Seminar Report

On

i-Mode Technology

submitted by
AWANISH VATSA

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology(B.Tech)
In
Computer science & Engineering

DIVISION OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI-682022
AUGUST 2010

Division of Computer Engineering

School of Engineering

Cochin University of Science & Technology

Kochi-682022
_

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide record of the seminar titled

i-Mode Technology
Done by
Awanish Vatsa

of VII semester Computer Science & Engineering in the year 2010 in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Computer Science & Engineering of Cochin University of Science & Technology

Dr. David Peter S

Head of the Division

Mrs.Dhanya K Sudhish
Seminar Guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this occasion to thank God , Almighty for blessing us with his grace and
taking our endeavor to a successful culmination . We extend our sincere and
heartful thanks to our esteemed guide , Mrs Dhanya K Sudhish for providing us
with the right guidance and advice at the crucial junctures and for showing us the
right way We extend our sincere thanks to our respected head of the division
Dr.DavidPeterS, for allowing us to use the facilities available .We would like to
extend our gratitude to all other faculty members specially to our coordinator Mr.
Sudeep Elayidom M at this occasion .Last but not the least ,we would like to thank
friends for the support and encouragement they have given us during the course of
preparation.

AWANISH VATSA

ABSTRACT

The imode is the NTT DoCoMos new Internet access system. It is an advanced intelligent
messaging service for digital mobile phones and other mobile terminals that will allow us to
see Internet content in special text format on special imode-enabled mobile phones. Enabling
information access from handheld devices requires a deep understanding of both technical
and market issues that are unique to the wireless environment. The imode specification was
developed by the industrys best minds to address these issues. Wireless devices represent the
ultimate constrained computing device with limited CPU, memory and battery life and a
simple

user interface Wireless networks are constrained by low bandwidth, high latency

and unpredictable availability and

stability. The imode specification addresses these issues

by using the best of existing standards and developing new extensions when needed. The
imode solution leverages the tremendous investment in web servers, web development tools,
web programmers and web applications while solving the unique problems associated with
the wireless domain. The specification ensures that this solution is fast, reliable and secure.
The imode specification is developed and supported by the wireless telecommunication
community so that the entire industry and its subscribers can benefit from a single, open
specification.

Table of Content
1. imode An Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 NTT DoCoMo-The creators of imode ----------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.2 Goals of imode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Why imode is necessary? -------------------------------------------------------------------------2-5

2. The Technology------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6-18
2.1 The Smartphone------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6-7
2.2 The Transmission system------------------------------------------------------------------------8-14
2.2.1 FDMA---------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2.2 TDMA---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.3 CDMA---------------------------------------------------------------------------10-14
2.3 compact HTML----------------------------------------------------------------------------------14-18
2.3.1 Design principles-------------------------------------------------------------------15
2.3.2 Features of cHTML----------------------------------------------------------------16
2.3.3 Detail definition-----------------------------------------------------------------16-17
2.3.4 Benefits of cHTML-----------------------------------------------------------------18
3. Working of imode--------------------------------------------------------------------------------19-21
4. WAP and imode ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------22-23
5. imode and JAVA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
6. Applications-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
6.1. Horizontal applications-------------------------------------------------------------------26
6.2. Vertical applications ----------------------------------------------------------------------28
7. Future scope-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
8. Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
9. Reference----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31

i-mode technology

CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION
The imode is the NTT DoCoMos new Internet access system. It is an advanced
intelligent messaging service for digital mobile phones and other mobile terminals that will
allow you to see Internet content in special text format on special imode-enabled mobile
phones. Enabling information access from handheld devices requires a deep understanding of
both technical and market issues that are unique to the wireless environment. The imode
specification was developed by the industrys best minds to address these issues. Wireless
devices represent the ultimate constrained computing device with limited CPU, memory and
battery life and a simple user interface.

Wireless networks are constrained by low bandwidth, high latency and unpredictable
availability and stability. The imode specification addresses these issues by using the best of
existing standards and developing new extensions when needed. The imode solution leverages
the tremendous investment in web servers, web development tools, web programmers and web
applications while solving the unique problems associated with the wireless domain. The
specification ensures that this solution is fast, reliable and secure. The imode specification is
developed and supported by the wireless telecommunication community so that the entire
industry and its subscribers can benefit from a single, open specification.

