Stockholm

For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation).

1 History
Sthlm redirects here. For the Swedish TV series, see
Sthlm (TV series).
Main article: History of Stockholm
After the Ice Age, at around 8,000 BC, there had already
Stockholm (/stkhom, -holm/;[5] Swedish pronunciation: [stklm, stkhlm][6] ( pronunciation)) is the
capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the
Nordic region,[7][lower-alpha 1] with 914,909 people living
in the municipality,[2] approximately 1.4 million in the
urban area,[4] and 2.2 million in the metropolitan area.[2]
The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the
southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mlaren, by
the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic sea. The area
has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Birger
Detail of engraving of Stockholm from Suecia antiqua et
Jarl.
hodierna by Erik Dahlberg and Willem Swidde, printed in 1693.

Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic

centre of Sweden. The region alone accounts for over a
third of the countrys GDP,[8] and is among the top 10
regions in Europe by GDP per capita.[9] It is an important global city,[10][11] and the main centre for corporate
headquarters in the Nordic region.[12] The city is home
to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as
the Karolinska Institute,[13] and hosts the annual Nobel
Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert
Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most
prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited
non-art museum in Scandinavia.[14][15] The Stockholm
metro, opened in 1950, is well known for its decoration
of the stations; it has been called the longest art gallery
in the world.[16][17][18] Swedens national football arena
is located north of the city centre, in Solna. Ericsson
Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part
of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer
Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956
Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Australia.

Panorama over Stockholm around 1868 as seen from a hot air

balloon

been vast migrations towards the present-day Stockholm

area, but as temperatures dropped, inhabitants moved
away towards the South. Thousands of years later, as
the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, and the
lands became fertile, some life moved back to the North.
At the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mlaren is
an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was
rst occupied in about 1000 AD by Vikings. Vikings had
a positive trade impact on the land because of the trade
routes they created.

Stockholm is the seat of the Government of Sweden

and most government agencies,[19] including the highest courts in the Judiciary,[20][21] and the ocial residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The Government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and
the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager
House.[22][23][24] The Stockholm Palace is the ocial residence and principal workplace of the Swedish monarch,
while the Drottningholm Palace, a World Heritage Site on
the outskirts of Stockholm, serves as the Royal Family's
private residence.[25][26]

Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnat,

and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary
king Agne. The earliest written mention of the name
Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in
Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade.
The rst part of the name (stock) means log in Swedish,
1

GEOGRAPHY

nomic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having

lost its place as the capital of a Great Power. However
Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of
Sweden and continued to develop culturally under Gustav
III.

Kungstrdgrden in Stockholm around 18901900

although it may also be connected to an old German word

(Stock) meaning fortication. The second part of the
name (holm) means islet, and is thought to refer to the
islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. The city is
said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from a sea invasion by foreign navies and to stop the
pillage of towns such as Sigtuna on Lake Mlaren.

By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm

had regained its leading economic role. New industries
emerged and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point
within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically
during this time, mainly through immigration. At the end
of the 19th century, less than 40% of the residents were
Stockholm-born. Settlement began to expand outside the
city limits. The 19th century saw the establishment of a
number of scientic institutes, including the Karolinska
Institute. The General Art and Industrial Exposition was
held in 1897.
Stockholm became a modern, technologically advanced,
and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th
century. Many historical buildings were torn down
during the modernist era, including substantial parts
of the historical district of Klara, and replaced with
modern architecture. However, in many other parts
of Stockholm (such as in Gamla Stan, Sdermalm,
stermalm, Kungsholmen and Vasastan), many old
buildings, blocks and streets built before the modernism
and functionalism movements took o in Sweden (around
1930-1935) survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from workintensive activities into more high-tech and service industry areas.

Stockholms core of the present Old Town (Gamla Stan)

was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen
from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade
of the Hanseatic League. Stockholm developed strong
economic and cultural linkages with Lbeck, Hamburg,
Gdask, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time. Between 1296 and 1478 Stockholms City Council was
made up of 24 members, half of whom were selected Between 1965 and 1974, the city expanded very quickly
with the creation of additional suburban districts such as
from the towns German-speaking burghers.
Rinkeby and Tensta as a part of the Million Programme.
The strategic and economic importance of the city made
Many of these areas have been criticized for being conStockholm an important factor in relations between the
crete suburbs, dull, grey, low-status areas built mainly
Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the national inout of concrete slabs. The most common complaints are
dependence movement in the 15th century. The Danabout the high crime rate and the high racial and social
ish King Christian II was able to enter the city in 1520.
segregation in these areas.
On 8 November 1520 a massacre of opposition gures
called the Stockholm Bloodbath took place and set o
further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the
Kalmar Union. With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 2 Geography
1523 and the establishment of a royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by
Main article: Geography of Stockholm
1600.
The 17th century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reected in the development of the city of
Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634 Stockholm became the ocial
capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also
created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over
trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and
Scandinavian territories.
In 1710, a plague killed about 20,000 (36 percent) of the
population.[27] After the end of the Great Northern War
the city stagnated. Population growth halted and eco-

