica, and on the W by South America. Its SE
limit is considered to be the meridian of 2000'E extending between Cape Agulhas and the Antarctic Continent. Its SW limit
is considered to be the meridian of Cape Horn (6716'W.) extending between Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Continent.
The N limit is formed by the Equator and the NE limit by the
SW border of the Gulf of Guinea., which extends from Cape
Palmas, in Liberia, to Cape Lopez (038'S., 842'E.).
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an immense median mountain
range, is the most outstanding feature of the ocean floor. It extends throughout the length of the Atlantic Ocean, claiming the
center third of the sea bed and reaching 1,000 miles in width. A
central valley, 900m deep, cuts into the crest of the ridge and
extends its full length. This valley is intersected at nearly right
angles by deep fissures which stretch from continent to conti-
Abnormal Refraction
Extraordinary refraction occurs at times near the coast, especially near the shores of Namibia and South Africa, which may
be sufficient to produce mirages. This refraction is likely to
cause errors when taking sights.
Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System (ATLAS) Buoys
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) maintains an array of ATLAS buoys, known as the Pirata array, in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. ATLAS buoys are
white and orange toroid buoys, 2.3m in diameter and surmounted by a 4m high instrument tower, with radar reflectors,
and visible on radar at ranges of 4 to 8 miles, depending on
conditions; the buoys, which should be given a berth of 5
miles, are located in the following positions:
Pub. 160
South Atlantic Ocean
376
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
600.4'S, 800.5'E.
000.2'S, 000.7'W.
002.0'N, 952.3'W.
602.4'S, 959.8'W.
954.4'S, 958.6'W.
000.4'S, 2300.5'W.
755.0'S, 3030.4'W.
1333.5'S, 3236.2'W.
1854.8'S, 3440.9'W.
001.5'S, 3500.4'W.
Banks and Seamounts

The Cape Rise consists of a series of isolated seamounts and
plateaus extending from Protea Seamount, about 150 miles SW
of Cape Agulhas, to Andre Seamount, located about 600 miles
further SW. The Cape Basin is bounded by the Walvis Ridge,
to the NW, and Cape Rise, to the SE and S. The floor of the basin is somewhat irregular in depth. Vema Seamount, with a
least depth of 11m, lies about 400 miles WSW of the mouth of
the Orange River.
The deep sea bottom normally consists of inorganic red clay
or the organic oozes that have been derived from decayed pelagic and benthic organisms.
The continental shelf lying off the W coast of South Africa is
generally very narrow, with long stretches being less than 50
miles in width. This shelf disappears between 13S and 16S.
At the mouths of the Congo River and the Orange River and off
Walvis Bay, the shelf has widths of 70 to 100 miles. A sandy
bottom predominates along the shelf, often occurring over inshore rocks, while mud is dominant beyond the shelf. The Congo Submarine Canyon crosses the entire shelf, the sediment
being muddy in the vicinity of the mouth of the Congo River.
The continental shelf lying along the E coast of South America extends to a maximum width of 270 miles in the vicinity of
the Golfo de San Jorge (4600'S., 6530'W.). To the N, the
shelf decreases in width and reaches a minimum of 6 miles off
Salvador (1258'S., 3830'W.). It increases again to a width of
150 miles off the mouth of the Amazon River.
There are numerous off-lying islands, banks, and seamounts
along the E coast of South America. Penedos de Sao Pedre e
Sao Paulo (055'N., 2921'W.), an isolated group of rocks, lies
on the SE most of a chain of three seamounts which extend 230
miles NW. This group is also the SW most of a chain of four
seamounts that extend 320 miles NE.
Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha (352'S., 3224'W.)
lies at the end of a chain of banks and seamounts, which includes Atol das Rocas. This chain extends 200 miles NE from
Cabo de Sao Roque, the NE extremity of the continent.
Numerous banks and dangers, including Arquipelago dos
Abrolhos (1758'S., 3842'W.), extend up to 210 miles offshore between 15S and 22S. These dangers culminate in a
chain of banks and seamounts extending over 600 miles E and
terminating in Ilhas Martin Vaz (2031'S., 2851'W.).
The Bromley Plateau is a wide area with depths of less than
2,000m. It has a minimum depth of 598m and lies 500 to 700
miles SE of Cabo Frio (2301'S., 4200'W.).
CurrentsGulf of Guinea
Solitions (internal waves), which can give rise to extremely
rapid current changes of 3 to 4 knots in opposing directions
over a distance of 300 to 400m, have been experienced in the
Pub. 160
Gulf of Guinea. This phenomenon can be extremely hazardous

to vessels conducting offshore operations.
Solitons are believed to affect installations more than 10
miles off the coast and can have serious adverse effects on vessels operating in tandem, vessels at anchor, or vessels moored
to offshore buoys or oil installations by causing mooring failures, collisions, or dragging anchors.
Solitons appear as alternate bands of smooth and rippled water at intervals of about 200 to 300m stretching across the surface of the water; they can be identified on X-band radar as
parallel bands on the screen. Solitons tend to form on the leading edge of the incoming tide and generally travel from SW to
NE, but they may be experienced from any direction. Occasionally solitons may be very localized.
Fishing
Numerous fishing vessels may be encountered year round off
the coast of West Africa. In addition, vessels should navigate
with caution when within 3 miles of the shore on account of the
existence of small fishing craft. These boats may be anchored
or drifting with unlit bottom gear, crayfish traps, marker buoys,
or numerous recovery lines.
High WavesBenguela Current
There is a sharp persistent wave height anomaly in the midst
of the Benguela Current. The continued existence of the phenomenon for wave heights greater than 6m is of particular interest. The winds from larger storms which generate those high
waves appear to be reinforced by the same mechanisms that reinforce the day-to-day general circulation. Very few other areas
of the world ocean show a climatological macroscale wave
structure with such sharp regular gradients. Generally, waves
are heightened and steepened when winds oppose ocean surface currents, which is not the case in the Benguela Current
wave anomaly, where the waves follow the winds.
The driving mechanism for the steady high winds is the
semi-permanent South Atlantic Ocean subtropical high-pressure area. Subtropical highs are extremely persistent features of
the general circulation. The E portions of these high-pressure
systems are observed to be marked by subsidence, high stability, and steady winds. Augmenting these effects in the case of
southwest Africa are the following:
1. A high plateau on the continent effectively cuts off
zonal flow and channels the winds along the axis of the Benguela Current.
2. A thermal low over the continent intensifies the pressure gradient along the coastal area and, therefore, intensifies
the winds.
3. Coastal upwelling, which results from the longshore
(equatorward) component of wind and the Coriolis effect,
causes cold sea-surface temperature and, therefore, cold surface air temperature. This cold relatively dense air offshore
helps maintain a strong pressure gradient and, therefore,
strong winds. The high degree of stability, resulting from
cool air near the surface, helps maintain the steady direction
of the surface flow.
Kelp
Vessels should not pass over kelp, as it is always a sign of
danger unless the spot where it grows has been carefully
sounded. The least depth will usually be found within a clear

spot in the middle of a thick patch of fixed kelp. Live kelp usually indicates depths of less than 18m.
ODAS Buoys
The term Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) covers a
wide range of devices for collecting weather and oceanographic data. However, the devices of most concern to vessels consist of buoy systems which support instruments. These buoy
systems may be expected to become more numerous each year
and may be found in most oceans.
The buoy systems vary considerably in size and are either
moored or free-floating. As far as possible, positions of the former will always be widely promulgated, and, if considered to
be of a permanent enough nature, will be charted. In both
types, the instruments may be either in the float or attached at
any depth beneath it. The buoys are colored yellow and marked
ODAS with an identification number. The moored buoys usually display a yellow light, showing a group of five flashes every
20 seconds. ODAS may be encountered in unexpected areas
and often in deep water where navigational buoys would not be
found. It should be noted that valuable instruments are often
suspended beneath these systems or attached to the mooring
lines. In some cases, the moorings have been cut loose beneath
the buoy by unauthorized persons, with the consequent loss of
the most valuable part of the system. The moored buoys may
be up to 7.5m in diameter and 2 to 3m in height. The free-floating buoys are usually much smaller, 2m wide, and do not display a light.
Piracy
The security of vessels off the West African coast and at
some ports is a serious problem. Numerous attacks by gangs of
thieves, some of whom were armed, have occurred. These attacks generally took place in the outer roadsteads, but some
were carried out on vessels berthed alongside, anchored in inner harbors, or at sea. In addition to the loss of property and injury to crew members, the thieves used naked lights for
illumination which created a serious fire risk.
in the waters off Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo,
Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), and the island of Bioko
(Equatorial Guinea).
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) of the International Chamber of Commerce has established a Piracy Countermeasures Center at Kuala Lumpur. This center operates for the
Southeast Asian Region and is able to receive reports from vessels concerning attacks and advise of danger areas. Piracy
warnings are broadcast by the center. For further information,
see MalaysiaCautionsPiracy.
Guidance for Vessels Transiting Territorial Waters of the
377
Gulf of Guinea
MARAD Advisory No. 13-5 has been issued in July, 2013.
Relevant excerpts from this advisory are, as follows:
1. Pirates and armed groups continue to carry out attacks
on vessels using automatic weapons. Hijackings of tankers
for cargo theft (refined petroleum products); robbery of
crews, passengers, and ship property; and kidnapping for
ransom (KFR) continue to be the most common type of incidents.
2. A recent history of attacks is, as follows:.
a. 2011Hijacking tankers carrying refined petroleum products for fuel theft off the coasts of Benin and Nigeria.
b. 2012Expanding operations westward to begin hijacking tankers of the coasts of Togo and Ivory Coast.
c. 2013Tanker hijackings near Port Gentil, off the
coast of Gabon, and an attempted boarding of a vessel at
anchor in Lome, Togo.
3. Pirates and armed groups conducting KFR operations
continue to target tugs and supply vessels supporting oil
drilling and exploration activities off the Niger delta. Groups
have also begun to target tankers and cargo vessels transiting
and operating in this area. Groups have also used motherships to support KFR operations and have operated up to 150
miles off the coast.
4. Pirates and armed groups sometimes fire upon vessels
before boarding them. They normally take the master and
several other crew members off the vessel and demand a ransom in exchange for their safe return.
Further information and the complete text of MARAD Advisory can be obtained at the following web site:
Maritime Administration (MARAD) Home Page
http://www.marad.dot.gov
RollersWest Coast of Africa
There are few places on Earth that are exposed to such heavy
surf as the W coast of Africa and the offshore islands, including Ascension and St. Helena. This surf results from deep
swells generated by distant storms. On the lower Guinea and
Moroccan coasts it is called Raz de Maree.
During the S winter, these swells are generated by the circumpolar storms of the roaring forties and whistling fifties.
This SW swell extends to the Equator and sometimes across it.
It is reinforced by the Southwest Monsoon, creating high seas
along the upper Guinea coast, particularly at times of full and
changing moon. From Pointe Noire to Mocamedes conditions
are worst from July through September; it is dangerous to anchor in open bays where water is shallow. Along the coast of
southwest Africa, the rollers frequently set in from the WSW
with great fury as a heavy surf pounds the shore. On the W
coast of the Province of Good Hope, even in calm weather a
SW swell keeps up a constant surf. The rollers on Ascension
Island and St. Helena Island break with great violence on leeward shores. Rollers have also been noted in December and
January from the NW, triggered by distant storms in the North
Atlantic.
Magnetic Anomalies
Local magnetic anomalies have been reported in the areas
Pub. 160
378
Baie dos Tigres (1636'S., 1146E.)
ity of the pipeline may be as much as 2m less than charted.

Vessels are advised to use caution when anchoring and to
avoid anchoring within 1 mile of the pipeline. Local authorities
may establish prohibited anchorage areas in the vicinity of the
pipeline.
Ponta dal Palmeirinhas (904'S.,

1300'E.)
Climatology
listed in the table titled Local Magnetic Anomalies.

Local Magnetic Anomalies
Angola
Cameroon
Off Limbe (347'N., 906'E.)

Off Cap Cameroon (355'N., 929'E.)
Namibia
Ewing Seamount (2315'S., 815'E.)
Saint Helena
Mundens Point (1555'S., 543'W.)
Sao Tome and

Principe
Baie de Santo Antonio (139'N.,

726'E.)
Fernao Dias (025'N., 641'E.)
Ponta Praiao (018'N., 646'E.)
South Africa
Cape Columbine (3250'S., 1751'E.)
Tristan da Cunha
Edinburgh Anchorage (3703'S.,

1219'W.)

20 November 2014)
1. Due to recent events in the Middle East and the
American homeland, U.S. forces worldwide are operating at a
heightened state of readiness and taking additional defensive
precautions against terrorist and other potential threats.
Consequently, all aircraft, surface vessels, and subsurface
vessels approaching U.S. forces are requested to maintain radio
contact with U.S. forces on bridge-to-bridge channel 16,
international air distress (121.5 MHz VHF), or MILAIR
Distress (243 MHz UHF)
vicinity.
West African Gas Pipeline
The West African Gas Pipeline is laid from the Ghanian
coast 7.5 miles NE of Takoradi (453'N., 145'W.), through the
coastal waters of Togo and Benin, to the Nigerian coast 6.75
miles ESE of Badagri (625'N., 253'E.). The position of the
pipeline, which lies from 6 to 15 miles off the coast in depths
of 12 to 60m, is best seen on the chart.
The pipeline is not buried in the sea bed; depths in the vicinPub. 160
General
As the climate of the land depends upon its proximity to the
ocean, so is the oceans climate regulated by land distribution.
Since the Southern Hemisphere lacks the large land masses of
the Northern Hemisphere, many differences occur in the
climate of the oceans.
In the South Atlantic Ocean, the result is less variability in
climate, both seasonally and latitudinally, than its North Atlantic Ocean counterpart. With no land protection from colder
high-latitude seas, the South Atlantic Ocean is generally colder, particularly to the S of 30. However, Antarctica is the sole
source of frigid air and the surrounding oceans quickly modify
any outbreaks before they reach the lower latitudes. The lack of
land also allows low pressure systems to travel a circumpolar
route S of 50S. The seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are
the reverse of those in the Northern Hemisphere.
The Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, a corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and Marine
Corps, publishes port studies and forecaster handbooks that
may be of use to the mariner. These publications can be accessed at the Naval Research Laboratory web site.
Naval Research Laboratory Monterey Home Page
http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/pubs.htm
The African Severe Weather Port Guide contains information on the following ports:
1. CameroonDouala and Limbe.
2. GabonPort Gentil.
3. Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome.
4. South AfricaCape Town.
5. TogoLome.
West Coast of Africa
General.The South Atlantic Anticyclone is the dominant
pressure system in this area. Its influence, which varies seasonally, covers a general range of latitudes from 10S to 35S. To
the N lies the equatorial trough. The extreme S portion of the
area, under the influence of the circumpolar westerlies, is besieged with extra-tropical lows which, with associated frontal
systems, influence weather as far N as the S tip of Africa.
The equatorial trough is a belt of low pressure lying between
the South Atlantic Anticyclone and North Atlantic Anticyclone. Its most important feature is the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which represents the area of convergence
of the Northern Hemispheres Northeast Trade Winds with the
Southern Hemispheres Southeast Trade Winds. Although the
ITCZ is not found at the surface in the Southern Hemisphere,
its effects are felt well into the area due to its S slop aloft. Its
effect is most evident in the summer (December-March), when
the equatorial trough lies just N of the Equator. In the winter
(June-September), the equatorial trough moves to near 20N,

and only the portion of the area N of the Equator is affected.
The almost continual W flow S of 35S restricts most extratropical lows poleward of this latitude. The mean track of these
small intense cyclones is just below 50S. The high frequency
of these storms which encircle the globe gives rise to the expressions roaring forties and whistling fifties. Occasionally, frontal systems associated with these lows will affect the S
tip of Africa and the waters to the W. These fronts are much the
same as experienced in the North Atlantic Ocean. Warm fronts
are for the most part ill-defined, with stratiform precipitation
and clouds, while the cold front is generally well marked and
sometimes violent. The cold front is usually accompanied by
heavy overcast skies, rain, strong winds, and often squalls, with
a sharp backing of winds and a rise in pressure with the frontal
passage. Frontal activity can be expected as far N as 25S.
Winds.The most significant of the local wind regimes
along the coast is the Southwest Monsoon. This large-scale sea
breeze occurs in the N sections over the Gulf of Guinea and adjacent coasts extending 100 to 200 miles inland. It is strongest
during the northern summer (June-August), but is prevalent
year-round. The monsoon is a deflection of the Southeast
Trade Winds toward the heated continental interior. Its influence is felt to about 10S and acts very much like the land-sea
breeze regime. At Douala, for example, while SW winds are
prevalent during the afternoon, their frequency drops to 5 per
cent during the early morning hours.
The harmattan, a hot dry wind of continental origin from the
NE quadrant, reaches the shores of the Gulf of Guinea and extends seaward. It is prevalent from December through early
March and is usually laden with fine dust which can seriously
impair visibility in the form of haze. This may occur at times
when other than a NE wind is blowing, since the harmattan
may be forced aloft by the Southwest Monsoon, but the dust
will still settle out. The harmattan is found mainly from Cape
Palmas to Douala.
From Luanda to Alexander Bay the land-sea breeze regime
is part of the daily weather throughout the year. During the day,
the land heats faster than the water, resulting in an onshore circulation known as the sea breeze. At night, the land cools faster
than the water, resulting in an offshore circulation known as the
land breeze. Along this coast from late morning to about 2100,
a SW or W breeze is prevalent. The land breeze begins from
the E or SE around midnight and becomes light and variable by
morning.
South of Walvisbaai to Cape Town, land and sea breezes are
a part of the seasonal weather picture. The sea breeze is most
prevalent during the summer (December-March), while the
land breeze is most prevalent during the winter (June-September).
Although the land-sea breeze regime produces wind speeds
which average from 8 to 12 knots or less, the section of the
coast from Walvisbaai to Alexander Bay occasionally experiences gale-force winds from this effect combined with prevailing winds. The sea breeze is capable of attaining speeds of 40
to 50 knots along this stretch of coast, particularly from October to March.
The African coast from southern Angola S is subject to berg
(foehn-type) winds, which blow down from inland plateaus at
nearly right angles to the coast. These hot dry winds usually
come from an E or NE direction. They are gusty and sometimes strong, reaching 20 knots or more. Berg winds usually
379
last for a few hours, but can continue for several days at a time.
They generally do not extend beyond coastal waters. Although
most frequent in spring and fall, they can occur any season.
A local wind, occurring from the Congo River N, is known
as a tornado. This should not be confused with the phenomena
known by the same name which occurs in the United States.
African tornadoes are violent wind squalls often accompanying
thunderstorms. They are most frequent from January to early
May and from September to November. Tornadoes can originate either on land and move seaward or over water and move
onshore.
Indication of the approach of a tornado is a dark bank of cumulonimbus clouds, with tops reaching 6,100m or more. The
barometer gives no warning. At the base of the cloud bank
there is usually a roll of low cloud. The atmosphere is still and
oppressive; the line approaches at about 10 to 25 knots. As the
roll of low cloud passes overhead, there is a sudden wind squall
with gusts to 50 knots or more; a few minutes later rain begins,
accompanied by thunder and lightning. The rain is often heavy
and may reduce visibility to practically zero. The wind is usually less than 1 hour in duration, but the rain may continue longer. These tornadoes may be local or may have the
characteristics of a squall line 100 miles or more long. Occasionally the tornado occurs without rain, known appropriately
as a dry tornado.
Gales are infrequent over most of the area. Along the coast,
N of the Equator, they occur on about 1 to 6 days annually.
From the Equator to Walvisbaai, gales occur less than 1 day per
year. At Walvisbaai, gales can be expected on about 14 days
annually; 7 of these days occur in October. South into the subtropics, gale frequencies increase; Cape Town records an annual average of about 22 days, with a maximum in the summer
from December to March.
Climate.The African coast is influenced by a variety of
climatic regimes. The South Atlantic Anticyclones, the heated
continental interior, the extra-tropical storms are not found in
these waters. Because of its broad latitudinal extent this is an
area of extremes. From the equatorial doldrums to the roaring
forties and whistling fifties, from the soaking monsoonal
rains of the Cameroon coast to the arid deserts of Namibia, the
variety is endless. However, while there is a great deal of variety, its sameness can be just as striking. For example, along the
coast it is just as possible to sail for days in rain and drizzle as
it is to sail for days without seeing a cloud. Ironically, coastal
Namibia, mainly arid desert, has an average relative humidity
as high as most equatorial regions.
Precipitation.The W coast of Africa experiences a wide
variation in precipitation amounts and is under the influence of
several types of rainfall regimes. For example, Debunja averages over 10,160mm annually, while Walvisbaai has a yearly average of 10.7mm.
The coastline N of the Equator is under the influence of an
equatorial regime and a monsoonal regime. In the equatorial
type, there is usually two rainfall maxima occurring shortly after the equinoxes (spring and fall), while the monsoon regime
results in a strong summer maximum. The combination of
these two regimes results in an extended rainy season with a
summer maximum. Douala, with an average annual rainfall of
4,064mm, experiences a monthly average of 152mm inches or
more from March through November, reaching a peak of
737mm in July. Precipitation in this area falls on more than 160
Pub. 160
380
days annually; Douala averages 205 precipitation days per