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1.1 NTT DoCoMo: The Creators of imode

NTT DoCoMo is a subsidiary of Japan's incumbent telephone operator NTT. The majority of
NTT-DoCoMo's shares is owned by NTT, and the majority of NTT's shares is owned by the
Japanese government. NTT-DoCoMo's shares are separately listed on the Tokyo Stock
Exchange and on the Osaka Stock Exchange, and NTT-DoCoMo's market value (capitalization)
makes it one of the world's most valued companies .

1.2 Goals of the imode

The goals of the imode forum are listed as follows.
To bring Internet content and advanced data services to wireless phones and other wireless
terminals.
To develop a global wireless protocol specification that works across all wireless network
technologies.
To enable the creation of content and applications that scale across a wide range of wireless
bearer networks and device types, i.e. to maintain device and bearer independence
To embrace and extend existing standards and technology whenever possible and
appropriate.

1.3 Why imode is necessary?

Ensure interoperability
Service providers must feel secure that their investments will yield benefits in the future.
They will not be able to do so until equipment and software offered by different suppliers can
be made to work together. The imode specification has been designed to encourage easy, open
interoperability between its key components. Any solution component built to be compliant
with the imode specification can interoperate with any other imode-compliant component.
Service providers can choose equipment and software from multiple imode-compliant vendors,
selecting each piece of the solution that is appropriate for the service providers particular
needs. Bearer and device independence both help foster interoperability. But interoperability
goes beyond these two principles to require that each imode-compatible component will
communicate with all other components in the solution network by using the standard methods
and protocols defined in the specification.
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Encourage and Foster Market Development
The imode specification is designed to bring Internet access to the wireless mass market. By
building open specifications, and encouraging communication and technical exchanges among
the industry players, the NTT DoCoMo has already begun to open the wireless data market in
new ways. Just over a year ago, the idea of a single wireless data standard was unheard of, yet
today the imode specification is available to the public, and dozens of companies are promoting
this vision of the future. The revolution is under way to bring information access to any handset,
at a reasonable price and in an easy to use form factor.

The Market Is Different

Bringing computing power to a wireless handset opens an extensive new market for
information access. This market is very different from the traditional desktop or even the laptop
market because the subscriber has a different set of needs and expectations. Some of these
differences include:
Ease of use
Market size
Price sensitivity
Usage patterns
Essential tasks

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The Network Is Different

Wireless data networks present a more constrained communication environment

compared to wired networks. Because of fundamental limitations of power, available spectrum
and mobility, wireless data networks tend to have:

Less bandwidth:
imode addresses this issue by minimizing the traffic over the airinterface.
cHTML(compact HTML) is binary encoded into a compact form when sent over the air
in order to minimise the number of bits and bytes.

High latency
Wireless networks have high latency compared to wired networks. This is addressed in
imode by minimizing the roundtrips between the wireless device and the wireless
network.

Less predictable availability

Wired network access provides a more or less reliable connection to the network. That is
not the case in wireless networks where bearers might be inaccessible for shorter or
longer periods of time due to fading, lost radio coverage or deficient capacity. The
problem mentioned above is addressed by allowing lost sessions to be resumed.
Selective retransmission is also employed to retrieve small segment of a message that are
lost. Furthermore, as bandwidth increases, the handsets power consumption also
increases which further taxes the already limited battery life of a mobile device. A
wireless data solution must be able to overcome these network limitations and still
deliver a satisfactory user experience.

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The Device Is Different
Handheld wireless devices present a more constrained computing environment compared to
desktop computers. Because of fundamental limitations of battery life and form factor, massmarket handheld devices tend to have:

Less powerful CPUs

Less memory (ROM and RAM)
Restricted power consumption
Smaller displays
Different input devices (e.g., a phone keypad, voice input, etc.)

Because of these limitations, the user interface of a wireless handset is fundamentally

different than that of a desktop computer. The limited screen size and lack of a mouse requires
a different user interface metaphor than the traditional desktop GUI.

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CHAPTER 02
The Technology
imode consists of three technologies:
A smart handset
A new transmission protocol
A new markup language.
The above mentioned three technologies together make the brand name, imode. Each of
the above is dealt with in the succeeding sections.

