Technical Release

Technical Releases (Accounting)
issued by the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan

issued by the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of

Pakistan
An online publication by
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issued by the
TECHNICAL RELEASES (ACCOUNTING)

TR-1
TR-2
TR-3
TR-4
TR-5
TR-6
TR-7
TR-8
TR-9
TR-10
TR-11
TR-12
TR-13
TR-14
TR-15
TR-16
TR-17
TR-18
TR-19
TR-20
TR-21
TR-22
TR-23
TR-24
TR-25
TR-26
TR-27
TR-28
TR-29
Withdrawn
Withdrawn
Withdrawn
Withdrawn
IASC Standards-Council's Statement on Applicability
(Reformatted - 2000)
Fixed Assets Register (Reformatted - 2000)
Withdrawn
Clarification Regarding Basis of Calculation of Workers Profit
Participation Fund (Reformatted - 2000)
Withdrawn
Deferred Taxation
Depreciation on Idle Fixed Assets (Reformatted - 2000)
Debt Extinguishment
Withdrawn
Revaluation of Fixed Assets-Accounting Treatment (Reformatted
- 2000)
Bonus Shares-Accounting Treatment (Reformatted - 2000)
Withdrawn
Withdrawn
Withdrawn
Excise Duty-Accounting Treatment (Reformatted - 2000)
Accounting for Expenditure During Construction Period
(Reformatted - 2000)
Date of Commencement of Commercial Production (Reformatted
- 2000)
Book Value Per Share (Revised - 2002)
Accounting for Investments (Revised-1998)
Exchange Risk Fee-Accounting Treatment (Reformatted - 2000)
Prudential Regulations for Banks (Reformatted - 2000)
Withdrawn
IAS 12, Accounting for Taxes on Income
Golden Handshake-Accounting for
Carry-Over-Transactions (COT)
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-5
(Reformatted 2000)
IASC STANDARDS-COUNCILS
STATEMENT ON APPLICABILITY
THE ISSUE
The Institute has been an Associate Member of the International Accounting Standards
Committee (IASC) ever since its existence in 1973. Exposure drafts and accounting
standards on various subjects issued by the IASC are being sent to the members
regularly. To date, the IASC has issued standards up to IAS 39, out of which the texts of
34 standards have already been circulated to the members.
It has been brought to the notice of the Council that some misunderstanding exists about
the applicability of International Accounting Standards (IASs) and the obligations with
regard to the compliance with such standards the auditors carry while expressing
opinion on published financial statements which have been fully defined in para 5 of the
Preface to Statements of International Accounting Standards and para 7 and 9 of the
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements issued by
International Accounting Standards Committee1.
COUNCILS DIRECTIVE
The Council wishes to draw the attention of all members to paragraph 4 of the revised
Preface of International Accounting Standards which reads as under :The members agree to support the objectives of IASC by undertaking the following
obligations:
to support the work of IASC by publishing in their respective countries every
International Accounting Standard approved for issue by the Board of IASC and by using
their best endeavours:
i)
to ensure that published financial statements comply with International

Accounting Standards in all material respects and disclose the fact of such
compliance;
ii)
to persuade Governments and standard-setting bodies that published financial

statements should comply with International Accounting Standards in all material
respects;
iii)
to persuade authorities controlling securities markets and the industrial and

business community that published financial statements should comply with
International Accounting Standards in all material respects and disclose the fact
of such compliance;
iv)
to ensure that the auditors satisfy themselves that the financial statements
comply with International Accounting Standards in all material respects;
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issued by the
v)
to foster acceptance and observance of International Accounting Standards

internationally;
The Council desires to direct all members to ensure that in accordance with the
obligations undertaken by us as one of the members of IASC, the auditor, while
expressing an opinion on published financial statements, should satisfy himself that they
do comply with IASs in all material respects and that in the event of any departure from
or inconsistency with such standards, the auditors report should contain suitable
qualification. It should however be emphasized that IASs do not override the local
statutory provisions under Companies Ordinance, 1984 and the disclosure requirements
under the Fourth and Fifth Schedules. Compliance with IASs shall be mandatory in so
far as such standards are not inconsistent with local regulations or standards, directives
or pronouncements issued by this Institute.
The Council is conscious of the fact that considering practical problems in the set of
circumstances prevailing in Pakistan, compliance with some of the standards may be
rendered difficult and in view thereof the Council is of the view that compliance with the
following standards shall, until notified otherwise, not be deemed to be mandatory:
IAS 15 - Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices
IAS 22 - Business Combinations
IAS 29 - Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
This statement is and shall be deemed to be a directive of the Council and shall be
applicable to any International Accounting
Standard which may be issued in future unless otherwise specified by the Council. Noncompliance with this directive shall be deemed to be a professional mis-conduct in terms
of clause (3) of Part 4 of Schedule I to the Chartered Accountants Ordinance, 1961.
Para 5 of the Preface and para 7 and 9 of the Framework have been reproduced on the next page.
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issued by the
Preface to Statements of
International Accounting Standards
Para 5
The term financial statements used in paragraphs 2 and 4 covers balance sheets,
income statements or profit and loss accounts, statements of changes in financials
position, notes and other statements and explanatory material which are identified as
being part of the financial statements. Usually; financial statements are made available
or published once a year and are the subject of a report by an auditor. International
Accounting Standards apply to such financial statements of any commercial, industrial,
or business enterprise.
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
Scope
Para 7
Financial statements form part of the process of financial reporting. A complete set of
financial statements normally includes a balance sheet, an income statement, a
statement of changes in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways,
for example, as a statement of cash flows or a statement of funds flows), and those
notes and other statements and explanatory material that are an integral part of the
financial statements. They may also include supplementary schedules and information
based on or derived from, and expected to be read with, such statements. Such
schedules and supplementary information may deal, for example, with financial
information about industrial and geographical segments and disclosures about the
effects of changing prices. Financial statements do not, however, include such items as
reports by directors, statements by the chairman, discussion and analysis by
management and similar items that may be included in a financial or annual report.
Users and Their Information Needs

