G.R. No. 207348, August 20, 2014 - ROWENA R. SOLANTE, Petitioner, v.

COMMISSION
ON AUDIT, CHAIRPERSON MA. GRACIA PULIDO-TAN, COMMISSIONER JUANITO G.
ESPINO, JR., COMMISSIONER HEIDI L. MENDOZA, AND FORTUNATA M. RUBICO,
DIRECTOR IV, COA COMMISSION SECRETARIAT, in their official capacities,
Respondents.

EN BANC
G.R. No. 207348, August 20, 2014
ROWENA R. SOLANTE, Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON AUDIT, CHAIRPERSON MA.
GRACIA PULIDO-TAN, COMMISSIONER JUANITO G. ESPINO, JR.,
COMMISSIONER HEIDI L. MENDOZA, AND FORTUNATA M. RUBICO, DIRECTOR
IV, COA COMMISSION SECRETARIAT, in their official capacities, Respondents.
DECISION
VELASCO JR., J.:
The Case
This is a petition for review filed under Rule 64 assailing the February 15, 2008 Decision1 and
November 5, 2012 Resolution,2 denominated as Decision Nos. 2008-018 and 2012-190,
respectively, of the Commission on Audit (COA). The assailed issuances affirmed the Notice of
Disallowance No. (ND) 2000-002-101(97) dated November 14, 2001 issued by Rexy M.
Ramos, COA State Auditor IV, pursuant to COA Assignment Order No. 2000-63.3
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The Facts
On April 26, 1989, the City of Mandaue and F.F. Cruz and Co., Inc. (F.F. Cruz) entered into a
Contract of Reclamation4 in which F.F. Cruz, in consideration of a defined land sharing formula
thus stipulated, agreed to undertake, at its own expense, the reclamation of 180 hectares, more or
less, of foreshore and submerged lands from the Cabahug Causeway in that city. The timetables,
i.e., commencement of the contract and project completion, are provided in paragraphs 2 and 15
of the Contract which state:
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2. COMMENCEMENT. Work on the reclamation shall commence not later than [July 1989],
after this contract shall be ratified by the Sanggunian Panlungsod;
xxxx

15. CONTRACT DURATION. The project is estimated to be completed in six (6) years: (3
years for the dredge-filling and seawall construction and 3 years for the infrastructures
completion). However, if all the infrastructures within the OWNERS share of the project are
already completed within the six (6) year period agreed upon, any extension of time for works to
be done within the share of the DEVELOPERS, shall be at the discretion of the DEVELOPERS,
as a growing city, changes in requirements of the lot buyers are inevitable.
On a best effort basis, the construction of roadways, drainage system and open spaces in the area
designated as share of the City of Mandaue, shall be completed not later than December 31,
1991. (emphasis supplied)
Subsequently, the parties inked in relation to the above project a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA) dated October 24, 19895 whereby the City of Mandaue allowed F.F. Cruz to put up
structures on a portion of a parcel of land owned by the city for the use of and to house F.F. Cruz
personnel assigned at the project site, subject to terms particularly provided in paragraphs 3, 4
and 5 of the MOA:
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3) That [F.F. Cruz] desires to use a portion of a parcel of land of the [City of Mandaue] described
under paragraph 1 hereof to the extent of 495 square meters x x x to be used by them in the
construction of their offices to house its personnel to supervise the Mandaue City Reclamation
Project x x x.
xxxx
4) That the [City of Mandaue] agrees to the desire of [F.F. Cruz] to use a portion of the parcel of
land described under paragraph 1 by [F.F. Cruz] for the latter to use for the construction of their
offices to house its personnel to supervise the said Mandaue City Reclamation Project with no
rental to be paid by [F.F. Cruz] to the [City of Mandaue].
5) That the [City of Mandaue] and [F.F. Cruz] have agreed that upon the completion of the
Mandaue City Reclamation Project, all improvements introduced by [F.F. Cruz] to the
portion of the parcel of land owned by the [City of Mandaue] as described under paragraph 3
hereof existing upon the completion of the said Mandaue City Reclamation Project shall ipso
facto belong to the [City of Mandaue] in ownership as compensation for the use of said parcel
of land by [F.F. Cruz] without any rental whatsoever. (emphasis supplied)
Pursuant to the MOA, F.F. Cruz proceeded to construct the contemplated housing units and other
facilities which included a canteen and a septic tank.
Later developments saw the City of Mandaue undertaking the Metro Cebu Development Project
II (MCDP II), part of which required the widening of the Plaridel Extension Mandaue Causeway.
However, the structures and facilities built by F.F. Cruz subject of the MOA stood in the direct
path of the road widening project. Thus, the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) and Samuel B. Darza, MCDP II project director, entered into an Agreement to
Demolish, Remove and Reconstruct Improvement dated July 23, 19976 with F.F. Cruz whereby
the latter would demolish the improvements outside of the boundary of the road widening project
and, in return, receive the total amount of PhP 1,084,836.42 in compensation.