2.1 Smart phone

A current high-end cell phone is now equivalent to a low-end PC. It has a 100 Hz
processor, many megabytes of flash memory, and a color display with a graphical user
interface. These smart phones enable users to brows the Net with a touch of button. But users
cannot talk while browsing the web. They switch to the web by hitting URL with a button on
the phone. There is no defacto standard in operation system and browsing software, such as
Windows 2000 or Internet Explore. Since information imode deals with is still simple, each cell
phone maker adopt its own system. A typical screen of the smart phone looks the one below.
Since most of the sites supported by imode presently are Japanese, the menu is seen to be in
Japanese language. However the menu can be made to appear in English by selecting English as
shown by the figure below.

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imode displays are somewhat larger than regular cell phones. Some models are
monochrome while others display gray scale or 256 colors. Most models can show small
animations (animated GIFs). The size ranges from the smallest screen with 96 x 108 pixels
(D501i) to the largest one with 120 x 130 pixels (N502i). This corresponds to anywhere from
six to ten lines of text, at 16 to 20 characters per line.

The latest imode phones or the smart phones support rich, graphics. They also have
color displays. When the 3G phones would be introduced. The imode smart phones would be
able to display even moving pictures, which can be downloaded from the internet. Lot of new
range of phones are available in the market with great design and engineering features.

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2.2 The Transmission System.

CDMA
The transmission protocol of imode is Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),which
enables several subscribers to use the same line at once. imodes transmission speed is 9.6 K
bps(bit per second), which is slower than a typical modem for personal use, 28.8K bps. Thus,
email is limited to about 250 characters per message. Although 9.6Kbps is insufficient to
download video, it is appropriate for short email and simple graphics.

One of the most important concepts to any cellular telephone system is that of "multiple
access", meaning that multiple, simultaneous users can be supported. In other words, a large
number of users share a common pool of radio channels and any user can gain access to any
channel (each user is not always assigned to the same channel). A channel can be thought of as
merely a portion of the limited radio resource that is temporary allocated for a specific purpose,
such as someone's phone call. A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio
spectrum is divided into channels and how channels are allocated to the many users of the
system.

Multiple Access Comparison

It is easier to understand CDMA if it is compared with other multiple access

technologies. The following sections describe the fundamental differences between a Frequency
Division Multiple Access Analog technology (FDMA), a Time Division Multiple Access
Digital technology (TDMA) and a Code Division Multiple Access Digital technology (CDMA).
The multiple access technologies can be listed as:

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FDMA (frequency division multiple access)

TDMA (time division multiple access)
CDMA (code division multiple access)

2.2.1.FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDMA is used for standard analog cellular. Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the
RF spectrum. FDMA permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to use the
channel 100% of the time. Therefore, only the frequency "dimension" is used to define
channels.

Figure : FDMA

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2.2.2. TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

The key point to make about TDMA is that users are still assigned a discrete slice of RF
spectrum, but multiple users now share that RF carrier on a time slot basis. Each of the users
alternates their use of the RF channel. Frequency division is still employed, but these carriers
are now further sub-divided into some number of time slots per carrier. A user is assigned a
particular time slot in a carrier and can only send or receive information at those times. This is
true whether or not the other time slots are being used. Information flow is not continuous for
any user, but rather is sent and received in "bursts." The bursts are re-assembled at the receiving
end, and appear to provide continuous sound because the process is very fast.

Figure : TDMA

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2.2.3 CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

IS-95 uses a multiple access spectrum spreading technique called Direct Sequence (DS)
CDMA. Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code during a call. The DS code is a
signal generated by linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. As
a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other technologies. Wideband
signals reduce interference and allow one-cell frequency reuse. There is no time division, and
all users use the entire carrier, all of the time.

Figure: DS-CDMA

CDMA Implementation

CDMA Channels
Just when one grasps an understanding of the CDMA carrier which is 1.25 MHz wide,
someone talks about "traffic channels" and confuses the issue. The fact is that with CDMA, the
path by which voice or data passes is the entire carrier, as described previously. CDMA traffic
channels are different: they are dependent on the equipment platform, such as Motorola's SC
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products, on which the CDMA is implemented. Motorola designates channels in three ways:
effective traffic channels, actual traffic channels and physical traffic channels.
The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying channels less the
soft handoff channels. The capacity of an effective traffic channel is equivalent to the traffic
carrying capacity of an analog traffic channel.
The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic channels, plus
channels allocated for soft handoff.
The number of "Physical" traffic channels includes the Pilot channels, the Sync channels,
the Paging channels, the Soft Handoff Overhead channels and the Effective (voice and data)
traffic channels.