Para 9
The users of financial statements include present and potential investors, employees,
lenders, suppliers and other trade creditors, customers, governments and their agencies
and the public. They use financial statements in order to satisfy some of their different
needs for information. These needs include the following:
a)
Investors: The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned with the
risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information
to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell. Shareholders are
also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the
enterprise to pay dividends.
b)
Employees: Employees and their representative groups are interested in

information about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also
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issued by the
interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the

enterprise to provide remuneration, retirement benefits and employment
opportunities.
c)
Lenders: Lenders are interested in information that enables them to determine

whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due.
d)
Suppliers and other trade creditors: Suppliers and other creditors are
interested in information that enables them to determine whether amounts owing
to them will be paid when due. Trade creditors are likely to be interested in an
enterprise over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependent upon the
continuation of the enterprise as a major customer.
e)
Customers: Customers have an interest in information about the continuance of

an enterprise, especially when they have a long term involvement with, or are
dependent on, the enterprise.
f)
Governments and their agencies: Governments and their agencies are

interested in the allocation of resources and, therefore, the activities of
enterprises. They also
g)
require information in order to regulate the activities of enterprises, determine

taxation policies and as the basis for national income and similar statistics.
h)
Public: Enterprises affect members of the public in a variety of ways. For

example, enterprises may make a substantial contribution to the local economy
in many ways including the number of people they employ and their patronage of
local suppliers. Financial statements may assist the public by providing
information about the trends and recent developments in the prosperity of the
enterprise and the range of its activities.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-6
(Reformatted 2000)
FIXED ASSETS INVENTORY AND RECORDS

1.
THE ISSUE
Section 230 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 requires every company to keep
proper books of accounts with respect to a number of items which includes all
assets of the company. Fixed assets comprise a significant portion of a
companys assets. Except for the companies engaged in production, processing,
manufacturing or mining activities to which Section 230 (1) (e) applies and which
under separate costing rules are required to maintain separate fixed assets
records, no guidance is available for other companies. Further following are
important aspects for maintenance of proper records and preparation of Financial
Statements.
2.
a)
Periodic reconciliation of the underlying records of fixed assets with the

accounting records (General Ledger).
b)
Reconciliation of the periodic physical inventory of fixed assets with fixed

assets records.
c)
Determination of cost and accumulated depreciation of each item of fixed

assets at the time of retirement or disposal.
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1
Fixed Assets records
Adequate itemized records of fixed assets should be maintained which at minimum

must indicate following particulars:-
FIXED ASSETS INVENTORY AND RECORDS

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
description of each item

cost of the item
the date of its acquisition
classification of the item
the location and/or the custodian of the item
the rate of depreciation
accumulated depreciation
depreciation charge for the period
the department/cost centre / product to which the depreciation is
charged
date of revaluation (if any)
revalued amount (if any) of the items
depreciation on revalued amount
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issued by the
m)
2.2
accumulated depreciation on the revalued amount
Physical inventory of fixed assets
Physical verification of fixed assets should be carried out on a cyclical basis

(perpetual inventory) according to a formal plan once in five year. The physical
inventory should be reconciled with the fixed assets records and adjusted
accordingly.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-8
(Reformatted 2000)
CLARIFICATION REGARDING BASIS OF CALCULATION OF WORKERS PROFITS

PARTICIPATION FUND
1. THE ISSUE
Opinion was sought whether Workers Profit Participation Fund is to be calculated
after or before charging it against the profits of the year. For illustration purposes an
example is given here under:
a)
Profit of the Company

WPPF @ 5% of Rs.250.00
:
:
Rs.250.00
Rs. 12.50
b)
Profit of the Company

:
WPPF @ 5/105 of Rs.250.00 :
Rs.250.00
Rs. 11.90
2. TECHNICAL COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION

i.
Contribution to Workers Profit Participation Fund is to be made on the basis of

provision contained in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 3 of Companies
Profits (W.P.) Act, 1968. This provides that the amount should be 5% of its profits
as per audited accounts. If there are no profits no contribution is payable. Hence,
this is in the nature of an appropriation of profits.
ii. Accordingly, method indicated in example (a) is correct and should be followed.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-10
DEFERRED TAXATION
The question whether or not any credit on account of depreciation charged in accounts
on revised value of revalued assets should be given for computing provision of deferred
taxation? Was considered by the Institute and following opinion was given:
The Technical Services Committee considered the question referred by the Chairman,
Corporate Law Authority on the propriety or otherwise of any credit for deferred taxation
in respect of incremental depreciation charged on revaluation of assets and was of the
opinion that the answer to the question as framed could only be in the negative as the
incremental depreciation charged in accounts does not bring in any tax relief or create
any timing difference to necessitate deferred tax accounting. Nevertheless, the question
involves other important accounting issues to bring out which the question was divided
into three parts as follows:(a)
Whether following an upward revaluation of fixed assets in excess of cost

and consequent increased charge of depreciation against revenue an
enterprise is required or permitted to set up a corresponding deferred
taxation account?
(b)
Whether such deferred tax could be appropriated from surplus on

revaluation? and
(c)
Whether any credit could be taken against the current tax charge by a
claw back from such deferred tax account?
The Committee considered the above questions in great depth in the light of
International Accounting Standards, Standard Accounting Practice of the Institute of
Chartered Accountants in England & Wales and authoritative literature available on the
subject and came to the following conclusions:
(a)
An enterprise which carries out a revaluation of its fixed assets in excess

of cost is not required or permitted to set up corresponding deferred
taxation account unless it is probable that potential tax liability will
crystallise. Such a probability can be foreseen only when the enterprise
decides to sell the assets and no before.
(b)
When the potential tax liability is foreseen deferred tax on such sale could
be appropriated from surplus on revaluation.
(c)
No credit could be taken against the current tax charge from deferred tax
account by way of a claw back because provision for deferred tax for
potential tax liability is intended to meet such liability in case of sale only.
Dated: 28-10-1985
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-11
(Reformatted 2000)
DEPRECIATION ON IDLE FIXED ASSETS

THE ISSUE
(a)
Whether depreciation should be charged on fixed assets which are idle?
(b)
Whether on assets used by a company in business or operation of seasonal

nature depreciation be charged commensurate with the extent of their use in a
season?