year. West of Douala, rainfall decreases and the equatorial regime is prevalent. For example, Accra has an annual average of
737mm of rain over an average of 52 days.
From Libreville S to Luanda, annual precipitation totals decrease. While Libreville records an annual average of about
2,794mm, this falls off to about 1,270mm at Point-Noire and
diminishes to 406mm annually at Luanda. This section of the
coast is under the influence of the equatorial rainfall regime,
resulting in spring and autumn maxima. The maxima usually
occur in early fall (February or March) and late spring (October or November). The dry season extends from June through
August when monthly averages drop below 35.5mm. A little
dry season or secondary minimum occurs in midsummer (December-January).
Annual rainfall decreases rapidly S of Luanda; Mocamedes
receives an average of 50mm, while Walvisbaai averages
10.7mm. The coastal strip from the ever-narrowing coastal
plain of Angola along the barren beaches of Namibia is a bleak
desert receiving moisture mainly in the form of an occasional
heavy dew. Sparse though precipitation may be, the area from
10S to just N of the Orange River has a rainfall maximum in
summer or shortly after the sun has reached the zenith. The dry
season occurs during winter. Rain occurs on about 13 days annually at Mocamedes and 4 days at Walvisbaai.
From Alexander Bay to Cape Town, rainfall amounts increase from an annual average total of 44.7mm at Alexander
Bay to about 635mm at Cape Town. Summer is the dry season
and winter is the rainy season. The average number of rainy
days ranges from about 16 annually in the Alexander Bay-Port
Nolloth area to 100 in the Cape Town area.
Precipitation over the island regions varies quite like the
coastal areas. Heaviest rainfall occurs in the equatorial regions,
decreasing to scanty amounts in the tropics, and then increasing again in the subtropics.
North of 5S, the frequency of precipitation reaches a maximum in spring and fall. At Ascension Island (0755'S.,
1424'W.), average annual precipitation is 114mm, much less
than coastal stations at this latitude. Maximum rainfall here occurs in April. South of 20S to about 40S, precipitation is
most likely during the winter. Tristan da Cunha (3703'S.,
1219'W.) has an annual average rainfall of 1,727mm, reaching
a maximum in August. Rain falls on an average of 185 days annually.
Thunderstorms along the coast are most common from Cameroon to the Congo, occurring on about 100 to 150 days a year.
Many are associated with tornadoes. They usually approach the
coast from the interior, frequently toward evening. These
storms are often violent and accompanied by heavy rain. Farther S, thunderstorms are less frequent and often of shorter duration. At Luanda, the mean annual average is 20 days; they are
most frequent in April and rare from June through August. On
the coasts of southern Angola and Namibia, thunderstorms are
infrequent. The frequency increases toward the Cape Town area, but the average number of days per month from April
through June, when they are most frequent, is less than 2.
Cloud Cover.Cloudiness, similar to rainfall, decreases S
along the coastal sections of this area. From an annual average
of 7 oktas at Douala cloudiness diminishes to less than 4 oktas
at Walvisbaai, Port Nolloth and Cape Town. West of Douala,
the average cloudiness decreases to 6 oktas at Calabar and to
Pub. 160
near 5 oktas at Cape Palmas.

In the Gulf of Guinea and along the coast from Cape Palmas
to Libreville, the sun is hardly seen from July through September; coastal scenery, along with inland mountain ranges, is usually shrouded in a gray mist. At Douala, for example, overcast
skies prevail on 20 to 23 days per month during this period.
From December through February, there is a decrease in afternoon cloudiness, while at night average cloudiness drops to
about 4 oktas. South of Libreville, coastal areas exhibit a characteristic diurnal variation in cloudiness. Early morning cloud
cover remains high. However, afternoon cloud cover begins to
taper off. Seasonal variations show minimum cloud cover from
about May through July, while cloudiness is most extensive
from about October through March. From Mocamedes S,
morning as well as afternoon cloudiness begins to diminish.
From Port Nolloth to Cape Town, there is no pronounced seasonal variation, except for a slight increase in winter cloud cover locally at Cape Town. This is a reflection of the N shift of
cyclonic activity.
Temperature.Temperature is principally controlled by the
incoming solar radiation and is therefore dependent to a large
degree upon latitude. It is also influenced by the nature of the
Earths surface, the latitude, and the prevailing winds. In the
tropical and subtropical regions of this area, average annual
temperatures decrease very little with latitude. The average
temperature difference between the Equator and 30S is only
about 9.5C compared to a 20.0C difference between 30S
and 60S. This temperature decrease is greatest in the winter.
For example, the average temperature difference between Libreville and Cape Town is 6.1C in January and 12.2C in July.
The annual range of temperatures also varies with latitude.
Near the Equator the range is small, from 2.2 to 3.3C, increasing to 4.4 to 6.6C from 10S to 30S.
Along the coast from Cape Palmas to Luanda, the warmest
months are February through April; the coldest months are July
and August. Daytime temperatures of 29.4 to 32.2C, with
nighttime readings in the low-20s (C), are common from November through May. From June through September, average
maximums range from the low-20s to upper-20s (C), and average minimums range from the upper teens to low-20s (C).
Extreme temperatures are generally 3.3 to 5.5C above or below the average maximum or minimum. For instance, none of
the major ports from Douala to Luanda have ever recorded a
37.8C reading.
South of 10S temperatures begin to decrease more rapidly,
show more daily variability, and exhibit more pronounced seasonal tendencies. There is definite summertime (DecemberMarch) maxima and wintertime (June-September) minima. At
Mocamedes, average wintertime maximums around 20C
warm to the upper-20s (C) during the summer, while minimums range from the low teens to about 20C. From 20S to
30S, upwelling of the cold Benguela Current plays an important part in determining coastal temperatures. Port Nolloth, for
example, has an average annual temperature of 13.9C, about
3C cooler than Cape Town, which is much farther S. In the
summer, Port Nolloth is generally 5.5 to 8.4C cooler than
Cape Town. Extreme temperatures along the coast have a wide
range. Berg winds, from the interior, account for some incredibly hot days. In April at Mocamedes, a normal maximum of
28.3C gave way to an extreme of 38.9C. Walvisbaai, normally with a 23.3C maximum in May, recorded 40.0C. Port Nol-

loths temperature reached 40.6C one September day; the
normal maximum is 17.2C.
Humidity.In general, relative humidity, at a maximum
near the Equator, decreases S, reaching a minimum near the
subtropical high, then increases again toward the higher latitudes. The increase in relative humidity between 30S and
60S is a result of the rapid decrease in temperature. In equatorial regions, maximum relative humidities usually occur during
the summer, with minimum values in the winter. South of Luanda, where the temperatures show a marked seasonal variation, relative humidities usually exhibit wintertime maxima
and summertime minima. The diurnal variation of relative humidity is usually opposite to that of temperature. The maximum occurs in the early morning hours; the minimum occurs
in the early afternoon. A sea breeze or island climate may raise
the afternoon minimum or wipe it out entirely.
Along the southern Namibia/northern South Africa coast,
where relative humidities are expected to be a minimum, the
cold Benguela Current raises relative humidities to the level of
equatorial regions. From Walvisbaai to Port Nolloth, maximum
values are in the 90 per cent bracket from spring to fall, exhibiting an equatorial summertime maximum.
The islands and exposed coastal ports exhibit very little annual or diurnal variation. The influence of the ocean has a stabilizing effect on relative humidity much the same as it does on
temperature. Quite often relative humidity is highest in the afternoon, since there is relatively little change in temperature
but the sea breeze increases moisture. Ascension Island, for example, has an annual average morning relative humidity of 66
per cent, which rises to 70 per cent in the afternoon. Luanda, an
exposed coastal port, also has only an average 4 per cent spread
between average morning and afternoon humidities.
Visibility.Visibility in this region is most often reduced by
fog, mist, haze, and drizzle. Precipitation also reduces visibility, but usually for just a brief period. Fog is usually present
when the visibility is below 0.5 mile for sustained periods. The
other factors usually reduce visibility to 2 to 3 miles, although
they will occasionally bring it down below 1 mile.
Along the Gulf of Guinea coast, in the Bight of Biafra, and
along the Cameroon coast, visibility below 1 mile occurs on
about 30 to 40 days annually and is most common from October through February (the dry season). During the dry season,
drizzle and mist are prevalent and visibilities are frequently reduced by dust or haze from the harmattan from December to
early March. Fog, often present during the early morning
hours, will quite frequently lift by afternoon during the dry season. Although not as prevalent in the rainy season (May-October), fog and mist are more persistent, often hanging on for
several days at a time. Along the Gabon coast, fog is extremely
rare, occurring only about 2 to 5 days annually.
From Point Noire to Mocamedes, phenomena known as the
cacimbo and neveiro are the most frequent causes of poor
visibility. The cacimbo is a uniform layer of low stratus cloud
from which fine drizzle is falling, while the neveiro is similar
but with no precipitation; the stratus near the surface results in
fog. This wet mist or fog forms over the cold Benguela Current
much in the same manner, but to a lesser degree, as the fog
banks along the Newfoundland coast form over the cold Labrador Current in North America. This low stratus and fog drift in
over the coastal areas during the night and early morning
hours. By late morning, the stratus has lifted and visibility has
381
improved. This effect is most pronounced at Luanda, where fog

can be expected on about 40 days annually; 33 of these days
occur from May through September.
These phenomena persist along the Namibia coast, where
Walvisbaai experiences a total of 59 days of fog per year. From
May through August, visibility may occasionally be reduced
by haze from berg winds, as well as fog from the neveiro. Farther S, fall is the worst time of the year, but fog does occur in
every month. In this region fog is most likely to be of a frontal
or advective type.
East Coast of South America
General.Throughout the year, a semipermanent subtropi
cal anticyclone influences the weather along the E coast of
South America. A broad belt of low pressure to the S is also a
year-round influence, while a thermal low develops over the
continent in the summer. To the N lies the equatorial belt of
low pressure and the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
The South Atlantic Anticyclone, like the sun, is farthest N
during the winter, when its axis reaches a mean latitude of
25N. It is strongest during this season, with an average central
pressure around 1023mb. This high moves S and weakens in
the summer months; by November it is about 30S, and by January, the average central pressure is near 1015mb.
The circumpolar zone S of 40S is a region where cold antarctic and warm tropical air masses are transformed by the circulation around migratory lows and highs. During the winter
there are successive passages of southeast-moving cyclones in
the Bellingshausen Sea region along the Antarctic front. Each
series of lows is followed by an outbreak of polar continental
air from Antarctica. These cold anticyclones sometimes invade
the Patagonia region, but are usually displaced into the Atlantic
Ocean.
Along the Pacific polar front during the winter, cyclones
form in the mid-Pacific and move SE, generally reaching the
continent as occluded lows. The resultant precipitation over
southern Chile is generally the warm front occlusion type. The
passage of these cyclones over the Andes brings little precipitation to the E coast of Argentina due to the downslope motion.
However, occluded fronts that cross the mountains often trigger frontogenesis on the E coast, followed by the development
of a new cyclone in the Rio de la Plata area. This is particularly
prevalent in autumn when deep lows form in this area.
Most bad weather along the E coast areas N of Montevideo
is not caused by the passage of well-developed cyclones, but by
intrusions of cold air into the region behind the cold fronts. In
contrast to North America and Europe, where anticyclones are
usually associated with fair settled weather, and cyclones are
the weather producers, in South America relatively small,
vigorous, and fast-moving anticyclones are responsible for
much of the disturbed weather. Cold fronts are followed by
these highs, which may cause strong winds as far N as about
30S, where the highs usually slow down and later become absorbed into the semipermanent South Atlantic Anticyclone.
The ITCZ is located in the N of the area from July to October, then moves slowly S to the delta of the Amazon River and
reaches to San Luis do Maranhao by March, then slowly moves
N again. Continental heating during summer (January) results
in a semipermanent heat low over southern Brazil.
The regular diurnal pressure variation is prominent in the undisturbed tropical regions. On the N coast of Brazil, the averPub. 160
382
age daily range exceeds 3mb, reaching almost 4mb in the dry
season; in Rio de la Plata it is between 2 and 3mb and is sometimes obscured by larger irregular changes associated with
traveling highs and lows.
Winds.The coastal wind regime is quite intricate and is
complicated largely by topography. Exposed coastal ports may
be subject to the same influences as the open sea, while sheltered ports may never experience gales and winds can be deflected by 180. Narrow channels and passages, however, can
create dangerous squalls with a funneling effect. The rapid
heating and cooling of land during the summer months often
sets up a land-sea breeze regime, with an onshore wind during
the afternoon, which blows offshore in the evening.
The general wind distribution in the subtropical and tropical
portions of this region is governed by the predominant South
Atlantic Anticyclone. The easternmost portions of the Brazilian coast are under the influence of the Southeast Trade Winds
in all seasons. The area affected is limited in summer to between about 3S and 13S latitudes; in winter (July) the Southeast Trade Winds spread both N and S to the coast N of about
Rio de Janeiro.
As summer approaches, the SE winds are replaced gradually
by NE winds (the trade winds of the North Atlantic Ocean)
along the N coast of Brazil. The Northeast Trade Winds and
the Southeast Trade Winds approach each other in the ITCZ.
This area migrates in position according to season. In the
southern winter, it lies to the N of this region, but it moves S as
summer approaches, reaching Cabo Orange at the end of November. During the next 2 to 3 months, the Northeast Trade
Winds extend E along the coast to about Parnaiba.
Farther S along the Brazilian, Uruguayan, and Argentine
coasts, another belt of weakly prevailing NE winds is present
during most of the year. In autumn and winter (May-August),
this belt extends only over the area from about 20S to 30S,
but in summer it expands to S of 35S near the coast. Although
NE winds are frequent over this region, they are not predominant at any season. Wind directions, in fact, could better be
classified as variable during most of the year. This is in contrast
to the much higher persistence in wind direction found in the
two trade wind belts farther N and results from the intrusions
of polar air masses into this area.
Land and sea breeze effects are well developed during much
of the year along this whole coastline. These are fair weather
phenomena, so they are felt most intensely when weather is fair
and pressure gradients are small; these conditions are most frequent in the tropics and subtropics. South of Rio de Janeiro, the
land and sea breezes become less prevalent as the mean wind
force and unsettled weather conditions increase.
On the NE coast, the sea breeze intensifies the NE wind
during the hot afternoons; where southeasterly winds are prevalent, the sea breeze acts to deflect the wind toward the NE in
the afternoon. Night land breezes are generally weaker and
much of the time only serve to reduce the speed of the prevailing E winds.
From the mouth of the Rio de la Plata to Bahia Blanca,
winds are variable. This area lies within a transitional zone, between two subtropical highs and on the N border of the circumpolar westerlies. The pressure gradient is slack and results in
light winds, except with cyclone and frontal passages. This is
reflected in average wind speeds of 4 to 6 knots along this
coast. There are a few prevalent features, however. From April
Pub. 160
through August, when the South Atlantic Anticyclone is strongest, N to NW winds are common. During the spring and summer months from La Plata to Mar del Plata, E and NE winds
prevail.
In the La Plata area, a phenomenon occurs similar to the
squall line in the Northern Hemisphere. Known as a pampero, it often accompanies a cold frontal pas.sage, bringing
strong gusty W to S winds. Shortly before its arrival, calm
winds may prevail and there is often a roll of cumulus clouds to
the SW, followed by heavy cumulonimbus which gradually
cover the whole sky. As the clouds move overhead, there is a
violent wind squall from the W or S, followed by torrential
rains and often thunder and lightning. The duration is usually
less than 2 hours. The main hazard to navigation is the sudden
onset of a gusty wind which can reach more than 70 knots.
These storms, while generally experienced along the coast, can
be felt 400 miles seaward. Pamperos are most common in the
winter. While summer pamperos are of shorter duration, they
are usually more sudden and violent. Although 80 to 100 cold
fronts move through this area each year, only about 20 of them
are accompanied by a pampero.
Along the stretch of coast, from about La Plata to Bahia
Blanca, is another wind phenomenon recognized as a danger to
navigation. Known locally as the susestada, it is a strong SE
gale accompanied by rough seas, rain, and poor visibilities.
These usually occur when a low moving SE across Uruguay
deepens near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Fortunately,
these dangerous storms, which are similar to lows that intensify
off Cape Hatteras in the United States, occur only about five to
eight times per year.
Gale force winds are infrequent along the N coast of Argentina. They occur on the average about 5 per cent of the time.
The frequency increases S; Bahia Blanca experiences winds of
force 7 or greater on about 4 to 6 days per month. Spring and
winter are the seasons with maximum gale frequencies coinciding with the high frequency of frontal passages.
There is a definite land-sea breeze regime in this area during
the summer (December-March). It is particularly noticeable
during periods. of clear weather, when pressure gradients are
slack. The sea breeze usually develops in the afternoon from an
E or SE direction. In the evening, it will often shift to the NE
before dying down. A light N to NW wind during the night
gives way to a NW to W land breeze in the morning hours.
South of Bahia Blanca to Cape Horn, including the Falkland
Islands, W winds prevail, followed closely by NW and SW
winds. Since a good portion of the coast lies within the zone of
the roaring forties mean wind speeds are high. They generally increase with increasing latitude, from an annual mean of
around 8 knots just S of Bahia Blanca to 15 to 17 knots at exposed S coastal ports, such as Isla de los Estados and Port Stanley. At protected S ports, average wind speeds drop
considerably; at Punta Arenas in the Straits of Magellan, the
annual mean wind speed is 10 knots. At Cumberland Bay, a
well-sheltered port on the E shore of South Georgia Island, the
annual average wind speed is 4.5 knots, compared to an average of more than 18 knots in the surrounding seas. Most of the
Patagonian-Tierra Del Fuego coast experiences highest average
winds in late summer along the N coast and early spring along
the S coast. Exposed ports, such as Isla de los Estados, experience a winter maximum and slight summer minimum, like the
open ocean areas in this region.

