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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |
2014
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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
INTERNATIONAL LAW (IL)

-
Traditional concept- a body of rules

and principles of action which are
binding upon civilized states in
their relations with another.
Schwarzenberger- is the body of
legal rules which apply between
sovereign states and such other
entities as have been granted
international personality.
Regulates
the
relations
of
individuals among
themselves or with
their own states
Violations of the
municipal law are
redressed through
local administration
and judicial process
DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

1. Laws of peace- govern the normal
relations of states.
2. Laws of war- when war breaks out
between or among some of them,
the relation of these states cease
to be regulated under the laws of
peace and come under the laws of
war.
3. Laws of neutrality- those states
not involved in the war continue to
be regulated under the laws of
peace in their relations inter se.
however, their relations with the
belligerents, or those involved in
the war, are governed by the laws
of neutrality.
INTERNATIONAL LAW V. MUNICIPAL
LAW
1. Monists- There is no substantial
distinction between international
law and municipal law because
they believe in the oneness or
unity of all law
2. Dualists- who believe in the
dichotomy of the law, there are
certain well established difference
between international law and
municipal law.
MUNICIPAL LAW
Issued by a political
superior
for
observance
by
those
under
its
authority
Consists mainly of
enactments
from
the
law-making
authority of each
INTERNATIONAL
LAW
Is not imposed upon
but simply adopted
by states as a
common
rule
of
action
among
themselves
Derived not from
any
particular
legislation but from
sources
as
Breaches
of
municipal
law
generally
entail
only
individual
responsibility
international
custom,
international
conventions and the
general principles of
law
Applies
to
the
relations inter se of
states and other
international
persons
Questions
of
international law are
resolved
through
state-to-state
transactions ranging
from
peaceful
methods
like
negotiations
and
arbitration to the
hostile arbitrament
of like reprisals and
even war
Responsibility
of
infraction
of
international law is
usually collective in
the sense that it
attaches directly ot
the state and not to
its nationals.
It is possible for a principle of municipal

law to become part of international law, as
when the principle is embodied in a treaty
or convention.
TWO THEORIES AS TO MANNER OF
ADOPTING INTERNATIONAL LAW AS
PART OF THE LAW OF THE LOCAL
STATE
1. DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION
- International laws are adopted as
part of a states municipal law, by
affirming their recognition of the
principles of international law in
their constitutions.
2. DOCTRINE
OF
TRANSPORMATION
- Generally
accepted
rules
of
international law are not per se
binding upon the state but must
first be embodied in legislation
enacted by the law-making body
and so transformed into municipal
law.

2014
CRITERIA
TO
BE
APPLIES
IN
RESOLVING
CONFLICTS
BETWEEN
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPAL
LAW
-
To attempt to reconcile the

apparent contradiction and thereby
give effect, if possible, to both
systems of law.
It should be presumed that municipal law

is always enacted by each state with due
respect for and never in defiance of the
generally
accepted
principles
of
international law.
CONSTITUTION V. TREATY
Generally, the treaty is rejected in the
local forum but is upheld by international
tribunals as demandable obligation of the
signatories
under
the
maxim
pactasuntservanda.
The position of the Philippines regarding
this matter is clear enough. There can be
no doubt as to the meaning of our
constitution when it authorizes the SC to
decide, among others, all cases involving
the constitutionality of any treaty,
international or executive agreement,
law
BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Naturalist school of thoughtthere is a natural and universal
principle of right and wrong,
independent
of
any
mutual
intercourse or compact, which is
supposed to be discovered and
recognized by every individual
through the use of his reason and
his conscience.
2. Positivists- who that the binding
force of international law is derived
from the agreement of sovereign
states to be bound by it.
3. Eclectics or Grotians- both the
law of nature and the consent of
states as the basis of international
law.
SANCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Belief shared by many states in the
inherent
reasonableness
of
international law and their common
conviction that its observance will
redound to the welfare of the whole
society of nations.
2. But regardless of the intrinsic merit
of the rules of international law,
they may still be observed by
states because of the normal
habits of obedience ingrained in
the nature of man as social being.
3. Respect for the world opinion held

by most states, or their desire to
project an agreeable public image
in order to maintain the goodwill
and favourable regard of the rest of
the family of nations.
4. The constant and reasonable fear,
present even in the most powerful
states,
that
violation
of
international law might visit upon
the culprit the retaliation of other
states.
5. There is the machinery of the UN
which, within the sphere of its
limited powers, has on many
occasions proved to be an effective
deterrent to international disputes
caused be disregard of the law of
nations.
FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. To establish peace and order in the
community of nations and to
prevent the employment of force,
including war, in all international
relations
2. It strives as well to promote world
friendship by levelling the barriers,
as of color or creed, that have so
far obstructed the fostering of a
closer understanding in the family
of nations.
3. To encourage and ensure greater
international cooperation in the
solution
of
certain
common
problems of a political, economic,
cultural or humanitarian character
4. Aims to provide for the orderly
management of the relations of
states on the basis of the
substantive rules they have agreed
to observe as members of the
international community.
DISTINCTION WITH OHERS CONCEPTS
1. International morality or ethicsthose principles which governs the
relations of states from the higher
standpoint of conscience, morality,
justice and humanity.
2. International comity- those rules
of courtesy observed by states in
their mutual relations, in that
violations of its precepts are not
regarded as constituting grounds
for legal claims.
3. International diplomacy- relates
to the objects of national or
international
policy
and
the
conduct of foreign affairs or
international relations.
4. International
administrative
law- that body of laws and
regulations, now highly developed,
created
by
the
action
of

2014
international
conference
or
commissions which regulate the
relations and activities of national
and international agencies with
respect to those material and
intellectual
interests
which
received an authoritative universal
recognition.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
-
the body of juridical entities which

are governed by law of nation.
Modern concept- it is composed not
only of states but also of such
other international persons.
SUBJECT V. OBJECT
CHAPTER 2
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
KINDS OF SOURCES
1. Primary/ direct sources
a. Treaties/conventions,
whether general or particular,
establishing rules expressly
recognized by the contesting
states
b. International
customsa
practice which has grown up
between states and has come
to be accepted as binding the
mere fact of persistent usage
over a long period of time.
c. General principles of law
recognized
by
civilized
nations- the general principles
of law are mostly derived from
the law of nature and observed
by the majority of states
because they believed to be
good and just.
2. Secondary/ indirect sources
a. Decisions of courts- art 38 of
the statute of ICJ does not
distinguish
between
those
rendered
by
international
tribunals
and
those
promulgated only by national
courts
b. Writing of publicists-must
also be, to qualify as such, a
fair
and
unbiased
representation of international
law, and by an acknowledged
authority in the field.
NOTE: The doctrine of stare decisis is not
applicable in international law, and so the
decision of a subsequent case.
CHAPTER 3
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- is

the
entity
that
has
rights
and
responsibilities under that law. It has an
international personality in that it can
directly assert rights and be held directly
responsible under the law of nations.
OBJECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAWis the person or thing in respect of which
rights are held and obligations assumed
by the subject.
STATES
-
A group of people living together in

a definite territory under the
independent government organized
for political ends and capable of
entering
into
international
relations.
ELEMENTS:
1. A
permanent
populationHuman being living within its
territory
2. Defined territory- fixed portion of
the surface of the earth in which
the people of the state reside
3. Governmentagency
through
which the will of the state is
formulated,
expressed
and
realized.
4. Sovereignty or independenceexternal aspect or manifestation of
sovereignty, that is, the power of
the state to direct its own external
affairs without interference or
dictation from other states.
CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
INDEPENDENT STATES
one which is not subject
dictation from others in this respect
to
a. Simple States- one which is

placed under a single and
centralized
government
exercising power over both its
internal and external affairs
b. Composites States- two or
more states, each with its own
separate
government
but

2014
bound under a central authority

exercising, to a greater or less
degree, control over their
external relations.
An
entity
which,
although
theoretically a state, does not have full
freedom in the direction of its external
affairs. It fall into two general categories:
1. Real union- created when

two or more states are
merged under a unified
authority so that they form
a single international person
through which they act as
one entity.
2. Federal
unionis
a
combination of two or more
sovereign states which upon
merger cease to be states,
resulting in the creation of a
new
state
with
full
international personality to
represent them in their
external relations as well as
a certain degree of power
over their domestic affairs
and their inhabitants. i.e. US
3. Confederationis
an
organization of states which
retain
their
internal
sovereignty and, to some
degree,
their
external
sovereignty,
while
delegating to the collective
body power to represent
them as a whole for certain
limited
and
specified
purposes.
4. Personal union- comes
into being when two or
more independent states
are brought together under
the rule of the same
monarch, who nevertheless
does
not
become
one
international persons for the
purpose of representing any
or all of them.
5. Incorporate union- two or
more states under a central
authority empowered to
direct both their external
and internal affairs and
possessed of a separate
international personality.
a. Protectorate- which is established

at the request of the weaker state
for the protection by string power
b. Suzerainty- which is a result of a
concession from a states to a
former colony that is allowed to be
independent
subject
to
the
retention by the former sovereign
of certain power over the external
affairs of the latter.
NEUTRALIZED STATES
An independent state, whether it
be simple or composite, may be
neutralized through the agreement with
other states by virtue of which the latter
will
guarantee
its
integrity
and
independence provided it refrains from
taking any act that will involve it in war or
other hostile activity except for defensive
purposes.
DEPENDENT STATES
UNITED NATIONS
UN is not is state or a super state
but a mere organization of states, it is
regarded as an international person for
certain purposes.
THE VATICAN CITY
The holy see has all the constituent
element of statehood ( people, territory:
108.7 acres; government with the pope as
head; and independence by virtue of the
Lateran Treaty of February 11,1929, which
constitutes the Vatican as a territory under
the sovereignty of the Holy See. It has all
the right of a state, including diplomatic
intercourse,
immunity
from
foreign
jurisdiction.
COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES
A colony or a dependency is part and
parcel of the parent state, through which
all its external relations are transacted
with other states. As such, therefore, it
has no legal standing in the family of
nations. Nevertheless, such entities have
been allowed on occasion to participate in
their
own
right
in
international
undertaking and granted practically the
status of a sovereign state.
MANDATES AND TRUST TERRITORIES
The system of mandates was established
after the World War I in order to avoid
outright
annexation
of
the
underdeveloped territories taken from the
defeated powers and to place their
administration under some forms of
international supervision.
Kinds of trust territories:
1. Those held under the mandate
under the league of nations
2. Those territories detached from the
defeated states after world war II
3. Those voluntarily placed under the
system by the states responsible
for their administration.

2014
BELLIGERENT COMMUNITIES
When a portion of the population rises up
in arms against the legitimate government
of the states. The upheaval is ordinarily
regarded as a merely internal affair, at
least during its initial stages. The state is
held responsible for all injuries caused
upon third states. For the purpose of the
conflict, and pending determination of
whether or not the belligerent community
should fully recognized as a state, it is
treated as an international persons and
becomes directly subjects to the laws of
war and neutrality.
AMENDMENTS
-
A inchoative state- it is vested with full

rights of visitation, search and seizure of
contraband articles on high seas, blockade
and the like.
INTERNATIONAL
BODIES
ADMINISTTATIVE
Created by agreement among

states may be vested with international
personality when two conditions concur, to
wit, that their purposes are mainly nonpolitical and that they are autonomous.
Examples:
international
labor
organization,
food
and
agricultural
organization, world health organization
INDIVIDUALS
Individual only as an object of
international law who can act only through
the instrumentality of his own state in
matters involving others states.
CHAPTER 4
THE UNITED NATIONS
Delegate of fifty nations met at the San
Francisco conference from April 25, to June
26, 1945, and prepared and unanimously
approved the charter of the United
Nations. This came into force on October
24, 1945.
THE U.N. CHARTER
-
Is a lengthy document consisting of

111 articles besides the preamble
and the concluding provisions.
May be considered a treaty
because it derives its binding force
from the agreement of the parties
to it.
Intended to apply not only to the
members of the organizations but
also to non-member states so far
as may be necessary for the
maintenance of international peace
and security.
When they have been adopted by

the vote of 2/3 of the members of
the general assembly and ratified
accordance with their respective
constitutional processes by 2/3 of
the members of the U.N., including
all the permanent members of the
Security Council.
a GENERAL CONFERENCE may be
called by majority vote of the
general assembly and any nine
members of the security council for
the
purpose of reviewing the
charter. Amendments may be
proposed by the vote of 2/3 of the
members of the general assembly
and ratified accordance with their
respective constitutional processes
by the 2/3 of the members of the
U.N., including all the permanent
members of the Security Council.
THE PREAMBLE OF THE CHARTER

-
introduces the charter and sets the

common intentions that moved the
original members to unite their will
and efforts to achieve their
common purpose.
PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N.