1.
The Committee while examining the above two issues placed reliance on the
principles set out in IAS 4 Depreciation Accounting and was of the opinion that
the said IAS lays down comprehensively the principles and standard for
depreciation accounting and hence there was no need for a separate standard to
deal with the above issues. However, in order to facilitate understanding of the
accounting treatment in respect of the above issues, the explanations contained
in this Technical Release may provide the necessary guidance.1
2.
Fixed assets in a business include assets in use and held with reasonable
expectation of these being used. Depreciation should, therefore, normally be
charged on all fixed assets. Temporarily idle, reserve or stand-by assets should
also continue to be depreciated.
DEPRECIATION ON IDLE FIXED ASSETS

3.
If the assets are persistently idle, there is a need to review the remaining useful
lives of such assets in accordance with IAS 4 Depreciation Accounting.
Paragraph 8 of IAS 4 provides that the useful lives of major depreciable assets or
classes of depreciable assets should be reviewed periodically and depreciation
rates adjusted for the current and future periods if expectations are significantly
different from the previous estimates.2
4.
With regard to assets used in the operations of seasonal nature, the rates of
depreciation determined initially, impliedly take into account the useful lives
based on such seasonal operations. The rate and consequently the amount of
annual depreciation so determined should thus not be adjusted further to
commensurate with the length of seasonal operations in an accounting period.
5.
Fixed assets abandoned but not physically disposed off and equipment still
owned with no apparent likelihood of resuming operations, if material in amount,
should be removed from fixed assets and recorded separately at lower of cost
and estimated realizable amount, appropriately explained.
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issued by the
1.
2.
Please also see paragraphs 41 to 48 of IAS 16 (Revised 1998)

Please also see paragraphs 49 and 50 of IAS 16 (Revised 1998)
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-12
DEBT EXTINGUISHMENT
INTRODUCTION
1.
AAPC has considered various issues arising upon extinguishment of a debt. This
Technical Release has been developed in order to attain uniformity in accounting
treatment of debt extinguishment.
EXPLANATION
2.
This Technical Release explains circumstances for an extinguishment of debt,

and the reporting of gains and losses on extinguishment.
3.
A debtor shall consider debt to be extinguished for financial reporting purposes in

the following circumstances:(a)
The debtor pays the creditor and is relieved of all its obligations with
respect to the debt,
(b)
The debtor is legally released from being the primary obligor under the
debt either judicially or by the creditor and that the debtor will not be
required to make future payments with respect to the debt under any
guarantees.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT
4.
Gains and losses from extinguishment of debt should be included in the

determination of net income and, if material, classified as an extraordinary or
unusual item. This shall apply whether an extinguishment is early or at scheduled
maturity date or late.
5.
Gains or losses from extinguishment of debt, if material, should be described

sufficiently to enable users of financial statements to evaluate their significance.
Accordingly, a description of the extinguishment transaction, including the
sources of any funds used to extinguish debt, if it is practicable to identify the
sources, shall be disclosed in a single note to the financial statements or
adequately cross-referenced if in more than one note.
EFFECTIVE DATE
6.
This Technical Release shall be effective for debt extinguishment occurring after
December 31, 1991.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-14
(Reformatted 2000)
ACCOUNTING FOR REVALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS

1.
THE ISSUE
1.1
The International Accounting Standard 16, Property, Plant, and Equipment (PPE)
under the Benchmark and Allowed Alternative Treatments under paragraph 28 &
29 respectively has given option to either carry an item of PPE at its cost less
any accumulated depreciation or at re-valued amount.
1.2
Where as assets carrying amount is increased as a result of revaluation how

such increased be recognised in the books of accounts.
1.3
Treatment for adjusted accumulated depreciation at the date of revaluation.
1.4
There is a conflict between IAS 16 and Companies Ordinance, 1984 regarding

the treatment of recognising increase in carrying amount of assets.
1.5
The Companies Ordinance, 1984 in sub-section (2) of section 235 requires that
except and to the extent actually realised on disposal of the assets which are revalued, the surplus on revaluation of fixed assets shall not be applied to set off or
reduce any deficit or loss, whether part, current or future or in any manner
applied, adjusted or treated so as to add to the income, profit or surplus of the
company, or utilised directly or indirectly by way of dividend or bonus. IAS 16 in
paragraph 37 however provides when an assets carrying amount is increased as
a result of a revaluation,
ACCOUNTING FOR REVALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS

the increase should be credited directly to equity under the heading of
Revaluation Surplus. However a revaluation increase should be recognised as
income to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset
previously recognised as an expense.
1.6
IAS 16 in paragraph 33 provides two ways for adjusting accumulated

depreciation at the date of revaluation, either to (a) restate proportionately with
the change in the gross carrying amount of the asset so that the carrying amount
of the asset after revaluation equals its re-valued amount or (b) eliminate against
the gross carrying amount of the asset and the net amount restated to the revalued amount of the asset.
2.
2.1
To recognise increase in assets carrying amount the requirement of Companies

Ordinance, 1984 should be followed.
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issued by the
2.2
It is recommended that when an item of PPE is re-valued, any accumulated

depreciation at the date of revaluation should be credited to the asset amount.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-15
(Reformatted 2000)
BONUS SHARES - ACCOUNTING TREATMENT

Introduction
Bonus shares are the shares issued by a company from distributable reserves to its
ordinary shareholders, without consideration, by way of either capitalization of its
profits or utilization of share premium account.
Issue of bonus shares is prompted mainly by desire to give the recipient

shareholders some separate evidence of part of their respective interests in
undistributed profits without distribution of cash which the Board of Directors deem
necessary to retain in the business.
THE ISSUE
How the issue of bonus shares should be accounted for by the Issuer and the
Recipient.