Along the Rio Negro coast, the land-sea breeze regime is noticeable during the summer on clear and otherwise windless
days. The E or onshore wind at Patagones, for example, increases from 2 per cent in the winter to 11 per cent in the summer. Farther S, as the gradient for W winds intensifies, the
effect of the sea breeze becomes one of reducing the strength
of the afternoon W wind.
Gales along the Patagonian-Tierra del Fuego coast, although
more frequent than along the coast to the N, are less frequent
than over adjacent open waters. Gales become more frequent
with increasing latitude and are more prevalent in the winter
months. From Bahia Blanca to the Gulf of San Jorge, gales occur less than 5 per cent of the time from September to January
and from 5 to 10 per cent of the time the rest of the year. South
of this region, gale frequencies increase rapidly. Along the
Tierra del Fuego coast and in the Falkland Islands, gales occur
20 to 30 per cent of the time during the winter (June-September) and 10 to 20 per cent of the time during the summer (December-March). Gales are most prevalent with SW winds, but
are also common with NW and W winds. Gale frequencies are
quite high in the seas surrounding South Georgia Island, but in
the sheltered waters of Cumberland Bay, gales occur on less
than 4 days per year.
The Straits of Magellan offer a completely local problem for
both wind direction and speed. In the many countless passages
the wind follows the run of the passage, having only two possible directions in anyone location. This is particularly true in the
narrow passages W of Cape Froward. Sustained gales are seldom encountered except in the widest passages. Punta Arenas
experiences gales on about 10 days annually. This frequency
increases E to Punta Dungeness, where they occur on about 35
days per year. The funneling effect of narrow passages and surrounding mountains W of Punta Arenas causes violent unpredictable squalls known as williwaws. The williwaw depends
largely upon the existence of strong winds at sea or aloft. As
these winds strike the rugged mountains of the Chilean Archipelago, eddies of varying duration and intensity develop. The
result is squalls, with wind gusts sometimes exceeding 100
knots, from varying directions. The occurrence of one or more
of the squalls from one direction is no assurance that the next
one might not come from an entirely different direction. Even
in a sheltered inlet where the general slope of the land is fairly
regular, the wind often changes speed and direction from minute to minute. These squalls are even more dangerous in the
presence of rain, sleet, or snow and can seriously impair visibility. Since the williwaw is extremely local, an open passage a
few miles from a narrow one may afford much better protection.
The rugged sparsely-populated coast of southern Chile is a
stormy windy region where, in many places, trees are stunted
and indicate the direction of the prevailing wind by their distorted shapes, much like trees high on a mountain which lean
with the prevailing wind.
The coastline is under the influence of migratory cyclones,
as well as the South Pacific Anticyclone, resulting in variable
wind directions and high wind speeds. West winds still prevail
however, occurring about 50 per cent of the time in all seasons;
NW through SW winds occur nearly 75 per cent of the time.
Average wind speeds increase poleward and exposed coastal
sections S of the Gulf of Penas experience average speeds of 14
to 18 knots year-round. North to the Gulf of Corcovado, aver-
383
age annual wind speeds decrease to about 8 to 12 knots.

The frequency of gales along this coast is high but widely
variable, depending on the exposure. The frequency in exposed
coastal waters is well represented by Grupo Evangelistas,
which consists of four rugged barren rocks. This exposed cluster is subjected to gale force winds on about 70 days annually.
Gales here are the least frequent from October through January, when the average is 4 to 5 days per month, increasing to 6
to 7 days per month for the balance of the year. Poleward of the
Gulf of Corcovado, gale frequencies range from 10 per cent to
more than 20 per cent in the winter and from less than 5 per
cent to more than 10 per cent in the summer. Gales are most
common with NW winds brought on by cyclones moving SE in
the Pacific and with SW winds which follow cold frontal passages.
Climate.The entire E coast of South America is especially
favored in regard to climatic conditions by its location outside
any main storm track. The primary path of storms in the South
Atlantic Ocean extends SE from Cape Horn. Local bad weather
does occur on the E coast at times. It is associated with cold
fronts, small high-pressure areas, and low-pressure troughs, but
the region is completely free of the tropical cyclones so destructive in other tropical and subtropical regions of the world,
and of the larger middle latitude disturbances which occasionally extend into the subtropics elsewhere.
Over much of the Guianas and the N coast of Brazil, a tropical climate prevails, with uniformly high temperatures, high
humidity, and heavy rainfall throughout the year. Between Natal and Montevideo, weather is controlled during most of the
year by semipermanent subtropical high pressure centered over
E and central South Atlantic. The principal features of this subtropical area are the relative mildness and equability of the
weather.
Southern South America, tapering to Cape Horn, relies almost entirely on surrounding seas for its climate. Unlike North
America and Eurasia, South America is never invaded by extremely cold polar continental air masses. On the other hand, S
of 40S, summer heating is not very pronounced. Consequently, southern South America lacks the continental temperate climate that characterizes Northern Hemisphere land masses.
Topographic and oceanographic features are important factors
in the climate of southern South America. The W coast, with
its lofty mountains rising directly out of the sea experiences a
contrasting climate to the E coast, with its seaward sloping
plains. The S end of the Andes, although less magnificent than
the N chain, still exerts considerable influence on east-moving
weather systems.
Precipitation.A large portion of eastern South America is
subject to heavy rainfall. Brazil has, over certain areas chiefly
in the Amazon Valley, rainfall higher than any land area of
comparable size. More than 2,032mm per year are recorded in
the upper reaches of the Amazon and along the coasts of Para
and Maranhao N into the Guianas, where Cayenne has an average of almost 3,800mm per year. Rainfall in this N area is seasonal, with the wet period lasting from December or January to
May or June (extending into July in coastal sections of the Guianas); the driest months are from September to November.
Farther S, from Cape San Roque to the Bahia area, about 60
to 70 per cent of the annual total of 1,500 to 1,800mm falls
from April to August. Around Rio de Janeiro the wet season is
again summer, and the dry season is winter, with the annual toPub. 160
384
tal near 1,000mm. In the region from southern Brazil S to Rio

de la Plata, the distribution of rainfall is fairly regular, with
amounts between 1,000 and 1,500mm per year, becoming
slightly less in the S portion.
Snowfall is not of regular occurrence over the region. However, on the coast it has occurred as far N as Rio de Janeiro in a
cold air outbreak moving far to the N. The State of Santa Catarina is about the farthest N that measurable amounts have fallen.
Along the coast of Argentina, from Bahia Blanca N, annual
precipitation ranges from 508 to 762mm on about 70 days per
year. There is little seasonal variation in this region as monthly
averages are generally 25 to 75mm, with slight spring and autumn maximums. South of Bahia Blanca, precipitation
amounts fall off sharply; Puerto Madryn has an annual average
of about 178mm Rainfall amounts remain scanty, with no seasonal variability S to Puerto Gallegos. On the E coast of Tierra
del Fuego, precipitation averages between 508 and 635mm annually, with a rainy season from December through June; averages of 25 to 76mm occur during these months. Along this
coast, precipitation falls on about 250 days per year, spread out
evenly on about 18 to 23 days per month.
The Falkland Islands and their dependencies experience variable precipitation amounts. Port Stanley receives 686mm annually on about 226 days. This is probably less than the more
exposed W coasts. At Cumberland Bay, also a sheltered E
coast port, an annual average of 1,320mm falls on 154 days. In
the Falkland Islands, there is little seasonal variability, while on
South Georgia Island, maximum amounts occur from March
through August.
Snow is rare along the Argentine coast N of Tierra del
Fuego. Around the E entrance to the Magellan Straits it occurs
on about 6 days annually; this increases to about 50 days per
year along the Tierra del Fuego coast. Seaward of the Argentine coast, snow occurs generally less than 1 per cent of the
time N of 50S. From 50S to 55S, it is observed about 1 per
cent of the time near shore, increasing to 6 per cent seaward. In
the open waters E of the Falkland Islands, snow occurs on
about 22 per cent of observations in midwinter, while W of the
islands, it occurs from 5 to 13 per cent of the time.
Snow is more prevalent in the Atlantic islands than on the
mainland. At Port Stanley, which is sheltered, snow falls on
about 54 days annually and can occur in any month except January and February, usually melting quickly in all seasons. On
South Georgia Island, snow is frequent, even in mid-summer,
although it melts rapidly during this season. During the winter,
there is heavy and frequent snowfall, occurring more than 30
per cent of the time; the land is usually covered to a depth of
1.8 to 3.1m, except in exposed areas where it is swept away by
the wind.
In the region of the ITCZ thunderstorms are frequent and are
often accompanied by torrential downpours of up to 250mm in
24 hours. Northwest of Sao Luis, they occur on about 70 to 80
days annually, with most in the period May through December.
Between Parnaiba and Carvelas, thunderstorms are infrequent,
occurring on less than 20 days a year. Activity picks up again
to the S. Between Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo expect about
35 days of thunderstorms, mostly between October and March.
Near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, they occur on about 50
days annually and are most frequent from October through
March, when the average is about 6 to 8 days per month. These
Pub. 160
thunderstorms are often associated with cold front activity, particularly with the pamperos. Thunderstorm activity rapidly decreases S. Bahia Blanca experiences only about 16 thunder
storm days annually; its highest frequency, about 2 days per
month, occurs from October through March. From 45S to
55S, both along the coast and seaward, thunderstorm activity
is negligible.
Cloud Cover.Days are mostly partly cloudy in the region
of the ITCZ. Skies are usually cloudiest during the afternoon.
Seasonal variations are similar to those of rainfall; average
cloud cover ranges from 4 to 6 oktas.
Farther S, cloudiness increases with increasing latitude and
also increases seaward. Cloud amounts usually reach a maximum in winter; however, S of 50S there is little seasonal variation. Cloudiness is most extensive in the early morning hours
and reaches a minimum around midnight.
Annual averages range from about 4.5 oktas along the N
coasts to between 5 and 6 oktas in the S. From 40S to 50S,
maximum cloudiness occurs from May through December,
both along the coast and seaward. South of 50S to the Straits
of Magellan, cloudiness becomes more uniform, but a slight
maximum is exhibited from November through March. Uniform cloudiness is present S of this area, with very little seasonal variation. Overcast conditions also become more
prevalent S. The average annual number of days with overcast
skies ranges from 50 along the E coast of Brazil and Argentina
to more than 175 days along the Tierra del Fuego coast. North
of 50S there exists a winter maximum in overcast conditions,
but to the S there is uniform distribution.
The southern oceans, S of 55S, are marked by a uniform
grayness. There is little variation either seasonal or latitudinally, and 6 to 7 oktas is the average condition year-round.
Port Stanley and Cumberland Bay experience between 150
and 160 days of overcast skies annually, while clear conditions
occur on 9 to 12 days per year.
Temperature.North of about 15S the mean temperature
is very uniform, averaging between 25.6C and 27.2C. At
Georgetown the average daily maximum is only between
28.9C and 30.6C, and the average daily minimum between
23.3C and 24.4C, throughout the year. At Salvador the mean
daily maximum reaches 30.0C from January through March,
and the mean daily minimum is 20.6C in July and August.
Farther S average temperatures decrease and the range from
maximum to minimum increases. At Rio de Janeiro, the mean
daily maximum is 28.3C in February, while the mean daily
minimum is 18.3C in July. At Buenos Aires, the range is
much greater.
Average winter temperatures along the Argentine coast range
from the upper single digits (C) near La Plata to the lower single digits (C) around Cape Horn. Average daily maximums in
the lower-teens (C) extend as far S as Camorones, as do minimums above freezing (C). Temperature readings below freezing (C) become frequent poleward of 45S. South of 50S to
Cape Horn, average daytime temperatures are in the low single
digits (C), while nighttime readings are around the freezing
mark (C). Freezing temperatures (C) have occurred along the
entire coast, with extreme minimum temperatures varying from
just below freezing (C) in the N to -21.1C at Ushuaia. In the
Falkland Islands, temperatures are even milder than on the
mainland. Port Stanley has a midwinter average maximum of
4.4C. Cumberland Bay on South Georgia Island has an aver-

age mid-winter maximum of 1.1C and an average minimum
of -5.0C.
Average summer temperatures along the coast of Argentina
are about 14C higher than average winter temperatures in the
N, and about 8C higher along the S coast. Average daily maximum temperatures are in the upper-20s (C) as far S as Puerto
Madryn, in the mid-20s (C) to Rio Gallegos, and in the upperteens (C) to the Tierra del Fuego coast. Average minimums
range from the mid-teens (C) in the N to the mid-single digits
(C) near Cape Horn. Extreme maximum temperatures of
37.8C or more have been recorded as far S as Deseado. There
is an average maximum in the low-teens (C) and an average
minimum in the mid-single digits (C) at Port Stanley, while at
Cumberland Bay average maximums are in the upper-single
digits (C), with average minimums in the low-single digits
(C).
Humidity.In the tropics, relative humidities are high
throughout the year, particularly in the mornings. Humidities
are lowest in the afternoon when temperatures are at a peak.
These lower values are in the 70 per cent range compared to the
90 per cent range in the morning. Seasonally, lowest humidities
occur from August through November, when temperatures are
often at their peak.
Along the coast S of Natal, humidities are less and there are
more apparent seasonal variations. This is most noticeable at
the more continental locations, where relative humidities are
highest in winter, with low temperatures, and lowest during the
period of maximum temperatures. At the more exposed locations, there is less temperature fluctuation, more moisture, and
hence steadier relative humidities. The diurnal variation is also
less than at the continental locations. Along the Brazilian
coasts, humidities in the 80 per cent range during the morning
fall into the 70 per cent range by the afternoon. Farther S is a
wider variation. While winter morning humidities may reach
the 80 per cent range, in summer, they only climb into the upper 50 to 60 per cent range. Afternoon readings are 20 to 25 per
cent lower.
Average winter relative humidities along the Argentine coast
range from the upper 60 per cent range at sheltered ports to
near 85 per cent at exposed locations. At exposed ports, latitude has little effect. Buenos Aires, for example, has an average
June relative humidity of 83 per cent, while Isla de Los Estados
has an 85 per cent average relative humidity in June. On the
coast of Chile, average relative humidities are around 90 per
cent in June. The sheltered island ports also record a definite
winter maximum; Port Stanley has a morning average of 90 per
cent in July. Average summertime readings range from 48 per
cent at Puerto Madryn to 87 per cent at Cape Raper.
The largest differences in average summer and winter relative humidities lie between Bahia Blanca and Puerto Gallegos,
with a range from about 18 to 25 per cent. Around the S tip of
South America, this difference is on the average 1 to 3 per cent,
while along the Chilean coast the range is generally 2 to 5 per
cent and as much as 10 to 20 per cent at more sheltered locations. Port Stanley has an average annual variation of 14 per
cent, but Cumberland Bay records only a 5 per cent difference.
The diurnal variation of relative humidity is, in general, opposite to that of temperature. The maximum occurs in the early
morning hours, while the minimum occurs during the afternoon. At Bahia Blanca, in June, the average 0800 relative humidity is 80 per cent, dropping to 61 per cent by 1400. At ports
385
exposed to an increasing onshore flow or afternoon sea breeze,

this variation is decreased and, in some cases, the relative humidity may actually increase during the day. For example, at
Grupo Evangelistas, the average relative humidity at 0700 is 83
per cent, while at 1400 it is 82 per cent.
Visibility.Fog, which is a stratus cloud in contact with the
surface, occurs when the horizontal visibility in this cloud is
less than 0.5 mile. The formation of fog is due to either the
evaporation of water into the air or cooling of the air. Evaporation of water can occur when cold air comes into contact with
warmer water or when warm rain falls through colder air. Cooling of the air is accomplished when warm air is advected over
cold water, when radiational cooling takes place, or when air is
forced aloft. Advection and frontal fogs are the predominant
types for maritime regions. Since all types of fog dissipate with
sufficiently strong heating, there is an early morning maximum
and afternoon minimum in fog frequency.
Haze, smoke, and precipitation are other visibility reducing
factors, but in general they are either less restricting or of shorter duration than fog.
The highest frequency of fog is found in the Falkland Islands, where Port Stanley experiences 47 days of fog annually.
Cumberland Bay, on South Georgia Island, experiences 28
days of fog per year. An annual average of 20 to 25 fog days
occurs along the Chilean coast, while 10 to 20 days annually
are experienced from La Plata to Bahia Blanca. Fog is rare
from S of Bahia Blanca to Comodoro R.ivadavia; less than 5
days occur annually. From Deseado to Cape Horn, fog occurs
on 10 to 15 days per year.
Along the Argentine coast from La Plata to Cape Virgenes,
fog is most common from May through September. During
these months, it occurs on average of 3 to 5 days per month N
of Bahia Blanca md 1 to 2 days per month from Deseado to
Cape Virgenes. Fog also occurs on 4 to 6 days per month at
Port Stanley during the winter season. Along the S coast of
Tierra del Fuego and N along the exposed coastal sections of
Chile, fog exhibits a summer maximum. Warm air moving over
relatively cold water is responsible for this increase; 3 to 5 days
of fog per month is common during the summer season.
Fog is rare N of Porto Alegre; however, it occasionally
creeps as far N as Caravelas in summer. Mist, haze, and showers are responsible for infrequent reductions in visibility in the
tropics.
Currents
General
Non-tidal Currents.The major surface currents of the
South Atlantic Ocean are, as follows:
1. Guiana Current along the NE coast of South America.
2. Brazil Current off the coast of Brazil.
3. Falkland Current along the coasts of Uruguay and Argentina.
4. Cape Horn Current S of Cape Horn.
5. Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent N of the Equator.
6. Guinea Current N of the Equator.
7. Benguela Current off the W coast of Africa.
8. Agulhus Current along the coast of South Africa.
9. Atlantic South Equatorial Current N of 25S.
10. South Atlantic Current between 30S and 40S.
11. West Wind Drift S of 40S.
Pub. 160
386
The surface flow is generally westward N of about 25S and