1. to maintain international peace and
security
2. to develop friendly relations among
nations
3. to
achieve
international
cooperation in solving international
problems and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
4. To be a center for harmonizing the
actions of nations in the attainment
of these common ends
PRINCIPLES
1. The organizations is based on the
principles of the sovereign equality
of all its members
2. All members, in order to ensure to
all of them the rights and benefits
resulting from membership, shall
fulfil in good faith the obligations
assumes by them in accordance
with the present charter.
3. All Members shall settle their
international disputes by peaceful
means in such a manner that
international peace and security,
and justice, are not endangered.
4. All Members shall refrain in their
international relations from the
threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political

2014
independence of any state, or in

any other manner inconsistent with
the Purpose of the United Nations.
5. All Members shall give the United
Nations very assistance in any
action it takes in accordance with
the present Charter, and shall
refrain from giving assistance to
any state against which the United
Nations is taking preventive or
enforcement action.
6. The Organization shall ensure that
states which are not Members of
the
Unites
Nations
act
in
accordance with these Principles so
far as may be necessary for the
maintenance of international peace
and security.
7. Nothing contained in the present
Charter shall authorize the United
nations to intervene in matters
which are essentially within the
domestic jurisdiction of any state
or shall require the Members to
submit such matters to settlement
under the present Charter; but this
principles shall not prejudice the
application
of
enforcement
measure under Chapter VII
MEMBERSHIP
KINDS:
1. Original- those states which,
having participated in the U.N
conference
on
international
organization at San Francisco or
having
previously
signed
the
declaration by U.N of January 1,
1942, signed and ratifies the
charter of the U.N.
2. Elective
The distinction between the two is based
only on the manner of their admission and
does not involve any difference in the
enjoyment of rights or the discharge of
obligations.
QUALIFICATIONS:
1. It must be a state
2. It must be peace-loving
3. It must accept the obligations of
the Charter
4. It must be able to carry out these
obligations
5. It must be willing to carry out these
obligations
ADMISSION
Decision of 2/3 of those present
and voting in the general assembly upon
the recommendation of at least nine
(including all the permanent) members of
the Security Council
SUSPENSION
Effected by 2/3 of those present
and voting in the general assembly upon
favourable recommendation of at least
nine members of the Security Council
including the permanent members
The suspension may be lifted alone
by the Security Council, also by a qualified
majority vote.
Suspended members will prevent it
from participating in the meeting of the
general assembly or from being elected to
or continuing to serve in the Security
Council, the economic and social council
of the trusteeship council. National of the
suspended members, may however,
continue serving in the Secretariat and the
ICJ as they regarded as international
officials or civil servants acting for the
Organization itself.
EXPLUSION
2/3 vote of those present and
voting in the general assembly, upon
recommendation of a qualified majority of
the security Council, on grounds of
persistently
violating
the
principles
contained in the Charter.
WITHDRAWAL
No provision on withdrawal from
membership was includes in the Charter
because of the fear that it might
encourage successive withdrawals that
would weaken the organization.
A member might withdraw from the U.N if:
1. The organization was revealed to
be unable to maintain peace or
could do so only at the expense of
law and justice
2. The members right and obligations
as such were changed by a charter
amendment in which it had not
concurred or which it finds itself
unable to accept
3. An amendment duly accepted by
the necessary majority either in the
general assembly or in a general
conference is not ratified.
ORGANS OF THE UNITED STATES
PRINCIPAL ORGANS
1. General assembly (G.A)
Consists of all the members of the
organization, each of which is
entitled to send not more than 5
representatives and 5 alternates
- Each member of the G.A has one
vote

2014
Functions
Assembly
General
a. Deliberativeinitiating
studies
and
making
recommendations
toward
the
progressive
development
of
international law and its
codification
and
recommending measure for
the peaceful adjustment of
any situation
b. Supervisory- receiving and
considering
annual
and
special reports from the
other organs of the U.N
c. Financialthe
consideration and approval
of the budget of the
organization,
the
apportionment of expenses
among its members and the
approval
of
financial
arrangements
with
specialized agencies.
d. Elective- the election of
non- permanent members
of the Security Council
e. Constituent- admission of
the
members and the
amendment of the Charter
of the U.N
2. Security council
- Key organ of the U.N in the
maintenance of the internal peace
and security council
- 5 permanent members
o China
o France
o United kingdom
o Russia
o United states
- 10 elective members
o 5 African and Asian states
o 2 latin American states
o 2 western European and
other states
o 1 eastern European states
of
the
The non-permanent members are

NOT eligible for immediate reelection
The permanent members were give
preferred position because of the
feeling that they were the states
that would be called upon to
provide the leadership and physical
force that might be needed to
preserve the peace of the world
The geographical distribution of
non-permanent members was a
recognition
of
the
relative
importance of the affected in the
maintenance of international order.
Chairmanshiprotated
every
calendar month on a basis of
English alphabet order of names
YALTA FORMULA- devised at the
crimea conference
o Each member shall have
one vote, but the distinction
is made between the Big
Five and the non-permanent
members in the resolution
of substantive questions
o PROCEDURAL MATTERS are
to be decided by the
affirmative vote of any nine
or more members.
o NON-PROCEDURAL
MATTERS
require
the
concurrence of also at least
nine members but included
all the permanent members,
but including the permanent
members.
o No members, permanent or
not is allowed to vote on
question concerning the
pacific settlement of a
dispute to which it is a
party.
PROCEDURAL MATTERS include
questions
relating
to
the
organization and meeting of the
security council, the establishment
of subsidiary organs and the
participation of states parties in
disputes in the discussion of the
organ.
NON-PROCEDURAL MATTERS are
those that may require the security
council under its responsibility of
maintenance or resorting world
peace to invoke measures of
enforcement
PERMENENT MEMBERS may cast a
VETO
an
thereby
prevent
agreement on a non-procedural
question even if it is supported by
all the other members of the
Security Council
PERMENENT MEMBERS may also
exercise the so called DOUBLE
VETO, by means of which it can
disapprove
any
proposal
to
consider
a
question
merely
procedural and thereafter vote
against the question itself on the
merits
Abstention or absence of any
permanent member in connection
with a voting on a non-procedural
question is not connection with a
voting , and the proposal is
deemed adopted if approved by at
least nine members of the Security
Council including the rest of the
permanent members.

2014
Purpose of the YALTA FORMULA is

to ensure the unity (?) of the
permanent
members
in
the
measures to be taken in the pursuit
of
its
primary
function
of
maintaining international peace
and security.
3. Economic and social council

- Elected by G.A for 3 year terms and
may be re-elected immediately
- Each member has one vote and
decisions are reached by a majority
of those present and voting
- Organs should exert efforts toward:
o Higher standards of living,
full
employment,
and
conditions of economic and
social
progress
and
development
o Solutions of international
economic, social health and
related
problems
and
international, cultural and
educational
cooperation;
and
o Universal respect for and
observance of, human rights
and fundamental freedoms
for all without distinction as
to race, sex language or
religion.
4. Trusteeship council
- Charged with the duty of assisting
the Security Council and the
general
assembly
in
the
administration of the international
trusteeship system.
- Composed of :
o The members of the U.N
administering
trust
territories
o The permanent members of
the security council not
administering
tryst
territories
o As many other members
elected for 3 year term by
general assembly as may be
necessary to ensure that
the
total
number
of
members of the trusteeship
council is equally divided
between those members of
the United Nations which
administer trust territories
and those which do not.
- Each member has one vote and
decisions are reached by a majority
of those present and voting
- Under its authority, it may:
o Considered
reports
submitted
by
the
administering authorities
Accept
petitions
and
examine
them
in
consultation
with
the
o Provide for periodic visits to
trust territories at times
agrees
upon
with
the
o Take such other actions in
conformity with the terms of
the questionnaire on the
political, economic, social
and
educational
advancement
of
the
inhabitant of the trust
territories
Trusteeship
council
is
largely
become
obsolete
with
the
conversion of practically all trust
territories
into
full-fledged
miniature states.
o
5. International court of justice

- Judicial organ of the U.N which
function in accordance with the
statute.
- Composed of 15 members who are
elected by absolute majority in the
G.A and the security council
- The judges must:
o be of high moral character
o possess the qualifications
required in their respective
countries for appointment to
their
competence
in
international law
- No two of them may be nationals of
the same state and in the event
that more than one national of the
same state obtain the required
majorities, only the eldest shall be
considered elected
- Members have a term of 9 years
and may be re-elected.
- No judge can be removed unless, in
the unanimous opinion of the other
members, he has ceased to fulfil
the required conditions.
- Court may elect its president and
vice pres. Who shall serve for 3
years and may be re-elected
6. Secretariat
- Chief administrative organ of the
U.N
- Headed by SECRETARY GENERAL
o Chose by the G.A upon
recommendation
of
the
security council
o Fixed 5 years term by
resolution of the G.A and
may be re-elected
o Highest representative of
the U.N and is authorized to
act in itself

2014
When acting in his capacity,

he
is
entitles
to
full
diplomatic immunities and
privileges which only the
security council may waive
o The
immunities
and
privileges of other key
official of the united nation
may be waived by the
secretary general
o His duty is to bring to the
attention of the security
council may matter which in
his opinion may threaten
international
peace
and
security
o Acts a s secretary in all the
meetings of the G. A, the
security
council,
the
economic and social council
and the trusteeship council
and performs such other
functions
as
may
be
assigned to him by these
organs.
o He prepares the budget of
the U.N for submission to
the G.A, provides technical
facilities to be different
organs of the organization
and in general coordinates
its
vast
administrative
machinery
Secretary
general
and
the
members of his staff are internal
officers solely responsible to the
Organization and are prohibited
from
seeking
or
receiving
instruction from any government or
any authority external to the U.N
o
SECONDARY ORGANS- those which have

been created by or in accordance with the
charter such as the military staff
committee,
the
international
law
commission and the commission on
human rights.
PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUITY

-
By revolution
By unification
By secession
By assertion of independence
By agreement and attainment of
civilization
EXTINCTION OF STATES
-
By extinction or emigration en
masse of its population
Takes place when one state

assumes the rights and some of
the obligations of another because
of certain changes in the condition
of the latter.
May be either:
o Universal
succession
-when a state is annexed to
another state or is totally
dismembered or merges
with another state to form a
new state
o Partial succession- take
place when a portion of the
territory of the states or is
ceded to another or when
an
independent
state
becomes a protectorate or a
suzerainty
or
when
a
dependent state acquires
full sovereignty.
CONSEQUENCES
SUCCESSION
THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE
The state continues as juristic

being notwithstanding changes in
its circumstances, provided only
that they do not result in loss of
any of its essential elements.
This principle applied in the
sapphire case where, after Emperor
Louis napoleon filed a damage suit
on behalf of France in an American
court,
he
was
deposed.
Nonetheless, the action was not
abated and could continue upon
recognition of the duly authorized
representative
of
the
new
government of France.
SUCCESSION OF STATES
CHAPTER 5
CREATION OF STATES
By loss of territory
By overthrow of government
resulting in anarchy
OF
STATE
Allegiance of the inhabitants of the

predecessor state in the territory
affected is transferred to the
successor state. They are also
naturalized en masse
Political law of the former are
automatically abrogated and may
be restored only by a positive act
on the part of the new sovereign.
But non-political laws, such as
those
dealing
with
familiar
relations, are deemed continued
unless they are changed by the
new sovereign or are contrary to
the institution of the successor
state.
Treaties of a political and even
commercial nature, as well as