Accounting by the Issuer
A bonus issue does not give rise to any change in either the companys assets or its
respective shareholders proportionate interests therein. The company issuing bonus
shares shall account for such shares by transferring from Reserves to Issued Share
Capital an amount equal to the par value of additional shares issued.
In the first instance, generally the profits are appropriated and transferred to Reserve
for Issue of Bonus shares. The Reserve is then utilized for issue of capital on
completion of necessary formalities.
Accounting by the Recipient
Capitalization of accumulated profits by the issue of fully paid bonus shares by a

company does not in fact change the net worth of that company and by the same
token does not add anything to the assets or income of the recipient shareholder.
The correct treatment of bonus shares, therefore, in the hands of the recipient would
be merely to add to the number of shares it owns without giving any monetary effect
in the accounts either in terms of cost or value thereof as no accretion in fact is
taking place in the hands of the recipient.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-20
(Reformatted 2000)
ACCOUNTING FOR EXPENDITURE DURING CONTRUCTION PERIOD

THE ISSUE
How to treat expenditure incurred during construction period up to the date of
commencement of commercial production, if an enterprise is devoting substantially all of
its efforts in establishing a new project.
Paragraph 17 of IAS 16 (Revised 1998), reproduced below, is not very clear on this
issue: Administration and other general overhead costs are not a component of the
cost of property, plant and equipment unless they can be directly attributed to the
acquisition of the asset or bringing the asset to its working condition. Similarly,
start-up and similar pre-production costs do not form part of the cost of an asset
unless they are necessary to bring the asset to its working condition. Initial
operating losses incurred prior to an asset achieving planned performance are
recognised as an expense.

1.
Expenditure incurred during project implementation may be grouped under the

following broad heads:-
Expenditure
Examples
a) Formation expense
Preliminary expenses, expenses incurred on

issue of shares or TFCs including any sums paid
by way of commission or brokerage on the issue of
shares or TFCs and other formation expenses.
b) Direct project costs
Invoice costs,
import
duties,
clearing
expenses, L/C expenses, legal fees, consultant
fees, site preparation costs, installation costs
including architecture and engineering fees, freight,
trial run expenses, site labour costs including
supervision, materials used for project construction,
insurance design and technical assistance etc.
c) Indirect costs
General
and
administrative
expenses,
operation
and maintenance, loss on trial runs,
depreciation on assets such as vehicle, furniture,
etc. Other overheads to the extent that they relate
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issued by the
to bringing the fixed asset to the location and

condition necessary for its intended service.
d) Borrowing costs
Financial charges.
2.
Formation expenses shall be written off during a period not exceeding five years
commencing from the financial year in which the costs are incurred as provided
in paragraph 5(C) of Part II of the Fourth Schedule to the Companies Ordinance,
1984.
3.
Direct project costs should be capitalised. Indirect costs, which are not
attributable to a specific asset, shall be allocated to buildings and plant and
machinery in proportion to their respective costs.
4.
Borrowing costs shall be dealt with in accordance with IAS 23 and provisions of
the Companies Ordinance, 1984.
5.
Any revenues including profit on trial runs earned during construction period shall
be set off against expenditure incurred during construction period.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-21
(Reformatted 2000)
DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

THE ISSUE
It is extremely important to establish the date, when the project is deemed to commence
commercial production as the expenditure of revenue nature which is permissible to be
capitalized upto the date of commencement of commercial production, will have to be
charged to income after such date.
Large projects usually involve some time lag between the time when the plant is installed
and the date when the commercial production commences due to variety of reasons
including time required for trial runs. The trial run period is normally brief but in some
cases such period may be unusually long as the plant or the process may require
adjustments in order to produce products of the required quality in commercial
quantities. In such cases, though the plant is installed and has also started production, it
may not be considered ready for commercial production unless the required adjustments
and test runs are completed. However, once the plant is ready for the production of
intended products in commercially feasible quantities, and the company for any reason,
delays commercial production, any expenditure during such intervening period has to be
treated as revenue expenditure.
TR-20 Accounting for Expenditure During Construction Period issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of Pakistan states in its preamble:
How to treat expenditure incurred during construction period upto the date of
commencement of commercial production, if an enterprise is devoting substantially all of
its efforts in establishing a new project.
This technical release provides guidance to establish date of commencement of
commercial production.

Date of commencement of commercial production is the date when the plant is ready for
the production of intended products in commercially feasible quantities. The cut off date
so established is without regard when the plant actually commences commercial
production. Where the construction of an asset is completed in parts and each part is
capable of being used while construction continues on the other parts, capitalization of
costs for each part should cease as it is completed.
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-22
(Revised 2002)
BOOK VALUE PER SHARE

THE ISSUE
Different practices and policies are being used for computing book value (commonly
known as break-up value in Pakistan) of shares. For instance in some cases all the
assets including intangibles, deferred costs and fictitious assets are included in
considering the book value without regard to their recoverability. In some other cases,
intangibles are excluded from the shareholders equity. Practices also vary regarding
adjustment of contingent and other losses.

Book value per share in the equity capital of the company is the amount each share is
worth on the basis of carrying value per balance sheet, prepared in accordance with a
framework of recognized accounting standards. Such standards provide that:(a)
An asset is a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past

events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to
the enterprise.
(b)
A liability is a present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events,

the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the
enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits.
Computation of Book Value Per Share

Book value per share is computed by dividing shareholders equity with the number of
shares issued. Shareholders equity includes:a)
Paid up capital
b)
Revenue reserves and retained earnings, (less accumulated losses if

any).
c)
Capital reserves
Where the auditors have issued a qualified report and the
qualification has been quantified in monetary terms, that amount
should be deducted from equity.
Where the qualification is not quantified then the members issuing
a certificate regarding book value should mention this fact in the
certificate.
d)
Surplus created as a result of revaluation of fixed assets.