Accordingly, petitioner Rowena B. Rances (now Rowena Rances-Solante), Human Resource

Management Officer III, prepared and, with the approval of Samuel B. Darza (Darza), then
issued Disbursement Voucher (DV) No. 102-07-88-97 dated July 24, 19977 for PhP
1,084,836.42 in favor of F.F. Cruz. In the voucher, Solante certified that the expense covered by
it was necessary, lawful and incurred under my direct supervision.
Thereafter, Darza addressed a letter-complaint to the Office of the Ombudsman, Visayas,
inviting attention to several irregularities regarding the implementation of MCDP II. The letter
was referred to the COA which then issued Assignment Order No. 2000-063 for a team to audit
the accounts of MCDP II. Following an audit, the audit team issued Special Audit Office (SAO)
Report No. 2000-28, par. 5 of which states:
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F.F. Cruz and Company, Inc. was paid P1,084,836.42 for the cost of the property affected by the
widening of Plaridel Extension, Mandaue Causeway. However, under Section 5 of its MOA with
Mandaue City, the former was no longer the lawful owner of the properties at the time the
payment was made.8
Based on the above findings, the SAO audit team, through Rexy Ramos, issued the adverted ND
2000-002-101-(97)9 disallowing the payment of PhP 1,084,836.42 to F.F. Cruz and naming that
company, Darza and Solante liable for the transaction. Therefrom, Solante sought
reconsideration, while F.F. Cruz appealed, but the motion for reconsideration and the appeal
were jointly denied in Legal and Adjudication Office (LAO) Local Decision No. 2004-040 dated
March 5, 2004, which F.F. Cruz in time appealed to COA Central.
In the meantime, the adverted letter-complaint of Darza was upgraded as an Ombudsman case,
docketed as OMB-V-C-03-0173-C, against Solante, et al., albeit the Ombudsman, by Resolution
of June 29, 2006,10 would subsequently dismiss the same for lack of merit.
The Ruling of the Commission on Audit
In its February 15, 2008 Decision,11 the COA, as indicated at the outset, affirmed ND 2000-002101-97 on the strength of the following premises:
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From the above provision of the MOA, it is clear that the improvements introduced by F.F. Cruz
x x x would be owned by the City upon completion of the project which under the Contract of
reclamation should have been in 1995. However, the project was not completed in 1995 and even
in 1997 when MDCP paid for these improvements. The fact that the reclamation project had
not yet been completed or turned over to the City of Mandaue by F.F. Cruz in 1997 or two
years after it should have been completed, does not negate the right over such
improvements by the City x x x. Clearly, the intention of the stipulation is for F.F. Cruz x x
x to compensate the government for the use of the land on which the office, pavement,
canteen, extension shed, house and septic tank were erected. Thus, to make the government
pay for the cost of the demolished improvements will defeat the intention of parties as
regards compensation due from the contractor for its use of [the] subject land. Under
Article 1315 of the Civil Code, from the moment a contract is perfected, the parties are bound to
the fulfillment to what has been expressly stipulated and all the consequences which according to