2014
treaties of extradition, are also

discontinued, except those dealing
with local rights and duties, such as
those establishing easement and
servitudes.
All the rights of the predecessor
state
are
inherited
by
the
successor state but this is not so
where liabilities are concerned.
SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENT
-
Where the government replaces

another either peacefully or by
violent methods. In both instances,
the integrity of the state is not
affected; the state continues as the
same international person except
only that its lawful representative is
changed.
The rights of the predecessor
government are concerned; they
are inherited in too by the
successor government.
Where the new government was
organized
by
virtue
of
a
constitutional reform duly ratified
in plebiscite, the obligations of the
replaced
government
are
completely by the former.
Where the new government was
established through violence as by
a revolution, it may lawfully reject
the purely personal or political
obligations of the predecessor
government but not contracted by
it in the ordinary course of official
business.
CHAPTER 6
RECOGNITION
BASIC RULES IN RECOGNITION OS

STATES
-
It is political act and mainly a

matter of policy on the part of each
state.
it is discretionary on the part of the
recognizing authority.
it is exercised by the political
(executive) department of the
state.
The legality and wisdom of
recognition is not subject to judicial
review.
THEORIES ON RECOGNITION
merely affirms the pre-existing fact

that the entity being recognized
already possess the status of an
international persons.
- Political and discretionary
2. Constitutive (minority view)
- It is last indispensable element that
converts or constitutes the entity
being
recognized
into
an
international person.
- Mandatory and legal
OBJECTS OF RECOGNITION
1. Recognition of a state- held
irrevocable
and
imports
the
recognition of the government
2. Recognition of a governmentmay be withdrawn and does not
necessary signify the existence of a
state as the government may be
that of a mere colony.
3. Recognition of belligerencydoes not produce the same effect
as the recognition of states and
government because the rebels are
accorded international personality
only in connection with the
hostilities they are waging.
KIND OF RECOGNITION
1. Express- may be verbal or in
writing. It may be extended
through a formal proclamation or
announcement, a stipulation in a
treaty, a letter or telegram, or on
the occasion of an official call or
conference.
2. Implied- when the recognizing
state
enters
into
officials
intercourse with the new member
by
exchanging
diplomatic
representatives with it.
The act constituting recognition shall give
a clear indication of an intention:
1. To treat with the new state as such
2. To accept the new government as
having authority to represent the
state it purports to govern and to
maintain diplomatic relations with
it
3. To recognize in the case of
insurgent that they are entitled to
exercise belligerent rights
RECOGNITION OF STATES
-
held irrevocable and imports the

recognition of the government
EFFECTS OF THE RECOGNITION OF

THE STATE AND GOVERNMENT
1. Declaratory (majority view)
10

2014
1. full
diplomatic
relations
are
established except where the
government
2. the
recognized
state
or
government acquire the right to
sue in courts of recognizing state
3. the
recognized
state
or
government
has
a
right
to
possession
of
properties
of
predecessor in the territory of the
recognizing state
4. all acts of the recognized state or
government
are
validated
retroactively,
preventing
the
recognizing state from passing
upon their legality in its own courts
RECOGNITION OF A STATE V.
RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT
-
recognition of the state carries with

it recognition of the government
recognition states is irrevocable
RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT
-
may be withdrawn and does not

necessary signify the existence of a
state as the government may be
that of a mere colony.
REQUISITES:
1. government is stable and effective
(objective test)
2. no substantial resistance to its
authority
3. the
government
must
show
willingness and ability to discharge
its
international
obligations
(subjective test)
4. government must enjoy popular
consent or approval of the people.
KINDS
OF
GOVERNMENT
THE
DE
FACTO
1. That which is established by the

inhabitants who rise in revolt
against and depose the legitimate
regime.
2. That which is established in the
course of war by the invading
forces of one belligerent in the
territory of the other belligerent,
the government of which is also
displaced.
3. That which is established by the
inhabitants of a state who secede
therefrom without overthrowing its
government.
LANDMARK CASE DOCTRINE
1. WILSON/ TOBAR DOCTRINE
This precludes recognition of the

government
established
by
revolution, civil war, coup detat or
other form of internal violence until
the freely elected representatives
of the people have recognized a
constitutional government
2. KELSEN DOCTRINE
- A states violates international law
and thus infringes upon the rights
of other states if it recognizes as a
state a community which does not
fulfil
the
requirements
of
international law
3. BETANCOURT DOCTRINE
- This came as a reflection of
Venezuelan
president
Romulo
Betancourts antipathy for nondemocratic rule, which denied
diplomatic recognition to any
regime, right or left, which came to
power by military force.
4. LAUTERPACHT DOCTRINE
- It is the recognition of an entity
which is not legally a state is wrong
because it constitutes as abuse of
the power of recognition. It
acknowledges a community which
is not in law, independent and
which does not therefore fulfil the
essential conditions of statehood
as an independent state. It is,
accordingly, a recognition which an
international tribunal declare not
only to constitute a wrong but
probably also to be itself invalid.
5. STIMSON DOCTRINE
- This precludes recognition of any
government established as a result
of external aggression
6. ESTRADA DOCTRINE
- This refers to dealing or not dealing
with the government established
through a political upheaval is not
a judgement on the legitimacy of
the said government.
RECOGNITION DE
JURE
Relatively
permanent
Vests title in the
government to its
properties abroad
Brings about
full
diplomatic relations
RECOGNITION DE
FACTO
Provisional
Does NOT vests title
in the government
to its properties
abroad
Limited to certain
juridical relations
11

2014
EFFECTS OF THE RECOGNITION OF

THE STATE AND GOVERNMENT
1. full
diplomatic
relations
are
established except where the
government
2. the
recognized
state
or
government acquire the right to
sue in courts of recognizing state
3. the
recognized
state
or
government
has
a
right
to
possession
of
properties
of
predecessor in the territory of the
recognizing state
4. all acts of the recognized state or
government
are
validated
retroactively,
preventing
the
recognizing state from passing
upon their legality in its own courts
*It is important because all its other rights

are supposed to flow or be derived from it.
RCOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY
-
Does not produce the same effect

as the recognition of states and
government because the rebels are
accorded international personality
only in connection with the
hostilities they are waging.
CONDITION FOR RECOGNITION OF

BELLIGERENCY
1. there must be an organized civil
government directing the rebel
forces
2. the
rebels
must
occupy
a
substantial portion of the territory
of the state
3. the conflict between the legitimate
government and the rebels must
be serious, making the outcome
uncertain.
4. The rebels must be willing and able
to observe the laws of war.
EFFECTS OF
BELLIGERENCY
RECOGNITION
The peace of the world and the

security of the US (had been)
endangered by reason of the
establishment by the Sino-Soviet
powers of an OFFENSIVE MILITARY
CAPABILITY in Cuba, including
bases for ballistic missiles with a
potential range covering most of
North and South America.
REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Nothing in the present charter

precludes the existence of regional
arrangements.
REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Agencies for

dealing with such matters relating to the
maintenance of international peace and
security as are appropriate for regional
action.
Example of Regional Agency:

Organization of American States
Whose
organ
of
consultation
authorized or ratified the action
taken by the US.
THE BALANCE OF POWER
CHAPTER 7
THE RIGHT OF EXISTENCE AND SELFDEFENSE
The presence of an Armed Attack

to justify the exercise of the right of
self-defence may be taken by a
state only in the face of a necessity
of self-defense that is instant,
overwhelming and leaving no
choice of means and no moment
for deliberation
Right may be resorted only upon
clean showing of a grave and
actual danger to the security of the
state
The best defense is offense
Grotius
One might well argue now that the
very state of armed preparedness
of a nuclear power is per se a
potent, if latent.
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
OF
1. Responsibility for acts of rebels

resulting to injury to nationals of
recognizing state shall be shifted to
rebel government
2. The
legitimate
government
recognizing
the
rebels
as
belligerents shall observe laws or
customs of war in conducting
hostilities
3. Third
states
recognizing
belligerency
should
maintain
neutrality;
4. Recognition is only provisional and
only for purposes of hostilities.
Once a state comes into being. It is

invested
with
certain
rights
described as fundamental.
Most important of these rights:
o Right of existence
o Self-defence
One reason for the organization of

regional arrangements is to provide
for the balance of power
An arrangement of affair so that no
state shall be in a position to have
12

2014
absolute mastery and

over others. Vattel
dominion
AGGRESSION Use of armed force by a

state against:
Sovereignty
Territorial Integrity
Political independence
state
of
other
First use of armed forces shall

constitute prima facie evidence of
aggression
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY Power of

the state to direct its domestic
affairs
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY The
freedom of the state to control its
own foreign affairs.
o External sovereignty is more
often
referred
to
as
independence.
NATURE OF INDEPENDENCE
QUALIFY AS AN ACT OF AGGRESSION

1. Invasion/attack by armed forces of
a state of the territory of another
state
2. Bombardment of armed forces
3. The blockade of parts/coasts of a
state by the armed forces of
another state
4. Attack of sea, air forces, land etc.
5. Use of armed forces within the
territory of another State with the
agreement of the receiving State,
in contravention of the conditions
provided for in the agreement or
any extension of their presence in
such
territory
beyond
the
termination of the agreement
6. The action of a State in allowing its
territory, which it has placed at the
disposal of another State, to be
used by that other State for
perpetrating an act of aggression
against a 3rd state
7. The sending by or on behalf of a
State of armed force against
another State of such gravity as to
amount to the acts listed above, or
its substantial involvement therein.
INTERVENTION
Supreme, uncontrollable power inherent in

a state, the supreme power of the state to
command and enforce obedience
Enables the state to make its own

decision vis--vis other states and
vests it with competence to enter
into relation and agreements with
them.
State
must
abstain
from
intervention.
It
expects
its
independence to be respected by
other states, so too must it be
prepared to respect their own
independence.
Rights of independence carries with
it duty of non-intervention.
2 INSTANCES WHEN THE USE OF FORCE IS

ALLOWED UNDER THE CHARTER OF THE
UN:
1. When such action is agreed upon in
a treaty
2. When requested from sister states
or from the UN
CHAPTER 8
THE RIGHT OF INDEPENDENCE
SOVEREIGNTY
Freedom from control by any other

state or group of states and not
freedom from the restrictions that
are binding on all states forming
the family of nations.
Must
submit
to
limitations,
independence of a state is of
necessity restricted.
Recent events have called for a reexamination

of
the
law
on
intervention,
especially
where
intervention
is
based
on
humanitarian grounds
Revolted by the inhumane plight of
the innocent victims, the UN sent a
contingent of military troops from
several countries, primarily the US.
THE DRAGO DOCTRINE
The contracting powers agree not

to have recourse to armed force for
the recovery of contract debts
claimed from the government of
one country by the government of
another country as being due to its
nationals.
2 ASPECTS
CHAPTER 9: THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY
13

2014
Art. 2 of Charter of the UN: The

organization is based on the
principle of the sovereign equality
of all its members.
States are juridically equal, enjoy
the same rights, and have equal
capacity in their exercise. The
rights of each one do not depend
upon the power which it possesses
to assure its exercise, but upon the
simple fact of its existence as a
person under international law.
ESSENCE OF EQUALITY
ESSENCE OF EQUALITY
Does not signify parity in physical

power,
political
influence
or
economic status or prestige
Equality does not even require
equality in the number of rights
All the rights of a State, regardless
of their number, must be observed
and respected
All States, big or small have an
equal right to the enjoyment of all
their respective attributes as
members of the family of nations
All members of UN have each one
vote in the General Assembly, all
votes having equal weight and are
generally eligible for positions in
the various organs of the UN
Par in parem non habet imperium
Even the strongest state cannot
assume jurisdiction over another
state, no matter how weak etc..
LEGAL
EQUALITY
INEQUALITY
LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY
Not all states have equal eligibility

with regard to elective membership
of the Security Council
5 of them must be elected from the
African and Asian states and only 1
can come from the Eastern
European State.
In General Assembly, all members
have on vote regardless of the
number of people they separately
represent.
CHAPTER 9
THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY
Art. 2 of Charter of the UN The

organization is based on the
principle of the sovereign equality
of all its members
States are juridically equal, enjoy
the same rights, and have equal
capacity in their exercise. The
rights of each one do not depend
upon the power which it possesses
to assure its exercise, but upon the
simple fact of its existence as a
person under international law.
Does not signify parity in physical

power,
political
influence
or
economics status or prestige
Equality does not even require
equality in the number of rights.
PRINCIPLE: All the rights of a state,
regardless of their number, must
be observed and respected
All states, big or small have an
equal right to the enjoyment of all
their respective attributes as
members of the family of nations.
All members of UN have each one
vote in the General Assembly, all
votes having equal weight, and are
generally eligible for positions in
the various organs of the UN
Par in paren non habet imperium
even the strongest state cannot
assume jurisdiction over another
state, no matter how wake etc..
VS.
FACTUAL
Not all states have equal

eligibility with regard to elective
membership of the Security
Council
5 of them must be elected from
the African and Asian states
and only 1 can come from the
Eastern European State.
CHAPTER 10
TERRITORY
TERRITORY Fixed portion of the surface
of the earth inhabited by the people of the
state.
Must be permanent and indicated
with precision
Big enough to provide for the
needs of the population but not be
so extensive as to be difficult to
administer/defend from external
aggression.
The Philippines is committed to the

renunciation of the war for
territorial aggrandizement but like
other states, is not precluded from
acquiring
additional
territories
through any of the methods
permitted under the law of nations.
ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORY