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issued by the
If the balance sheet of an entity includes balance of surplus on

revaluation, the book value per share should be computed separately
both, including and excluding such surplus, to enable comparability with
those entities where fixed assets have not been revalued.
The book value for any specific purposes in accordance with any statute would have to
be computed per requirements or criteria laid down in that respect by the concerned
regulatory agency or as set out in the relevant law.
(151st meeting of the Council April 26-27, 2002)
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issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-23
(REVISED)
ACCOUNTING FOR INVESTMENTS

1.0
This Technical Release supersedes TR-23 Investments Valuation-Application of

Lower of Cost and Market Value and shall be called Accounting for Investments.
2.0
Introduction
The TR seeks to explain various aspects of IAS 25, Accounting for Investments.
3.0
Reclassification of Current Investments to Long-Term Investments

and Vice Versa and Change in the Basis of Valuation
3.01
Normally, at the time of acquisition, an enterprise should designate

whether the investment is a long-term investment or for a trading portfolio
i.e., current investment. In exceptional circumstances an investment can
be transferred between long-term and current and vice versa if the
managements intention as to the purpose of holding an investment
changes. However, this should not be done merely to avoid providing for
any impairment in the value of investment.
3.02
Moreover, any change in valuation policy of investment by the

management should also be looked into thoroughly. For example
changing the policy for valuing current investments from say an individual
investment basis to aggregate portfolio basis or in the case of long-term
investments from cost to revalued amounts etc. and vice versa.
3.03
If the auditor is of the opinion that there is no proper justification for

changing an investment from current to long-term (by the time he signs
his report, he observes that an investment transferred from current to
long-term is still being dealt with as current) and vice versa and for the
change in policy for valuation which appears to be done only to avoid
provision for the impairment in the value of investments, the attention of
members should be drawn in his report. Further the impact of change on
profit or loss of the enterprise should also be quantified.
3.04
Provisions of para 37 of IAS 25, reproduced below, should also be kept in

view for any transfer of investments:25.37 Investments re-classified from current to long-term should
each be transferred at the lower of cost and market value, or at
market value if they were previously stated at that value.
4.0
Conditions Indicating Decline Other Than Temporary in the Value of

Long-Term Investments Where Such Investments are Valued at Cost
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issued by the
Besides the parameters indicated in the para 24 of IAS 25, the following
conditions may also be kept in view while assessing the loss in value of longterm investments that is other than temporary.
A loss in value of an investment that is other than a temporary decline will
sometimes occur, that is, the actual value of the investment to the investor may
become lower than the carrying value and the impairment is expected to remain
for a prolonged period.
4.01
A decline in market value may be only temporary in nature or may reflect

conditions that are more persistent. Declines may be attributable to
general market conditions that reflect prospects of the economy as a
whole or prospects of a particular industry. Such declines may or may not
indicate the likelihood of ultimate recovery of the carrying amount of an
investment. A decline in quoted market value below carrying value of an
investment with a fixed maturity amount may be considered temporary
unless it is anticipated that the investment will be disposed of before it
matures or that the carrying value may not be realisable.
4.02
A loss in value of an investment that is other than a temporary decline is

obvious in some cases, such as bankruptcy or an agreement to sell an
investment at an amount which will result in a loss. In less obvious
situations, decline other than temporary in the value of an investment may
be indicated by conditions such as:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
a prolonged period during which the quoted market value of the

investment is less than its carrying value;
severe losses by the investee in the current year or current and
prior years;
continuing losses by the investee for a period of years;
suspension of trading in the securities;
liquidity or going concern problems of the investee;
the current fair value of the investment (an appraisal) is less than
its carrying value.
4.03
However, when a condition, indicating that an impairment in value of an

investment may have occurred, has persisted for a period of three years
after the year in which it occurred, there is general presumption that there
has been a loss in value which is other than a temporary decline. This
presumption can only be rebutted by persuasive evidence to the contrary.
4.04
Impairment Write Down

Para 23 read with para 32 of IAS 25 firstly requires determination of
impairment in the value of long-term investments on individual investment
basis and secondly the impairment loss is charged to owners equity only
when a corresponding revaluation surplus exists, otherwise in all other
cases it should be charged to expense. Even if a previous revaluation
surplus exists and the impairment is more than the revaluation surplus for
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issued by the
that particular investment then the excess would have to be charged to

expense.
5.0
Basis for Determining Carrying Cost at Market Value or at Lower of

Cost and Market Value
5.01
The IAS does not specify as to how the market value should be
determined. The quoted investments should be valued on average basis
but in order for the average to be realistic, the parameters and boundary
for working out the average should be limited to the average price
obtainable from the sale as quoted on the Stock Exchange in the last
week of entitys financial year or middle market price ruling on the
balance sheet date.
Note: Middle market price means the average of the highest and the
lowest quotation for that day.
5.02
In case of listed securities which have been transferred to the default

counter by a Stock Exchange under its listing rules, the determination of
impairment loss should be calculated with reference to its last quoted
price irrespective of its break-up value as per balance sheet.
5.03
In case of non-listed or private limited companies, the break-up value

should be used for determination of the impairment loss.
5.04
It is sometimes difficult for the auditors to establish the intention of the

management, whether or not to hold a particular investment for less than
a year. Also, there may be changes in the classification of a marketable
equity between current and non-current during an accounting period. It is,
therefore, recommended that where investments are valued at the lower
of cost and market, the carrying amount should be determined on an
aggregate portfolio basis in case of current investments and portfolio
basis in case of long-term investments.
(Approved by the Council in its 126th meeting held on April 14, 1998)
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-24
(Reformatted 2000)
EXCHANGE RISK FEE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT

THE ISSUE
Whether the exchange risk fee paid on foreign currency loans acquired for capital
requirements be capitalized after commencement of commercial production or not.