2.2

Stockholm Municipality

2.2 Stockholm Municipality

A 360 degree panorama of Stockholm inner quarters
taken from the City Hall tower. From left to right:
Riddarfjrden with Sdermalm in the background,
Kungsholmen, Klara sj, Norrmalm with the central station in the foreground, Stockholms strm, Riddarholmen
with the Old Town, and again Riddarfjrden with
Sdermalm

2.1

Location

Main article: Stockholm Municipality

Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit dened by geographical borders. The semi-ocially
adopted name for the municipality is City of Stockholm
(Stockholms stad in Swedish).[28] As a municipality, the
City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils,
which carry responsibility for primary schools, social,
leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The municipality is usually described in terms of its
three main parts: Innerstaden (Stockholm City Centre),
Sderort (Southern Stockholm) and Vsterort (Western
Stockholm). The districts of these parts are:

Stockholm is located on Swedens south-central east

Stockholm City Centre
coast, where the freshwater Lake Mlaren - Swedens
third largest lake - ows out into the Baltic Sea. The
central parts of the city consist of fourteen islands that
Kungsholmen
are continuous with the Stockholm archipelago. The
geographical city centre is situated on the water, in
Norrmalm
Riddarfjrden bay. Over 30% of the city area is made
up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks
Sdermalm
and green spaces.
stermalm
The biome Stockholm belongs to is the Temperate Deciduous Forest, which means the climate is very similar
to that of the Eastern area of the United States. The avSderort
erage annual temperature is 10 C (50 F). The average
rainfall is 30 to 60 inches a year. The deciduous forest
has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and
Enskede-rsta-Vantr
winter. In the autumn the leaves change colour. During
the winter months the trees lose their leaves.
Farsta
For details about the other municipalities in the
metropolitan area, see the pertinent articles. North
of Stockholm Municipality: Jrflla, Solna, Tby,
Sollentuna, Liding, Upplands Vsby, sterker,
Sigtuna, Sundbyberg, Danderyd, Vallentuna, Eker,
Upplands-Bro, Vaxholm, and Norrtlje. South of Stockholm: Huddinge, Nacka, Botkyrka, Haninge, Tyres,
Vrmd, Sdertlje, Salem, Nykvarn and Nynshamn.

Hgersten-Liljeholmen
Skarpnck
Skrholmen
lvsj
Vsterort
Bromma
Hsselby-Vllingby
Rinkeby-Kista
Spnga-Tensta

Stockholm Palace

The modern centrum Norrmalm, (concentrated around

the town square Sergels torg), is the largest shopping district in Sweden. It is the most central part of Stockholm
in business and shopping.

2.3

3 CITY GOVERNANCE

Climate

Stockholm, with a February mean of 3.0 C (26.6 F),

had a humid continental climate (Kppen Dfb) for the
most recent ocial reference period. Due to the citys
high northerly latitude, daylight varies widely from more
than 18 hours around midsummer, to only around 6 hours
in late December. Despite its northern location, Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at similar latitude, or even farther south. With
an average of just over 1800 hours of sunshine per year,
it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe,
receiving more sunshine than Paris,[29] London[30] and a
few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude. Due to recent mildening of the climate it could be
classied as cold marine with signicant continental inuence if the 3 C (27 F) isotherm is used. The urban
heat island combined with prevailing wind travelling over
land rather than sea during summer renders Stockholm to
have the warmest summers in the Nordic countries.

served.

2.4 Daylight hours

Stockholms location just south of the 60th latitude means
that the number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter - about six hours, while in June and the rst half
of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours
of daylight. Around the Summer solstice the sun never
reaches further below the horizon than 7.3 degrees[38]
This gives the sky a bright blue colour in summer, also
when looking straight up towards the zenith, with few
stars visible. This is not to be confused with the Midnight
sun, which occurs north of the Polar circle, around 7 degrees farther north.

