Fundamentals

Of
Environmental And Energy Management
A Seminar Report

Submitted By:

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

MBA
At
Chandigarh University
Gharuan (Mohali)

August (2012)

ABSTRACT
Effective energy management involves making decisions that lead to the conservation of energy
and the efficient use of resources to provide a sustainable future. Energy efficiency is based on
two factors: the technical efficiency energy systems, and the behaviour of occupants. The
purpose of this thesis is to present an energy audit of selected facilities and a survey of a sample
of occupants to determine their practices in relation to, and their attitudes to, energy use and
conservation.
The outcomes of each of these investigations showed the substantial improvements in energy
efficiency could be realized with technical improvements, changed attitudes and better practices.
Cost effectiveness can be an important driver of any change, as it provides incentives and
pressures for making the changes. The most cost-effective improvements can be hose related to
changing occupants behaviour so that they use energy more efficiently.
When it comes to energy saving, energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling,
and conserving energy in a building or organization. To confuse matters, many people use
"energy management" to refer specifically to those energy-saving efforts that focus on making
better use of existing buildings and equipment.
At the very least you should keep analyzing your energy data regularly to check that things aren't
getting worse. It's pretty normal for unwatched buildings to become less efficient with time: it's
to be expected that equipment will break down or lose efficiency, and that people will forget the
good habits you worked hard to encourage in the past...
So at a minimum you should take a quick look at your energy data once a week, or even just
once a month, to ensure that nothing has gone horribly wrong... It's a real shame when easy-tofix faults such as misconfigured timers remain unnoticed for months on end, leaving a huge
energy bill that could have easily been avoided. But ideally your energy-management drive will
be an ongoing effort to find new opportunities to target them, and to track your progress at
making ongoing energy savings. Managing your energy consumption doesn't have to be a fulltime job, but you'll achieve much better results if you make it part of your regular routine.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter No.

Title

Page no.

1.

Abstract

ii

2.

What is energy?

3.

Types of energy

vii

a)

Kinetic Energy

b)

Potential Energy

c)

Thermal, or heat energy

d)

Chemical Energy

e)

Electrical energy

f)

Sound Energy

g)

Nuclear Energy

4.

Properties of energy

ix

5.

Why energy is important

xi

6.

Why energy conservation is important

xii

7.

Energy management

xiii

(I)
8.

Why it is important?
Global need for energy management

xiv

9.

How best to manage your energy consumption

xv

I.

Metering your energy consumption and collecting the

II.

Finding and quantifying opportunities to save energy

data

III.

Targeting the opportunities to save energy

IV.

Tracking your progress at saving energy

10.

Appendix A

xviii

11.

Appendix B

xx

12.

Bibliography

xxi

WHAT IS ENERGY
Energy is Ability to do work.

The energy can take a wide variety of forms - heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical,
electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy
and working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains chemical energy, and your
body stores this energy until you release it when you work or play.
All forms of energy are stored in different ways, in the energy sources that we use every day.
These sources are divided into two groups -- renewable (an energy source that we can use over
and over again) and nonrenewable/conventional (an energy source that we are using up and
cannot recreate in a short period of time). Renewable energy sources include solar energy
(which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat), wind energy,
geothermal energy (from inside the earth), biomass from plants, and hydropower from water are
also renewable energy sources.
However, we get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include the fossil
fuels -- oil, natural gas, and coal. They're called fossil fuels because they were formed over
millions and millions of years by the action of heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock
and soil on the remains (or "fossils") of dead plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy
source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a process called nuclear fission) to
create heat and ultimately electricity.
Energy may be stored in systems without being present as matter, or as kinetic or
electromagnetic energy. Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a
field it interacts with (requiring a force to do so), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a
new position of the particles in the fielda configuration that must be "held" or fixed by a
different type of force (otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing
or pulling the particle back toward its previous position). This type of energy "stored" by forcefields and particles that have been forced into a new physical configuration in the field by doing
work on them by another system, is referred to as potential energy. A simple example of potential
energy is the work needed to lift an object in a gravity field, up to a support. Each of the basic
forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential
energy (like all other types of energy) appears as system mass, whenever present. For example, a
compressed spring will be slightly more massive than before it was compressed. Likewise,