Exchange risk fee is incurred in order to eliminate, or reduce substantially, the risk of
loss from changes in exchange rates. This involves use of forward exchange contract to
establish the amount required at settlement date of transaction. The forward rate
established under such contract is not an estimate of what the exchange rate will be at
the end of the contract but is essentially a function of (a) spot rate at the date the
contract is taken out; (b) in the interest rate differential between the currencies of the two
countries. In consideration of providing assurance that a certain amount of foreign
currency will be available by a specific date, at a predetermined rate, the banks make a
charge to the entity applying for foreign exchange.
International Accounting Standard 23 Borrowing Costs, provides that borrowing costs
include exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that
they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs. The exchange risk fee is therefore
in the nature of borrowing costs and its accounting treatment should be in accordance
with IAS 23, Borrowing Costs. Accordingly, exchange risk fee incurred by an entity after
commencement of commercial production should be recognized as expense and not be
capitalized.
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-25
(Reformatted 2000)
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS FOR BANKS

INSTITUTES INTERPRETATION OF PARA IV (I)
THE ISSUE
The State Bank of Pakistan has issued Prudential Regulations for Banks. This Technical
Release provides Institutes interpretation of para IV (I) of Prudential Regulations as
given below for general guidance of its members.
Para IV (I) of the Prudential Regulation states:
While granting any accommodation, banks shall ensure that the total
accommodation availed by any borrower from banks / financial institutions does
not exceed 10 times of the capital and reserves (free of losses) of the borrower
as disclosed in its Audited Accounts. Every bank shall, as a matter of rule, obtain
copy of accounts relating to the business of each of its borrower for analysis and
record in the following manner: (for the purpose of this Regulation,
accommodation shall have the same meaning as in Regulation I).
a.
Where the banks exposure

does not exceed Rs.2 million
Accounts duty signed

by the borrower
b.
Where the exposure exceeds Accounts duly signed

Rs.2 million but does not
by the borrower and
exceed Rs.10 million
countersigned by the
Internal Auditor of the
bank or a Chartered Accountant
c.
Where the exposure exceeds Accounts duly audited

Rs.10 million
by the practising
Chartered Accountants.
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE INTERPRETATION

Audited Accounts
1.
The audited accounts referred to in the Regulation need not necessarily mean
audited by a chartered accountant. The accounts could be audited by any person
in accordance with the statutory requirements applicable to the borrowing entity.
Countersigning the Accounts

2.
Only a practising chartered accountant or a chartered accountant in employment

of the borrower may countersign the accounts. A non-practising chartered
accountant who is an employee of the borrowers entity, while countersigning the
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issued by the
accounts should designate himself as a chartered accountant and disclose his

designation in the entity.
3.
The countersigning by a chartered accountant involves responsibility of carrying

out a limited review to ensure that the total borrowings availed by the borrower
do not exceed
10 times of the capital and reserves of the borrower-entity at the balance sheet
date. In such a case the chartered accountant should clearly state the scope of
the limited review. For further guidance, members should refer to Circular
No.05/2000 dated March 30, 2000.
Full Scope Audit

4.
Where the exposure exceeds Rs.10 million, the accounts should be duly audited
by a practising chartered accountant. Such audit involves a full scope audit which
is carried out with the objective of expression of an opinion on the financial
statements in accordance with International Standards on Auditing.
Acceptance of Assignment
5.
A practising member (both in case of companies and other entities) may not
accept the audit assignment of an entity covering the same period on which the
regular auditor of the entity has already been appointed to issue audit report.
Applicability of TR to Prudential Regulations for NBFIs

6.
The guidance provided in this TR is also applicable to Prudential Regulations for

NBFIs.
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-27
IAS-12, AACOUTING FOR TAXES ON INCOME

APPLICABILITY IN PAKISTAN
IAS-12, Accounting for Taxes on Income issued by IASC has been adopted by
ICAP, but it is felt that guidance is required on the applicability of deferred
taxation where the companies in Pakistan are assessed to Income Tax under
Section 80C, 80CC and 80D of the Income Tax Ordinance 1979 and have
brought forward tax losses. It is, therefore, proposed to issue the following as a
guidance to the members on the applicability of IAS 12 in Pakistan in relation to
these Sections.
1.0
DEFERRED TAXATION APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 80C,
80CC, AND 80D
1.1
The deferred tax accounting does not apply to those companies whose
entire sales are covered under Section 80C or 80CC, as there will be no
timing differences. However, the difficulty arises in the case of those
companies which have sales covered under both sections 80C and 80CC
and sales which are not so covered. Timing differences are likely to arise
on that portion of profit, which represents non-supplies. If the ratio
between supplies and non-supplies remains the same year after year, it
would be easy to calculate effect of timing differences but since this ratio
cannot be expected to be the same year after year, effect of timing
differences cannot be calculated with accuracy.
1.2
In cases where an entity has sales covered under both Sections 80C and
80CC and those which attract normal provisions of the Income Tax
Ordinance, 1979, a reasonable estimate for sales relating to non-supplies
be made for future years and the deferred tax provided accordingly.
However, if it is not practicable to develop a reasonable estimate for
calculation of deferred tax liability, the fact should be disclosed in the
accounts stating the difficulties in quantifying.
1.3
A practical example on the application of Section 80C is enclosed on

assumption that the ratio between non-supplies and supplies is 4:6.
1.4
In case in a particular year, current tax liability is calculated under

provisions of Section 80D due to taxable loss the effect of timing
differences should be calculated and deferred tax liability provided, if
necessary.
2.0
TAX LOSSES
2.1
In Pakistan, normally the tax losses are assessed months or even years after the
date of balance sheet date, so while ascertaining the potential tax saving on the
balance sheet date, the loss for the current year should be based on the
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issued by the
estimated amount of loss which is likely to be assessed by the tax authorities.