CDMA uses the terms "forward" and "reverse" channels just like they are used in analog
systems. Base transmit equates to the forward direction, and base receive is the reverse
direction. ("Forward" is what the subscriber hears and "reverse" is what the subscriber speaks.)

CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Channel
The mobile unit to obtain initial system synchronization and to provide time, frequency,
and phase tracking of signals from the cell site uses the pilot channel.

Sync Channel
This channel provides cell site identification, pilot transmit power, and the cell site pilot
pseudo-random (PN) phase offset information. With this information the mobile units can
establish the System Time as well as the proper transmit power level to use to initiate a call.
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Paging Channel
The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel after it has set its timing to the
System Time provided by the sync channel. Once a mobile unit has been paged and
acknowledges that page, call setup and traffic channel assignment information is then passed on
this channel to the mobile unit.

Forward Traffic Channel

This channel carries the actual phone call and carries the voice and mobile power control
information from the base station to the mobile unit.
CDMA Reverse Channels
Access Channel
When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it will communicate to the base
station over the access channel. This communication includes registration requests, responses to
pages, and call originations. The access channels are paired with a corresponding paging
channel.

Reverse Traffic Channel

This channel carries the other half of the actual phone call and carries the voice and
mobile power control information from the mobile unit to the base station.

CDMA Modulation
Both the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels use a similar control structure consisting
of 20 millisecond frames. For the system, frames can be sent at either 14400, 9600, 7200, 4800,
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3600, 2400, 1800, or 1200 bps. For example, with a Traffic Channel operating at 9600 bps, the
rate can vary from frame to frame, and can be 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps. The receiver
detects the rate of the frame and processes it at the correct rate. This technique allows the
channel rate to dynamically adapt to the speech or data activity. For speech, when a talker
pauses, the transmission rate is reduced to a low rate. When the talker speaks, the system
instantaneously shifts to using a higher transmission rate. This technique decreases the
interference to other CDMA signals and thus allows an increase in system capacity. CDMA
starts with a basic data rate of 9600 bits per second. This is then spread to a transmitted bit rate,
or chip rate (the transmitted bits are called chips), of 1.2288 MHz. The spreading process
applies digital codes to the data bits, which increases the data rate while adding redundancy to
the system. The chips are transmitted using a form of QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying)
modulation which has been filtered to limit the bandwidth of the signal. This is added to the
signal of all the other users in that cell. When the signal is received, the coding is removed from
the desired signal, returning it to a rate of 9600 bps. When the decoding is applied to the other
users' codes, there is no dispreading; the signals maintain the 1.2288 MHz bandwidth. The ratio
of transmitted bits or chips to data bits is the coding gain. The coding gain for the IS-95 CDMA
system is 128, or 21 dB.

CDMA Benefits

When implemented in a cellular telephone system, CDMA technology offers numerous

benefits to the cellular operators and their subscribers. The following is an overview of the
benefits of CDMA. Each benefit will be described in detail in the following subsections.
Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS analog system and 4 to 5 times that of
a GSM system
Improved call quality, with better and more consistent sound as compared to AMPS systems
Simplified system planning through the use of the same frequency in every sector of every
cell
Enhanced privacy
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Improved coverage characteristics, allowing for the possibility of fewer cell sites
Increased talk time for portables
Bandwidth on demand
2.3 Compact Hypertext Markup Language (cHTML)
The Compact HTML is a well-defined subset of HTML 2.0[1], HTML 3.2[2] and
HTML 4.0[3] recommendations, which is designed for small information appliances. HTML
defines flexible, portable, and practical document format for the documents on the Internet. One
direction of HTML is to grow toward richer multimedia document format. A new
recommendation HTML 4.0[3] includes new additional features. For example, CSS(Cascading
Style Sheets) give a wider range of document styles. On the other hand, there must be another
direction for small information appliances. Small information appliances have several hardware
restrictions such as small memory, low power CPU, small or no secondary storage, small
display, monocolor, single character font, and restricted input method (no keyboard and mouse).
The browser for Compact HTML proposed in this document can be implemented in such a
restricted environment. Once such a subset of HTML is defined, contents providers and
information appliance manufacturers can rely on this common standard. We believe that
Compact HTML definitely contributes to the rapid growth of small information appliance
market.
Definition of Compact HTML
2.3.1. Design Principles
The Compact HTML is designed to meet the requirements of small information
appliances described above. It is designed based on the following four principles.
1.