3 City governance

Summers average daytime high temperatures of 2025

C (6877 F) and lows of around 13 C (55 F), but
temperatures can reach 30 C (86 F) on some days. Days
above 30 C (86 F) occur on average 1.55 days per year
(1992-2011).[31] Days between 25 C (77 F) and 30 C
(86 F) are relatively common especially in July and August. Nighttime lows of above 20 C (68 F) are rare, with
the hot summer nights roaming around 17 to 18 C (63
to 64 F). Winters generally bring cloudy weather with
the most precipitation falling in December and January
(as rain or as snow). The average winter temperatures
ranges from 3 to 1 C (27 to 30 F), and occasionally
drop below 20 C (4 F). Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild.

See also: Stockholm Municipality and Stockholm

municipal election, 2014

The climate table below presents weather data from the

years 20022014 although the ocial Kppen reference period was from 19611990. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during the years 19912009 as compared with the last series. This increase averages about 1.0 C (1.8 F) over all
months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter
months, with an increase of more than 2.0 C (3.6 F) in
January.[32] For the 20022014 measurements some further increases have been found, although some months
such as June have been relatively at.

The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors.

The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is a head of
a department, with responsibility for a particular area of
operation, such as City Planning. The opposition also has
four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. Together the Mayor and the 12 Vice Mayors form the Council of Mayors, and they prepare matters for the City Executive Board. The Mayor holds a special position among
the Vice Mayors, chairing both the Council of Mayors
and the City Executive Board.[39]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was

36 C (97 F) on 3 July 1811; the lowest was 32 C
(26 F) on 20 January 1814.[33] The temperature has not
dropped to below 25.1 C (13.2 F) since 10 January
1987.[34][35]

The Stockholm City Council essentially function as

Stockholms parliament. Its 101 councillors are appointed following general elections, held at the same time
as the elections to the Riksdag and county councils. The
Council convene twice every month at Stockholm City
Hall, and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and
committees. Once decisions are referred for practical implementation, the employees of the City administrations
and companies take over.[39]

The City Executive Board is elected by the City Council and can be thought of as the Government. The City
Executive Board expresses an opinion in all matters decided by the Council and bears the overall responsibility
for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions.
The Board is also responsible for nancial administration
and long-term development. The City Executive Board
consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition. Its meetings are not open to the
public.[39]

Annual precipitation is 539 mm (21.2 in) with around

170 wet days and light to moderate rainfall throughout
the year. Snowfall occurs mainly from December through
March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October
as well as in April.
Following the Stockholm municipal election, 2014 the
In Stockholm, the aurora borealis can occasionally be ob- city is run by a center-left majority and the Mayor

5
of Stockholm is Karin Wanngrd from the Social in the citys economy. Stockholm County is ranked as the
Democrats.
10th largest visitor destination in Europe, with over 10
million commercial overnight stays per year. Among 44
European cities Stockholm had the 6th highest growth in
number of nights spent in the period 2004-2008.[41]

Economy

The largest companies by number of employees:[42]

Ericsson 8,430
Posten AB (national postal service) 4,710
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) 4,240
Swedbank 3,610
Sdersjukhuset (Southern Hospital) 3,610
MTR Stockholm (Stockholm Subway operator)
3,000
Nordea 2,820

Oces in Kista

Handelsbanken 2,800
IBM Svenska 2,640
Capgemini 2,500
Securitas AB 2,360
Veolia Transport 2,300
ISS Facility Services 2,000
Sveriges Television (public television) 1,880
Nobina Sverige AB 1,873 (2012)
Sodexo 1,580

Headquarters of Ericsson

The vast majority of Stockholm residents work in the service industry, which accounts for roughly 85% of jobs
in Stockholm. The almost total absence of heavy industry (and fossil fuel power plants) makes Stockholm one
of the worlds cleanest metropolises. The last decade has
seen a signicant number of jobs created in high technology companies. Large employers include IBM, Ericsson,
and Electrolux. A major IT centre is located in Kista, in
northern Stockholm.