eastward S of about 30S, except along the coasts of South
America and Africa. The typical speed in both the E and W
flow is about 0.6 knot. Off the E coast of Brazil, the current
sets S and SW to about 35S, where it turns SE after meeting
the NE-setting current off the coast of Argentina. A narrow
rapid-flowing current sets SW and then W, at 1 to 2 knots,
along the immediate South African coast. The flow off the Atlantic coast of Africa is NE or N as far N as the Nigerian border. Along the immediate African coast from 15W to about
8E, the flow is generally SE and then E. The seasonal variation in the current pattern is slight except, at scattered locations
along the immediate coasts.
Tidal Currents.Tidal currents are usually weak, except in
inlets along the coast, where speeds are highest. In nearshore
waters, the tidal currents are usually reversing, flooding toward
and ebbing away from the coast, or flooding and ebbing in opposite directions parallel with the coast. In regions of mixed or
semidiurnal tides, two flood and two ebbs occur daily. In the
region of diurnal tides, one flood and one ebb occur daily.
Rotary tidal currents occur offshore where the direction of
flow is not restricted; speed will vary as direction changes continuously through all points of the compass during the tidal
day. The change in direction is generally clockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Northwest South Atlantic Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.During summer (January, February,
and March), the flow is westward N of 10S and NW along the
N coast of Brazil. South of 10S, along the SE coast of Brazil,
the flow is SW to about 35S. Current speeds may reach 2
knots in the NW flow along the N coast of Brazil; otherwise,
speeds are about 0.6 knot. In winter (July, August, and September), the flow changes to E in the extreme N due to the establishment of the Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent. Along the
SE coast of Brazil, the flow changes to NE as the Falkland Current extends NE to about 25S.
The non-tidal surface currents in this area are, as follows:
1. Atlantic Equatorial CountercurrentFlows E between the west-setting Atlantic North Equatorial Current and
the Atlantic South Equatorial Currents. Its position changes
considerably from month to month. The W part nearly disappears in January, February, and March. At this time, it sinks
and flows under the North Atlantic Equatorial Current,
which establishes itself as a west-setting current on the surface. The speed of the Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent is
about 0.9 knot during July, August, and September, the period of its greatest strength and extent.
2. Guiana CurrentA strong persistent northwestflowing current along the NE coast of Brazil. Speeds average
2 knots in many areas and occasionally reach 4 knots. The
direction is constant year round, but the speed is slightly
stronger in winter (July, August, and September).
3. Atlantic South Equatorial CurrentFlows W
across the Atlantic Ocean along and just S of the Equator.
The current expands N during January, February, and March.
Speeds average 1.0 to 1.2 knots in the N portion and about
0.7 knot over the remaining part.
4. Brazil CurrentThe extension of the Atlantic South
Equatorial Current which flows SW off the coast of Brazil to
Pub. 160
about 35S. It is slightly stronger during the Southern Hemisphere winter (July, August, and September), even though
countercurrents, caused in part by a N extension of the Falkland Current, persist along the immediate coast as far N as
23S.
Tidal currents.Tidal currents in nearshore waters are usually reversing, flooding inward and ebbing away from the
coast, or alternately flooding and ebbing in opposite directions
parallel to the coast. Since the tides are semi-diurnal, there will
usually be two flood-ebb cycles daily.
Ebb currents of 2 to 4 knots may be experienced at the
mouths of major rivers.
Northeast South Atlantic Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The flow is generally NW or N off
the coast of Africa. West of 5E it turns W. The speed of this
flow is about 0.5 knots generally and increases to about 0.9
knots along the Equator. North of the Equator along the Gulf of
Guinea coast, the Guinea Current flows E at about 1 knot.
1. Guinea CurrentFlows E along the African coast
from 14W to 8E during the Northern Hemisphere summer,
at a mean speed of 1.2 knots; from December through February, E winds reduce the speed considerably and sometimes
reverse the current. The current widens considerably between 10W and 20W.
2. Benguela CurrentA slow-moving northwest-setting current which flows along the W coast of Africa from
Cape Agulhas to 17S, and then off the coast to just N of the
Equator at 10W. The direction gradually turns toward the
west N of 10S. The mean speed is about 0.6 knot.
3. Atlantic South Equatorial CurrentFlows NW just
W of the Benguela Current from about 30S to about 10S
and then W, reaching the Equator at about 10W. The mean
speed is about 0.7 knot, except in the extreme N, where it exceeds 1 knot.
Southeast South Atlantic Ocean and the Western Indian
Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The non-tidal surface currents in this
area are, as follows:
1. Agulhas CurrentSets S and SW along the SE coast
of Africa. West of 25E, the direction shifts to the W. The average speed is about 2 knots, except in the extreme SW part,
where it drops to 1 knot. In the vicinity of 30W, speeds occasionally reach 5 knots.
2. South Atlantic CurrentSets E or ENE over a large
area between 32S and 42S west of 10E, with an average
speed of about 0.7 knot. It is apparently maintained by prevailing W winds with a high degree of constancy. The current turns sharply to the NW into the Benguela Current a
couple of hundred miles E of the Cape of Good Hope.
3. West Wind DriftA broad global circulation of water with a N boundary between 40S and 45S, and extend-

ing S almost to Antarctica. The water is entirely of high
latitude origin as contrasted with the South Atlantic Current,
where the flow originates from the low latitude Brazil Current. The flow is E or ENE, at an average speed of 0.5 knot in
the S to about 0.8 knot in the N.
Southwest South Atlantic Ocean
Non-tidal Currents.The flow is generally eastward S
of55S. East of Cape Horn, it turns NNE between the Argentine coast and the Falkland Islands and then NE off the Argentine coast as far N as 35S, where it turns SE. The average current speed in this flow is 0.6 knot, generally, and increases to 1
knot in the vicinity of Cape Horn. Along the immediate Argentine coast S of 39S, there is usually a south-setting countercurrent. East of 50W, the flow is generally E at about 0.5 knot.
1. Cape Horn CurrentSets continuously E close to
the tip of South America and enters Drake Passage at about
70W, with observed speeds of up to 2.4 knots. The set veers
NNE and the current slows considerably after it crosses longitude 65W. North of 54S, some of the current merges into
the Falkland Current; the remainder fades into the West
Wind Drift.
2. Falkland CurrentSets NE off the coast of Argentina from 54S to 35S in December, January, and February,
and to 25S in April, May, and June. The mean speed is 0.8
knot in July and August and 0.6 knot in January and February. Along the immediate coast currents are tidal, with a
slight S set.
3. South Atlantic Current.A broad area of east-setting current E of 40W to 45W between 30S and 40S. The
set is SE in the NW portion. The average speed ranges from
0.5 knot in the N to 0.7 knot in the S. The current shrinks
considerably in January and February.
4. West Wind DriftThe area of east-setting current S
of 41S, E of the Falkland Islands, and S of the Cape Horn
Current. The mean speed is about 0.5 knot, generally, and
0.7 knot in the Drake Passage S of the Cape Horn Current.
The West Wind Drift is composed of water originating in
high latitudes and circles the world as far S as 60S to 65S.
Tidal currents.Tidal currents in nearshore waters are usually reversing, flooding toward, and ebbing away from the
coast or alternately flooding and ebbing in opposite directions
parallel to the coast. Since the tides are mixed or semi-diurnal,
there will usually be two flood-ebb cycles daily.
Ebb currents of 1 to 1.5 knots may be experienced at the
mouth of the River Plate; the flood current may be slightly less.
387
lowing positions:
a. 604.7'S, 1219.6'E. (Ponta Padrao Light)
b. 600.0'S, 1200.0'E.
c. 600.0'S, 2020.0'W.
d. 5000.0'S, 2000.0'W.
e. 5000.0'S, 4000.0'E.
f. 1612.0'S, 4000.0'E. (coast)
Inspection vessels display the following pennant:
Vessels flying the inspection pennant should be given a wide

berth as they may be unable to maneuver.
Government
Dependent Island Groups
Saint Helena
Saint Helena (1556'S., 542'W.) and its dependencies of
Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha Group, and Gough Island
are described in Saint Helena/Ascension Island.
Bouvetoya
Bouvetoya (5426'S., 325'E.). also known as Bouvet Island,
is a dependency of Norway. This island lies 1,360 miles SW of
the Cape of Good Hope and 997 miles SE of Gough Island. It
is uninhabited and the most isolated piece of land on the earths
surface.
Bouvetoya has an area of about 19 square miles and consists
of a single volcanic cone with a wide indented crater. Olav
Peak, 780m high, stands at the center of the island. The slopes
of the central cone terminate on all sides in precipitous cliffs or
glaciers, which descend abruptly to the sea. The E side of the
island is entirely covered with an ice sheet. The N and W sides
of the island are comparatively free from ice, except for isolated glaciers, but are much steeper than the S and E sides. Bouvetoya lies in the path of the strongest W winds and thick
clouds usually obscure its highest elevations. Snow is frequent
and temperatures rarely exceed 2C in the summer, averaging
1.5C in the winter.
Fishing Areas
Ice
The International Commission for Southeast Atlantic Fishheries (ICSEAF) has established an inspection service used for
the control of trawl net size. The area where vessels are subject
to inspection is bounded by the coast and lines joining the fol-
The N limit of drift ice averages about 40S during autumn

and 37S during winter. Drift ice reaches 33S about 150 miles
off the coast of Uruguay and southern Brazil during spring and
summer, but the blocking action of Tierra del Fuego keeps the
Pub. 160
388
The three types of AIS ATON are, as follows:

1. PhysicalThe AIS device is located on the ATON.
2. SyntheticThe AIS information is transmitted from a
location different from the ATON.
3. VirtualThe ATON does not physically exist.
Virtual AIS ATON are useful, as follows:
1. For time-critical situations and in marking or delineating dynamic areas where navigation conditions frequently
change.
2. When physical ATON are removed temporarily until
permanent ATON can be established.
3. To mark areas where navigation features change frequently and would require dynamic marking.
Virtual AIS ATON can be used in different situations, as follows:
1. Instant (wreck marking).
2. Temporary (marking works in progress).
3. Dynamic (channel formerly marked by buoys but now
marked by virtual AIS ATON which are moved as required).
4. Seasonal (ice buoys).
5. Permanent (when environmental or ecological factors
make it desirable not to place a physical aid).
Bouvetoya
coast of Argentina free of drift ice as far as 50S, as currents
generally set NNE away from the coast. On the other side of
the Atlantic Ocean, drift ice makes it almost to Cape Agulhas
on the South African coast during winter.
Large tabular icebergs having areas of 1 square nautical mile
or more extend N to about 45S. The seasonal variation in the
N penetration is about 2 of latitude with the northernmost drift
occurring in winter and spring (July through December). The
longitudinal zones of maximum N drift of large tabular bergs
are between 35W and 45W, and E of 0E.
For information concerning the International Ship and Port
Facility (ISPS) Code, see Indian OceanNavigational Information.
For information concerning electronic navigation and communication, see Indian OceanNavigational Information.
(ATON)
All types of buoys and fixed structures, such as offshore platforms and wind power construction, can be supplemented with
AIS. Ships equipped with an AIS transponder can, as a minimum, receive the following information:
1. MMSI number of the AIS ATON.
2. Name of the ATON.
3. Position of the ATON.
4. Bearing and distance to the observer.
Pub. 160
Enroute Volumes
Africa.
America.
Offshore Drilling
Oil exploration and production rigs, usually exhibiting
lights, may be encountered off the West African coast, inside
the 200m curve, especially within the Bight of Biafra and
along the coasts of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, and Angola.
Anchors, sometimes buoyed, are placed a considerable distance from rigs and should be given a wide berth.
Pollution
low-energy collisions or groundings. Further information can
be found in Indian OceanPollution.
ballast water on board, ballast exchange at sea, ballast management aimed at preventing or minimizing the uptake of contaminated water or sediment, and the discharge of ballast ashore.
389
national legislation in accordance with the BMW Convention.
Atlantic Ocean and ports in the North Atlantic Ocean and the
Indian Ocean.
In general, these routes are as direct as safe navigation permits. However, in some instances, a divergence is made to
avoid dangers to navigation, to take advantage of favorable currents or to minimize the effects of adverse currents. It should
not be inferred that recommendations in this chapter necessarily represent adopted or established sea lanes. Routes between
ports consist of a series of rhumb lines unless stated otherwise.
When a route may be followed in either direction the reverse
route is not described.
Detailed information on these routes can be found in the Appendix.
On an eastbound voyage, a countercurrent to the strong Wrunning Agulhas Current may be found from 1 to 6 miles offshore. This passage affords some shelter from the heavy seas
which occasionally run in the waters near the cape but is subject to variable coastal currents which often set shoreward, particularly during or after extended periods of onshore winds.
An eastbound vessel can also avoid the strength of the Agulhas Current by keeping seaward of it, passing through position
3630'S, 2000'E and then steering by great circle to position
3430'S, 3230'E.
On westbound passages around the cape, vessels should remain 20 to 30 miles off the coast until abreast of Mossel Bay.
From there, continue by coastal piloting, passing Cape Agulhas
and the Cape of Good Hope at a safe distance.
The Republic of South Africa has recommended that laden
tankers follow certain regulations regarding their transit off the
coast of south Africa. Informations on these regulations can be
found in South AfricaRegulationsTankers.
Ballast Water Exchange Requirements off South America

To avoid spreading disease to endangered species, all vessels
with ballast water originating in foreign countries must exchange ballast water at least once prior to arriving in South
American territorial waters. The exchange must take place at
least 12 miles from the coast.
Vessels originating from areas which are affected by cholera
or other epidemics of a similar infectious nature must also follow the above ballast water exchange procedures.
Adjacent Waters
Adjacent waters include the Gulf of Guinea, the Strait of
Magellan, and the Rio de la Plata.

A MARPOL Special Area (Particularly Sensitive Sea Area)
has been established off the coast of South Africa. For further
information, see Indian OceanPollutionMARPOL Special
Areas.
Regulations
Information concerning Ship Sanitation Control Certificates
(SSC) and Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates (SSCEC) can be found in Indian OceanRegulations.
Routes
in the South Atlantic Ocean and routes to and from the South
Seas
The Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is that part of the South Atlantic Ocean
lying E of a line extending SE from Cape Palmas, in Liberia, to
Cape Lopez, in Gabon. In the upper part of this gulf between
Ghana and the Niger delta, a broad indentation forms the Bight
of Benin. In the NE corner of the gulf, a line of volcanic islands
extends NE from Oagalu to Bioko (Macias Nguema Biyogo)
and forms the Bight of Biafra. The warm Guinea Current flows
E near the coast and swings around in this latter bight to join
the South Equatorial Current, which is composed mainly of
cooler water from the Benguela Current moving up from the S.
The Strait of Magellan
The Strait of Magellan separates Archipelago de Tierra del
Fuego from the Patagonian mainland and Archipelago Reina
Adelaide. This strait was named after its discoverer, Hernando
de Magallanes, in 1520.
The strait is entered at the E end between Punta Dungeness
(5224'S., 6825'W.) and Cabo Espiritu Santo, 16.5 miles SW.
The W entrance lies between Cabo Victoria (5217'S.,
7454'W.) and Cabo Pilar, 28 miles SSE. The distance between
these entrances is about 310 miles.
Vessels must exercise caution when transiting the strait in eiPub. 160
390
ther direction because during bad weather, which is most likely

to be the case, the navigation is particularly difficult and dangerous. Generally, the anchorages are foul and rocky throughout the strait. In addition, the strait offers problems concerning
both local wind directions and speeds. In the many countless
passages, the wind usually follows the run of the channel, having only two possible directions in any one location. This is
particularly true within the narrow passages lying W of Cape
Froward.
The rugged sparsely-populated S coast of Chile is a stormy
and windy region where, in many places, trees are stunted and
indicate the direction of the prevailing wind by their distorted
shapes, much like trees high on a mountain which lean with the
prevailing wind.
of the Strait of Magellan, and the coast of Brazil S to 2130'S;

tides are mixed along the remaining coast of Brazil and Argentina.
The tidal range varies from less than 0.6m along the coast of
Uruguay and southern Brazil to around 9.1m at the E end of the
Strait of Magellan.
The Rio de La Plata

The Rio de La Plata is a broad estuary comprising an enormous drainage basin which includes the Paraguay River, the
Parana River, and the Uruguay River, as well as numerous
small streams. The estuary is entered between Punta del Este,
Uruguay (3458'S., 5457'W.) and Cabo San Antonio, Argentina, located 120 miles SW. It extends in a WNW direction for
about 140 miles.
Despite the enormous amount of water discharged into the
ocean, the Rio de la Plata is relatively shallow. Seasonal rates
of flow, winds, and tides have a considerable effect on depths.
The expanse of the low plain, known as the pampas, on the S
side permits violent winds, called pamperos, to build up and
whip the waters of the estuary into violent storms at certain
times of the year. A large portion of the river cannot be used
except by very shallow draft vessels. Navigation in the lower
reaches is only maintained by constant dredging.
Northeast South Atlantic Ocean

The tide is semi-diurnal along the W coast of Africa from
Cape Agulhas to 10N.
The mean tide range is from 0.9 to 1.5m in most places except the extreme N, where it exceeds 2.1m.
Tides
General
The tide is semidiurnal along the coast of Africa, the E end
Pub. 160
Northwest South Atlantic Ocean

The tide is semi-diurnal (two high and two low tides daily)
along the coast of Brazil N of 21 30'S, and mixed (part diurnal
and part semi-diurnal) to the S.
The tide range varies from less than 0.6m S of 25S to about
3.1m near the Equator.
Southeast South Atlantic Ocean and the Western Indian

Ocean
The tides are semi-diurnal along the coasts of southern Africa.
The average range is about 1.2m, except for an increase to
2.1m along the coast of Mozambique.
Southwest South Atlantic Ocean
The tide is mixed, except at the E end of the Strait of Magellan, where it is semi-diurnal.
The mean tide range varies from 0.3m along the coast of
Uruguay to 9.1m at the E end of the Strait of Magellan. From
41S to 54S, the mean range is from 3.1 to 6.2m; at 55S, it
drops to under 1.5m.
391
AppendixRoutes in the South Atlantic Ocean

Routes in the South Atlantic Ocean are divided into the following sub-categories:
1. Cape of Good Hope to ports within the South Atlantic
Ocean.
2. Cape of Good Hope to ports in the North Atlantic
Ocean.
3. Rounding Cape Horn.
4. Strait of Magellan to ports within the South Atlantic
Ocean.
5. Strait of Magellan to ports in the North Atlantic

Ocean.
6. Routes between ports on the W coast of Africa.
7. Routes between ports on the E coast of South America.
8. Routes across the South Atlantic Ocean.
9. African ports to ports in the North Atlantic Ocean.
10. South American ports to ports in the North Atlantic
Ocean.
1. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO PORTS WITHIN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