Territory may be acquired by:
Discovery
14

2014
Occupation
Subjugation
Prescription
Cession
Accretion
Territory may be lost by:
Abandonment
Dereliction
Cession
Revolution
Subjugation
Prescription
Erosion
Natural causes
state for such display may prevail

even over a prior, definitive title
put forward by another state.
CLIPPERTONE ISLAND CASE
DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION
Original mode of the acquisition by

which territory not belonging to
any state is placed under the
sovereignty of the discovering
state.
Territory need not be to be
uninhabited provided it can be
established that the natives are not
sufficient civilized and can be
considered as possessing not rights
of sovereignty but only rights of
habitation
Open seas and outer space are not
susceptible
to
discovery
and
occupation.
2 REQUISITES OF A VALID DISCOVERY AND

OCCUPATION
1. Possession
2. Administration
Possession must be claimed on

behalf of the state. Be effected
through a formal proclamation and
the symbolic act of raising the
national flag in the territory.
Mere possession will not suffice
INCHOATE TITLE OF DISCOVERY
DERELICTION Territory is lost by

dereliction when the state exercising
sovereignty over it physically withdraws
from it with the intention of abandoning it
altogether.
Performs the function of barring

other states from entering the
territory until the lapse of a period
within which the discovering state
may
establish
as
settlement
thereon
and
commence
to
administer it.
ISLAND OF PALMAS CASE
Discovery alone, without any

subsequent act, cannot at the
present time suffice to prove
sovereignty of Island of Palmas.
An inchoate title could not prevail
over the continuous and peaceful
display of authority by another
conditions must concur:

1. Acts of withdrawal
2. Intention to abandon
PRESCRIPTION
Prescription
in
international law requires long continued
and adverse possession to vest acquisitive
title in the claimant.
CESSION Method by which territory is
transferred from one state to another by
agreement between them. Acquisition of
territory by cession is usually effected by
such familiar transactions as sale,
donation, barter or exchange, and even by
testamentary disposition.
Title was deemed acquired by

France over an island it had
formally claimed but had never
administered. He proclaimed and
declared that the sovereignty of
the said island beginning from that
date belonged in perpetuity to his
majesty.
If a territory, by virtue of the fact
that it was completely uninhabited,
from the first moment when the
occupying
state
makes
its
appearance there, at the absolute
and undisputed possession of that
State, from that moment the taking
of
possession
is
considered
accomplished and the occupation is
formally completed.
Examples are the purchase by the

US of Alaska from Russia in 1867,
the gift by Austria of Lombardy to
France in 1859
SUBJUGATION Territory is deemed

acquired by subjugation when, having
been previously conquered or occupied in
the course of war by the enemy, it is
formally annexed to it at the end of that
war.
Conquest alone confers only an

inchoate right on the occupying
state; it is the formal act of
annexation that completes the
acquisition.
15

2014
ACCRETION Mode of acquiring territory

based on the principle of accession
cedatprincipali. It is accomplished through
both natural or artificial processes, as by
the gradual and imperceptible deposit of
soil on the coasts of the country through
the action of the water or, more
effectively, by reclamation projects like
those undertaken in Manila Bat and the
polders of Holland.
COMPONENT OF TERRITORY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Terrestrial domain
Maritime domain
Fluvial domain
Aerial domain
THE TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN
Land mass
THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL SEA
THE MARITIME AND FLUVIAL DOMAIN
Bodies of water within the land

mass and the waters adjacent to
the coasts of the state up to a
specified limit.
RIVERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO:

1. National
Rivers
situated
completely in the territory of one
state
2. Multi-national Rivers Flow through
the territories of several states
3. International Rivers is navigable
from the open sea and is open to
the use of vessels from all states
4. Boundary Rivers divided the
territories of the riparian states
THALWEG DOCTRINE In the absence
of a specific agreement between such
states, the boundary line is laid on the
river. That is, on the center, not of the
river itself, but of its main channel.
BAYS Well-marked indentation whose
penetration is in such proportion to the
width of its mouth as t contain land-locked
waters and constitute more than a mere
curvature of the coast.
THE TERRITORIAL SEA Belt of waters
adjacent to the coasts of the state,
excluding the internal waters in bays and
gulfs, over which the state claims
sovereignty and jurisdiction
Convention on the Territorial Sea

and the Contiguous Zone, the
Convention on the High Seas, and
the Convention on the Fishing and
the Living Resources of the High
Seas, and the Convention on the
Continental Shelf.
The new Convention provides
among others for a uniform
breadth of 12 miles for the
territorial sea, a contiguous zone
of 12 miles from the outer limits of
the
territorial
sea,
and
an
economic zone or patrimonial sea
extending 200 miles from the lowwater mark of the coastal state.
The claim of the Philippines to its

territorial sea was based on historic
right or title or as it often called,
the TREATY LIMITS THEORY.
The new Convention on the Law of
the Sea now limits our territorial
sea 12 miles from the low water
mark of our coasts, as in the case
of other states.
METHODS OF DEFINING THE TERRITORIAL

SEA
1. NORMAL BASELINE METHOD The
territorial sea is simply drawn from
the low-water mark of the coast, to
the breadth claimed, following its
sinuosities and curvatures but
excluding the internal waters in
bays and gulfs.
2. STRAIGHT BASELINE METHOD
Straight lines are made to connect
appropriate points on the coast
without departing radically from its
general direction.
FISHERIES CASE
United Kingdom questioned the use

by Norway of the straight baseline
method defining its territorial
waters.
THE AERIAL DOMAIN
The airspace above the terrestrial

domain and the maritime and
fluvial domain of the state, to an
unlimited altitude but not including
outer space.
THE UN Conference on the Law of the Sea
3 international conferences have

been called to formulate a new of
the sea.
The 1st conference was held in
1958 at Geneva, Switzerland, and
resulted in the adoption of the
CHAPTER 11
JURISDICTION
JURISDICTION Authority exercised by a
state over persons and things within or
16

2014
sometimes outside its territory, subject to

certain exceptions.
JURISDICTION IS CLASSIFIED AS:
1. Personal
2. Territorial
JURISDICTION MAY BE EXERCISED BY A
STATE OVER:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Its nationals
Terrestrial domain
Maritime and fluvial domain
Continental shelf
Open seas
Aerial domain
Outer space
Other territories
PERSONAL
JURISDICTION
Power
exercised by a state over its nationals.
Based on theory that a national is entitled
to the protection of his state wherever he
may be and is (Doctrine of indelible
allegiance)
JOYCE
VS.
PROSECTION
DIRECTOR
OF
PUBLIC
Defendant
Lord
HawHaw,
challenged his conviction in Great
Britain for high treason, contending
that he was not a British subject. It
appeared that he had lived in the
country
for
18
years
and
misrepresented himself as its
national for the purpose of
obtaining a British passport that
enabled him to go to Germany
where he was broadcast anti-Allied
propaganda.
o Although not a British
subject, he has by his own
act maintained the bond
which while he was within
the realm bound him to his
Sovereign
independence
of
every
other sovereign state, and
the courts of one country
will not sit in judgement on
the acts of the government
of another, done within its
own territory.
4. Foreign
merchant
vessels
exercising the rights of innocent
passage or arrival under stress.
o INNOCENT
PASSAGE
Navigation
through
the
territorial sea of a state for
the purpose of traversing
that
sea
w/o
entering
internal waters etc. as long
as it is not prejudicial to the
peace,
good
order
or
security of the coastal sea.
o ARRIVAL UNDER STRESS
Involuntary entrance may
be due to lack of provisions,
unseaworthiness
of
the
vessel, inclement weather,
or other cases of force
majeure, like pursuit by
pirates.
5. Foreign armies passing through or
stationed in its territories with its
permission.
6. Such other persons or property,
including organizations like the UN,
by agreement, waive jurisdiction.
LAND JURSIDICTION
MARITIME AND FLUVIAL JURISDICTION
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
Gen. Rule: state has jurisdiction over all
persons and property within its territory
STATE CANNOT EXERCISE JURISDICTION

EVEN WITHIN ITS OWN TERRITORY OVER:
1. Foreign states, heads of states,
diplomatic representatives, and
consuls to a certain degree.
2. Foreign state property: embassies,
consulates, and public vessels
engaged
in
non-commercial
activities
3. Acts of state
o UNDERHILL VS. HERNANDEZ
Every sovereign state is
bound
to
respect
the
Everything
found
within
the
terrestrial domain of the state is
under its jurisdiction.
Nationals and aliens, including nonresidents, are bound by its laws.
The local state has exclusive title to
all property within its territory.
Internal waters of a state are

assimilated to the land mass and
subjected to the same degree of
jurisdiction exercised over the
terrestrial domain.
Civil, criminal and administrative
jurisdiction is exercised by the flag
state over its public vessels
wherever they may be, provided
they are not engaged in commerce.
THE
SCHOONER
MCFADDON
EXCHANGE
VS.
National ships of war entering the

port of a friendly power open for
their reception are to be considered
as exempted by the consent of that
power from its jurisdiction
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ENGLISH RULE The coastal state shall

have
jurisdiction
over
all
offenses
committed on board such vessels, except
only where they do not compromise the
peace of the port.
FRENCH RULE Flag state shall have
jurisdiction over all offenses committed on
board such vessels, except only where the
compromise the peace of the port.
ANTONI CASE
Murder of a Frenchman by another

Frenchman on board a French
merchant vessel in a Mexican port
did not disturb the peace of the
port.
WINDENHUS CASE
The murder of a Belgian by

another Belgian on board a Belgian
merchant steamer in the port of
New Jersey was of such a nature as
to disturb tranquillity and public
order on shore or in the port
Our own SC has held that the

English rule is applicable in this
country.
It is the right of the coastal state to

enforce all its laws to the full extent
in its territorial waters.
U.S.S. PUEBLO INCIDENT An American

vessel was seized and its crew interned by
North Korea for alleged infringement of its
territorial waters.
ARCHIPELAGIC SEALANES Waters over
which foreign ships will have the right of
passage as if they were open seas. A
foreign vessel need not go around our
internal waters but may use these
archipelagic sea lanes in negotiating the
distance from one point of the open sea to
another.
THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE
In a zone of the high seas

contiguous to its territorial sea, the
coastal state may exercise the
control to: a) prevent infringement
of its customs, fiscal, immigration
or sanitary regulations within its
territory or territorial sea. B) Punish
infringement
of
the
above
regulations within its territory or
territorial sea.
Contiguous
zone
,may
not,
however, extend more than 12
miles from the coast of the state
1982 CONVENTION ON THE LAW

OD THE SEA Contiguous zone also
extends 12 miles, but from the
outer limits of the territorial sea.
THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

a) To the seabed and subsoil of similar
areas adjacent to the coasts if
islands
The coastal state has the sovereign
right to explore the continental
shelf and to exploit its natural
resources.
It may erect on it such installations
and
equipment
as
may
be
necessary.
THE PATRIMONIAL SEA
The exclusive economic zone or the

patrimonial
sea
extends
200
nautical miles from the coast or the
baselines. All living and non-living
resources found therein belong
exclusively to the coastal state.
OPEN SEAS
Available to the use of all states for

purposes of navigation, flying over
them, laying submarine cables or
fishing. In times of war, hostilities
may be waged on the open seas.
THE LOTUS CASE
A collision occurred on the high seas

between a French vessel Lotus and a
Turkish vessel Boz-Kourt. The BozKourt sank and killed eight Turkish
nationals on board the Turkish vessel. The
10 survivors of the Boz-Kourt (including its
captain) were taken to Turkey on board the
Lotus. In Turkey, the officer on watch of
the Lotus (Demons), and the captain of
the Turkish ship were charged with
manslaughter. Demons, a French national,
was
sentenced to
80
days
of
imprisonment and a fine. The French
government protested, demanding the
release of Demons or the transfer of his
case to the French Courts. Turkey and
France agreed to refer this dispute on the
jurisdiction to the Permanent Court of
International Justice (PCIJ).
HELD: The first principle of the Lotus case
said that jurisdiction is territorial: A State
cannot exercise its jurisdiction outside its
territory unless it an international treaty
or customary law permits it to do so. This
is what we called the first Lotus Principle.
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A STATE MAY EXERCISE JURISDICTION ON