whenever energy is transferred between systems by any mechanism, an associated mass is

transferred with it.
Any form of energy may be transformed into another form. For example, all types of potential
energy are converted into kinetic energy when the objects are given freedom to move to different
position (as for example, when an object falls off a support). When energy is in a form other than
thermal energy, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of
energy, including electricity or production of new particles of matter.
In all such energy transformation processes, the total energy remains the same, and a transfer of
energy from one system to another, results in a loss to compensate for any gain. This principle,
the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any
isolated system.

TYPES OF ENERGY
Energy has a number of different forms, all of which measure the ability of an object or system
to do work on another object or system. In other words, there are different ways that an object or
a system can possess energy.

Here are the different basic forms:

a) Kinetic Energy: Consider a baseball flying through the air. The ball is said to have "kinetic
energy" by virtue of the fact that its in motion relative to the ground. You can see that it is has
energy because it can do "work" on an object on the ground if it collides with it (either by
pushing on it and/or damaging it during the collision).
The formula for Kinetic energy, and for some of the other forms of energy described in this
section will, is given in a later section of this primer.
b) Potential Energy: Consider a book sitting on a table. The book is said to have "potential
energy" because if it is nudged off, gravity will accelerate the book, giving the book kinetic
energy. Because the Earth's gravity is necessary to create this kinetic energy, and because this
gravity depends on the Earth being present, we say that the "Earth-book system" is what really
possesses this potential energy, and that this energy is converted into kinetic energy as the book
falls.
c) Thermal, or heat energy: Consider a hot cup of coffee. The coffee is said to possess "thermal
energy", or "heat energy" which is really the collective, microscopic, kinetic and potential energy
of the molecules in the coffee (the molecules have kinetic energy because they are moving and
vibrating, and they have potential energy due their mutual attraction for one another - much the
same way that the book and the Earth have potential energy because they attract each other).
Temperature is really a measure of how much thermal energy something has. The higher the
temperature, the faster the molecules are moving around and/or vibrating, i.e. the more kinetic
and potential energy the molecules have.

d) Chemical Energy: Consider the ability of your body to do work. The glucose (blood sugar) in
your body is said to have "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy when
chemically reacted (combusted) with oxygen. Your muscles use this energy to generate
mechanical force and also heat. Chemical energy is really a form of microscopic potential
energy, which exists because of the electric and magnetic forces of attraction exerted between the
different parts of each molecule - the same attractive forces involved in thermal vibrations. These
parts get rearranged in chemical reactions, releasing or adding to this potential energy.
e) Electrical Energy: All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller
particles, called protons (which have positive charge), neutrons (which have neutral charge), and
electrons (which are negatively charged). Electrons orbit around the center, or nucleus, of atoms,
just like the moon orbits the earth. The nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons.
f) Sound Energy: Sound waves are compression waves associated with the potential and kinetic
energy of air molecules. When an object moves quickly, for example the head of drum, it
compresses the air nearby, giving that air potential energy. That air then expands, transforming
the potential energy into kinetic energy (moving air). The moving air then pushes on and
compresses other air, and so on down the chain. A nice way to think of sound waves is as
"shimmering air".
g) Nuclear Energy: The Sun, nuclear reactors, and the interior of the Earth, all have "nuclear
reactions" as the source of their energy, that is, reactions that involve changes in the structure of
the nuclei of atoms. In the Sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse (combine) together to make helium nuclei,
in a process called fusion, which releases energy. In a nuclear reactor, or in the interior of the
Earth, Uranium nuclei (and certain other heavy elements in the Earth's interior) split apart, in a
process called fission. If this didn't happen, the Earth's interior would have long gone cold! The
energy released by fission and fusion is not just a product of the potential energy released by
rearranging the nuclei. In fact, in both cases, fusion or fission, some of the matter making up the
nuclei is actually converted into energy. How can this be? The answer is that matter itself is a
form of energy! This concept involves one of the most famous formula's in physics, the formula,

E=mc2.