The fact should be distinctly disclosed.
2.2
The potential tax saving relating to a tax loss carry forward may be included in
determination of net income for the period of the loss if there is assurance
beyond any reasonable doubt that future taxable income will be sufficient to allow
the benefit of the loss to be realized.
However, due to applicability of Section 80D of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979
it is difficult to ascertain the amount of tax saving relating to loss. In this regard,
tax saving should only be considered if a reasonable estimate of the turnover for
the foreseeable future can be made, otherwise, it would be prudent not to set up
deferred tax asset for recognizing tax saving.
3.0 EXAMPLE
Equipment costing Rs.2,000,000 was purchased during 19A . Capital expenditure
budget reflects following additions:
19B
19C
19D
19E
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
Entity's revenue include 60% sales covered under Section 80C and 80CC.
Tax
Rate
Tax Depreciation
Life
Depreciation
Policy
45%
25% WDV
10 Years
Straight Line
ACCOUNTING NBV
YEAR
19A
19B
19C
19D
19E
COST
BEGINNING ADDITIONS
OF YEAR
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,700,000
3,500,000
4400,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1000,000
END OF
YEAR
2000,000
2700,000
3500,000
4400,000
5400,000
DEPRECIATION
BEGINNING FOR THE
END OF
OF YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
200,000
470,000
820,000
1260,000
200,000
270,000
350,000
440,000
540,000
NBV
200,000 1,800,000
470,000 2,230,000
820,000 2680,000
1,260,000 3140,000
1,800,000 3600,000
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
DEPRECIATION PER ACCOUNTS

ON
YEAR ORIGINAL
COST
ON
ON
ON
ON
ADDITIONS ADDITIONS ADDITIONS ADDITIONS
19B
19C
19D
19E
2000,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1000,000
19A
19B
19C
19D
19E
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
90,000
90,000
100,000
TOTAL
5,400,000
200,000
270,000
350,000
440,000
540,000
TAX WDV
YEAR
19A
19B
19C
19D
19E
COST
BEGINNING ADDITION
OF YEAR
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,700,000
3,500,000
4,400,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
END OF
YEAR
2,000,000
2,700,000
3,500,000
4,400,000
5,400,000
DEPRECIATION
BEGINNING FOR THE
END OF
OF YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
500,000
1,050,000
1,662,500
2,346,875
500,000
550,000
612,500
684,375
763,281
500,000
1,050,000
1,662,500
2,346,875
3,110,156
NBV
1,500,000
1,650,000
1,837,500
2,053,125
2,289,844
TAX DEPRECIATION
YEAR
19A
19B
19C
19D
19E
ON
ORIGINAL
ON
ON
ON
ON
COST
ADDITIONS ADDITIONS ADDITIONS ADDITIONS
19B
19C
19D
19E
2,000,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
500,000
375,000
175,000
281,250
131,250
200,000
210,938
98,437
150,000
225,000
158,203
73,828
112,500
168,750
250,000
TOTAL
5,400,000
500,000
550,000
612,500
684,375
763,281
TIMING DIFFERENCES
YEAR
NBV PER TAX WDV CUMULATIVE INCREASE

ACCOUNTS
TIMING
IN TIMING
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE
19A
19B
1,800,000
2,230,000
1,500,000
1,650,000
300,000
580,000
280,000
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
19C
19D
19E
2,680,000
3,140,000
3,600,000
1,837,500
2,053,125
2,289,844
842,500
1,086,875
1,310,156
262,500
244,375
223,281
The above table reflects that cumulative timing differences are increasing and no
reversals have taken place. Accordingly, no provision for deferred taxation is
required. In contrast, under the full liability method, a provision of Rs.54,000
would be required at the end of 19A being 45% of 40% Rs.300,000.
It is to be noted that had timing differences were expected to have fallen bellow
that level of Rs.300,000 a provision equal to the timing differences would have
been necessary at the applicable tax rate. For example had all the figures in the
cumulative timing differences column in the above example been the same
except that the originating difference at end of 19A be Rs.700,000 instead of
Rs.300,000 then a provision of Rs.54,000 would be necessary.
Originating timing differences
700,000
Timing difference at end of 19B
580,000
Reversal
120,000
Tax rate
45%
Provision
54,000
40% thereof
21,600
The provision should be made at applicable tax rate on the timing difference
between current level and lowest level over foreseeable future years.
(115th meeting of the Council April 26, 1996)
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-28
GOLDEN HANDSHAKE ACCOUNTING FOR

1.
To restructure the organisations, a number of banks, financial institutions and

public and private sector corporations and companies are offering golden
handshake to their employees. Large amounts are involved in the golden
handshake incentives. A question has arisen whether the entire amount of
golden handshake be accounted for as a period cost or be treated as a deferred
cost.
2.
It is stated that the objectives of these restructuring are to rationalise the

personnel strength so as to reduce the surplus staff and its associated costs
resulting in increase efficiency, the future benefits of which are likely to accrue to
the organisation in the shape of improved profits.
3.
The matter has been examined by the Council of the Institute and it has been
decided to issue following guidance in this respect:
(a)
In case the organisation is being closed down, all such expenses will
have to be treated as period cost.
(b)
In case the purpose of golden handshake is downsizing / right-sizing, the

management of the organisation concerned may treat such expenses as
period cost or deferred cost in the manner provided below.
(c)
In case such expenses are treated as period cost then these should be
shown separately as line item in the profit and loss account with
appropriate disclosure in the notes to the accounts.
(d)
Such expenses may be treated as deferred cost only when it is probable

that future economic benefits associated with the scheme will flow to the
enterprise and:(i) those benefits can be quantified as far as possible;
(ii) the period in which these benefits will flow can also be determined
reasonably; and
(iii) the Golden Handshake scheme showing the above elements has
been approved by the board of directors.
(e)
These deferred expenses should be amortised over the period the

benefits are expected to accrue restricted to a maximum period of five
years including, the year in which these are incurred and complete
disclosure about such treatment should be made in the notes to the
financial statements, until such time the deferred cost is fully amortised.
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
(f)
4.
Subject to the limit of 5 years amortisation as stated in the preceding