THE OPEN SEAS IN THE FOLLOWING
INSTANCES:
1. Over its vessels
2. Over pirates
3. In the exercise of the right of visit
and search
4. Under the doctrine of hot suits
AERIAL JURISDICTION
each other in the improvement of

the mutual interests.
AGENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE
The consensus appears to be that

the local state has jurisdiction over
the airspace above it to an
unlimited height, or at the most up
to where outer space begins.
5 AIR FREEDOMS
1. The freedom to fly across foreign
territory without landing
2. The freedom to land for non-traffic
purposes
3. The freedom to put down traffic
originating in the state of the
aircraft
4. The freedom to embark traffic
destined for the state of the aircraft
5. The freedom to embark traffic
destined for or to put down traffic
originating in a 3rd state.
CONVENTION ON OFFENSES AND CERTAIN
OTHER ACTS COMMITTED ON BOARD
AIRCRAFT It is the state of registration of
the aircraft that has jurisdiction over
offenses and acts committed on board
while it is in flight or over the high seas or
any other area outside the territory of any
state
ENVOY CEREMONIAL Sent to attend state

functions like a coronation or a jubilee
ENVOY POLITICAL Commissioned to
negotiate with a particular state or to
participate in an international conference
or congress.
HEAD OF STATE
Outer space, or the region beyond

the earths atmosphere, is not
subject to the jurisdiction of any
state.
Outer space shall be free for
exploration and use by all states
without discrimination of any kind.
Astronauts shall be regarded as
envoys of mankind.
CHAPTER 12
THE FOREIGN SECRETARY
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
One of the most effective ways of

facilitating
and
promoting
intercourse among states.
Done through active right of
receiving them, states are able to
deal more directly and closely with
Immediate representative of the

head of state and directly under his
control.
He can make binding declarations
on behalf of his state on any
matter falling within his authority
The foreign secretary is also the
head of the foreign office and has
direction of all ambassadors and
other diplomatic representatives of
his government.
DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS
THE RIGHT OF LEGATION

THE EXERCISE
LEGATION
Represents the sovereignty of his

state
He is entitled to certain immunities
and honours befitting his status
MIGHELL VS. SULTAN OF JOHORE Suit

was brought for breach of a promise to
marry allegedly made by the defendant
we had represented himself as a private
individual. The action was dismissed when
he revealed his real identity as head of an
independent state.
OUTER SPACE
Diplomatic relations are normally

conducted through the head of
state, the foreign secretary or
minister and the members of the
diplomatic service.
Head of state may also appoint
special diplomatic agents charged
with specific ceremonial or political
duties.
To whom the regular or day-to-day

conduct of international affairs is
entrusted.
Who are accredited by the sending
state as its permanent envoys to
represent it in the states with
which it is maintaining diplomatic
relations
THE HEADS OF THESE DIPLOMATIC

MISSIONS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS
BY THE CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC
RELATIONS, WHICH WAS SIGNED AT
VIENNA IN 1961:
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2014
1. Ambassadors
2. Envoys
3. Charges daffaires
DIPLOMATIC CORPS Body consisting of
the different diplomatic representatives
who have been accredited to the same
local receiving state. The diplomatic corps
does not possess any legal powers or
attributes.
Functions of Diplomatic Missions:

1. Representing sending state in receiving
state
2. Protecting in receiving state interests of
sending state and its nationals
3. Negotiating
receiving state
with
government
of
4. Promoting friendly relations between

sending
and
receiving
states
and
developing their economic, cultural and
scientific relations
5. Ascertaining by all lawful means
conditions and developments in receiving
state and reporting thereon to government
of sending state
6. In some cases, representing friendly
governments at their request
CONDUCT OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION
The diplomatic agent must exercise

the utmost discretion and tact,
taking care always to preserve the
goodwill of the sending state and
to avoid interference with its
internal affairs.
His mission is also under no
circumstance to be used for
espionage, the dissemination of
propaganda against the receiving
state,
or
subversion
of
its
government.
DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES
His privileges and immunities are

necessary to give the envoy the
fullest freedom or latitude in the
exercise of his official functions.
PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY
The
envoy
is
regarded
as
sacrosanct and is entitled to the
special protection of his person,
honor and liberty.
DIPLOMATIC CONVENTION: The
person of a diplomatic agent shall
be inviolable. He shall not be liable
to any form of arrest or detention.

The receiving state shall treat him
with due respect and shall take all
appropriate steps to prevent any
attack on his person, freedom or
dignity
The envoy cannot complain if he is
injured because he himself caused
the initial aggression.
The local authorities may also, in
exceptional cases, lay hands on
him if he has committed an act of
violence and it is necessary to
place him in preventive restraint.
IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION
Diplomatic agent shall be immune

from the civil, criminal and
administrative jurisdiction of the
receiving state except in a few
specified cases.
HE SHALL ALSO ENJOY IMMUNITY FROM

ITS
CIVIL
AND
ADMINISTRATIVE
JURISDICTION, EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF:
a. A real action relating to private
immovable property situated in the
territory of the receiving state,
unless he holds it on behalf of the
sending state for the purposes of
the mission.
b. An action relating to succession in
which the diplomatic agent is
involved
as
executor,
administrator, heir or legatee as a
private person and not on behalf of
the sending state.
c. An
action
relating
to
any
professional or commercial activity
exercised by the diplomatic agent
in the receiving state outside his
official functions.
Immunity from jurisdiction may be
waived expressly by the sending
state
WHO VS. AQUINO
Diplomatic immunity is essentially a
political question and courts should refuse
to look beyond a determination by the
executive branch of the government, and
where the plea of diplomatic immunity is
recognized and affirmed by the executive
branch of the government as in the case
at bar, it is then the duty of the courts to
accept the claim of immunity upon
appropriate suggestion by the principal
law officer of the government, the Solicitor
General in this case, or other officer acting
under his direction.
INVIOLABILITY OF DIPLOMATIC PREMISES
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2014
The premises of the mission shall

be inviolable. The agents of the
receiving state may not enter them
except with the consent of the
head of mission.
INVIOLABILITY OF ARCHIVES
The receiving state has no right to

pry into the official papers and
records of a foreign diplomatic
mission.
the archives and documents of the
mission shall be inviolable at any
time and wherever they may be
INVIOLABILITY OF COMMUNICATION
The receiving state shall permit

and protect free communication on
the part of the mission for all
official purposes. In communicating
with the government and other
missions and consulates of the
sending state, wherever situated,
the mission may employ all
appropriate
means
including
diplomatic couriers and messages
in code or cipher.
EXEMPTION FROM TESTIMONIAL DUTIES
A diplomatic agent is not obliged

to give evidence as a witness
He
is
not
prohibited
by
international law from doing so and
may waive this privilege when
authorized by his government.
The Dutch envoy to Washington
invoked this right 1856 when he
rejected a request to testify in
connection
with
a
homicide
committed in his presence and for
the prosecution of which his
testimony we necessary.
EXEMPTIONS FROM TAXATION
Also
from
social
security
requirements
under
certain
conditions.
Personal baggage is also free from
inspection unless there are serious
ground
THE DIPLOMATIC SUITE OR RETINUE
Immunities and privileges are

available not only to the head of
mission and his family but also to
the
other
members
of
the
diplomatic retinue, albeit not in the
same degree.
DURATION
Every person entitled to diplomatic

privileges and immunities shall
enjoy them from the moment he
enters the territory of the receiving
state on proceeding to take up his
post or, if already there, from the
moment his appointment is notified
to the foreign ministry.
When his functions have to come
to an end, his privileges and
immunities shall normally cease
from moment he leaves the
country or on expiry of a
reasonable time in which to do so,
but shall subsist until such time
even in case of armed conflict.
In the exercise of his official
functions, immunity shall continue
indefinitely as it is supposed to
have attached to him personally
but
to
the
state
he
was
representing
TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION
Usual methods of terminating

official
relations:
death,
resignation, removal, abolition of
the office, etc. these are governed
by municipal law.
The more important modes are
RECALL and DISMISSAL
RECALL May demanded by the receiving

state when the foreign diplomat becomes
persona non grata to it for any person.
DISMISSAL The offending diplomat is
simply asked to leave the country.
The outbreak of war between the

sending
and
receiving
states
terminates
their
diplomatic
relations.
As for the change of the govt.,
diplomatic
relations
are
not
disturbed if the change is peaceful
but may be suspended where it is
effected by means of violence
CHAPTER 13
CONSULS
*CONSULS state agents residing abroad

for various purposes but mainly in the
interest of COMMERCE and NAVIGATION
*Consuls are not charged with the duty of
representing their states in political
matters nor are they accredited to the
state where they are supposed to
discharge their functions
*consuls do not ordinarily enjoy all the
traditional diplomatic immunities and
privileges although they are to a certain
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extent entitled to special treatment under

the law of nations
Kinds and Grades
*CONSULES MISSI professional or career
consuls who are nationals of the
appointing state and are required to
devote their full time to the discharge of
their consular duties
*CONSULES ELECTI may or may not be
nationals of the appointing state and
perform their consular functions only in
addition to their regular callings
Appointment
Consuls derive their authority from two
principal sources:
*LETTER PATENT / LETTRE DE
PROVISION commission issued by the
sending state
*EXEQUATUR authority given to
them by the receiving state to exercise
their duties therein
8consuls are public officers not only of the
sending state but of the receiving state as
well and are governed by the laws of both
*states may refuse to receive consuls and
to withhold the exequatur from them
without explanation
Functions
*commerce and navigation
*issuance of passports and visas
*duties of protection of nationals
*PRINCIPAL DUTY OF CONSULS: promote
the commercial interests of their country
in the receiving state and to observe the
commercial trends and developments
therein for report to their home
government
*also perform duties relating to navigation
visiting and inspecting vessels of their
own states which may be in the consular
district;
exercising
a
measure
of
supervision over such vessels; adjusting
matters pertaining to their internal order
and discipline
Immunities and Privileges
*consuls
have
a
right
to
official
communication and may correspond with
their home government or other official
bodies by any means including cipher or
code
without
being
subjected
to
censorship or unreasonable restraint.
However, this right may be restricted
whenever it is exercised to the prejudice
of the receiving state
*Consuls enjoy the inviolability of their
archives, which may not be examined or
seized by the receiving state under any
circumstance, nor may their production or
testimony concerning them be compelled

in official proceedings. But this immunity
does not extend to the consular premises
themselves, where the legal process may
be served and arrests made without
violation of international law, except only
in that part where consular work is being
performed
*consular
offices
may
expropriated for purposes
defense or public utility
even
be
of national
*criminal offenses: consuls are exempt

from
local
jurisdiction
for
crimes
committed by them in the discharge of
their official functions. Other offenses:
fully subject to local law and may be
arrested, prosecuted and punished in
proper proceedings
*consuls are not prosecuted form minor
offenses and, when arrested, are given
adequate opportunity to secure their
release on bail at the earliest possible
time
* civil suits: instituted against consuls
personal or private capacity but not in
matters connected with their official duties
*consuls are generally exempted from
taxation, custom duties, service in the
militia, and social security rules and are
privileged to display their national flag and
insignia in the consulate although these
concessions
are
considered
nonessential to the proper discharge of their
official duties
*these immunities and privileges are also
available to the members of the consular
post, their respective families, and the
private staff. Waiver may in general be
made by the sending state.
Termination of Consular Mission
*removal, resignation, death, expiration of
term
* the exequatur may also be withdrawn by
the receiving state, either of the
appointing or receiving state may be
extinguished or war may break out
between them.
* in the event of war, the consulate is
closed and the archives are sealed and left
in the custody of a caretaker usually a
consul from a neutral state.
* the consul from the belligerent state is
allowed to depart for his own country as
soon as possible and without unnecessary
molestation
CHAPTER 14
TREATIES
TREATY formal agreement, usually but
not necessarily in writing, which is entered
into by states or entities possessing the
treaty-making capacity for the purpose of
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2014
regulating their mutual relations under the