Completely based on the current HTML W3C recommendations.

Compact HTML is defined as a subset of HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0

specifications.This means that Compact HTML inherits the flexibility and portability from the
standard HTML.
2.

Lite Specifications

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Compact HTML has to be implemented with small memory and low power CPU.
Frames and tables which require large memory are excluded from Compact HTML.

3.

Can be viewed on a small mono-colored display

Compact HTML assumes a small display space of black and white color.

However, it does not assume a fixed display space, but it is flexible for the display screen size.
Compact HTML also assumes single character font.
4.

Can be easily operated by the users

Compact HTML is defined so that all the basic operations can be done by a

combination of four buttons; Cursor forward, Cursor backward, Select, and Back/Stop(Return
to the previous page). The functions which require two-dimensional focus pointing like "image
map" and "table" are excluded from Compact HTML.
The definition of Compact HTML is derived straightforwardly from the above
principles.

2.3.2. Features of Compact HTML

The Compact HTML is a subset of HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0. We describe
the major features which are excluded from Compact HTML, as follows.

JPEG image

Table

Image map

Multiple character fonts and styles

Background color and image

Frame

Style sheet

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We define that Compact HTML includes GIF image support. It should be noted that this
subset does not require two-dimensional cursor moving, that is, it can be operated by using only
four buttons. We can also expect that well-designed pages for small display fit the screen space
and the scrolling is not necessary. Actually the Compact HTML browser can display the pages
like "deck of cards" by HDML[4]. Since the memory capacity is the most important issue in
implementing the Compact HTML browser, we recommend the buffer limit for some functions.

INPUT
The maximum buffer size is 512 bytes.

SELECT
The maximum buffer size is 4096 bytes.

Though such a limitation belongs to the implementation issues, the common criteria is
useful while developing devices. One recommended implementation for the browser is to
support the direct selection of anchors by using number buttons. For example, when five
anchors are contained in an HTML page, the third anchor can be selected just by pressing the
"3" button. (The HTML 4.0 specification includes a new attribute "access key" for the similar
purpose of direct key assignment.)
2.3.3.Detail Definition

The complete list of tags supported by Compact HTML is described in Appendix A. The
comparison with HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0 is marked in the table. The document
type definition (DTD) for Compact HTML is also described in Appendix B. This gives the
intended interpretation of Compact HTML elements. The document type is defined as follows;
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD Compact HTML 1.0 Draft//EN">

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Examples and Benefits of Compact HTML

Examples
Here we describe the examples of applications by using Compact HTML. The following
examples show the compact browser for cellular phones. The screen is the space of 7 text lines
and 16 characters wide. The top line is used for displaying the status information.
1. compact HTML example: Simple menu
In this example, the cursor focus point is expressed as the reverse text.

2.

Compact HTML example: Mail Send Form

This example shows the mail sending form using INPUT tags. The focused form is expressed as
solid surrounding lines, and non-focused forms are expressed as dotted surrounding line. The
cursor point for input characters is expressed as a reverse box.

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3.

Compact HTML example: Image Contents

This example shows weather and rain information of the day. It uses monocolor GIF image.

Practical implementations and experiments show that Compact HTML is enough useful for
small screen of 5-10 text lines and 10-20 characters wide.

2.3.4. Benefits of Compact HTML

The Compact HTML, an HTML-based approach, guarantees that small information

appliances can connect to the open WWW world. Compact HTML keeps the advantage of
HTML features and solves the problems arising from the restrictions of small information
appliances. The tools like HTML authoring systems can refer to the Compact HTML
specification. In addition, the client-specific web services for such small devices can be realized
by using user agent attributes [5]. That is, the server can do the content filter for Compact
HTML.

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CHAPTER 03
Working of imode
imode uses the proprietary PDC-P packet-switching protocol for data transmission over
the existing circuit-switched PDC voice network. This provides an always on service for both
push and pulls transmissions. The use of packet switching is appropriate for data transmission
because a communication path is not dedicated to a data call, thus enabling resources to be
shared between many users.

imode works basically the same as the any typical software HTML browser allowing
users to access thousands of imode enabled web sites via WWW address, simply by pushing the
cell phones I-Modebutton.When you select an imode item in the handset menu, the data is
usually immediately downloaded. There is no delay for dialing up the connection after a click
on a link or a type in a URL and press the remote or enter button.