paragraph, the carrying amount of deferred cost should be reviewed at
every balance sheet date and approved by the board of directors in order
to assess whether the future economic benefits as envisaged in the
original scheme, approved by the board of directors, are still available tot
he enterprise. When a decline has occurred the carrying amount should
be reduced to the recoverable amount, which should be amortised over
the balance period. Hence, the amount of reduction should be recognised
as an expense immediately.
The auditor while reporting on the financial statements which contain the
treatment of golden handshake expenses in either way should consider para 30
of IAS 13 The Auditors Report on Financial Statements, which is reproduced
below:
In certain circumstances, an auditors report may be modified by adding
an emphasis of matter paragraph to highlight a matter affecting the
financial statements which is included in a note to the financial statements
that more extensively discusses the matter. The addition of such an
emphasis of matter paragraph does not affect the auditors opinion. The
paragraph would preferably be included after the opinion paragraph and
would ordinarily refer tot he fat that auditors opinion is not qualified in this
respect.
5.
EXPLANATION
Expenses mean the liability relating to golden handshake offer accepted by the
employees or the mandatory golden handshake announced by the management
as on the close of financial year.
(Approved by the Council through circulation
on March 13, 1998 under CA Bye-Law 55)
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
ACCOUNTING
TR-29
CARRY-OVER-TRANSACTIONS (COT)
THE ISSUE
The Karachi Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (KSE) had enforced Carry-Over
Transactions Regulations (the Regulations) with effect from 11 January 1993. These
regulations were introduced to enhance the stock market liquidity and parallel
regulations were also enforced by the other stock exchanges of the country. Following
paragraphs summarise the mechanism of COT along with its accounting treatment
generally being followed.a
1.
Carry over transaction, as defined in section 2(e) of the Regulations, means the
combination of two transactions taking place simultaneously and settled in two
clearings in sequence. According to section 4(iii) of the regulations, the buyer of
shares in current clearing period (the first transaction) would become seller of
the same shares in the immediate next clearing period (the second transaction)
and the seller of shares in current clearing period (the first transaction) would
become buyer of the same shares in the immediate next clearing period (the
second transaction).
2.
Buyer / Seller enters into the first transaction on Friday after normal trading hours
and its settlement takes place on succeeding Wednesday through Clearing
House of KSE along with settlements of normal transactions. Simultaneously,
seller / buyer enters into the second transaction on the same Friday and its
settlement takes place through Clearing House but on succeeding second
Wednesday. However, the contract ticket of the second transaction (which is
prepared on Friday) bears the date of succeeding Monday, not of Friday. Share
Price of the second transaction is marked-up and generally does not match with
the prevailing market quotes of the succeeding Monday. The marking-up of
second transaction is dependent on demand and supply of funds in the CarryOver Market.
3.
Paragraph 10 of International Accounting Standard 39 Financial Instruments:

Recognition and Measurement defines repurchase agreement (Repo) as an
agreement to transfer a financial asset to another party in exchange for cash or
other consideration and a concurrent obligation to reacquire the financial asset at
a future date for an amount equal to the cash or other consideration exchanged
plus interest. If we consider the series of above two Carry-Over-Transactions as
a whole, its commercial effect takes form of a Repo in which lending / borrowing
of funds against pledge of shares takes place for one week i.e. from Wednesday
to Wednesday.
4.
Paragraph 13 of the IAS 18 Revenue states that the revenue recognition

criteria are applied to two or more transactions together when they are linked in
such a way that the commercial effect cannot be understood without reference to
the series of transactions as a whole. Paragraph 13 further gives an example of
an enterprise that may sell goods and at the same time enter into a separate
accountancy.com.pk

issued by the
agreement to repurchase the goods at a later date thus negating the substantive
effect of the transaction; in such a case the two transactions are dealt with
together. However, dealing with first and second transactions separately,
revenue / expense from COT is generally accounted for as capital gain / loss and
not as interest income / expense.
5.
Paragraph 27 of IAS 39 states that an enterprise should recognise a financial

asset or financial liability on its balance sheet when, and only when, it becomes a
party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. In the case of first
transaction COT, generally the buyer recognises purchase of shares as
investment in its balance sheet (and not recognise a lending) without considering
the second transaction. However, simultaneousness of the second transaction of
COT does not constitute the buyer in substance a party to the contractual
provisions of the equity instrument.
6.
Paragraph 35 of IAS 39 states that an enterprise should derecognise a financial

asset or a portion of a financial asset when, and only when, the enterprise loses
control of the contractual rights that comprise the financial asset (or a portion of
the financial asset). Further, paragraphs 38 & 39 state that a transferor has not
lost control of a transferred financial asset and, therefore the asset is not
derecognised if the transferor has the right to reacquire the transferred asset
unless either (i) the asset is readily obtainable in the market or (ii) the
reacquisition price is fair value at the time of reacquisition. In the case of first
transaction of COT, generally the seller de-recognises the investment in shares
from its balance sheet (and not recognising a borrowing) without considering the
second transaction. However, simultaneousness of the second transaction of
COT gives the seller a right to repurchase the shares at a fixed price. Further, the
respective shares are not readily obtainable in the market on succeeding Monday
because their prices are fixed in advance i.e. on Friday.
Keeping in view the above practise and the form as well as substance of COT a question
has arisen whether COT is a Repo or not?

The appropriate Committee of the Institute has examined all aspects of the query
regarding Carry-Over-Transactions (COT) and is of the opinion that a Carry-OverTransaction is a Repo transaction as the substance of the transaction and not its form
should be considered and accordingly it should be treated as a financing transaction. in
the books of accounts.
The aforesaid clarification provides the accounting treatment for Carry-OverTransactions under International Accounting Standards. However for the purposes of
other statutes, the transaction would have the effect according to the relevant provisions
of that law.
(152nd meeting of the Council - July 19-20, 2002)
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