5 Fibre optic network

The city-owned company Stokab started in 1994 to build

a ber-optic network throughout the municipality as a
level playing eld for all operators (City of Stockholm,
2011). Around a decade later, the network was 1.2 million kilometers long making it the longest optic ber network in the world and now has over 90 operators and 450
enterprises as customers. 2011 was the nal year of a
three-year project which brought ber to 100% of public housing, meaning an extra 95,000 houses were added.
Stockholm is Swedens nancial centre. Major Swedish
(City of Stockholm, 2011)
banks, such as Nordea, Swedbank, Handelsbanken,
and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, are headquartered
in Stockholm, as are the major insurance companies
Skandia, Folksam and Trygg-Hansa. Stockholm is 6 Education
also home to Swedens foremost stock exchange, the
Stockholm Stock Exchange (Stockholmsbrsen). Addi- Main article: Education in Stockholm
tionally, about 45% of Swedish companies with more Research and higher education in the sciences started
than 200 employees are headquartered in Stockholm.[40] in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in
Famous clothes retailer H&M is also headquartered in the medicine and various research institutions such as the
city. In recent years, tourism has played an important part Stockholm Observatory. The medical education was

8 CULTURE
(Gymnastik- och idrottshgskolan, or GIH)
The biggest complaint from students of higher education
in Stockholm is the lack of student accommodations, the
diculty in nding other accommodations and the high
rent.[43][44]

7 Demographics

Stockholm School of Economics

The Stockholm region is home to around 22% of Swedens total population, and accounts for about 29% of
its gross domestic product.[45] The geographical notion
of Stockholm has changed throughout the times. By
the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted
of the area today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km2
(14 sq mi) or one-fth of the current municipal area. In
the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated
(such as Brnnkyrka Municipality in 1913, at which time
it had 25,000 inhabitants, and Spnga in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971; with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature
reserve.[46]

eventually formalized in 1811 as the Karolinska Institutet.

The Royal Institute of Technology (Kungliga Tekniska
hgskolan, or KTH) was founded in 1827 and is currently Scandinavias largest higher education institute of
technology with 13,000 students. Stockholm University,
founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960,
has 52,000 students as of 2008. It also incorporates
many historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the
Swedish Museum of Natural History, and the botanical
garden Bergianska trdgrden. The Stockholm School of
Economics, founded in 1909, is one of the few private Of the population of 765,044 in 2004, 370,482 were
institutions of higher education in Sweden.
men and 394,562 women. The average age is 39.8 years;
[46]
In the ne arts, educational institutions include the Royal 40.5% of the population is between 20 and 44 years.
College of Music, which has a history going back to 309,480 people, or 40.4% of the population, over the
the conservatory founded as part of the Royal Swedish age 15 were unmarried. 211,115 people, or 27.5% of
of the
Academy of Music in 1771, the Royal University Col- the population, were married. 85,373, or 11.1%
[46]
population,
had
been
married
but
divorced.
Approxilege of Fine Arts, which has a similar historical assoare of an immigrant
ciation with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and mately 27% of Stockholms residents
[48]
or
non-Swedish
background.
Residents
of Stockholm
a foundation date of 1735, and the Swedish National
are
known
as
Stockholmers.
Some
of
the
suburbs have
Academy of Mime and Acting, which is the continuation
large
populations
of
immigrants.
Languages
spoken in
of the school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre, once atGreater
Stockholm
outside
of
Swedish
include
Finnish
tended by Greta Garbo. Other schools include the design
and
English,
as
well
as
Bosnian,
Syriac,
Arabic,
Turkish,
school Konstfack, founded in 1844, the University College of Opera (founded in 1968, but with older roots), Kurdish, Persian, Dutch, Spanish, Serbian and Croatian.
the University College of Dance, and the Stockholms As of December 2012, there were 201,821 foreign-born
Musikpedagogiska Institut (the University College of Mu- persons in Stockholm. The largest group of them are the
sic Education).
Finns (17,579), followed by Iraqis (16,374) and Iranian
The Sdertrn University College was founded in 1995 as people (11,429).
a multi-disciplinary institution for southern Metropolitan The entire Stockholm metropolitan area, consisting of
Stockholm, to balance the many institutions located in the 26 municipalities, has a population of over 2 million,[49]
northern part of the region.
making it the most populous city in the Nordic region.[7]
The Stockholm urban area, dened only for statistical
Other institutes of higher education are:
purposes, had a total population of 1,372,565 in 2010.
In the following municipalities some of the districts are
Military Academy Karlberg, the worlds oldest mil- contained within the Stockholm urban area, though not
itary academy to remain in its original location, in- all:[3][4]
augurated in 1792 and housed in Karlberg Palace.
Ersta Skndal University College
The Stockholm School of Theology (Teologiska
Hgskolan, Stockholm)

8 Culture

Apart from being Swedens capital, Stockholm houses

The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences many national cultural institutions. The Stockholm re-

8.2

Architecture

View from the harbour of Skeppsbron

gion is home to three of Swedens World Heritage Sites

spots judged as invaluable places that belong to all of
humanity: The Drottningholm Palace, Skogskyrkogrden
(The Woodland Cemetery) and Birka.[26][51][52] In 1998,
Stockholm was named European Capital of Culture.