Cape of Good Hope to Cape Horn.Proceed by rhumb line as far as position 3500'S, 4000'W and then by great circle
to position 5040'S, 6200'W, a position NW of the Falkland Islands. From there, shape a course to pass through the Strait of
Le Maire and then direct to position 5606'S, 6634'W and position 5652'S, 6844'W, the latter a position 20 miles S of Islas
Diego Ramirez. See Rounding Cape Horn for additional information.
Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Magellan.Proceed by rhumb line as far as position 3500'S, 4000'W and then by
great circle to the E entrance of the strait.
Cape of Good Hope to Walvis Bay.Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a point off the entrance to
Walvis Bay.
Cape of Good Hope to Pointe Noire.Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a position W of Ponta
Albina (l552'S., 1145'E.) and then direct to Pointe Noire.
Cape of Good Hope to Port Harcourt.Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a position seaward of
the 200m curve off Cape Fria, and then direct to the entrance of the Bonny River (422'N., 706'E.) passing E of Ilha do
Principe (138'N., 725'E.).
Cape of Good Hope to Lagos.Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a position seaward of the 100fathom curve off Cape Fria, and then by rhumb line direct to Lagos, passing between Pagalu and Sao Tome (015'N.,
635'E.).
Cape of Good Hope to Tema, Takoradi, and AbidjanProceed by rhumb line direct to destination.
Cape of Good Hope to Port Harcourt.Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a position seaward of
the 200m curve off Cape Fria, and then direct to the entrance of the Bonny River (422'N., 706'E.) passing E of Ilha do
Principe (138'N., 725'E.).
Cape of Good Hope to Lagos. Proceed by rhumb lines along the SW coast of Africa to a position seaward of the 200m
curve off Cape Fria, and then by rhumb line direct to Lagos, passing between Pagalu and Sao Tome (015'N., 635'E.).
Cape of Good Hope to Tema, Takoradi and Abidjan.Proceed by rhumb line direct to destination.
Cape of Good Hope to Rio de Janeiro, Santos, and Rio de la Plata.Proceed by rhumb line direct to destination.
Although somewhat longer, a rhumb line track avoids the less favorable winds and currents encountered on a westbound
passage along a great circle track.
Cape of Good Hope to Salvador.Proceed by great circle to destination, passing S of Vema Seamount.
Cape of Good Hope to Belem.Proceed along a great circle track to position 500'S., 3440'W; then by rhumb lines to
position 147'S, 4000'W and position 008'S, 4400'W; and then direct as safe navigation permits to the Rio Para pilot
station at approximate position 029'S, 422'W.
2. CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO PORTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Cape of Good Hope to Ushant Island.Proceed by great circle to position 1048'N, 1737'W a position outside the
200m curve off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, and then by rhumb line to a point 10 miles W of Cape Vert. When abreast of
Cape Vert, set a course around Cap Blanc, remaining seaward of the 200m curve, and then steer for and through the passage
between Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands Group. After clearing the islands, follow a great circle track to a
point 10 miles W of Cape Finisterre,and then shape a rhumb line course direct to Ushant.
Pub. 160
392
Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Gibraltar.Follow the route for Cape of Good Hope to Ushant Island as far as Cap
Blanc, and then proceed coastwise, as safe navigation permits, to a point NW of Cape Bojador. From this position, shape a
course to pass 10 miles NW of Cap Bedouzza (Cap Cantin) (3233'N., 917'W) and then on to the strait, passing Cabo
Expartel at a distance of about 5 miles.
Cape of Good Hope to Cayenne, Paramaribo, and Georgetown.Follow a great circle track to position 500'S,
3440'W and then rhumb line to position 430'N, 5000'W. From this position, proceed coastwise as safe navigation permits
to the pilot station off the desired port:
1. Cayenne (503'N., 5218'W.).
2. Paramaribo (605'N., 5513'W.).
3. Georgetown (6 57'N., 5803'W.).
Cape of Good Hope to the Gulf of Mexico.Proceed by great circle to St. Lucia Channel, passing through position
455'S, 3430'W (about 45 miles off Cabo de Sao Roque) and N of Barbados. After clearing the channel, set a course across
the Caribbean to pass 10 miles SW of Cabo Rojo and through Mona Passage. From there, continue by coastal piloting along
the N coast of Haiti and Cuba (via Old Bahamas Channel and Nicholas Channel) to the Straits of Florida.
Alternate route.An alternate route which has more favorable currents is by great circle as far as position 000'N,
3700'W and then by rhumb line to a position 5 miles off Galera Point, the NE extremity of Trinidad. From there, shape a
course to pass S of Jamaica, through Yucatan Channel and on to destination, as directly as safe navigation permits.
Cape of Good Hope to ports on the E coast of the United States.Proceed by great circle to the approaches of the
desired port. For Boston, proceed by great circle to position 4100'N., 6900'W then as safe navigation permits around Cape
Cod to destination.
3. ROUNDING CAPE HORN
The recommended route around Cape Horn which avoids the N limits of icebergs off the S, E, and NE coasts of the
Falkland Islands follows a track that runs about 20 miles S of Islas Diego Ramirez, passes 20 miles seaward of lsla Hornos
and through the Strait of Le Maire to a position W of the Falkland Islands. However, a radar-equipped vessel should
encounter no difficulty by amending the route to pass between Cape Horn and Isla Diego Ramirez, providing a wide berth is
given the SW coast of Chile. Additionally, passage can be taken E of Isla de los Estados vice the Strait of Le Maire, sea
conditions permitting.
The route around Cape Horn (Drake Passage) carries some risks, notably the risk of damage as a result of the region's
characteristically poor weather conditions, and furthermore the risk of encountering icebergs, the unpredictability of which is
compounded by the absence of ice patrols.
It has been reported that many masters, experienced in the Strait of Magellan and the passage around Cape Horn, favored
the use of the strait for both an eastbound and westbound voyage, and especially for westbound vessels in ballast. In the case
of VLCC-sized vessels, however, passage of the strait demands constant attention and precision over a prolonged period of
time. Moreover, the VLCC is continuously exposed to numerous submerged hazards, both charted and uncharted, tidal
currents of up to 8 knots and limited room for maneuvering. Consequently, the route around Cape Horn offers a feasible
alternative for the VLCC.
Routes between Cape Horn and destinations in the South Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean are best shaped by
joining the route from the Strait of Magellan to the desired port as directly as possible. In the case of Cape Horn to the Cape
of Good Hope, after passing through the Strait of Le Maire, steer by rhumb line courses to pass W of the Falkland Islands and
join the Strait Of Magellan-Cape of Good Hope route (described below) at position 4300'S, 4700'W.
4. STRAIT OF MAGELLAN TO PORTS WITHIN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
General.For information concerning the transit of the Strait of Magellan, including recommended routes, see Pub. 124,
Sailing Directions (Enroute) West Coast of South America (Sector 8).
Strait of Magellan to the Cape of Good Hope.Upon rounding Cape Virgins at the E entrance of the strait, follow
rhumb line tracks through the following positions:
a. 4750'S, 6000'W.
b. 4350'S, 5000'W
c. 4110'S, 4000'W.
d. 4020'S, 3300'W.
From there, proceed along a great circle track to the cape, passing S of Gough Island.
Caution.The extreme limit of iceberg migration in the South Atlantic is in about latitude 36S, near Cape Agulhas, and
latitude 39S, near the Tristan da Cunha Group.
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393
Strait of Magellan to Belem.Follow a great circle track to position 1800'S, 3810'W passing at least 20 miles E of the
dangers at Parcel dos Abrolhs, then shape a rhumb line course through the following positions:
a. 740'S, 3420'W.
b. 500'S, 3440'W.
c. 147'S, 4000'W.
d. 008'S, 4400'W.
Thereafter, proceed as directly as navigation permits to the pilot station off Belem at approximate position 029'S,
4722'W.
Strait of Magellan to ports on the E coast of South America.These routes are as direct as safe navigation permits and
in general follow a great circle track to the most salient point between the strait and the port of destination, and then by rhumb
line to the port. South of Rio de La Plata, advantage can be gained from the NNE set of the Falkland Current by remaining at
least 50 miles off the coast. During the period May-July it may be beneficial to close the coast N of Rio de La Plata to take
advantage of the Brazil Inshore Countercurrent running N.
Strait of Magellan to ports on the W coast of Africa S of the Equator.Steer by rhumb line through the following
positions:
a. 4750'S, 6000'W.
b. 4350'S, 5000'W.
c. 4100'S, 4000'W.
and then by great circle to destination.
5. STRAIT OF MAGELLAN TO PORTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Strait of Magellan to ports on the W coast of Africa N of the Equator.Follow a rhumb line course to position
4750'S, 6000'W, a position about 200 miles N of the Falkland Islands, and then, as navigation permits, by great circle to
destination.
Strait of Magellan to Cayenne, Paramaribo, or Georgetown.Follow the route for Strait of Magellan to Belem as far
as position 500'S, 3440'W and then steer by rhumb line to position 500'N, 5100'W. From there, proceed coastwise to the
appropriate pilot station, as follows:
1. Cayenne (503'N., 5218'W.).
2. Paramaribo (605'N., 5513'W).
3. Georgetown (657'N., 5803'W.)
Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Mexico.Proceed along a great circle track to position 2218'S, 4030'W and then by
rhumb lines to the following positions:
a. 1800'S, 3820'W.
b. 740'S, 3420'W
c. 500'S, 3440'W.
After rounding Cabo de Sao Roque, proceed by great circle so as to pass between St. Vincent and St. Lucia. From there,
steer by rhumb line to pass 10 miles SW of Cabo Rojo and through Mona Passage; then by coastal piloting along the N coast
of Haiti and Cuba (via Old Bahamas Channel and Nicholas Channel) to the Straits of Florida.
Alternate route.An alternate route which is shorter for vessels bound for Mexican ports would be to follow a rhumb line
course from Cabo de Sao Roque to Galera Point, the NE extremity of Trinidad, and then proceed across the Caribbean by
rhumb lines, passing S of Jamaica and through the Yucatan Channel to destination.
Strait of Magellan to ports on the E coast of the United States.Follow the route prescribed above for the Gulf of
Mexico as far as position 500'S, 3400'W. From there, continue by rhumb line to position 000'N, 3700'W and then by great
circle to the approaches of the desired port. For Boston, proceed by great circle to position 4100'N, 6900'W and then, as
safe navigation permits, around Cape Cod to destination.
Strait of Magellan to Ushant Island.Proceed by great circle to position 1910'S, 3820'W. After passing the dangers in
the vicinity of the ArquipeIago dos Abrohlos, continue by great circle to position 1705'N, 2530'W a position W of Santo
Antao in the Cape Verde Islands. From there, follow a great circle track to Ushant, passing W of Madeira Island.
Strait of Magellan to the Strait of Gibraltar.Follow a great circle track to a position about 30 miles W of Cape Blanc,
on the NW coast of Africa. From there, proceed by rhumb lines along the coast of the entrance of the strait.
Pub. 160
394

6. ROUTES BETWEEN PORTS ON THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA
For the most part, routes between the ports on the W coast of Africa are coastwise and, on the occasion of a voyage
between ports on opposite sides of the Equator, by rhumb line courses across the Gulf of Guinea, as direct as navigation
permits.
The effect of the NNW set of the Benguela Current on coastal passages N of 15S is minimal. Vessels transiting the coast
in the vicinity of Cape Palmas and Cape Three Points may experience an ENE set as a result of the Guinea Current,
particularly from July to September.
7. ROUTES BETWEEN PORTS ON THE EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA
For the most part, routes between the ports on the E coast of South America are coastwise as direct as safe navigation
permits. However, the presence of off-lying shoals, which poses a hazard to coastal navigation, may require a major seaward
adjustment in the intended track, particularly in the area of Parcel dos Abrolhos (l800'S., 3835'W.), Cabo de Sao Tome
(2200'S., 4105'W.), and Banco do Albardao (3312'S., 5210'W.). In addition, care should be exercised when transiting the
coast between Cabo de Sao Roque and Cabo Frio because of the prevalence of onshore currents. When transiting along the
NE coast of South America, it is advisable to remain outside the 20m curve at all times.
8. ROUTES ACROSS THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Routes between South American ports N of Rio de La Plata and ports on the African coast N of 25S are by great circle in
both directions. A great circle track is also recommended in either direction between the port of Recife or Salvador and the
Cape of Good Hope. Otherwise, eastbound transits should follow a great circle track while westbound vessels should
normally proceed by rhumb line so as to avoid the strength of the eastgoing South Atlantic Current and the Prevailing
Westerlies. Mid-ocean transits S of 42S should be avoided in either direction.
Caution.The extreme limit of iceberg migration in the South Atlantic Ocean is in about latitude 36S, near Cape
Agulhas, and latitude 39S, near the Tristan da Cunha Group, and extends to within 200 miles of the mouth of the Rio de La
Plata.
9. AFRICAN PORTS TO PORTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Lagos to the Gulf of Mexico.Proceed coastwise, as navigation permits, to a position S of Cape Palmas and then follow
a great circle track to either the N coast of Hispaniola, if proceeding via Old Bahama Channel, or to Northeast Providence
Channel, if proceeding via the Straits of Florida.
Note.Routes to the Gulf of Mexico from other West African ports N of the Equator join the Lagos to Gulf of Mexico
route at an expeditious position, by the most direct track possible. Routes to the Gulf of Mexico from ports S of the equator
are by great circle to either St. Lucia Channel (passing N of Barbados) or, in the case of vessels bound for Mexican ports, to
Galera Point, the NE extremity of Trinidad; thereafter, the routes continue across the Caribbean as in the Cape of Good Hope
to the Gulf of Mexico.
Lagos to Boston.Proceed coastwise S of Cape Three Points to a position off Cape Palmas, and then by rhumb line
courses outside the 200m curve to the following positions off the NW coast of Africa:
1. 755'N, 1430'W.
2. 1048'N, 173TW.
From there, shape a course to pass N of Sal Island in the Cape Verde Group, and then follow a great circle track to Cape
Cod, passing SW of the Georges Bank.
Lagos to New York.Follow the route for Lagos to Boston as far as Sal Island in the Cape Verde Islands. From there,
proceed by great circle to Ambrose Light.
Lagos to Philadelphia.Follow the route for Lagos to Boston as far as position 755'N, 1430'W; then shape a rhumb
line course to a position 10 miles SW of Brava Island in the Cape Verde Islands. From there, proceed by great circle to the
entrance of Delaware Bay.
Lagos to Hampton Roads.Follow the route for Lagos to Boston as far as position 755'N, 1430'W; then shape a rhumb
line course to a position 10 miles SW of Brava Island in the Cape Verde Islands. From there, proceed by great circle to the
entrance of Chesapeake Bay.
Lagos to Charleston.Follow the directions for the Lagos to Boston route as far as position 755'N, 1430'W; then
proceed by great circle to the entrance to Charleston Harbor.
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395
Lagos to Ushant Island.Proceed coastwise S of Cape Three Points and Cape Palmas and then by rhumb line outside the
200m curve to the following positions off the NW coast of Africa:
1. 755'N, 1430'W.
2. 1048'N, 1737'W.
3. 2100'N, 1800'W.
When abreast of Cap Blanc, steer for and through the passage between Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Canary Islands
Group. After clearing the islands, follow a great circle track to a point 10 miles W of Cape Finisterre, and then shape a rhumb
line course direct to Ushant.
Note.Routes to Ushant Island from other West African ports join the Lagos to Ushant route at an expeditious position,
by the most direct track possible.
Lagos to the Strait of Gibraltar.Follow the route for Lagos to Ushant until abreast of Cap Blanc. From there, proceed
coastwise to a point NW of Cape Bojador and then by rhumb lines, as directly as navigation permits, to the entrance of the
strait.
Note.Routes to the Strait of Gibraltar from other West African ports join the Lagos to the Strait of Gibraltar route at
an expeditious position, by the most direct track possible.
10. SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS TO PORTS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Rio de la Plata to the Gulf of Mexico.Proceed as direct as navigation permits to position 2218'S, 4030'W (a position
35 miles SE of Cabo de Sao Tome); then to position 1800'S, 3810'W passing at least 20 miles E of Parcel dos Abrohlos;
then by rhumb line to position 740'S, 3420'W and position 500'S, 3440'W. After rounding Cabo de Sao Roque, steer by
great circle to pass between St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and then by rhumb lines, passing 10 miles SW of Cabo Rojo and
through Mona Passage. Steer by coastal piloting along the N coast of Haiti and Cuba (via Old Bahamas and Nicholas
Channels) to the Straits of Florida and then to the destination.
Alternate route.An alternate route which is shorter for vessels bound for Mexican ports would be to follow a rhumb line
course from Cabo de Sao Roque to Galera Point, the NE extremity of Trinidad; then proceed across the Caribbean by rhumb
lines passing S of Jamaica and through the Yucatan Channel to destination, as navigation permits.
Rio de la Plata to ports on the E coast of the United States.Proceed coastwise as navigation permits to position
2218'S, 4030'W taking care to remain seaward of the dangers at Banco do Albardao. From there, shape a course for
position 1800'S, 3810'W passing at least 20 miles E of Parcel dos Abroholas. Then proceed by rhumb lines to position
740'S, 3420'W and position 500'S, 3440'W. After rounding Cabo de Sao Roque, follow a great circle track to a position
off the entrance to the desired port.
From May to July advantage can be gained from the N-going Brazil Inshore Countercurrent by remaining closer to the
coast, particularly between Rio de la Plata and Cape Frio.
Rio de la Plata to Ushant.Follow the route prescribed for Rio de la Plata to the Gulf of Mexico as far as position 740'S,
3420'W and then proceed by great circle to position 1750'N, 2507'W (off Santo Antao in the Cape Verde Islands). From
there, continue by great circle to Ushant.
From May to July advantage can be gained from the N-going Brazil Inshore Countercurrent by remaining closer to the
coast, particularly between Rio de la Plata and Cape Frio.
Rio de la Plata to the Strait of Gibraltar.Proceed coastwise, as navigation permits, to position 2218'S, 4030'W
taking care to remain seaward of the dangers at Banco do Albardao. From this position, follow a great circle track to position
2800'N, 1500'W close E of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, and then directly as possible to the strait. Extreme care
should be exercised in making the passage along the E coast of Brazil, particularly in the vicinity of Parcel dos Abrohlos
(l800'S., 3840'W.) and Banco Minerva (l700'S., 3725'W.), which should be given wide berths.
Rio de Janeiro or Santos to the Gulf of Mexico.Proceed as direct as navigation permits to position 2218'N, 4030'W
a position 35 miles SE of Cabo de Sao Tome; then to position 1800'S, 3810'W passing at least 20 miles E of Parcel dos
Abrohlos; then by rhumb line to position 740'S, 3420'W and position 500'S, 3440'W. After rounding Cabo de Sao Roque,
proceed as in the Rio de la Plata to the Gulf of Mexico route.
Rio de Janeiro or Santos to ports on the E coast of the United States.Proceed coastwise as navigation permits to
position 2218'S, 4030'W a position 35 miles SE of Cabo de Sao Tome. After rounding Cabo de Sao Tome, steer by rhumb
line to position 1800'S, 3810'W passing no less than 20 miles E of Parcel dos Abrohlos, and then to position 740'S,
3420'W and position 500'S, 3440'W. From there, follow a great circle track to a position off the entrance to the desired
port.
Pub. 160
396
Rio de Janeiro or Santos to the Strait of Gibraltar.Proceed coastwise as navigation permits to position 2218'S,
4030'W a position 33 miles SE of Cabo de Sao Tome; then by great circle to position 2800'N, 1500'W close E of Gran
Canaria in the Canary Islands. From this position, shape a course direct to the entrance of the strait. Extreme care should be
exercised in making the passage along the E coast of Brazil, particularly in the vicinity of Parcel dos Abrohlos (1800'S.,
3840'W.) and Banco Minerva (1700'S., 3725'W.), which should be given wide berths.
Salvador to the Gulf of MexicoProceed by coastal piloting to position 740'S, 3420'W and then to position 500'S,
3440'W. After rounding Cabo de Sao Roque, proceed as in the Rio de la Plata to the Gulf of Mexico route
Salvador to ports on the E coast of the United States.Proceed coastwise as navigation permits to position 740'S,
3220'W and then by rhumb line to position 500'S, 3440'W a position about 60 miles ENE of Cabo de Sao Roque. From
there follow a great circle track to a position off the entrance to the desired port.
Salvador to Ushant.Follow the route prescribed for Salvador to the Gulf of Mexico as far as position 740'S, 3420'W
and then proceed by great circle to position 1750'N, 2507'W (off Santo Antao in the Cape Verde Islands). From there,
continue by great circle to Ushant.
Rio de Janeiro or Santos to Ushant.Follow the route prescribed for Rio de Janeiro or Santos to the Gulf of Mexico as
far as position 740'S, 3420'W and then proceed by great circle to position 1750'N, 2507'W (off Santo Antao in the Cape
Verde Islands). From there, continue by great circle to Ushant.
Belem to ports in the Gulf of Mexico.From the Rio Para pilot station (029'S., 4722'W.), proceed directly to position
500'N, 5100'W allowing for a WNW set by the South Equatorial Current. From this position, steer by rhumb line courses to
pass between Galera Point, the N E extremity of Trinidad, and the island of Tobago. After passing abreast of Galera Point,
shape a course to pass S of Jamaica, N of Grand Cayman and through the Yucatan Channel, W of Cabo San Antonio. Once
clear of the channel, proceed as direct as safe navigation will permit to destination.
Belem to ports on the E coast of the United States.From the Rio Para pilot station (029'S., 4722'W.) proceed directly
to position 500'N, 5100'W allowing for a WNW set by the South Equatorial Current; then proceed as direct as safe
navigation permits to destination. Generally, for destinations N of the 35th parallel, a great circle course can be set at
departure.
Belem to Ushant.From the Rio Para pilot station, follow a great circle track to Ushant.
Belem to the Strait of Gibraltar.From the Rio Para pilot station (029'S., 4722'W.), proceed by great circle to the
strait, passing between La Palma and Hierro (Ferro) in the Canary Islands.
Georgetown, Paramaribo, and Cayenne to the Gulf of Mexico.From a position off the pilot station of the port of
departure, steer by rhumb line courses to pass between Galera Point, the NE extremity of Trinidad, and the island of Tobago;
care should be taken to remain outside the 20m curve along the South American coast. After passing abreast of Galera Point,
proceed as in the Belem to the Gulf of Mexico route.
Georgetown to ports on the E coast of the United States.From a position off the pilot station at Georgetown, steer as
directly as possible to pass between St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and then along the Antilles chain to position 1831'N, 6336'W
passing between St. Eustatius and Saba. From there proceed by the safest and most convenient route to destination.
Alternate route.--For ships bound for ports along the SE Atlantic coast, steer to pass between Galera Point, the NE
extremity of Trinidad, and the island of Tobago, taking care to remain seaward of the 20m curve. From there, shape a course
across the Caribbean Sea to pass through Mona Passage, then N to position 2030'N, 6800'W. From this position proceed as
directly as safe navigation permits to destination.
Georgetown to Ushant.Proceed by great circle, passing SE of Terceira Island in the Azores.
Georgetown to the Strait of Gibraltar.Proceed by great circle to the strait, passing between Ilha da Madeira and Isla
Chao (3235'N., 1633'W.) in the Arquipelago da Madeira.
Paramaribo and Cayenne to ports on the E coast of the United States.From a position off the pilot station of the port
of departure, proceed as directly as safe navigation permits to destination, passing E of the Antilles chain.
Pub. 160
SRI LANKA
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
397
397
397
397
397
398
398
398
398
398
398
399
399
399
399
399
397
Buoyage System
Lighted aids to navigation may be extinguished in parts of
Sri Lanka, particularly in Palk Strait and its environs.
Cautions
Piracy
Attacks on all classes of vessels occur in the waters of Sri
Lanka, particularly off the N and NE coasts of the island. They
also occur at a considerable distance offshore.
Oil Exploration
Oil exploration activities are taking place in the Gulf of
Mannar, between the SE coast of India and the W coast of Sri
Lanka.
General
Currency
Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, is a large pear-shaped island lying off the SE coast of India. The central part of the S half is
mountainous, while elsewhere the island is practically flat. Extensive fresh and salt water lagoons lie close inland along much
of the coast. Slight earthquake shocks are occasionally felt in
Sri Lanka, but they are not sufficiently intense to cause serious
damage. The climate is tropical monsoon; the Northeast Monsoon lasts from December to March, while the Southwest
Monsoon lasts from June to October.
The official unit of currency is the Sri Lankan rupee, consisting of 100 cents.
Firing Areas
Naval gun firing exercises are carried out in areas bounded
1. Area D2.
Pub. 160
Sri Lanka
398
a. 0650'N, 7925'E.
b. 0650'N, 7939'E.
c. 0635'N, 7939'E.
d. 0635'N, 7925'E.
2. Area D3.
a. 0719'N, 7910'E.
b. 0716'N, 7930'E.
c. 0706'N, 7930'E.
d. 0703'N, 7910'E.
3. Area D4.
a. 0850'N, 8120'E.
b. 0850'N, 8130'E.
c. 0840'N, 8130'E.
d. 0840'N, 8120'E.
4. Area D5.
a. 0830'N, 8130'E.
b. 0830'N, 8140'E.
c. 0820'N, 8140'E.
d. 0820'N, 8130'E.
Details of operating/activation times for the above areas will
be transmitted by Colombo Radio.
Government
May 1
May Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Religious holidays, the dates of which vary from year to year