their nature, may be in keeping with good faith, usage and law. Thus, even if the contractual
stipulations may turn out to be financially disadvantageous to any party, such will not relieve any
or both parties from their contractual obligations.12 (emphasis supplied)
From such decision, Solante filed a Motion for Reconsideration dated June 28, 2010 purportedly
with Audit Team Leader, Leila Socorro P. Domantay. This motion was denied by the COA in a
Resolution dated November 5, 201213 wherein the commission held:
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x x x The arguments of Ms. Solante that as long as the Project has not yet been turned over, the
ownership of the said improvements would not be acquired yet by the City would put the entire
contract at the mercy of F.F. Cruz & Co., Inc., thus, negating the mutuality of contracts principle
expressed in Article 1308 of the New Civil Code, which states:
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Art. 1308. The contracts must bind both contracting parties; its validity or compliance cannot be
left to the will of one of them.
On February 15, 2013, Solante received a Notice of Finality of Decision (NFD)14 stating that the
COA Decision dated February 15, 2008 and Resolution dated November 5, 2012 have become
final and executory, a copy of the Resolution having been served on the parties on November 9,
2012 by registered mail. Notably, Solante never received a copy of the COA Resolution. She
came to get one only on May 8, 2013 after inquiring from the Cebu Central Post Office, which,
in a Certification of Delivery dated May 8, 2013,15 stated that the registered mail containing said
copy was in fact not delivered.
Hence, the instant petition.
The Issue
The resolution of the present controversy rests on the determination of a sole issue: who between
the City of Mandaue and F.F. Cruz owned during the period material the properties that were
demolished.
The Courts Ruling
The petition is meritorious. The COA and its audit team obviously misread the relevant
stipulations of the MOA in relation to the provisions on project completion and termination of
contract of the Mandaue-F.F. Cruz reclamation contract.
Essentially, the COA is alleging that the Contract of Reclamation establishes an obligation on the
part of F.F. Cruz to finish the project within the allotted period of six (6) years from contract
execution in August 1989. Prescinding from this premise, the COA would conclude that after the
six (6)-year period, F.F. Cruz is automatically deemed to be in delay, the contract considered as
completed, and the ownership of the structures built in accordance with the MOA transferred to
the City of Mandaue.
COAs basic position and the arguments holding it together is untenable.

On this point, the Civil Code provision on obligations with a period is relevant. Article 1193
thereof provides:
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Article 1193. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed, shall be
demandable only when that day comes.
Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate upon arrival of the day
certain.
A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come, although it may not be
known when.
If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the obligation is conditional, and
it shall be regulated by the rules of the preceding Section. (emphasis supplied)
A plain reading of the Contract of Reclamation reveals that the six (6)-year period provided for
project completion, or, with like effect, termination of the contract was a mere estimate and
cannot be considered a period or a day certain in the context of the aforequoted Art. 1193. To
be clear, par. 15 of the Contract of Reclamation states: [T]he project is estimated to be
completed in six (6) years. As such, the lapse of six (6) years from the perfection of the contract
did not, by itself, make the obligation to finish the reclamation project demandable, such as to
put the obligor in a state of actionable delay for its inability to finish. Thus, F.F. Cruz cannot be
deemed to be in delay. Parenthetically, the Ombudsman, in a Resolution of June 29, 2006 in
OMB-V-C-03-0173-C, espoused a similar view in dismissing the complaint against Solante,
thus:
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A careful reading of the pertinent section of the Contract of Reclamation between F.F. Cruz and
Mandaue City, however, would confirm respondents Rances-Solante[s] and Sungahids view
that herein respondent Cruz was still the owner of the subject properties at the time these were
demolished. Indeed, the Contract specifies that the six (6)-year period was no more than an
estimate of the project completion. It was not a fixed period agreed upon. Being so, the mere
lapse of six (6) years from the execution of the Contract, did not by itself deem the
reclamation project completed, much less bring about the fulfillment of the condition
stipulated in the MOA (on the shift of ownership over the demolished properties). Herein
respondent Cruz, and/or his company, at least on this particular regard, can be said to be
still the owner of the structures along Plaridel Extension x x x, when these were demolished
to give way to road widening. It was nothing but equitable that they get compensated for
the damages caused by the demolition.16 (emphasis supplied)
Put a bit differently, the lapse of six (6) years from the perfection of the subject reclamation
contract, without more, could not have automatically vested Mandaue City, under the MOA,
with ownership of the structures.
Moreover, even if we consider the allotted six (6) years within which F.F. Cruz was supposed to
complete the reclamation project, the lapse thereof does not automatically mean that F.F. Cruz
was in delay. As may be noted, the City of Mandaue never made a demand for the fulfillment of
its obligation under the Contract of Reclamation. Article 1169 of the Civil Code on the