PROPERTIES OF ENERGY?
So far, we have learned that energy is a measure of the capability of an object or system to do
work, and we have also learned about the basic different forms of energy.
But these concepts still don't quite do justice to the full concept of energy, for energy has a
number of very special additional properties we have not fully discussed yet. If you think about
these carefully, and don't take them for granted, you'll realize that they don't follow from simple
intuition. Rather, these properties had to be discovered or proven somehow. We'll explore briefly
how these properties were proven in the next section. In this section, we'll first review them:
These properties are;
1. Energy can be transferred from one object or system to another through the interaction of
forces between the objects (unlike the condition of, say, being the color red, which is
intrinsic to the object in question).
2. Energy comes in multiple forms: kinetic, potential, thermal (heat), chemical,
electromagnetic, and nuclear energy. (as discussed in the previous section).
3. In principle, energy can be converted from any one of these forms into any other, and
vice versa, limited in practice only by the Second Law of Thermodynamics (we discuss
the Second Law, that is "entropy", in a later section).
4. Energy is always conserved, that is, it is never created anew or destroyed - this is called
the First Law of Thermodynamics. Thus, when an object does work on another object,
the energy can only be converted and/or transferred, but never lost or generated anew. In
a sense, energy is like perfect money - transferred but always preserved, assuming no
inflation or deflation!
Although most people are aware of these facts nowadays and take them for granted, these are
really amazing properties if you stop and think about them. How was anyone ever able to prove
such properties? These properties go far beyond the intuitive concept of energy given at the
beginning of this primer. You may find this hard to see now, because we generally take these
9

ideas for granted. But for thousands of years, people didn't have a clearly defined concept of
energy, and didn't know, for example, that there is a definition of "energy" which refers to a
quantity that is always conserved.
Moreover, even after kinetic energy and potential energy became understood, it still took people
centuries to figure out that heat is just another form of energy.

10

WHY ENERGY IS IMPORTANT?

Energy Conservation is useful for a variety of reasons:

It is sometimes a highly cost effective measure for an individual, business, local

government or country saving them money.

It can extend the lifetime of non-renewable energy resources such as coal, oil and gas,
and minimise the need to use more energy intensive, expensive, dangerous and
environmentally damaging sources, (such as deep sea oil, shale & tar deposits) than
standard sources.

It can reduce dependence on, and the associated military expenditure used to maintain a
reliable supply of fossil fuels from politically unstable countries.

It can reduce the rate of consumption of fossil fuels and subsequently the amount of
greenhouse gases and other pollutants emitted along with their environmentally damaging
effects

Energy saving is very helpful in other ways other than helping fight global warming. We need to start being awar

11

WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION IS IMPORTANT?

Energy should be conserved since we are consuming disproportionate amount of energy and that
day is not far when all our Non-Renewable resources will expire forcing us to rely just on
Renewable Sources. The electricity that we use comes from nuclear power, coal power plants,
Oil that we use to run our vehicles are fossil fuels that were created million of years ago from
decaying plants. When burned they emit carbon-dioxide which is harmful to humans and the
environment.
Apart from these it also helps us to save money, mitigates the numerous adverse environmental
and social impacts associated with energy production and consumption. These include air
pollution, acid rain and global warming, oil spills and water pollution, loss of wilderness areas,
construction of new power plants, foreign energy dependence and the risk of international
conflict over energy supplies. Energy conservation extends the lifetime of equipment and reduces
the maintenance cost by operating less hours and at less than maximum capacity.