depending on the appearance of the moon, include Thai Pongal, Eid Al-Fitr, Maha Sivarathri, Eid Al-Adha, Deepavali, Milad-Un-Nabi (Prophets Birthday), and 12 days during the year
known as Full Moon Poya Days.
Industries
The main industries are the processing of rubber, tea, tobacco, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications; insurance; banking; tourism; shipping; clothing;
textiles; cement; petroleum refining; information technology
services; and construction.
The main exports are textiles and apparel, tea and spices,
precious gems (diamonds, emeralds, and rubies), rubber manufacturing, coconut products, and fish. The main export-trading
partners are the United States, the United Kingdom, and India.
The main imports are petroleum, textile fabrics, machinery
and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral
products, and foodstuffs. The main import-trading partners are
India, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, China, and Iran.
Languages
Sinhala and Tamil are the official languages. English is also
widely used.
Mined Areas
Flag of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is a republic. The island is divided into nine
provinces.
Sri Lanka is governed by a directly-elected President, who
serves a 6-year term. The Cabinet is appointed by the President. The unicameral Parliament consists of 225 directly-elected members, under a modified system of proportional
representation, serving 6-year terms.
The legal system is based on a highly complex mixture of
English common law, Roman-Dutch law, Islamic law, and Sinhalese customary law.
The capital is Colombo.
Holidays
February 4
National Day
Good Friday
Variable
April 13
New Years Eve (Tamil and Sinhala)
April 14
New Years Day (Tamil and Sinhala)
Pub. 160
Reports have been received that waters near Sri Lankan ports
may be mined.
Enroute Volume
Bengal.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Sri Lanka are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf

or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims Palk Bay, Palk Strait, and the Gulf of
Mannar as historic waters.
Sri Lanka
Regulations
East CoastSecurity Zone
Mariners are cautioned that the government of Sri Lanka has
declared a 3-mile wide territorial security zone off the E coast
between Point Pedro (950'N., 8015'E.) and Komari (Sangamankanda Point) (700'N., 8153E.). All merchant vessels
approaching Sri Lanka from the E should be aware of the possible presence of naval patrol vessels which may request identification and details of destination.
The government of Sri Lanka has issued the following regulations:
1. No vessel shall enter or remain within Sri Lankas territorial waters other than:
a. Those entering or leaving Sri Lankas ports of Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, and Kankesanturai.
b. Vessels navigating through the traffic separation zone
off Dondra Head.
c. Vessels engaged in Sri Lankas coastal trade.
d. Vessels laid up inside Trincomalee Harbor.
e. Vessels waiting in the roads off the port of Colombo
with the approval of the harbormaster.
f. Vessels navigating through Sri Lanka's territorial sea
and internal waters in the Palk Strait with the permission
of the commander of the Sri Lanka Navy.
2. Any vessel which enters Sri Lankas territorial waters
in contravention of these rules shall do so at their own risk,
and the Sri Lanka government shall not be liable for any loss
or damage such vessels may suffer.
3. The master of any vessel which enters Sri Lankas territorial waters shall identify the vessels if challenged by:
a. Any vessel responsible for the performance of coast
guard duties.
b. Any Sri Lanka aircraft.
c. Any Sri Lanka authority from land by radio.
4. Any vessel which has to enter Sri Lankas territorial
waters for purposes other than those described in the rules
shall do so only with the approval of the harbormaster.
The above regulations are promulgated for information only
and should in no way be construed as in derogation of the right
of navigation on the high seas.
Palk Strait
Entrance by unauthorized vessels into the waters of Palk
Strait and the E territorial waters of Sri Lanka is prohibited because of increased acts of terrorism against shipping and Sri
Lankan naval vessels. Vessels in the vicinity must contact the
Sri Lankan Command for written authorization to enter these
areas.
399
West Coast
A restrictive zone has been established in the coastal waters
of the W coast of Sri Lanka from Kalpitiya (814'N., 7946'E.)
to the S backwaters of Colombo, about 80 miles S. Vessels
must contact the Sri Lankan Command for written authorization to enter these waters. Violators will be fired on by the Sri
Lankan navy.
Search and Rescue

Maritime search and rescue operations are coordinated by
the Sri Lankan Navy. A Maritime Rescue Coordination Center
(MRCC) is located in Colombo and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
94-11-2445368
94-11-4632153
94-11-4632154
2. Facsimile:
94-11-2441454
94-11-2449718
3. E-mail:
nhqdno@navy.lk
nhqssoo@navy.lk
Colombo Coast Radio Station (4PB) maintains a continuous
listening watch for distress calls on 2182 kHz and VHF channel 16.
Galle Coast Radio Station (4PG), a remote-controlled station
operated from Colombo Coast Radio Station, maintains a continuous listening watch for distress calls on VHF channel 16.
Rescue craft are located in Jaffna, Galle, and Colombo.
Time Zone

An IMO-adopted Traffic Separation Scheme is located off
Dondra Head, the S extremity of Sri Lanka.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 210 Galle Road, Colombo.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 106, Colombo.
U. S. Embassy Sri Lanka Home Page
http://srilanka.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
SUDAN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
401
401
401
402
402
402
402
402
402
402
402
402
403
403
General
Sudan, the largest country in Africa, is located in the NE part
of Africa. It is bounded on the SE by Ethiopia and Eritrea, on
the E by the Red Sea, on the N by Egypt, and on the NW by
Libya. The country may be divided into two regions, as follows:
1. The region lying N of 16N is a continuation of the Sahara Desert.
2. The region lying S of 16N is fertile, abundantly watered, and densely wooded in places.
Sudan is traversed from S to N by the Nile River; the Nubian
Desert extends between the valley of this river and the Red Sea.
This desert consists of a rugged and barren wasteland scored
with ravines where there is scanty vegetation.
The climate is tropical in the S part, with a rainy season of
April to October, and arid desert in the N part.
401
Buoyage System
Cautions
1. The Department of State warns U.S. citizens of the risks
of traveling to Sudan, urges U.S. citizens to avoid all travel to
the Darfur region of Sudan, the Blue Nile and Southern
Kordofan states, and advises U.S. citizens to consider carefully
the risks of travel in other areas of Sudan. While the
Government of Sudan has taken steps to limit the activities of
terrorist groups, elements of these groups remain in Sudan and
have threatened to attack Western interests..
2. The U.S. government maintains a comprehensive
sanctions regime on Sudan. Among the prohibited activities are
any transaction by a United States person relating to
transportation of cargo to or from Sudan. United States
person is defined as any U.S. citizen, permanent resident,
entity organized under U.S. law, or person in the United States.
3. The United States Maritime Administration (MARAD)
has advised that regional tensions entail the risk of maritime
attacks being conducted against vessels operating in the Gulf
of Oman, North Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Bab el
Mandeb regions.
Warning
information.
Pub. 160
Sudan
402
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the dinar, although the former
Sudanese pound remains legal tender.
Government
main export-trading partners are the United Arab Emirates,

Saudi Arabia, and Ethiopia.
The main imports are foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines, chemicals, textiles,
and wheat. The main import-trading partners are Macau, India,
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. Nubian, Ta Bedawie, NiloHamitic, and English are used. Several diverse dialects of Nilotic and some Sudanic languages are also spoken.
Enroute Volume
Flag of Sudan
Sudan is a sovereign independent republic. The country is divided into 17 states.
Sudan is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
5-year term. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President. The National Legislature consists of a 450-member National Assembly (members serving 6-year terms) and an
appointed 34-member Council of States (two members from
each state serving 6-year terms).
The legal system is based on Islamic law and English common law.
The capital is Khartoum.
Holidays
January 1
Independence Day
March 3
National Unity Day
April 6
Uprising Day
May 25
Revolution Day
June 30
National Salvation Revolution Day
December 25
Christmas Day

Industries
The main industries are agriculture, oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap, footwear, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, and automobile/light
truck assembly.
The main exports are gold, oil and petroleum products, cotton, sesame, livestock, peanuts, gum arabic, and sugar. The
Pub. 160
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Sudan are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
18 miles.
Continental Shelf

of Exploitation.

Pollution
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted.
Regulations
Quarantine
The standard quarantine code message should be send 8 to
12 hours prior to arrival. The Ports and Quarantine Health Unit
Port Sudan can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
249-311-825207
2. Facsimile:
249-311-831572
3. E-mail:
PQHU@hotmail.com

Sudan
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum.
403
1. Sudan address
P.O. Box 699
Kilo 10, Soba
Khartoum
2. U.S. address
APO AE (09829)
U. S. Embassy Sudan Home Page
http://sudan.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
SURINAME
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
405
405
405
405
405
405
406
406
406
406
406
406
406
406
407
405
Buoyage System
Exposed light structures marking the approaches to river
ports are liable to be destroyed.
Cautions
when the NE trade winds are strong. Rollers appear where the
depths decrease irregularly or in depths of about 9m over
coastal sand banks and mud banks.
Currency
General
Suriname, located in the N part of South America, is bounded on the E by French Guiana, on the W by Guyana, on the S
by Brazil, and on the N by the Atlantic Ocean.
The official unit of currency is the Suriname guilder, consisting of 100 cents.
Fishing Areas
The majority of the population inhabits the flat and fertile

coastal area, 210 miles long, where dikes permit agriculture.
The country inland is hilly and covered with dense tropical forests.
Government
The climate is equatorial with uniformly high temperatures

and rainfall. There is no recognized dry season.
Suriname is a constitutional democracy. The country is

divided into ten districts.
Large-scale shrimp fishing is carried out off the coast of

Suriname.
Pub. 160
Suriname
406
Languages
Dutch is the official language, but English is widely spoken.
Spanish, Hindi, Javanese, and Chinese are also used. Sranan,
also known as Surinamese or Taki-Taki, is a native language
spoken by the Creoles and many young people.
Flag of Suriname
Suriname is governed by a president elected by the National
Assembly for a 5-year term.The President appoints the Cabinet
of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 51
The legal system is based on Dutch civil law incorporating
French penal theory.
The capital is Paramaribo.
Holidays
Enroute Volume
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Suriname are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
January 1
New Years Day

Suriname and Guyana seek United Nations arbitration to resolve a long-standing dispute over the axis of the territorial sea
in potentially oil-rich waters.
February 25
Revolution Day
Pollution
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
Holy Phagwa
Variable
May 1
Labor Day
July 1
Emancipation Day
August 9
Indigenous People of Suriname Day
November 25
Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Dirty ballast must not be pumped overboard within 50 miles

of the coast.
Vessels in ballast must carry sufficient clean ballast to allow
safe handling over the bars and up the rivers.
Regulations
General
In all ports, vessels must maintain a sufficient state of
readiness to get underway at full power at short notice.
Dangerous cargo must have the method of packing and stowage indicated on the manifest.

Pratique
Vessels are normally cleared when berthed alongside or at
the inner anchorage. A doctor will board only if contact with
disease has been reported in the ETA message.
Industries
Search and Rescue
The main industries are bauxite and gold mining, aluminum

smelting, oil, lumber, food processing, and fishing.
The main exports are aluminum, gold, crude oil, lumber,
shrimp and fish, rice, and bananas. The main export-trading
partners are the United States, Belgium, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, Guyana, and France.
The main imports are capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, and consumer goods. The main import-trading
partners are the United States, the Netherlands, China, the
United Arab Emirates, and Antigua and Barbuda.

in Paramaribo and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
597-474575
2. Facsimile:
597-472845
MRCC Paramaribo maintains a continuous listening watch
for distress traffic on VHF channels 12 and 16.
Pub. 160
Time Zone
Suriname
407
The mailing address is Department of State, P.O. Box 1821,

Paramaribo.
U.S. Embassy
The U. S. Embassy is situated at 129 Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat, Paramaribo.
U. S. Embassy Suriname Home Page

http://suriname.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
TANZANIA
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Offshore Drilling
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
409
409
409
409
410
410
410
410
410
410
410
411
411
411
General
Tanzania, consisting of Tanganyika and the off-lying islands
of Zanzibar and Pemba, is located on the E coast of Africa between the great lakes of the central part of the continent and the
Indian Ocean. It is bounded on the NE by Kenya; on the NW
by Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; on the W by Democratic
Republic of the Congo (Zaire); on the SW by Zambia and Malawi; and on the S by Mozambique.
The mainland consists of a low-lying coastal area, a high
central plateau, and several scattered mountainous zones.
Mount Kilimanjaro, the tallest peak in Africa, stands in the NE
part of Tanzania, near the Kenyan border, and is 5,895m high.
409
Zanzibar is the largest and most important of the many islands lying off the E coast of Africa. This island is undulating,
fertile, and has a harbor on its W side. Pemba, a low island, lies
24 miles NE of Zanzibar.
The climate varies from tropical along the coast to temperate
in the highlands.
Buoyage System
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Tanzanian shilling, consisting of 100 cents.
Fishing Areas
In 2005, a number of fish aggregating devices (FAD) were
moored along sections of the Tanzanian coast, in depths of 300
to 650m, as part of a fisheries development trial.
On the surface, a FAD is marked by a line of up to 25 yellow
plastic floats on a 30m-long wire; the end of the float line may
be marked by a 2m-long pole with a radar reflector. During the
Southeast Monsoon, all or part of the float section may be submerged; the float section resurfaces during the Northeast Monsoon. Vessels should remain at least 0.5 mile clear of a FAD.
Pub. 160
Tanzania
410
Government

(End of Pilgrimage), and Maulid.
Industries
Flag of Tanzania
Tanzania is a republic. The country is divided into 30 regions.
Tanzania is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a 5-year term. The Prime Minister and the cabinet are named
by the President from members of the National Assembly. The
unicameral 357-member National Assembly consists of 239 directly-elected members, 102 female members appointed by the
President, ten additional members appointed by the President,
one seat reserved for the Attorney General, and five members
from the Zanzibar House of Representatives; all members
serve 5-year terms.
Zanzibar has its own directly-elected President, as well as a
directly-elected 50-member House of Representatives, serving
5-year terms; they enact laws that apply only to Zanzibar.
The official capital is Dodoma; all legislative offices are located here. Dar es Salaam is the chief port and former capital;
the Executive Branch and all ministries and diplomatic representatives are located here.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
January 12
Zanzibar Revolution Day
Good Friday
Variable
Holy Saturday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable
Easter Monday
Variable
April 28
Union Day
May 1
Labor Day
July 7
Saba Saba (Peasants Day)
October 14
Mwalimu Nyerere Day
December 9
Independence Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 26
Boxing Day
Pub. 160
The main industries are food processing, mining (diamonds,

gold, and iron), salt, soda ash, cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, and fertilizer.
The main exports are gold, coffee, cashews, manufactured
goods, and cotton. The main export-trading partners are India,
China, Japan, and Germany.
The main imports are consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, and crude oil.
The main import-trading partners are China, India, South Africa, Kenya, and the United Arab Emirates.
Languages
English and Swahili are the official languages. English is the
principal language of commerce, administration, and higher
education.
Swahili, the principal language of communication and primary education, is widely used by numerous ethnic groups.
There are many tribal languages.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Tanzania are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
12 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
Offshore Drilling
The Songo Songo Gas Field lies NNW of Songo Songo
Island (831'S., 3930'E.). A gas pipeline connects the island to
Somanga Funga, 12 miles WSW. The Marine Terminal is
located on the W side of Songo Songo Island.
Regulations
Vessels are advised that it is prohibited to transmit on HF or
MF frequencies when anchored in or navigating within 15
miles of Tanzanian ports. Only VHF transmissions are allowed
unless prior permission has been obtained from the Chief Marine Radio Inspector, Maritime Communications Division, P.O.
Box 2260, Dar es Salaam. Other methods for requesting the
Chief Marine Radio Inspector are, as follows:
Facsimile:
255(0)51-50463
Tanzania
Telex:
989-41908 MBUGI (addressed to

the attention of the Chief Marine
Radio Inspector)
Search and Rescue

The Tanzania Harbor Authority is responsible for search and
rescue operations within the coastal waters of Tanzania. Dar es
Salaam Port Control maintains a continuous listening watch for
distress traffic on VHF channel 16.
Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenter (MRSC) Dar es
Salaam can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
255-222-129325
255-222-129326
255-222-129327
2. Facsimile:
255-222-129326
411
3. E-mail:
mrccdar@sumatra.or.tz
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 686 Old Bagamoyo Road,
Msasani, Dar es Salaam.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam.
U. S. Embassy Tanzania Home Page
http://tanzania.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
THAILAND
General
Buoyage System
Currency
Firing Areas
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Meteorology
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Signals
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
413
413
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
415
415
415
415
415
416
416
413
General
Thailand, formerly Siam, is located in Southeast Asia and
borders the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. It is
bounded on the W by Burma (Myanmar), on the E by Laos and
Kampuchea (Cambodia), and on the S by Malaysia.
The terrain consists of a central plain, with a plateau in the E
part and mountains elsewhere.
The climate is mostly tropical. It is rainy and warm during
the Southwest Monsoon, from mid-May to September. It is dry
and cool during the Northeast Monsoon, from November to
mid-March. The S part is always hot and humid.
Buoyage System
The IALA Buoyage System (Region A) is in effect, although
some beacons and buoys which do not conform to this system
Pub. 160
Thailand
414
continue to exist. See Chart No. 1 for further IALA Buoyage