law of nations.
*an executive agreement is NOT a treaty
Functions of Treaties
1 Treaties enable parties to settle
finally actual and potential conflicts
2 Treaties make possible for the
parties to modify the rules of
international customary law by
means of optional principle or
standards
3 They may lead to a transformation
of
unorganized
international
society into one which may be
organized on any chosen level of
social integration
4 They provide the humus for the
growth of international customary
law
Essential Requisites of a Valid Treaty
1 Entered into by parties with the
treaty-making capacity
2 Through
their
authorized
representatives
3 Without the attendance of duress,
fraud, mistake, or other vice of
consent
4 On any lawful subject-matter
5 In accordance with their respective
constitutional processes
Treaty-making process
NEGOTIATION, SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION,
AND EXCHANGE OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF
RATIFICATION
NEGOTIATION one of the parties to
submit a draft of the proposed treaty
which,
together
with
the
counterproposals, becomes the basis of the
subsequent negotiations.
*undertaken directly by the head of
the state or assigns this task to his
authorized representatives
*if and when the negotiators finally decide
on the terms of the treaty, the same is
opened for SIGNATURE.
*signature
means
of
authenticating the instrument and for the
purpose of symbolizing the good faith of
the parties; but it does not indicate the
final consent of the state
*the document is ordinarily signed
in accordance with the alternat, that is,
each of the several negotiators is allowed
to sign first on the copy which he will bring
home to his own state
RATIFICATION formal act by which a
state confirms and accepts the provisions
of
a
treaty
concluded
by
its
representatives.
*Purpose; enable the contracting
states to examine the treaty more closely
and to give them an opportunity to refuse

to be bound by it should they find it
inimical to their interests
*EXCHANGE OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF
RATIFICATION signifies the effectivity
of the treaty unless a different date has
been agreed upon by the parties
Binding Effect of Treaties
*A treaty is binding only on the
contracting parties, including not only the
original signatories but also other states
which, although they may not have
participated in the negotiation of the
agreement, have been allowed by the
terms to sign it later by a process known
as ACCESSION
*Instances when 3rd states may be validly
held to the observance of or benefit from
the provisions of a treaty.
* treaty may be merely a formal
expression of customary international law
which is enforceable on all civilized states
because of their membership in the family
of nations
*
for
the
maintenance
of
international peace and security
* parties to apparently unrelated
treaties may also be linked by the mostfavored-nation clause, under which a
contracting state entitled to most-favorednation treatment from the other may claim
the benefits extended by the latter to
another state in a separate agreement
Observance of Treaties
*Fundamental rules of international law is
PACTA SUNT SERVANDA, which requires
the performance in good faith of treaty
obligations
*parties
must
comply
with
their
commitments under a treaty and cannot
ignore or modify its provisions without the
consent of the other signatories
* a treaty engagement is not a mere moral
obligation but creates a legally binding
obligation
* treaties really limit of restrict the
absoluteness of sovereignty. By their
voluntary act, nations may surrender
some aspects of their state powers in
exchange for greater benefits granted by
or derived from a convention or pact
* the sovereignty of a state therefore
cannot in fact and in reality be considered
absolute
* restrictions:
1. limitations imposed by the very
nature of membership in the family of
nations
2. limitations imposed by treaty
stipulations
* DOCTRINE OF REBUS SIC STANTIBUS
constitutes an attempt to formulate a
legal principle which would justify non
performance of a treaty obligation if the
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2014
conditions with relation to which the

parties contracted have changed so
materially and so unexpectedly as to
create a situation in which the exaction of
performance would be unreasonable.
*Limitations:
1. applies only to treaties of
indefinite duration
2. the vital change must have been
unforeseen or unforeseeable and should
not have been caused by the party
invoking the doctrine
3. the doctrine must be invoked
within a reasonable time
4. it cannot operate retroactively
upon the provisions of the treaty already
executed prior to the change of
circumstances
Treaty Interpretation
*The basic rule in the interpretation of
treaties is to give effect to the intention of
the parties. This should be discoverable in
the terms of the treaty itself
*the
usual
canons
of
statutory
construction
are
employed
in
the
interpretation of treaties
* read in the light of the whole
instrument and especially for the purposes
of the treaty
* words used are given their
natural meaning unless a technical sense
was intended, and
* when they have different
meanings in the contracting states, should
be interpreted in accordance with the
usage of the state where they are
supposed to take effect
* doubts should be resolved
against the imposition of obligations and
in favor of the of the freedom and
sovereignty of the contracting parties
* conflicts in treaty interpretations
be resolved only by agreement of the
parties
Termination of Treaties
1 Expiration of the term
2 Accomplishment of the purpose
3 Impossibility of performance
4 Loss of the subject-matter
5 Desistance of the parties
6 Novation
7 Extinction of one of the parties if
the treaty is bipartite
8 Vital change of the circumstances
under the doctrine of rebus sic
stantibus
9 Outbreak of war between the
parties
10 Voidance of the treaty because of
defects in its conclusion
CHAPTER 15
NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS
* individual is merely an object and not a

subject of international law and is thus not
directly governed by its rules
* NATIONALITY tie that binds an
individual to his state, from which he can
claim protection and whose laws he is
obliged to obey. Nationality is membership
in a political community with all its
concomitant rights and obligations
* CITIZENSHIP applies only to certain
members of the state accorded more
privileges than the rest of the people who
also owe it allegiance
* SUBJECT particular reference to the
nationals of monarchical regimes
Acquisition of naturality
* By BIRTH or By NATURALIZATION
* an individual acquires the nationality of
the state where he is born (jus soli) or the
nationality of his parents (jure sanguinis)
* NATURALIZATION process by which a
foreigner acquires, voluntarily or by
operation of law, the nationality of another
state
*DIRECT NATURALIZATION:
a.
by
individual
proceedings,
usually
judicial
under
general
naturalization laws
b. by special act of the legislature
c.
by
collective
change
of
nationality as a result of cession or
subjugation
d. adoption of orphan minors as
nationals of the state where they are born
* DERIVATIVE NATURALIZATION:
a. on the wife of the naturalized
husband
b. on the minor children of the
naturalized parent
c. on the alien woman upon
marriage to a national
* on our own laws, an alien woman
married to a Filipino shall acquire his
citizenship only if she herself might be
lawfully naturalized
Multiple Nationality
* DOCTRINE OF INDELIBLE ALLEGIANCE
an individual may be compelled to retain
his original nationality notwithstanding
that he has already renounced or forfeited
it under the laws of a second state whose
nationality he has acquired
* a state may allow any of its nationals to
remain as such even if he may have
acquired another nationality as where he
is conferred an honorary citizenship by a
foreign government
Loss of Nationality
* voluntary methods renunciation,
express or implied, and request for
release, both of which usually precede the
acquisition of a new nationality
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* involuntary methods forfeiture as a

result
of
some
disqualification
or
prohibited act lie enlistment in a foreign
army or long continued residence in a
foreign state, and substitution of one
nationality for another following a change
of sovereignty
Statelessness
* statelessness is the condition or status
of an individual who is born without any
nationality or who loses his nationality
without retaining or acquiring another
* individual is powerless to assert any
right that otherwise would be available to
him under international law.
* Any injury to the individual by a foreign
jurisdiction is not a violation of his own
right but of the right of the state to the
protection of its nationals; the right to
complain belongs not to him but to the
state of which he is a national.
TREATMENT OF ALIENS
* every state has the right, as inherent in
sovereignty and essential to its own
security and existence, to determine in
what cases and under what conditions
foreigners may be admitted to its territory
* once it decides to accept them, its
competence as territorial soveriegn as
limited by the requirement that they be
treated justly, in accordance with the law
of nations
* the alien canot as a rule claim a
preferred position vis-a-vis the national of
the state where he is at best only a guest
* the foreigner may not enjoy the right to
vote, to run for public office, to exploit
natural resources or to engage in certain
businesses regarded as vital to the
interests of the local state
the
* state is not an insurerof the life or

property of the alien, whe he is within its
territory
* the foreigner is expected to take the
customary precautions for the protection
of his own rights and to avail himself of
the usual remedies when these rights are
violated
THE DOCTRINE OF STATE

RESPONSIBILITY
* a state may be held responsible for:

a. international deliquency
b. directly or indirectly imputable to
it
c. which causes
natonal of another state
injury
to
the
* liabilty will attach to the state where its

treatment of alien falls below the
international standard of justice or wgere
it remiss in according him the protection
or redress that is warranted by the
circumstances
* FUNCTION: assure the traveler that when
his rights are violated in a foreign state,
he will not be denied any remedy simply
because he is not one of its nationals
CHAPTER 16
* the foreigner must accept

institutions of the local state
* instances when an alien can claim a

more favored position than the national of
the local state and hold the state liable for
injuries committed against him while
within its territory
* encourage more intercourse

among the peoples of the world through
inter-visitation of their respective countries
THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF

JUSTICE
* Standard of th reasonable state, that is,
as referring to the ordinary normsof official
conduct observed in civilized jurisdictions.
* DOCTRINE OF EQUALITY OF TREATMENT
where the laws of state fall below the
international standard of justice, it is no
defense that they are applicable not inly
to aliens but as well, and equally, to the
nationals of that state. The relations of
that state with ots own nationals are
purely municipal; international law is
involved in its relations with the nationals
of other states.
FAILURE OF PROTECTION OR REDRESS
* state may be held liable if it does not
make reasonable efforts to prevent injury
to the alien or, having done so
unsuccesfully, fails to repair such injury.
* degree of diligence required
* responsibility does not immediately
attach to the state upon a showing of a
failure to prevent or redress an injury to
aliens
* distinction must be made between direct
and inirect state responsibility
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a.
where
the
imternational
delinquency was committed by superior
government officials or organs, liability will
attach immediately as their acts may not
be effectively prevented or reversed under
the constitution and laws of the state
b. where the offense is committed
by inferior government officials or, more
so, by private individuals, the state will be
held liable only if, by reason of its
indifferencein preventing or pushing it, it
can be considered to have conived in
effect in its commission
EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL REMEDIES

* the liability of the state for an
international delinquency, its enforcemnet
cannot be claimed by the injured foreigner
unless, he first exhausts all available local
remedies for the protection or vindication
of his rights
* state must be given an opportunity to do
justice in its own regular way and without
unwarranted
interference
with
its
sovereignty by other states
* this requirement may be dispensed with,
however, if there are no remedies to
exhaust,
as
where
the
laws
are
intrinsically defective or there is laxity or
arbitrariness in their enforcement or
where the courts are corrupt or where
there is no adeqaute machinery for the
administration of justice
* there would be NO remedy available
from acts of state which are not subject
to judicial review
RESORT TO DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION
* if the injured foreigner has exhausted all
the local remedies but without success, he
may then avail himself of the assistance of
his states but only if he has a state.
Otherwise, he will have no party to
represent him, and he by himself, being a
mere individual, cannot institute his claim
in his own name.
* any injury to an alien is a violation not of
his own personal rght but of the right of
his state to hacve its nationals protected
but of the right of his state to have its
nationals protected whenever they are in
a foreign country
* where the injured alien is stateless, his
case will be one of DANNUM ABSQUE
INJURIA and cannot be subject of
diplomatic protection
* tie of nationality required to exist from

the time of the injury until the time the
international claim is finally settled. Once
the tie is broken, the claim itselfis deemed
automatically abated. If, the injured
national dies while the claim is under
consideration and it should happen that
his hers are not nationals of the claimant
state, the claim will lapse
ENFORCEMENT OF CLAIM
* an international claim for damages may
be resolved through negotiation or, if this
fails, any of the other methods of settling
disputes
* in the event that the responsibility of the
state is established or acknowledged, the
duty to make reaparation will arise. Such
reparation may take the form of
RESTITUTION
or
SATISFACTION
or
COMPENSATION.
AVOIDANCE OF STATE
RESPONSIBILITY
* to avoid the intervention of the alien's
state in contracts, the local state
sometimes incorporates therein what is
known as the CALVO CLAUSE
* Calvo Clause stipulation by
which the alien waives or restricts his right
to appeal to his own state in connection
with any claim arising from the contract
and agrees to limit himself to the
remedies available under the laws of the
local state.
* calvo clause may be enforced as
a lawful condition of the contract.
However, may not be interpreted to
deprive the alien's state of the right to
protect or vindicate his interests in case
they are injured in another state as such
waiver can legally be made not by him but
by his own state
EXCLUSION OF ALIENS
* the state may also avoid liability to
aliens by refusing their admission, but this
is not regarded as sound policy since it
would provoke retaliation in kind and
ultimately isolate its nationals from the
rest of the international community
* DEPORTATION: the removal of an
alien out of the country, simply because
his presence is deemed inconsistent with
the public welfare and without any
punishment
being
imposed
or
contemplated, either under the laws of the
country out of which he is sent, or under
those of the country to which he is taken
26