8.1

Djurgrdsbron

Literature

Authors connected to Stockholm include the poet and

songwriter Carl Michael Bellman (17401795), novelist
and dramatist August Strindberg (18491912), and novelist Hjalmar Sderberg (18691941), all of whom made Gamla stan
Stockholm part of their works.
Other authors with notable heritage in Stockholm were
the Nobel Prize laureate Eyvind Johnson (19001976)
and the popular poet and composer Evert Taube (1890
1976). The novelist Per Anders Fogelstrm (19171998)
wrote a popular series of historical novels depicting life
in Stockholm from the mid-18th to mid-20th century.

8.2

Architecture

Kornhamnstorg

The citys oldest section is "Gamla Stan" (Old Town),

located on the original small islands of the citys earliest settlements and still featuring the medieval street
layout. Some notable buildings of Gamla Stan are the
large German Church (Tyska kyrkan) and several mansions and palaces: the Riddarhuset (the House of Nobility), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace.
Strandvgen as seen from the island of Djurgrden.

Main article: Architecture in Stockholm

See also: Historical res of Stockholm

The oldest building in Stockholm is the

Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After
a re in 1697 when the original medieval castle was
destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque
style. Storkyrkan Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the
Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was

8 CULTURE

founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque metro. The modernist developments of Vllingby and
exterior dating to the 18th century.
Farsta were internationally praised. In the 1960s this suburban
development continued but with the aesthetic of
As early as the 15th century, the city had expanded
the
times,
the industrialized and mass-produced blocks
outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial,
of
ats
received
a large amount of criticism.
small-scale buildings from this era can still be found in
Sdermalm. During the 19th century and the age of industrialization Stockholm grew rapidly, with plans and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such
as Berlin and Vienna. Notable works of this time period
include public buildings such as the Royal Swedish Opera
and private developments such as the luxury housing developments on Strandvgen.

At the same time that this suburban development was taking place, the most central areas of the inner city were being redesigned, known as Norrmalmsregleringen. Sergels
Torg, with its ve high-rise oce towers was created in
the 1960s, followed by the total clearance of large areas to make room for new development projects. The
most notable buildings from this period is the ensemble
In the 20th century, a nationalistic push spurred a new of the House of Culture, City Theatre and National Bank
architectural style inspired by medieval and renaissance at Sergels Torg, designed by architect Peter Celsing.
ancestry as well as inuences of the Jugend/Art Nou- In the 1980s, the planning ideas of modernism were startveau style. A key landmark of Stockholm, the Stockholm ing to be questioned, resulting in suburbs with a denser
City Hall, was erected 1911-1923 by architect Ragnar planning, such as Skarpnck. In the 1990s this idea was
stberg. Other notable works of these times are the taken further with the development of and old industrial
Stockholm Public Library and the World Heritage Site area close to the inner city, resulting in a sort of mix
of modernistic and urban planning in the new area of
Skogskyrkogrden.[52]
Hammarby Sjstad.
The municipality has appointed an ocial board of
beauty called "Sknhetsrdet" to protect and preserve
the beauty of the city.[53]
Stockholms architecture (along with Visby, Gotland[54] )
provided the inspiration for Japanese anime director
Hayao Miyazaki as he sought to evoke an idealized city
untouched by World War. His creation, called Koriko,
draws directly from what Miyazaki felt was Stockholms
sense of well-established architectural unity, vibrancy, independence, and safety.[55]
One of the most unusual pieces of architecture in
Stockholm is the Jumbohostel, housed in a converted
Boeing 747-200 located at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport.[56]

8.3 Museums
Main article: List of museums in Stockholm
Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities
in the world with around 100 museums, visited by millions of people every year.[57] The most renowned national museum is the Nationalmuseum, with Swedens
largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection dates back to the
days of Gustav Vasa in the 16th century, and has since
been expanded with works by artists such as Rembrandt,
Sder Torn, an 86 meter tall building in Sdermalm.
and Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part
In the 1930s modernism characterized the development of Swedens art heritage, manifested in the works of
of the city as it grew. New residential areas sprang up Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel,
such as the development on Grdet while industrial de- Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson.
velopment added to the growth, such as the KF manufac- The Museum of Modern Art, or Moderna Museet, is
turing industries on Kvarnholmen located in the Nacka Swedens national museum of modern art. It has works
Municipality. In the 1950s, suburban development en- by famous modern artists such as Picasso and Salvador
tered a new phase with the introduction of the Stockholm Dal.