System information.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the baht, consisting of 100 satang.
Firing Areas
Military firing practice areas have been established off the W
coast of Thailand from SW of Ko Surin to W of Ko Phuket, as
follows:
1a.
915.0'N, 9710.0'E
b.
915.0'N, 9740.0'E
c.
845.0'N, 9740.0'E
d.
845.0'N, 9710.0'E
2a.
900.0'N, 9750.0'E
b.
900.0'N, 9805.0'E
c.
840.0'N, 9805.0'E
d.
840.0'N, 9750.0'E
3a.
833.0'N, 9812.5'E
b.
833.0'N, 9750.0'E
c.
827.0'N, 9750.0'E
d.
827.0'N, 9814.0'E
An anti-submarine exercise area has been established about

45 miles WSW of Ko Phuket and is bounded by lines joining
a. 705'N, 9718'E.
b. 705'N, 9748'E.
c. 805'N, 9748'E.
d. 805'N, 9718'E.
Flag of Thailand
members appointed by judges and independent government
bodies) serving 6-year terms and a 500-member House of Representatives (375 members are directly elected, with the remaining 125 members elected under a system of proportional
representation) serving 4-year terms.
The legal system is based on civil law, with influences of
common law.
The capital is Bangkok.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
May 1
Labor Day
May 5
Coronation Day
July 1
Mid-year Day
August 12
Her Majesty the Queens Birthday
December 5
His Majesty the Kings Birthday
December 10
Constitution Day
December 25
Christmas Day
December 31
New Years Eve
Fishing Areas
Industries

ports and harbors of Thailand.
Fishing stakes and enclosures are generally found on off-lying banks and off the coast in depths of 5 to 10m, but occasionally in greater depths. Their positions are subject to
considerable change.
The main industries are tourism, textiles and clothing, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, furniture,
plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, tin and tungsten
ore mining, and light manufacturing (jewelry, appliances, integrated circuits, and parts).
The main exports are electronics, computer parts, automobiles and parts, electrical appliances, machinery and equipment, textiles, footwear, fish products, rice, and rubber. The
main export-trading partners are China, Japan, the United
States, Hong Kong, and Malaysia.
The main imports are capital goods, intermediate goods and
raw materials, consumer goods, and fuels. The main importtrading partners are Japan, China, the United Arab Emirates,
Malaysia, and the United States.
Government
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. The country is divided into 77 provinces.
Thailand is governed by a King. The Prime Minister is appointed by the King.
The bicameral National Assembly consists of a 150-member
Senate (76 members are directly elected, with the remaining 74
Pub. 160
Languages
Thai is the official language. There are also several ethnic
Thailand
415
and regional dialects. English is used widely by the elite and in

commerce.
the regulations can be accessed at http://thailaws.com/law/

t_law420.pdf.
Meteorology
Search and Rescue
Shipping forecasts are available in English and Thai from the

Thailand Meteorological Department.
Search and rescue operations in Thailand are coordinated by

the Department of Civil Aviation at Krung Thep (Bangkok)
Rescue Coordination Center with the Royal Thai Navy, the
Thai Marine Police Division, and the Harbor Department.
Contact information for RCC Bangkok and its associated
Maritime Rescue Coordination Subcenters (MRSC) is given in
the table titled ThailandSearch and Rescue Contact Information. RCC Bangkok can also be contacted through Bangkok
Radio.
Thailand Meteorological Department Home Page

http://tmd.go.th
Enroute Volumes
Pub. 161, Sailing Directions (Enroute) South China Sea and
Gulf of Thailand.
Sumatera.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Thailand are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
* Claims straight baselines. Claims the inner Gulf of Thailand to 1235'45''N as a historical bay.
Regulations
The laws relating to the production, possession, distribution,
and use of narcotic drugs are extremely severe in Thailand.
Penalties for infringement range from prison sentences and
fines to life imprisonment and even execution.
Crew members, when on shore leave, must not carry sheath
knives or other dangerous weapons.
Requirements for vessels visiting Thai waters are contained
in the Act on Navigation in Thai Waters (BE 2456). A copy of
Signals
General
Thailand requires that vessels preparing to leave port or Thai
waters shall fly the International Code flag P indicating that
the vessel is about to proceed to sea. If the vessel is to depart in
the morning, this flag is to be flown in the afternoon of the previous day. If departure is in the afternoon, the flag is to be
flown in the morning.
The vessel shall notify the harbormaster at least 6 hours before the expected time of departure.
Within Thai territorial waters, merchant vessels may be signaled by Thai naval craft to stop, or to proceed in a certain direction, for the purpose of a search, as follows:
1. By day, signals from the International Code will be
used by naval patrol craft. By night, repeated short and long
flashes will be made by naval patrol craft, or a rocket, from
which a red flare is ejected, will be fired. Vessels that do not
stop in answer to these signals will be fired on.
2. Thai naval aircraft will make the appropriate signal
from the International Code. They will fly low round the vessel and then proceed towards a certain direction indicating
that the vessel must proceed in that direction. Vessels ignoring this signal will be warned by a burst of machine-gun fire
directed ahead of the vessel.
ThailandSearch and Rescue Contact Information

Telephone
Facsimile
E-mail
66-2-2873186
bkkrcc@aviation.go.th
66-2-4022000
66-2-2860506
RCC Bangkok
66-2-2860594
66-2-2869353
66-2-4022001
Bangkok Radio
66-2-4022002
66-2-4022003
66-2-4022004
MRSC Songkhla
66-74-325805
MRSC Phuket
66-76-391598
Pub. 160
416
Thailand
Storm Signals
Signals indicating the presence of storms in the Gulf of Thailand and adjacent waters and their intensity are displayed at
Bangkok. These signals, consisting of a pennant and a flag, are
hoisted on the same yardarm; the pennant is displayed above
the flag. The pennant indicated the intensity of the storm while
the flag indicated the location. The signals are, as follows:
1. Yellow pennantTropical depression or storm with
winds near the center not exceeding 33 knots
2. Blue pennantTropical depression or storm with
winds near the center between 34 and 63 knots.
3. Red pennantTropical depression or storm with
winds near the center exceeding 64 knots
4. Yellow flagArea 1West coast of the Gulf of Thailand to latitude 5N and longitude 105E.
5. Blue flagArea 2West coast of the Gulf of Thailand to latitude 5N.
6. Red flagArea 3The Andaman Sea.
7. Blue flag with yellow square centerArea 4The
South China Sea in an area bound by lines joining the following positions:
a. 500'N, 10500'E.
Pub. 160
b. 1200'N,10500'E.
c. 1200'N,11200'E.
d. 500'N, 11200'E.
Submarine Signals
Thai vessels display a red triangular flag when submarines,
either surfaced or submerged, are in the vicinity.
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 120-122 Wireless Road,
Bangkok 10330.
The mailing address is APO AP (96546).
U. S. Embassy Thailand Home Page
http://bangkok.usembassy.gov
TOGO
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Fishing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
417
417
417
417
418
418
418
418
418
418
418
418
417
The tropical climate produces wet seasons from March to July and from October to November in the S part.
The N part has one wet season, from April to July. The
heaviest rainfall occurs in the mountains of the W, SW, and
central parts.
Buoyage System
Aids to navigation in Togo are unreliable. Lights may be extinguished; buoys and beacons may be missing, unlit, or out of
position.
General
Cautions
Togo is located on the W coast of Africa. It is bounded on
the W by Ghana, on the N by Burkina Faso, and on the E by
Benin.
The seacoast, 28 miles long, lies between a position about
0.8 mile SW of Lome (607'N., 113'E.) and a point 2 miles E
of Anecho.
Togo is traversed from SW to NE by a mountain range,
which divides the country into two nearly equal triangles. The
NW region consists of lowlands drained by rivers and bounded
on the N by hills. The SE region is made up of low-lying coastal districts, with lagoons in the S part and an interior plateau in
the N. There are long stretches of forest and bushwood. The
dry plains alternate with arable land.
General
and deep-water areas off the coast of Togo.
The West African Gas Pipeline lies off the coast of Togo. For
further information, see South Atlantic OceanCautions.
Cautions.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the French African Commu-
Pub. 160
Togo
418
nity franc, consisting of 100 centimes.
August 15
Assumption Day
Fishing Areas
November 1
All Saints Day
December 25
Christmas Day
Ramadan and Tabaski are Islamic holidays, the dates of

which vary depending on the appearance of the moon.
Industries
Government
The main industries are phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages.
The main exports are re-exports, cotton, phosphates, coffee,
and cocoa. The main export-trading partners are India, Lebanon, Burkina Faso, Benin, China, Niger, and the Netherlands.
and petroleum products. The main import-trading partners are
China, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom.
Languages
Flag of Togo
Togo is a republic. The country is divided into five regions.
The country is governed by a directly-elected President serving a 5-year term. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the President. The unicameral National
Assembly consists of 91 directly-elected members serving 5year terms.
law.
The capital is Lome.
Holidays
French is the official language The major African languages

spoken are Ewe and Mina, in the S part of the country, and Dagomba and Kabye, in the N part of the country.
Enroute Volume
Africa.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Togo are, as follows:
Territorial Sea
30 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
January 1
New Years Day
January 13
Liberation Day
January 24
Sarakawa (Economic Liberation

Day)
Time Zone
Good Friday
Variable
Easter Sunday
Variable

is not observed.
Easter Monday
Variable
U.S. Embassy
April 27
Independence Day
May 1
Labor Day
May 8
Victory Day
Ascension Day
Variable
Whitsunday
Variable
Whitmonday
Variable
June 21
Martyrs Day
Pub. 160
The U.S. Embassy is situated at 4332 Boulevard Gnassingbe

Eyadema, Cite OUA, Lome.
1. Togo address
BP 582
Lome
2. U. S. address
Department of State
2300 Lome Place
Togo
419
U. S. Embassy Togo Home Page
http://togo.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Mined Areas
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
421
421
421
421
421
421
422
422
422
422
422
422
422
423
423
423
423
423
General
The United Arab Emirates is located on the E side of the
Arabian Peninsula. It is bounded on the N by the Persian Gulf,
on the E by Oman and the Gulf of Oman, and on the S and W
by Saudi Arabia.
The United Arab Emirates has a dispute with Iran concerning the territorial claims of several islands in the Persian Gulf.
The country consists of a flat barren coastal plain that merges into a vast desert with rolling dunes. Some mountains rise in
the E part.
The climate is mostly hot dry desert being somewhat cooler
in the mountains.
Buoyage System
421
Cautions
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Emirian dirham, consisting of 100 fils.
Firing Areas
and other exercises take place within Area No. 1 (NE of Abu
Dhabi) enclosed by the following positions:
a. 2447'N, 5435'E.
b. 2502'N, 5430'E.
c. 2502'N, 5407'E.
Details of firing exercises within the above area will be
broadcast as warnings by Bahrain Radio (A9M) on 500 kHz,
normally 3 days in advance. Vessels are advised to avoid the
area, or if it is necessary to enter, to proceed with caution.
Government
The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates,
each with its own ruler.
The United Arab Emirates is governed by a President elected
by the Federal Supreme Council (composed of the rulers of the
seven emirates) serving a 5-year term. The President appoints a
Council of Ministers.
Pub. 160
United Arab Emirates
422
val authorities by INMARSAT (150-5612) or to Coalition naval vessels on VHF channel 13 or 16. Details of areas reported
to be dangerous due to mines are also promulgated by Notice
to Mariners issued by the Middle East Navigation Aids Service
(MENAS) and by MARAD advisories.
Flag of United Arab Emirates
The unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) consists of
40 members (20 members are appointed by the rulers of the
emirate; 20 members are directly elected) serving 4-year terms.
The FNC may propose amendments to legislation and the federal budget drafted by the Council of Ministers, but has no executive power.
The legal system consists of a federal court introduced in
1971. All emirates except Dubayy and Ras al Khaymah have
joined this federal system. All emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil and high courts.
The capital is Abu Dhabi.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
December 2-3
U.A.E. National Day

(End of Pilgrimage), Hijrah (Islamic New Year), Ashoora, Ascension of the Prophet, and the Prophets Birthday.
In some regions, the holiday of Rulers Accession Day (August 6) is observed.
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of the United Arab Emirates
are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone **
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
200 miles or median lines.

** The Exclusive Economic Zone extends to agreed Continental Shelf boundaries or to median lines.
The United Arab Emirates and Iran are conducting talks to
resolve disputes over Irans occupation of Jazireh-ye Tonb-e
Bozorg (2616'N., 5518'E.), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek
(2614'N., 5509'E.), and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (2553'N.,
5502'E.). It has been reported (2014) an agreement has been
reached where Iran will return sovereignty of the islands to the
United Arab Republic while retaining the sea bed rights surrounding the islands.
Industries
The main industries are petroleum and petrochemicals, fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, commercial ship repair,
construction materials, handicrafts, and textiles.
The main exports are crude oil, natural gas, re-exports, dried
fish, and dates. The main export-trading partners are Japan, India, Iran, Thailand, Singapore, and South Korea.
chemicals, and food. The main import-trading partners are India, China, the United States, and Germany.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. Farsi and English are widely
used in the major cities. Hindi and Urdu are also used.
Mined Areas
Persian Gulf. Further information should be obtained from the
local authorities. Mine sightings should be reported to the na-
Pub. 160
Pollution
General.All vessels navigating in the territorial waters of
the United Arab Emirates are required to report any sighting of
oil pollution. Oil observed surrounding a vessel, which has
failed to report its presence, will render this vessel liable to a
fine.
Ballast Water Management.The coast of the United Arab Emirates lies within the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area. For
further information on the ballast water exchange requirements
in this area, see Red Sea and the Persian GulfPollution
Persian Gulf Area Ballast Water Management Regulations.
Regulations
Masters are warned that public consumption of alcoholic
drinks is strictly prohibited in the United Arab Emirates and its
territorial waters. Crew members must not be allowed to offer
alcohol to any Muslim for any reason whatsoever.
It has been reported (2003) that vessels calling at ports in
United Arab Emirates

Sharjah and Sharjah waters should appoint a local agent to advise the port of the vessels ETA, particulars, and purpose of
call.
Search and Rescue

Dubai Ports and Emirates Coast Radio Station (A6L) maintains a continuous listening watch on VHF DSC and VHF
channel 16 for distress traffic.

Time Zone
423

Traffic Separation Schemes in the United Arab Emirates are,
as follows:
2. Between Zaqqum Oil Field and Umm Shaif (Umm ash
Shayf) Oil Field. (IMO adopted)
3. Das Deep-Water Channel. (Government of United
Arab Emirates)
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated in the Safarat District (Embassy District), Plot 38, Sector W59-02, Road 4, Abu Dhabi.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi.
U. S. Embassy United Arab Emirates Home Page
http://abudhabi.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
URUGUAY
General
425
Buoyage System
425
Cautions
425
Currency
425
Firing Areas
426
Government
426
Holidays
426
Industries
426
Languages
426
426
Pilotage
426
Pollution
426
Regulations
426
Search and Rescue
427
427
Time Zone
427
U.S. Embassy
427
AppendixMaritime Movement Control and Information
System
429
General
Uruguay, located on the SE side of South America, is bounded on the NE by Brazil, on the S by the Rio de la Plata, on the
W by Argentina, and on the SE by the Atlantic Ocean. It has a
coast about 300 miles long, including the N shore of the Rio de
la Plata. The shores are mostly fronted by sandy beaches, separated by rocky points.
Generally, the country is composed of rolling grassy plains
425
and low hills. The land is well-watered by several rivers.

The climate is temperate with mild winters and warm summers. The wettest period is from March to June, but there is really no dry season.
Buoyage System
Mariners are cautioned that the buoyage in those parts of the
Rio Uruguay that are the responsibility of the Uruguayan authorities is being changed to IALA Region B. Mariners are further cautioned that they might encounter both buoyage systems
until the changeover is complete and should contact local authorities for the latest information.
Cautions
High Speed Craft
High speed craft, with speeds in excess of 30 knots, operate
in the following areas:
1. Colonia-Buenos Aires.
2. Montevideo-Buenos Aires.
3. Piriapolis-Buenos Aires.
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Uruguayan peso, consisting of 100 centesimos.
Pub. 160
Uruguay
426
Firing Areas
November 1
All Saints Day
A firing practice area extends SW from Punta Lobas

(3454'S., 5516'W.).
December 25
Industries
Government
The main industries are food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles,
chemicals, and beverages.
The main exports are meat, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat,
wood, dairy products, and wool. The main export-trading partners are Brazil, China, Argentina, and Germany.
The main imports are crude oil, refined oil, motor vehicles
and parts, and cellular phones. The main import-trading partners are China, Brazil, Argentina, the United States, and Paraguay.
Languages
Flag of Uruguay
Uruguay is a constitutional republic. The country is divided
into 19 departments.
Uruguay is governed by a directly-elected President serving
a 5-year term. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the
President with the approval of the General Assembly. The bicameral General Assembly consists of the directly-elected 30member Chamber of Senators, serving 5-year terms, and the
directly-elected 99-member Chamber of Representatives, serving 5-year terms.
The legal system is based on Spanish civil law.
The capital is Montevideo.
Holidays
Spanish is the official language. Brazilero, a mixture of Portuguese and Spanish, is spoken in the region bordering Brazil.
Enroute Volume
America.
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Uruguay are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
January 1
New Years Day
January 6
Three Kings Day (Epiphany)/

Childrens Day
Carnival (two
days)
Variable
Holy Thursday
Variable
Good Friday
Variable
Holy Saturday
Variable
Pilotage is compulsory W of Montevideo. The pilots board

near the Practicos Recalada Lightfloat (3506'27.0''S.,
5557'52.2''E.).
Easter Sunday
Variable
Pollution
April 19
Desembarco de los 33 Orientales
May 1
Labor Day
May 18
Battle of Las Piedras
June 19
Birthday of Artigas
July 18
Constitution Day
August 25
Independence Day
October 12
Battle of Sarandi/Dia de la Raza/

Discovery of America Day
Pub. 160
* Claims straight baselines. Claims, jointly with Argentina, the estuary of the Rio de la Plata as internal waters.
Pilotage
Oil pollution regulations are strictly enforced. Among other

measures, vessels are prohibited from discharging or dumping
oil within fifty miles of the coast.
Regulations
Vessels in all ports must hoist the Uruguayan flag. It is recommended that the prescribed times for raising and lowering
this courtesy flag be correctly established in order to avoid
fines.
Uruguay
In Rio de la Plata, it is recommended that vessels have an underkeel clearance of at least 0.6m.
Search and Rescue

The Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) Uruguay is responsible for coordinating search and rescue operations and can be contacted, as follows:
1. Telephone:
598-2-9161389
2. Facsimile:
598-2-9161389
598-2-9167922
3. E-mail:
mrccuruguay@gmail.com
comflo_radio@armada.gub.uy
jesar@armada.gub.uy
Lifesaving stations are located, as follows:
1. Punta del Este (3458'S., 5457'W.).
2. Piriapolis (3452'S., 5518'W.).
3. Montevideo (3454'S., 5613'W.).
4. Rio Santa Lucia (3450'S., 5626'W.).
5. La Paloma (3439'S., 5409'W.).
6. Puerto Sauce (3427'S., 5726'W.).
7. Colonia (3428'S., 5750'W.).