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alien
* EXCLUSION: denial of entry to an
DEPORTATION
Unilateral act
local state
Based
arising
state
if
* upon receipt of request, the state of

refuge will conduct a judicial investigation
Effected at the request to ascertain if the crime is covered by the
of the state of origin
extradition treaty and if there is a prima
facie case against the fugitive according
Based
on
offenses to its own laws
generally committed in
the state of origin
EXTRADITION
the
on
causes
in the local
Undesirable alien may

be deported to a state
other than his own or
the state of origin
Calls for the return of

the fugitive to the state
of origin
Basis of Extradition
* The extradition of a person is required
only if there is a treaty between the state
of refuge and the state of origin
* in the absence of a treaty local state
has every right to grant asylum to the
fugitive and to refuse to deliver him back
to the latter state even if he is a national
Fundamental
Extradtition
alleged to have committed or of which he

has already been convicted
Principles
of
1. extradition is based on the consent of

the state of asylum
2. Principle of specialty a fugitive who is
extradited may be tried only for the crime
specified in the request for extradition and
included in the list of offenses in the
extradition treaty
3. any person may be extradited
4. political and religious offenders are
generally not subject to extradition
5. in the absence of a special agreement,
the offense must have been committed
within the territory or against the interests
of the demanding state
6. Rule of double criminality - the act for
which the extradition is sought must be
punishable in both the requesting and
requested states
Procedure of Extradition
* if the surrender of a fugitive is sought, a
request for his extradition is presented
through diplomatic channels to the state
of refuge
* this request will be accompanied by the
necessary papers relative to the identity of
the wanted person and the crime he is
CHAPTER 17
SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
DISPUTES
* DISPUTE exists when one state claims

that another state should have behave in
a certain manner and that claim is
rejected by the latter
* actual disagreement between
states regarding the conduct to be taken
by one of them for the protection or
vindication of the interests of the other
* SITUATION initial stage of a dispute
* Dispute is LEGAL involves a justiciable
rights based on law or fact susceptible of
adjudication by a judicial or arbitral
tribunal.
* Dispute is POLITICAL if it cannot be
decided by legal processes on the basis of
the substantive rules of international law
because the differences of the parties
spring from animosities in their mutual
attitudes rather than from an antagonism
of legal rights
* the solution to such a disputes lies not in
the councils of the courts but in the
corridors of diplomacy
Methods of settling disputes
*disputes are required to be settled,
conformably to one of the basic principle
of the UN, by peaceful means in such a
manner that international peace and
security, and justice are not endangered
Amicable Methods
1. Negotiation generally the first step
taken in the settlement of an international
dispute is the discussion undertaken by
the parties themselves of their respective
claims and counterclaims with a view to
their just and orderly adjustment.
* where the talks prosper and
agreement is reached, it is usually
formalized in a treaty or more directly
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2014
effected through the rectification of the

injury caused to the claimant state
8. ACTION BY REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

resorted to by the parties at their own
volition or taken by the body itself at its
own instance if allowed by agreement of
the members
2. Inquiry investigation of the points in

question, on the theory that their
education will contribute to the solution of
the differences between the parties.
Hostile Methods
3. Good Offices method by which a third

party attempts to bring the disputing
states together in order to enable them to
discuss the issues in contention and arrive
at an agreement
1. INTERVENTION
2. RETORSIONS retaliation where the
acts complained of do not constitute a
legal ground of offense but are rather in
the nature of unfriendly acts but indirectly
hurtful to other states
4. Mediation third party does not merely

provide
the
opportunity
for
the
antagonists to negotiate but also actively
participates in their discussions in order to
reconcile their conflicting claims and
appease their feelings of resentment
3. REPRISALS act of self-help on the part

of the injured state, responding after an
unsatisfied demand to act contrary to
international law on the part of the
offending state
5. Conciliation active participation of a

third party in the attempt of the
disputants to settle their conflict, and the
recommendations made by it are likewise
not binding.
*they aim to impose on the

offending state reparation for the offense
or the return to legality in avoidance of
new offenses
*Common forms of reprisals
6. Arbitration solution of a dispute by an

impartial third party, usually a tribunal
created by the parties themselves under a
charter known as the COMPROMIS
1. display of force
2. occupation of territory
7. Judicial Settlement the nature of its

proceedings and the binding character of
the decisions but also in the fact that the
disputes submitted for adjudication are
legal rather than political
ARBITRATION
3. pacific blockade
The United Nations
JUDICIAL
SETTLEMENT
* United nations may be asked or may

decide on its own authority to take a hand
in its settlement.
* the security council

shall have the
is a jurisdiction to intervene in;
and
a.
all
disputes
affecting
international peace and security
Arbitral tribunal is an
ad hoc body created
and filled by the parties
to
the
dispute
themselves
Judicial tribunal
pre-existing
permanent body
Submission
to
arbitration is voluntary
Jurisdiction
compulsary
Arbitration proceedings
- limited
The law applied by the * such disputes may be brought to it by:

tribunal
in
judicial
a. the security council, on its own
settlement
is
independent of the will motion
of the parties
b. the general assembly
* the jurisdiction of the court is not

compulsory but dependent on the
agreement of the parties to submit to and
be bound by its decisions. Such consent
may be manifested in a treaty containing
what is called the compromissary clause
b. all disputes which, have been

- submitted to it by the parties for
settlement
c.
nations
any
member
of
the
united
d. the secretary general

e. any party to the dispute,
provided that in the case of non-members
of the UN, they should accept in advance,
for the purposes of the dispute, the
28

2014
obligations of pacific settlement under the

Charter
The Security Council may recommend
appropriate measures or methods of
adjustment, taking into consideration:
a. Any amicable measures already
adopted by the parties
b. That legal disputes should as a
rule
be
referred
to
the
International Court of Justice
*Where the terms of settlement are
rejected by the parties, the Security
Council is empowered to take more drastic
steps
a. PREVENTIVE ACTION it may
adopt such measures not involving the use
of armed force
b. ENFORCEMENT ACTION
CHAPTER 18
WAR
*WAR armed contention between the
public forces of states or other belligerent
communities, implying the employment of
violence among the parties as a means of
enforcing their respective demands upon
each other.
* War may exist even without the use of
force
Outlawry of war
* war was originally accepted as a
legitimate means of a compulsion, that it
was a reaction to an international delict
* in only 2 instances is the use of force
allowed:
1. exercise of the inherent right of
self-defense
2. enforcement action
How are the agreements enforced?

*the commonly accepted sanctions are:
a. protest lodged by one belligerent,
usually accompanied or followed by an
appeal
b reparation for damages is cause by the
defeated belligerent
c. punishment of war criminals
Commencement of war
* War is supposed to commence on the
date specified in the declaration or on the
date it is communicated to the enemy
* formality is often not observed as
evidenced by the number of wars that
have broken out without the previous and
explicit warning required
* commence from the moment of the first
act of force committed by one state with
the intent of making war or committed
without such intent but considered by the
other state as constituting war
Effects of the Outbreak of War

1. the laws of peace cease to regulate the
relations of the belligerent and are
superseded by the laws of war
2. diplomatic and consular relations
between the belligerents are terminated
and their respective representatives are
allowed to return to their own countries
3. treaties of a political nature are
automatically cancelled, but those which
are precisely intended to operate during
war are activated
4. individuals are impressed with enemy
character
a. nationality test if they are
nationals of the other belligerent wherever
they may be
b. domiciliary test if they are
domiciled aliens in the territory of the
other belligerent, on the assumption that
they contribute to its economic resources
c. activities test if being
foreigners
they
are
nevertheless
participate in the hostilities in favour of
the other belligerent
*corporations and other juridical persons
are regarded as enemies if a majority or a
substantial portion of their capital stock is
in the hands of enemy national or if they
have incorporated in the territory or under
the laws of the other belligerent
5. enemy public property found in the
territory of the other belligerent at the
outbreak of hostilities is subject to
confiscation
Combatants and non-combatants
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2014
*Combatants those who engage directly

in the hostilities; may lawfully wage war
and are thus subject to direct attack from
the enemy
* a spy taken in the act cannot be

punished without previous trial
*Non-Combatants those who do not

engage directly in the hostilities; should
not be subjected to attack as they are not
supposed to participate in the actual
fighting
Kinds of Warfare
* The following
combatants:
are
regarded
as
1. members of the armed forces

2. irregular forces
a. they are commanded by
person responsible for his subordinates
b. they wear a fixed and distinctive

sign recognizable at a distance
c. they carry arms openly
* warfare may be waged on LAND or SEA

or in the AIR, separately or simultaneously
* most of the rules on aerial warfare have
become obsolete and need to be revised
to make them conform to present realities
* as for naval warfare, the most serious
difficulties lie in the disagreement among
states as to whether armed merchant
vessels are subject to direct attack
*one important rule is that booty or
personal property found in the battlefield
is subject to confiscation by the belligerent
occupation except only the personal
belongings of the individual combatants
which have no military value.
d. they conduct their operations in

accordance with laws and customs of war
THEATRE OF WAR: place where

hostilities are actually conducted
3. levee en masse the inhabitants of

unoccupied territory who, on the approach
of the enemy, spontaneously take arms to
resist the invading troops without having
had time to organize themselves
REGION OF WAR: greater area where the

belligerents may lawfully engage each
other
4. officers and crew of merchant vessels

who forcibly resist attack
Belligerent Occupation
Conduct of Hostilities
* three basic principles underlie the rule of
warfare
1. principle of military necessity
employ any amount and kind of force to
compel the complete submission of the
enemy with the least possible loss of lives,
time and money
2. principle of humanity use of
any measure that is not absolutely
necessary for the purposes of war
3. principle of chivalry those that
require the belligerents to give proper
warning before launching a bombardment
or prohibit the use of perfidy in the
conduct of the hostilities
* an individual can only be considered a
spy if, acting clandestinely or under false
pretenses, he obtains or seeks to obtain
information in the zone of operations if a
belligerent
*spies are subject to the municipal law of
the other belligerent
the
* territory is deemed occupied when it is

actually placed under the authority of the
hostile army, but this occupation is limited
only to the area where such authority has
been established and can be effectively
exercised. It is not necessary that every
square foot of the territory in question be
actually occupied
* Belligerent occupation does not result in
transfer or suspension of the sovereignty
of the legitimate government although it
may at the moment be unable to exercise
it. The belligerent occupant cannot
perform such acts as declaring the
independence of the occupied territory or
requiring its inhabitants to renounce their
allegiance to the lawful government
* the belligerent is required to restore and
ensure public order and safety while
respecting, unless absolutely prevented,
the laws in force in the country.
*
the
belligerent
occupant
may
promulgate new laws, non-political as well
as political, provided they do not
contravene
the
general
accepted
principles of international law. The political
laws are automatically abrogated upon the
end of the occupation but the non-political
30