we have limited fuel available on earth

our demand for energy is increasing day by day

further, our consumption is increasing day by day

12

World energy consumption

ENERGY MANAGEMENT
"Energy management" is a term that has a number of meanings, but we're mainly concerned with
the one that relates to saving energy in businesses, public-sector/government organizations, and
homes

The energy-saving meaning

When it comes to energy saving, energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling,
and conserving energy in a building or organization. Typically this involves the following steps:
1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.
2. Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each opportunity
could save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find and quantify routine
energy waste, and you might also investigate the energy savings that you could make by
replacing equipment (e.g. lighting) or by upgrading your building's insulation.
3. Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the routine waste
and replacing or upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically you'd start with the best
opportunities first.
4. Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your energy-saving
efforts have worked.

Why is it important?
Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the importance
of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this global need affects energy
prices, emissions targets, and legislation, all of which lead to several compelling reasons why
you should save energy at your organization specifically.

13

THE GLOBAL FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT

If it wasn't for the global need to save energy, the term "energy management" might never have
even been coined... Globally we need to save energy in order to:

Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would
probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to
make it last.

Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in
supply.

Wind turbines can only do so much - we humans use a lot of energy!

14

HOW BEST TO MANAGE YOUR ENERGY CONSUMPTION?

We identified four steps to the energy-management process above. We'll cover each of them in
turn:
1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data

The modern approach to energy-data collection is to fit interval-metering systems that

automatically measure and record energy consumption at short, regular intervals such as every
15-minutes or half hour..
Detailed interval energy consumption data makes it possible to see patterns of energy waste that
it would be impossible to see otherwise. For example, there's simply no way that weekly or
monthly meter readings can show you how much energy you're using at different times of the
day, or on different days of the week. And seeing these patterns makes it much easier to find the
routine waste in your building.

2. Finding and quantifying opportunities to save energy

The detailed meter data that you are collecting will be invaluable for helping you to find and
quantify energy-saving opportunities.
The easiest and most cost-effective energy-saving opportunities typically require little or no
capital investment.And one of the simplest ways to save a significant amount of energy is to
encourage staff to switch equipment off at the end of each working day.
Looking at detailed interval energy data is the ideal way to find routine energy waste. You can
check whether staff and timers are switching things off without having to patrol the building day
and night, and, with a little detective work, you can usually figure out who or what is causing the
energy wastage that you will inevitably find.

15

Detailed energy data is the key to finding the easiest energy savings

3. Targeting the opportunities to save energy

Just finding the opportunities to save energy won't help you to save energy - you have to take
action to target them...
For those energy-saving opportunities that require you to motivate the people in your building, It
can be hard work, but, if you can get the people on your side, you can make some seriously big
energy savings without investing anything other than time.

4. Tracking your progress at saving energy

Once you've taken action to save energy, it's important that you find out how effective your
actions have been:

Energy savings that come from behavioural changes (e.g. getting people to switch off
their computers before going home) need ongoing attention to ensure that they remain
effective and achieve their maximum potential.

If you've invested money into new equipment, you'll probably want to prove that you've
achieved the energy savings you predicted.
16

17

If you've corrected faulty timers or control-equipment settings, you'll need to keep

checking back to ensure that everything's still working as it should be. Simple things like
a power cut can easily cause timers to revert back to factory settings - if you're not
keeping an eye on your energy-consumption patterns you can easily miss such problems.

If you've been given energy-saving targets from above, you'll need to provide evidence
that you're meeting them, or at least making progress towards that goal...

And occasionally you might need to prove that progress isn't being made (e.g. if you're at
your wits' end trying to convince the decision makers to invest some money into your
energy-management drive)

18

Appendix A
1. Energy management.
2. Types of energy
3. Laws of energy management

World primary energy consumption

Energy consumption verses GDP

19

20

Appendix B
1. Energy conservation is important
2. Needs for energy conservation
3. How to conserve energy

BIBLIOGRAPHY

21

References

1. http://www.energylens.com/
2. http://www.wikipedia.org
3. 10th, 12th Science books

22