The Maritime Movement Control and Information System
427
applies to all vessels entering or leaving Uruguayan waters. It

encompasses the area W of longitude 5050'W and SW of a
line bearing 128 from Chui Light (3345'S., 5322'W.). For
further information, see the Appendix.
Time Zone
Time (OSCAR (+2)) is maintained from the first Sunday in
October until the second Sunday in March of the following
year.
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo.
1. Uruguay address
Lauro Muller 1776
Montevideo, 11200
2. U. S. address
APO AA (34035)
U. S. Embassy Uruguay Home Page
http:/uruguay.usembassy.gov
Pub. 160
Uruguay
429
AppendixMaritime Movement Control and Information System

The Maritime Movement Control and Information System
applies to all vessels entering or leaving Uruguayan waters. It
encompasses the area W of longitude 5050'W and SW of a
line bearing 128 from Chui Light (3345'S., 5322'W.).
The system is divided into various zones, each containing a
Port Control Center concerned with control and information
within a port or within its surrounding area up to a distance of
50 miles. Information on each Port Control Center is given in
the accompanying table titled Maritime Movement Control
and Information System Reporting Points.
The following procedures are in effect for the Maritime
Movement Control and Information System:
1. Vessels should contact the appropriate Port Control
Center when entering each zone, giving the following information:
a. Vessel name, flag, call sign, and port of origin.
b. Position (latitude/longitude), course, and speed.
c. Destination port, ETA, type of vessel, and maximum draft.
2. The following information should also be reported to
the Port Control Center:
a. Any significant changes to the vessels course,
speed, or destination port.
b. If transporting dangerous cargo (hydrocarbons or
their by-products, chemical products, etc.).
c. Any changes to loading or unloading forecasts.
d. A request for anchoring, if required.
e. A request for carrying out maneuvers in the Port

Operations Area. This permission expires 20 minutes after
being granted.
f. Any accident, fire, or damage on board the vessel.
g. Assistance rendered to other vessels in distress or
difficulty.
h. Unmarked or uncharted hazards to navigation.
i. Any sightings of pollution (contaminating or dangerous substances).
j. Significant reduction in visibility.
k. The start and completion of any authorized operation (trans-shipment, load consignment, etc.).
3. Vessels should maintain a continuous listening watch
on VHF channel 16 when within the zone. If a vessel cannot
maintain a listening watch on VHF channel 16, they should
use VHF channel 11 or VHF channel 13 and advise the Port
Control Center accordingly.
4. Clearance should be obtained from the Port Control
Center prior to any movements. This clearance expires automatically after 15 minutes.
All Port Control Centers can be contacted on VHF channels
11, 13, and 16.
Spanish or English should be used when communicating
with the Control Centers. Reports should be made by telex if
VHF contact is not made. A log of all reports made should be
maintained.
Maritime Movement Control and Information System Reporting Points

Port Control
Center
Call sign
Zone
Geographic area
La Paloma
La Paloma
Prefectura
Radio Control (CWC
30)
Kilo
The Atlantic Ocean located between the coast and 200 miles seaward
bounded to the E by a line bearing 128 from Chui Light, to the W by longitude 5415'W up to the Argentinian Maritime Limit, and to the S by the
Argentina-Uruguay Lateral Maritime Limit. The area excludes Zone Lima.
La Paloma 1
La Paloma
Prefectura
Radio Control (CWC
30)
Lima
The port area of La Paloma bounded by the coast and a circle with a radius
of 1.3 miles centered on the light on the outermost breakwater.
Vessels should report to La Paloma Control when abeam of the breakwater light.
Punta del Este
Control Punta del Este

Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 34)
Punta del Este 2
Control Punta del Este

Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 34)
Golf
Hotel
The area of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean between the coast
and 200 miles seaward bounded to the E by longitude 5415'W up to the
Argentinian Maritime Limit and to the W by longitude 5530'W. The area
excludes Zone Hotel and Zone Tango.
Maldonado BayThe area between the coast and the imaginary line joining Punta del Este and Punta Ballena, including Boca Grande and Boca
Chica.
Port areaThe area between the coast and the imaginary line joining the
end of the breakwater and N of Playa Mansa, including the whole mooring
buoy zone.
Pub. 160
Uruguay
430

Port Control
Center
Call sign
Zone
Geographic area
Vessels should report to Punta del Este Control when abeam of Bajo del Monarca Lighted Buoy and when abeam of Isla de
Gorriti Light
Piriapolis
Control
Piriapolis
Prefectura
Radio
Tango
The area of the Rio de la Plata between longitudes 5516'07.8''W (passing

through Punta Iman) and 5514'00.0''W (passing through Punta Rasa); and
N of latitude 3456'30.0''S.
Puerto del Buceo
Control Buceo
Prefectura
Radio
Oscar
The area of the Rio de la Plata between longitudes 5600'W and 5609'W;
and N of latitude 3457'S.
Montevideo
Control
Montevideo
Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 39)
Alfa
The area of the Rio de la Plata between the Uruguayan coast and longitudes
5530'W and 5721'W, and bounded to the S by the Argentinian Maritime
Limit. This area excludes Zone Bravo, Zone Oscar, and Zone Papa.
Montevideo
Control
Montevideo
Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 39)
Bravo
The area of the Rio de la Plata between the lines of longitude passing
through Punta Sayago and Punta Brava, the coast, and N of latitude
3501'S. The area includes the access channel to the port of Montevideo
and the Outer Port.
Vessels should report to Montevideo Control when abeam of Fairway Entrance Lighted Buoy and when abeam of the breakwater.
Santiago Vazquez
Control Santiago Vazquez

Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 38)
Papa
The area of the Rio de la Plata between the coast, longitudes 5620'W and
5640'W; and N of latitude 3456'S.
Colonia
Control Colonia
Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 23)
Charlie
The area of the Rio de la Plata bounded by longitude 5721'W (passing

through Punta Rosario), Km 0 of the Rio Uruguay, and the midline equidistant from both coasts. This area excludes Zone Delta.
Colonia
Control
Colonia
Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 23)
Delta
The area of the Rio de la Plata bounded by the imaginary line joining Punta
San Carlos, Isla Lopez Oeste, Isla Farallon, Viena Green Lighted Buoy,
position 3430.0'S, 5743.3'W (passing through Punta Riachuelo), and the
coast.
Puerto Sauce
(Juan Lacaze)
Control
Sauce Prefectura Radio (CWC
27)
Echo
The area of the Rio de la Plata between longitudes 5725.8'W and

5733.0'W, the coast, and latitude 3429.3'S.
Arroyo Riachuelo
Control Riachuelo Prefectura Radio
The Arroyo Riachuelo and its mouth.
Rio San Juan
Control San
Juan Prefectura Radio
The Rio San Juan and its mouth.
Pub. 160
Uruguay
431

Port Control
Center
Call sign
Control Carmelo
Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 22)
Carmelo
Zone
Mike
Geographic area
The area bounded to the W by the E bank of Principal Channel, to the N by
Km 0 of the Rio Uruguay, to the S by a line joining Punta Martin Chico and
Buoy Km 104, and to the E by the N bank of Canal del Este, the coast, and
Arroyo de la Vacas.
Vessels should report to Carmelo Control Center when entering or leaving the S channel of Isla Sola, when entering or leaving
Canal Santo Domingo, and when entering or leaving Canal Camacho.
Nueva Palmira
Control
Nueva Palmira Prefectura Radio
(CWC 31)
Zulu
The area of the Rio Uruguay between Km 0 and Km 33 and the midline
equidistant from both coasts. This area excludes Zone Foxtrot.
Nueva Palmira
Control
Nueva Palmira Prefectura Radio
(CWC 31)
Foxtrot
The port of Nueva Palmira and the water area including port infrastructure.
Fray Bentos
Control Fray
Bentos Prefectura Radio (CWC
25)
Yankee
The area of the Rio Uruguay between Km 33 and Km 153 and the midline
equidistant from both coasts. This area excludes Zone Juliet.
Fray Bentos
Control Fray
Bentos Prefectura Radio (CWC
25)
Juliet
The port of Fray Bentos and the water area bounded to the S by the coast,
to the E by Km 100, to the W by Km 96, and to the N by the Argentinian
border.
Paysandu
Control Paysandu Prefectura Radio (CWC

32)
X-ray
The area of the Rio Uruguay between Km 153 and Km 270. This area excludes Zone November.
Paysandu
Control Paysandu Prefectura Radio (CWC

32)
November
The area of the Rio Uruguay between latitude 3220'S (passing through the
mouth of the Rio Sacra) to latitude 3214'S (passing through the mouth of
Arroyo San Francisco).
Salto
Control Salto Prefectura Radio

(CWC 37)
Whiskey
The area of the Rio Uruguay between Km 270 and Km 368.
Belen
Control Belen Prefectura Radio

(CWC 45)
Victor
Bella Union
Control Bella Union

Prefectura
Radio
(CWC 21)
Uniform
Pub. 160
YEMEN
General
Buoyage System
Cautions
Currency
Firing Areas
Government
Holidays
Industries
Languages
Pollution
Regulations
Search and Rescue
Time Zone
U.S. Embassy
433
433
433
434
434
434
434
434
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
435
436
General
Yemen is located in the SW part of the Arabian Peninsula. It
is bordered on the N by Saudi Arabia, on the E by Oman, on
the S by the Gulf of Aden, and on the W by the Red Sea.
It also includes the island of Suqutra (Socotra), in the Arabian Sea, and the islands of Mayyun and Kamaran, in the Red
Sea.
The coastal areas are sandy and flat, while the interior is
mountainous.
The climate is mostly desert; hot and humid along the W
433
coast and extraordinarily hot and dry in the E. The W mountain

area is temperate and subject to a seasonal monsoon.
Buoyage System
Navigational lights in Yemen have been reported to be unreliable.
Cautions
1. The U.S. Department of State warns U.S. citizens of the
high security threat level in Yemen due to terrorist activities,
civil unrest, and Operation Decisive Storm. On 11 Feb 15, due
to the deteriorating security situation in Sanaa, the Department
of State suspended embassy operations and U.S. Embassy Sanaa American staff were relocated out of the country. All consular services, routine and/or emergency, have been suspended
until further notice. All airports are currently closed and there
are no commercial transport options available. The department
urges U.S. citizens to defer travel to Yemen and those U.S. citizens currently living in Yemen to shelter in place until it is
safe to depart. The level of risk for foreigners in Yemen remains high. Yemen based Al Qaida Arabian Peninsula
(AQAP) maintains an interest in conducting attacks against
port facilities, commercial, or transiting warships, and are engaged in general planning in this regard. However, it cannot be
Pub. 160
434
Yemen
ruled out that the extremists may be capable of other more sophisticated methods of targeting, such as the use of mortars or
projectiles to target ships such as the rockets used to unsuccessfully strike a Navy ship in Jordan in 2005. Although the
time and location of such an attack is unknown, it is likely that
ships in the Bab-al-Mandeb strait, southern Red Sea, and the
Gulf of Aden along the coast of Yemen, as well as in associated ports or at offshore facilities are at the greatest risk of becoming targets of such an attack.
2. U.S. citizens who are able to depart Yemen for another
country and are in need of emergency assistance may contact a
U.S. embassy or consulate in that country. While they do not
have an ability to provide departure assistance to U.S. citizens
who are in Yemen, they can provide assistance to U.S. citizens
by relaying urgent messages with loved-ones, enrolling U.S.
citizens in our smart traveler enrollment program to provide informational updates by e-mail, and to facilitate consular services to U.S. citizens who arrive in that neighboring country.
for U.S. citizen inquiries, you may send an email to yemenemergencyusc@state.gov. The current travel warning for Yemen is posted at http://www.travel.state.gov/content/passports/
english/alertswarnings/yemen-travel-warning.html
3. Travel by boat through the Red Sea or near the Socotra
Islands in the Gulf of Aden also presents a continuing high risk
of pirate attacks. In 2011, over 15 vessels were reportedly attacked in this area. While the number of attacks has diminished
over the last three years, there have been suspicious activities
indicating the possible presence of pirates.
4. Additional information from the U.S. Maritime Administration may be available at http://www.marad.dot.gov/
news_room_landing_page/maritime_advisories/advisory_summary.htm
Warning
information.
Locust Reports
information.
Patrol Area.
Government
Flag of Yemen
Yemen is a republic. The country is divided into 20 governorates and one municipality. It has been reported (2014) Yemen will create a federal system of government dividing the
country into six regions.
Yemen is governed by a directly-elected President serving a
7-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
The bicameral legislature consists of a 111-member Shura
Council appointed by the President and a directly-elected 301member Assembly of Representatives serving 6-year terms.
The legal system is based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary practices.
The official political capital is Sanaa. The economic and
commercial capital is the port city of Aden.
Holidays
January 1
New Years Day
May 1
Labor Day
May 22
National Unity Day
September 26
Revolution Day (North Yemen)
October 14
Revolution Day (Aden)
November 30
Independence Day (South Yemen)

Industries
Currency
The official unit of currency is the Yemen riyal, consisting of
100 fils.
Firing Areas
It is reported that military vessels may be encountered exercising in areas centered 50 miles WSW and 18 miles ENE of
Aden.
Pub. 160
The main industries are crude oil production and refining,

agriculture, textiles, leather goods, food processing, handicrafts, aluminum products, cement, commercial ship repair.,
and natural gas production.
The main exports are crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish,
and liquefied natural gas. The main export-trading partners are
China, Thailand, India, and South Korea.
The main imports are food, livestock, machinery and equipment, and chemicals. The main import-trading partners are the
European Union, the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland, Chi-
Yemen
na, and India.
Languages
Arabic is the official language. English is widely understood
in the commercial city of Aden.
435
designated as MARPOL Special Areas, as follows:

1. The Red Sea proper, including the Gulf of Suez and the
Gulf of Aqaba.
2. The Gulf of Aden.
Regulations
Enroute Volume
Maritime Claims
The maritime territorial claims of Yemen are, as follows:
Territorial Sea *
12 miles.
Contiguous Zone **
24 miles.
Zone
200 miles.
Continental Shelf
* Requires advance permission or notification for innocent passage of warships in the territorial sea. Claims a
notice requirement for warships, nuclear-powered vessels,
and vessels transporting nuclear materials or other radioactive substances prior to entering the territorial sea.
Pollution
Officials from Yemens Maritime Affairs Authority (MAA)
conduct random inspections of vessels calling at Yemeni ports
and terminals to check oil log books and the oil residue receipt
issued by the vessels last port of call for comparison with the
vessels slop tanks to ensure the vessel has not discharged
waste oil into Yemeni territorial waters, economic zone, or
continental shelf.
The Maritime Affairs Authority requires all foreign vessels
and oil tankers carrying more than 2,000 tons of crude oil to
provide an insurance certificate or a statement of financial
guarantee to cover their civil responsibility regarding the harmful effects of oil pollution damage.
Officials from the MAA also inspect vessels to ensure that
all ship wastes, such as oily waste, engine room waste water,
and garbage, are discharged to a competent authority. Vessels
must provide, upon request, documents proving the indicated
ship waste was delivered to a competent authority at the current
or previous port. Vessels failing to provide this documentation
will be deemed to have discharged the ship waste into Yemeni
territorial waters and be subject to legal action.
MARPOL Special Area
been adopted. Several areas off the coast of Yemen have been
All vessels calling at Al Ahmadi (Hodeidah), Salif, Ras Isa

Marine Terminal, and Al Mukha are required to submit the following documentation, via the agent, at least 24 hours prior to
arrival:
1. Crew list.
2. Owner and charterer details.
3. Cargo manifest and cargo plan.
4. Dangerous cargo manifest.
5. Copy of last port clearance.
Search and Rescue

Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) Sanaa can be contacted,
as follows:
1. Telephone:
967-1-344671
967-1-344672
967-1-344673
2. Facsimile:
967-1-345916
3. E-mail:
moh.ali001@yahoo.com

Time Zone

Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) off Yemen are, as follows:
1. In Bab-el-Mandeb. (IMO adopted)
2. West and South of Jazirat al Hanish al Kubra. (IMO
adopted)
3. East of Jazirat Jabal Zuqar. (IMO adopted)
Pub. 160
436
Yemen
U.S. Embassy
The U.S. Embassy is situated at Saawan Street, Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa.
Pub. 160
The mailing address is P.O. Box 22347, Sanaa, Yemen.

U. S. Embassy Yemen Home Page
http://yemen.usembassy.gov

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SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

Prepared and published by the

DNC web site:

Maritime Domain website:

Maritime Safety Office

New editions of Sailing Directions are corrected through the

Warnings are also available on the Maritime Domain website.

Lighter Aboard Ship

estimated time of arrival

Greenwich Mean Time

mean sea level

low water springs

Large Automatic Navigation Buoy

Single Point Mooring

Automatic Identification System

Maritime Mobile Service Identity Code

The following abbreviations may be used in the text:

International Assoc of Lighthouse Authorities

The major industries are agriculture, petroleum production,

The following holidays are observed:

New Years Day

Start of Armed Struggle Day

200 miles or the Continental Margin.

Armed Forces Day *

National Heroes Day

Date of Foundation of MPLA

Christmas Eve (starting at

Christmas Day (also known as

* Unofficial holiday, but widely celebrated.

* Claims straight baselines.

Search and Rescue

Ship Reporting System

of the Pampas. In the far N, these plains are heavily wooded

Argentine light vessels also display a riding light; if the light

The following holidays are observed:

New Years Day

Malvinas Veterans Day

1810 Revolution Anniversary

Death of General San Martin

Spanish is the official language. English, Italian, German,

200 miles or the Continental Margin.

* Claims straight baselines. Requires advance permission

Maritime Boundary Disputes

Search and Rescue

1. Cabo San Antonio (3618'S., 5646'W.).

Ship Reporting System

ArgentinaMRCC/RSC Contact Information

ArgentinaMRCC/RSC Contact Information

RSC Concepcion del Uruguay

RSC Paso de los Libres

RSC Mar del Plata

RSC Bahia Blanca

RSC Puerto Madryn

RSC San Antonio Oeste

RSC San Carlos de Bariloche

RSC Rio Gallegos

RSC Lago Argentino

RSC Islas Orcadas

Communicate via MRCC Ushuaia *