2014
laws may continue even beyond the

occupation unless they are expressly
repealed or modified by the legitimate
government
* it is permitted for the belligerent
occupant to introduce military currency,
provided the purpose is not to debase the
countrys economy
* private property cannot be confiscated,
but those susceptible of military use may
be seized, subject to restoration or
compensation when peace is made
* the property of municipalities and of
institutions dedicated to religion, charity
and education, and the arts and sciences,
even when state owned, shall be treated
as private property and their destruction is
expressly forbidden
* the army of occupation can only take
possession of cash, funds and realizable
securities which are strictly the property of
the state, depots of arms, means of
transport, stores and supplies, and
generally movable property belonging to
the state which may be used for military
operations
*the occupying state shall be regarded
only as administrator and usufructuary of
public buildings, real estate, forest,
agricultural estates belonging to the
hostile state and situated in the occupied
territory
Postliminium
* persons or things taken by the enemy
are restored to the former state on coming
actually into the power of the nation to
which they belong
* JUS POSTLIMINIUM reinstatement of the
authority of the displaced government
once control of the enemy is lost over the
territory affected
* upon the end of a belligerent occupation,
the laws of the re-established government
are revived and all acts taken by the
belligerent occupant which it could not
legally do under the law of nations, as well
as lawful acts of a political complexion, are
invalidated
Non-Hostile Intercourse
FLAG OF TRUCE white flag carried by
an individual authorized by one belligerent
to enter into communication with the
other
CARTELS agreements to regulate

intercourse during war on matters as
postal and telegraphic communication
PASSPORT written permission given by
the
belligerent
government
or
its
authorized agent subjects of the enemy
state to travel generally in belligerent
territory
SAFE-CONDUCT pass given to an
enemy subject or to an enemy vessel
allowing passage between defined points
SAFEGUARD protection granted by a
commanding officer either to enemy
persons or property within his command
LICENSE OF TRADE permission given
by the competent authority to individuals
to carry on trade even though there is a
state of war
Suspension of Hostilities
* SUSPENSION OF ARMS temporary
cessation of the hostilities by arrangement
of the local commanders for such
purposes as the gathering of the wounded
and the burial of the dead.
* ARMISTICE suspension of
hostilities within a certain area or in
entire region of war agreed upon by
belligerent governments usually for
purpose of arranging the terms of
peace
ARMISTICE
all
the
the
the
the
SUSPENSION OF
ARMS
Purpose: political
Purpose: military
May be concluded by
the
commanders-inchief
May be agreed upon by

the local commanders
Usually in writing
May be oral
* CEASEFIRE unconditional stoppage of

hostilities by order of an international
body
* TRUCE regarded as ceasefire with
conditions attached
* CAPITULATION surrender of military
forces, places or districts in accordance
with the rules of military honor
Termination of war
1. cessation of hostilities
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2014
2. conclusion of a negotiated treaty of

peace
3. defeat of one of the belligerents
followed by a dictated treaty of peace
* Principle of utipossidetis property or
territory in the possession of the
respective
belligerents
upon
the
termination of the war is retained by them
* Status quo ante calls for the complete
restoration to their former owners of
property or territory that may have
changed hands during the hostilities, with
the exception only of prize and booty
* war is supposed to end with the reestablishment of peace but the precise
date is not easily fixed in view of the
different methods of terminating the state
of hostilities
Aftermath of War
*one of the inevitable consequences of
war s the implied judgment, right or
wrong, that the vanquished belligerent is
the guilty party in the dispute that caused
the hostilities.
* treaty of peace imposed by the victor
upon the defeated state is regarded as a
punishment as is sustained on the ground
although marked by the vice of duress
that normally would invalidate other
agreements
*nationals of the vanquished state may be
protected and punished as war criminals
and for other violations of international
law. They may not escape responsibility on
the ground that they were merely acting
on orders of their state
CHAPTER 19
NEUTRALITY
* A state is said to be neutral if it does not
take part, directly or indirectly, in a war
between other states.
Neutrality and Neutralization

* neutrality dependent solely on the
attitude of the neutral state, which is free
to join any of the belligerents any time it
sees fit
* governed by the law of nations
*obtains only during war
* neutralization result of a treaty wherein

the duration and the other conditions of
the neutralization are agreed upon by the
neutralized state and other powers
* this agreement
conduct of signatories
governs
the
* intended to operate in time of

peace as well as in time of war
*Only states may become neutral but
portions of states may be neutralized
Laws of Neutrality
a. Relations of the belligerent states
with the neutral state
b. Relations of the belligerent states
with the nationals of the neutral
state
Relations of belligerent States and
Neutral States
* a neutral state has the right and duty to
abstain from taking part in the hostilities
and from giving assistance to either
belligerent; prevent its territory and other
resources from being used in the conduct
of hostilities by the belligerents, and to
acquiesce in certain restrictions and
limitations that the belligerent may find
necessary to impose, especially in
connection with international commerce
* belligerents are bound to respect the
status of the neutral state
Use of Neutral Territories

* neutral territory is inviolable and cannot
be used by the belligerents for the
movement of troops and the undertaking
of military operations in general
* use of neutral territory is not completely
barred to the belligerents (example:
passage of sick and wounded troops)
* neutral state may give refuge to troops
from the belligerent forces
* escaped prisoners of war need not be
detained by the neutral state but must be
assigned a place of residence if they are
allowed to remain
*warships may not enter neutral ports,
roadsteads and harbours except only in
cases of unseaworthiness. The usual
duration of the sojourn is 24 hours but this
may be shortened or extended, depending
on the reason for the entry. Thus, the
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2014
vessel must leave as soon as it has been

re-provisioned
*General rule: repairs in their territory of
damage sustained by a warship in battle
permitted so long as they are not intended
to increase the fighting force of the vessel.
*not more than 3 vessels from any
belligerent
shall
be
allowed
simultaneously in the same neutral port or
waters
* territorial waters of a neutral state must
never be used as asylum for belligerent
vessels under pursuit or attack by the
enemy
Visit and Search

* belligerent warships and aircraft have
the right to visit and search neutral
merchant vessels on the high seas for the
purpose of determining whether they are
in any way connected with the hostilities
* the vessels may be captured as prize if
they are engaged in hostile activities, if
they resist to visit and search, or if there is
reasonable suspicion that they are liable
to confiscation
* the cargo of these vessels may also be
captured under certain conditions, as
when they are contraband
* passage of military aircraft belonging to

the belligerents is not allowed across the
airspace of a neutral state.
*Prize is not confiscated summarily but

must be brought to a prize court for
adjudication
*where a belligerent aircraft is forced to

land on neutral territory, the same should
be detained and its officers and crew
interned
*PRIZE COURT is a tribunal

established by a belligerent under its own
laws, and applies rules of international law
in the absence of special municipal
legislation.
Use of Neutral Facilities and Services

* it is prohibited from giving belligerents
any form of direct assistance in connection
with the conduct of hostilities.
* neutral state may not send military
contingents, extend loans or even sell for
valuable consideration, supplies of war to
either or both of the belligerents
* neutral state is not obliged to prevent
the export from or transit through its
territory of war supplies purchased from
private traders by the belligerents in the
ordinary course of commerce, it is
required to take reasonable diligence in
preventing the delivery of vessels
constructed and armed in its territory for
use by any of the belligerents
Relations of Belligerent States with
Nationals of Neutral states
* neutral states enact legislation to avoid
their involvement in foreign wars as a
results of the acts of their nationals
* neutral states are free to allow their
nationals to deal, in their private capacity,
with any of the belligerents
*
international
law
considers
the
relationship as strictly between the
individual and the belligerent states and
whatever hardships may be suffered by its
nationals as a result thereof must, as a
rule, be acquiesced in by the neutral state
Contraband
* contraband term applied to goods
which, although neutral property, may be
seized by a belligerent because they are
useful for war and are bound for a hostile
destination
* ABSOLUTE CONTRABAND necessarily
useful for war under all circumstances
* subject to seizure so long as they
are bound for enemy or enemy-held
territory
* CONDITIONAL CONTRABAND
civilian and military purposes
both
*may be seized only when it can be

shown that they are destined for the
armed forces or the authorities of the
belligerent government
* FREE LIST includes goods useful for war
and bound for the belligerents but
exempted from the law on contraband for
humanitarian reasons
* DOCTRINE OF ULTIMATE CONSUMPTION
goods intended for civilian use which may
ultimately find their way to and be
consumed by the belligerent forces are
also liable to seizure
* contraband are subject to condemnation
* DOCTRINE OF INFECTION if they are
shipped together with innocent goods
belonging to the same owner; the latter
may also be confiscated
33

2014
* contraband are liable to capture from the

time they leave the port in which they are
loaded and until they reach their final
hostile destination
* DOCTRINE OF ULTIMATE DESTINATION
liability of the contraband to capture is
determined not by their ostensible but by
their real destination
* even if the vessel intends to stop
at an intermediate neutral port, it will still
be considered as in one continuous
voyage provided it can be shown that its
cargo will ultimately be delivered to a
hostile destination
* DOCTRINE OF CONTINUOUS VOYAGE
when the goods are reloaded at the
intermediate port on the same vessel
* DOCTRINE OF CONTINUOUS TRANSPORT
when they are reloaded on another
vessel or other form of transportation
Blockade
*Blockade hostile operation by means of
which the vessels and aircraft of one
belligerent prevent all other vessels,
including those of neutral states, from
entering or leaving the ports or coasts of
other belligerent, the purpose being to
shut off the place from international
commerce and communication with other
states
*Pacific blockade applies only to the
vessels of blockaded state and does not
affect the vessels of other states
Unneutral Service
* consists of acts, of a more hostile
character than carriage of contraband or
breach of blockade, which are undertaken
by merchant vessels of a neutral state in
aid of any of the belligerents
*
a
neutral
vessel
is
liable
condemnation for unneutral service:
to
1. if it is making a voyage special with a

view to the transport of individual
passengers who are embodied in the
armed forces of the enemy or with a view
to the transmission of information in the
interest of the enemy; OR
2. if with the knowledge of the owner, or
the one who charters the entire vessel, it
is transporting military detachment of
enemy or one or more persons who,
during the voyage, lend direct assistance
to the operations of the enemy
* a neutral vessel is also liable to
condemnation and to be treated as a
merchant vessel of the enemy:
1. takes a direct part in the hostilities
2. if it is under the orders or control of an
agent placed on board by the enemy
government
3. chartered
government
entirely
by
the
enemy
4. if it is at the same time and exclusively

either devoted to the transport if enemy
troops or the transmission of information
*Requisites of blockade:
a. binding duly communicated to the
neutral states
b. effective it is maintained by adequate
force so as to make ingress to or egress
from the port dangerous
c. established by the proper authorities of
the belligerent government
d. limited only to the territory of the
enemy and not extended to neutral places
or international rivers
e. impartially applied to all states alike
* the liability of a neutral vessel to capture
for breach of blockade is contingent on its
knowledge, actual or presumptive of the
blockade and continues as long as it is
pursued by the ships of the blockading
force after it has left or tried to enter the
blockaded port
Angary
* by the right of angary a belligerent
may, upon payment of just compensation,
seize, use or destroy, in case of urgent
necessity for purposes of offenses or
defense, neutral property found in its
territory, in enemy territory, or on the high
seas
* THREE REQUISITES
1. that the property is under the control or
jurisdiction of the belligerent
2. thet there is urgent necessity for the
taking
3. that just compensation is paid to the
owner
Termination of Neutrality
1. when the neutral state joins the war
34

2014
* neutral state will be governed by

the laws of war in its relations with the
other belligerents and by the laws of
neutrality in its relations with all other
states
*all states will again be governed

by the laws of peace
2. upon conclusion of peace
35

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What are the divisions of international law?

What are the divisions of international law?

What are the differences between international law and municipal law?

What are the differences between international law and municipal law?

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

INTERNATIONAL LAW (IL)

Traditional concept- a body of rules

DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

It is possible for a principle of municipal

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

To attempt to reconcile the

It should be presumed that municipal law

3. Respect for the world opinion held

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

the body of juridical entities which

SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- is

A group of people living together in

a. Simple States- one which is

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

bound under a central authority

1. Real union- created when

a. Protectorate- which is established

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

A inchoative state- it is vested with full

Created by agreement among

Is a lengthy document consisting of

When they have been adopted by

THE PREAMBLE OF THE CHARTER

introduces the charter and sets the

PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N.

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

independence of any state, or in

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

The non-permanent members are

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

Purpose of the YALTA FORMULA is

3. Economic and social council

5. International court of justice

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

When acting in his capacity,

SECONDARY ORGANS- those which have

PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUITY

Takes place when one state

THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE

The state continues as juristic

Allegiance of the inhabitants of the

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

treaties of extradition, are also

Where the government replaces

BASIC RULES IN RECOGNITION OS

It is political act and mainly a

merely affirms the pre-existing fact

held irrevocable and imports the

EFFECTS OF THE RECOGNITION OF

1. Declaratory (majority view)

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |

recognition of the state carries with

may be withdrawn and does not