This initiates a connection between the client (phone) and the imode gateway .The PDCP network is connected to an imode Gateway Server, which has internal connections to user and
billing databases. The Gateway Server, also known as I-Mode Centre, manages request and
responses made by the packet network to and from imode handsets. The Gateway Server
connects, via HTTP, to content provider sites available the internet. The Web Servers at the
content providers return cHTML back to the I-Mode Centre. The I-Mode Centre forwards the
cHTML without transformation to the imode handset via the PDC-P network. The I-Mode
Centre also performs functions such as authentication, content provider authentication and
subscriber look-up. It handles Push content from content providers who send alert-based
content to their subscribers. The I-Mode Centre transmits banking and other securitysensitive transactions over a leased line between the Gateway Servers and the financial
institutions or secure content provider to avoid data flow via the internet. Currently, the only
encryption that exists is between the imode handset and the Base Station unit that forms part of
the PDC-P network.
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The FIGURE-1 shows an overview of imode.

Content providers create Web sites for i-mode by using cHTML, a subset of HTML. This
makes it easy to convert any existing Web site written in HTML into imode content, since
cHTML requires only minor changes to the HTML. Because conversion is so simple, more and
more sites are joining the imode roster.

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CHAPTER 04
WAP and imode

Comparing imode and WAP is not straight forward. In some sense,imode and WAP
based services are in competition in Japan, and possibly world wide in the future. Both imode
and WAP are complex systems, and it is really only possible to compare present
implementations of imode and WAP, as well as their business models, the pricing, marketing
etc. There are several important differences in the way imode and WAP based services are
presently implemented, marketed and priced. As an example, imode uses cHTML which is a
subset of HTML and is relatively easier to learn for website developers than WAP's markup
language "wml".

Another difference is, that at present in Japan imode is implemented with a packet
switched system, which is in principle "always on" while WAP systems in Europe are at present
circuit-switched, i.e. dial-up. Another difference is, that at present an imode user is charged for
the amount of information downloaded plus various premium service charges (if used), while
WAP services are at present charge by the connection time. Packet switching or circuit
switching is a technical difference of the telecommunication system on which the services are
based, it has nothing to do in principle with the imode and WAP standards itself. In principle,
imode and WAP encoded WebPages can be delivered over packet and circuit switched systems.
The advantages of imode over WAP can be listed as:

imode uses a modified subset of html(compact html,cHtml). Therefore it is very easy

and straightforward to build websites for imode. Wap uses its own language
therefore the barriers to building wap sites are higher

imode is packet switched in Japan now i.e. imode is always on. Users dont need to
dial up and the charges are not connection time based. Wap at the moment in Europe

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uses circuit-switching (dial up) i.e. users must wait during dial up and users are
charged by the minute of connection time.

At the moment wap services are very limited : a few lines of text with a few words,
no images. Imode already now allows color animated gifs and other sophisticated
downloads. In autumn 2000 java handsets will be introduced on imode

Can imode kill WAP? Yes, in principle. But the consumers decide and in principle
imode can also run on WAP, but not need to run on WAP. Who wins: WAP or
imode?? At the moment: imode. Customers have already decided this competition in
Japan. Also the next WAP standard can be more like imode so that WAP and imode
could merge

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CHAPTER 05
imode and JAVA

Some docomo handsets already include a java virtual machine. From autumn 2000 some
ntt-docomo handsets(503i) will include a mini jvm and downloading of applets will be enabled.
Java applets( e.g. comp.games,info. Applications ,security applications)can be downloaded and
played offline. Since java is one technology which no brand or technology which can overlook
java will slowly become an integral part of the imode handset and slowly all applications of
java can be used by an imode set. Two kinds of java applets can be downloaded:

1.

downloaded applets: games, multimedia content etc

2.

agent-type applets: which can obtain information from the internet

(e.g.

stockprices ,weather info. Etc)

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CHAPTER 06
Applications

There are various business applications for mobile computing. This includes both
horizontal applications that are used by workers and professionals across all the industries as
well as those specific to business processes in a vertical industry.

6.1. Horizontal applications

Electronic mail
Wireless-network-based e-mail is becoming a popular application available now. In
order to provide a high level of customer service, mobile workers and sales professionals must
stay in touch with home offices and customers. This is possible only through wireless network
support.