interaction of demand and delay and the exceptions to the requirement of demand relevantly
states:
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Article 1169. Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the
obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation.
However, the demand by the creditor shall not be necessary in order that delay may exist:
(1) When the obligation or the law expressly so declares; or
(2) When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation
of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling
motive for the establishment of the contract; or
(3) When demand would be useless, as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to
perform.
In reciprocal obligations, neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready
to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. From the moment one of the
parties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other begins.
Thus, in J Plus Asia Development Corporation v. Utility Assurance Corporation,17 the Court has
held:
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In this jurisdiction, the following requisites must be present in order that the debtor may be in
default: (1) that the obligation be demandable and already liquidated; (2) that the debtor delays
performance; and (3) that the creditor requires the performance judicially or extrajudicially.
(emphasis supplied)
In the instant case, the records are bereft of any document whence to deduce that the City of
Mandaue exacted from F.F. Cruz the fulfillment of its obligation under the reclamation contract.
And to be sure, not one of the exceptions to the requisite demand under Art. 1169 is established,
let alone asserted. On the contrary, the then city mayor of Mandaue, no less, absolved F.F. Cruz
from incurring under the premises in delay. In his affidavit dated July 9, 2004,18 then Mayor
Ouano stated:
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That although x x x the reclamation was estimated to be completed in six years ending in 1995,
the said project however, was not fully completed when the demolition of the mentioned
improvements of [F.F. Cruz] was made x x x [and in fact] up to now the said Mandaue
Reclamation Project has not yet been fully completed and turned over to the City of
Mandaue.
x x x [S]ince at the time of the demolition the said improvements actually belonged to [F.F.
Cruz] and the City of Mandaue has no claim whatsoever on the said payment x x x for the
demolished improvements. (emphasis supplied)
As it were, the Mandaue-F.F.Cruz MOA states that the structures built by F.F. Cruz on the
property of the city will belong to the latter only upon the completion of the project. Clearly, the
completion of the project is a suspensive condition that has yet to be fulfilled. Until the condition

arises, ownership of the structures properly pertains to F.F. Cruz.

To be clear, the MOA does not state that the structures shall inure in ownership to the City of
Mandaue after the lapse of six (6) years from the execution of the Contract of Reclamation. What
the MOA does provide is that ownership of the structures shall vest upon, or ipso facto belong to,
the City of Mandaue when the Contract of Reclamation shall have been completed. Logically,
before such time, or until the agreed reclamation project is actually finished, F.F. Cruz owns the
structures. The payment of compensation for the demolition thereof is justified. The
disallowance of the payment is without factual and legal basis. COA then gravely abused its
discretion when it decreed the disallowance.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. Accordingly, the assailed February 15,
2008 Decision, November 5, 2012 Resolution, and Notice of Disallowance No. 2000-002101(97) dated November 14, 2001 issued by the Commission on Audit are hereby REVERSED
and SET ASIDE.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.

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Sereno, C.J., Carpio, Leonardo-De Castro, Brion, Peralta, Bersamin, Del Castillo, Perez,
Mendoza, Reyes, Perlas-Bernabe, and Leonen, JJ., concur.
Villarama, Jr., J., on leave.