Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 30 views

    Manoj Linux

    Uploaded by

    manojsinghsaun10
    The kernel handles processes, memory allocation, file storage, and communication between programs and hardware in response to system calls. For example, when a user runs the 'rm' command to delete a file, the shell finds and runs the rm program, which makes system calls to the kernel to delete the file. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets commands and runs the associated programs. When a program finishes, the shell displays a prompt to wait for the next command. The Unix file system is hierarchical with the root directory at the top containing other directories. Each file and directory is uniquely identified by its name, location, and inode number. Standard directories include /bin, /

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Manoj Linux

    Uploaded by

    manojsinghsaun10
    30 views3 pages
    The kernel handles processes, memory allocation, file storage, and communication between programs and hardware in response to system calls. For example, when a user runs the 'rm' command to delete a file, the shell finds and runs the rm program, which makes system calls to the kernel to delete the file. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets commands and runs the associated programs. When a program finishes, the shell displays a prompt to wait for the next command. The Unix file system is hierarchical with the root directory at the top containing other directories. Each file and directory is uniquely identified by its name, location, and inode number. Standard directories include /bin, /

    Original Description:

    Manoj Linux Doc

    Original Title

    Manoj Linux Doc

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The kernel handles processes, memory allocation, file storage, and communication between programs and hardware in response to system calls. For example, when a user runs the 'rm' command to delete a file, the shell finds and runs the rm program, which makes system calls to the kernel to delete the file. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets commands and runs the associated programs. When a program finishes, the shell displays a prompt to wait for the next command. The Unix file system is hierarchical with the root directory at the top containing other directories. Each file and directory is uniquely identified by its name, location, and inode number. Standard directories include /bin, /

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    30 views3 pages

    Manoj Linux

    Uploaded by

    manojsinghsaun10
    The kernel handles processes, memory allocation, file storage, and communication between programs and hardware in response to system calls. For example, when a user runs the 'rm' command to delete a file, the shell finds and runs the rm program, which makes system calls to the kernel to delete the file. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets commands and runs the associated programs. When a program finishes, the shell displays a prompt to wait for the next command. The Unix file system is hierarchical with the root directory at the top containing other directories. Each file and directory is uniquely identified by its name, location, and inode number. Standard directories include /bin, /

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    The kernel

    It allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response
    to system calls.
    E.g suppose a user types rm myfile (which has the effect of removing the file myfile). The shell
    searches the filestore for the file containing the program rm, and then requests the kernel, through
    system calls, to execute the program rm on myfile. When the process rm myfile has finished
    running, the shell then returns the UNIX prompt % to the user, indicating that it is waiting for
    further commands.

    The shell
    The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login
    program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The
    shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges
    for them to be carried out. The commands are themselves programs: when they terminate, the shell
    gives the user another prompt (% on our systems)
    To check shell in your linux sytems
    cat /etc/shells
    To know the current shill
    echo $SHELL

    how to change shell


    chsh help
    chsh -s /bin/bash

    Directory Structure
    Unix uses a hierarchical file system structure, much like an upside-down tree, with root (/) at the
    base of the file system and all other directories spreading from there.
    A UNIX filesystem is a collection of files and directories that has the following properties
    It has a root directory (/) that contains other files and directories.
    Each file or directory is uniquely identified by its name, the directory in which it resides, and
    a unique identifier, typically called an inode.
    By convention, the root directory has an inode number of 2 and the lost+found directory has
    an inode number of 3. Inode numbers 0 and 1 are not used. File inode numbers can be seen
    by specifying the -i option to ls command.
    It is self contained. There are no dependencies between one filesystem and any other.
    Note :In a Unix-style file system, an index node, informally referred to as an inode,

    /
    /bin
    /dev
    /etc
    /lib
    /boot
    /home

    This is the root directory which should contain only the directories needed at the top level
    of the file structure.
    This is where the executable files are located. They are available to all user.
    These are device drivers.
    Supervisor directory commands, configuration files, disk configuration files, valid user
    lists, groups, ethernet, hosts, where to send critical messages.
    Contains shared library files and sometimes other kernel-related files.
    Contains files for booting the system.
    Contains the home directory for users and other accounts.

    /mnt

    Used to mount other temporary file systems, such as cdrom and floppy for the CD-ROM
    drive and floppy diskette drive, respectively

    /proc

    Contains all processes marked as a file by process number or other information that is
    dynamic to the system.

    /tmp

    Holds temporary files used between system boots

    /usr

    Used for miscellaneous purposes, or can be used by many users. Includes administrative
    commands, shared files, library files, and others

    /var

    Typically contains variable-length files such as log and print files and any other type of file
    that may contain a variable amount of data

    /sbin

    Contains binary (executable) files, usually for system administration. For example fdisk
    and ifconfig utlities.

    /kernel Contains kernel files

    To check the manual of any command


    use man command
    e.g : man ls

    ls (list)
    The ls command ( lowercase L and lowercase S ) lists the contents of your current working
    directory.
    -l will show with permission.
    -a will show all the hidden file.

    mkdir (make directory)


    mkdir manoj: It will create the new directory in the current directory
    e.g mkdir manoj
    -m : It us use to set the peremission to the user
    e.g :mkdir -m a=rwx mydir

    You might also like