Wireless workgroup applications

These applications allow members of a workgroup to access information on workgroup

calendaring (scheduling meetings), status of collaborative projects, research and development,
time and expense reporting, customer service and other activities where multiple members of a
workgroup participate in approval process. Because many of these people are mobile, they need
to access this information wirelessly from the field or from their vehicles while they are moving
from customer to customer.

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Mobile data collection

These solutions are based on some sort of handheld device scanning information on an
item and either storing it locally or transmitting it to a central processor. The device might range
from simple portable bar code readers to more sophisticated PDTs (Portable Data Terminals)
with RF capability that will read information from various devices and send this information
automatically through wireless local area networks or wide area networks.

6.2 Vertical Applications

Banking
Many banking industry customers are developing wireless applications to improve
bottom-line costs. Even the big banks are realizing that their sales people must leave their
offices to sell directly to customers. The features provided include:

Wireless banking transactions - account balance, funds transfer, bill payment

Sales Professional Automation in financial industry

Credit card authorization via POS terminals equipped with wireless adapters

Stock Trading
The New York stock exchange has made a significant change to the classical methods
used by traders in the past. This include:

Hand-held PDAs connected to wireless networks, accessing information from stock

exchange servers.

Wireless mobile computing trading from Palm and Pocket PC by large active investors.

Airline and Railway industries

The application in airline and railway industries include:
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Data access for staff via cellular circuit switched network including: ticketing and schedule
information, maintenance - fueling and de-icing information and baggage handling
information.
Mobile scanners to scan bar-coded information from baggage tickets directly into a
database.
Pen based work order application using mobile data network.
Airport security and monitoring.
Airline Baggage and Cargo Control.

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CHAPTER 07
Future Scope

It is very difficult to predict the future. Future development depends on user/consumer

choices, operators' choices and commercial decisions, technical limitations, and there are even
health issues, which keep being raised.
Therefore unexpected developments are not to be excluded. In the future it is likely (but not
guaranteed) that XML encoding will become dominant on the internet. Therefore future
standards both for WAP and imode could become XML based. In this (likely) case it is difficult
to assign winners and losers! Although it is not very clear at this stage whether WAP would be
more successful or imode would steal the show, but is certain that the mobile communication is
going to make great strides in the very near future.
There are many services that are and will soon be available for iMode phones. A few of these
are interesting.
First, there is some demand by businesses for the representation of vector graphics on the phone.
These can be used to display diagrams in industrial service manuals for auto mechanics to
take online documentation under the hood and civil engineers to consult underground maps
on site
A current popular service is Animated Mail. A patented text-to-animation engine parses email
received and generates an animation based on the emails contents. For example, if the email
has the word hawaii in it the phone could show an animation of a sunny beach.

Cartoons and graphics-based games generate millions of dollars a year in revenue. The
founder of the Animated Mail service explains this success: The Japanese have a
strongly developed visual sensibility; they have a long tradition of communicating
iconographically. As youngsters they form emotional attachment with Japanese Kanji
characters and hence they are very good at communicating with pictures.

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CHAPTER 08
Conclusion

imode, with all its features is best suited as the technology, which would help us harness
the infinite amount of knowledge which is available to us by internet. imode is best suited for
this. Although, as stated earlier the future is very unpredictable, one thing can be stated with
conviction. imode would be the ideal technology which would be employed into the next
generation of mobile phones, i.e. 3G and also 4G. imode would make mobile phones an
indispensable gizmo. People would send mails, play games, check their stock, shop online, in
other words imode would help people to carry along with them the power of internet always,
wherever they are. imode would change the very way every human being exists; all of us would
evolve into cyborgs (cyber-organisms) for good.

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CHAPTER 09
Reference
Web sites:
The iMode FAQ: http://www.eurotechnology.com/imode/faq-sec.html
http://www.acsac.org/2001/papers/61.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mode
Official iMode Site: http://www.nttdocomo.com/imode/top.html
Special Issue on iMode Service, NTT DoCoMo Technical Journal.
Special Article on Advanced iMode Mobile Phones, NTT DoCoMo Technical Journal.
Wired versus Wireless Security: The Internet, WAP and iMode for E-Commerce,
iMode: The Mobile Internet Service of the 21st Century.
Learning from iMode, IEE Review.

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