8.6

Theatres

9
suburb of Sdertlje, have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants. These mainly
come from the Middle East (Assyrians, Syriacs, Turks
and Kurds) and former Yugoslavia, but there are also immigrants from Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America.
Other parts of the inner suburbs, such as Tby, Danderyd,
Liding, Flysta and, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnic Swedes.

8.6 Theatres

Nationalmuseum.

Other notable museums:

Stockholm City Museum
Fotograska, museum of photography
Skansen, the archetype of open-air museums, inaugurated 1891
Nordic Museum, dedicated to the cultural history
and ethnography of Sweden
Royal Coin Cabinet, dedicated to the history of
money

Royal Dramatic Theatre, one of Stockholms many theatres.

Distinguished among Stockholms many theatres are the

The Vasa Museum, now with the reconstruction of Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern),
one of Europes most renowned theatres, and the Royal
the missing parts of the Vasa Ship
Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773.
Swedish Museum of Natural History
Other notable theatres are the Stockholm City The-

8.4

Art galleries

Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of

internationally recognized art centres and commercial
galleries. Amongst others privately sponsored initiatives such as Bonniers Konsthall, Magasin 3, and state
supported institutions such as Tensta Konsthall and Index all show leading international and national artists.
In the last few years a gallery district has emerged
around Hudiksvallsgatan where leading galleries such as
Andrhn-Schiptjenko, Brndstrm & Stene have located.
Other important commercial galleries include Nordenhake, Milliken Gallery and Galleri Magnus Karlsson.

8.5

Suburbs

The Stockholm suburbs are places with diverse cultural

background. Some areas in the inner suburbs, including those of Skrholmen, Tensta, Jordbro, Fittja, Husby,
Brandbergen, Rinkeby, Kista, Hagstra, Sollentuna,
Hsselby, Farsta, Rgsved, Flemingsberg, and the outer

atre (Stockholms stadsteater), the Peoples Opera

(Folkoperan), the Modern Theatre of Dance (Moderna
dansteatern), the China Theatre, the Gta Lejon Theatre,
the Mosebacke Theatre, and the Oscar Theatre.

8.7 Amusement park

Grna Lund is an amusement park located on the island of
Djurgrden. The Amusement park has over 30 attractions
and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and
visited by thousands of people every day. It is open from
the end of April to the middle of September. Grna Lund
also serves as a concert venue.

8.8 Media
Stockholm is the media centre of Sweden. It has four nationwide daily newspapers and is also the central location
of the publicly funded radio (SR) and television (SVT).
In addition, all other major television channels have their
base in Stockholm, such as: TV3, TV4 and TV6. All major magazines are also located to Stockholm, as are the

10

8 CULTURE
all play in the rst tier, Allsvenskan. AIK play at Swedens national stadium for football, Friends Arena in
Solna, with a capacity of 54,329. Djurgrdens IF and
Hammarby play at Tele2 Arena in Johanneshov, with a
capacity of 30,000 to 33,000 spectators.
All three clubs have ice hockey teams; Djurgrden plays
in the rst tier, AIK in the second and Hammarby in the
third tier.

Historically, the city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms
Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports
events, notably football and athletics. Other major sport
Bookpublisher, Norstedt Building, seen from Vasabron, in arenas are Friends Arena the new national football staRiddarholmen.
dium, Stockholm Globe Arena, a multi-sport arena and
one of the largest spherical buildings in the world and the
largest literature publisher, the Bonnier group. The hit nearby indoor arena Hovet.
PC game Minecraft was created in Stockholm by Markus Beside the 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm hosted
'Notch' Persson in 2009.
the 1956 Summer Olympics Equestrian Games. The city
was also second runner up in the 2004 Summer Olympics
bids.

8.9

Sports

Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games,

a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter
Olympics.
In 2015, the Stockholms Kungar Rugby League club were
formed. They are Stockholms rst Rugby League team
and will play in Swedens National Rugby League championship.

8.10 Cuisine

Friends Arena, the largest retractable roof multi-purpose stadium

in Europe, with a capacity of 50,000 spectators.

There are over 1000 restaurants in Stockholm.[58] Due to

immigration, the city has plenty of restaurants with all
kinds of food from all over the world such as American
fast food, Asian, Italian, Turkish, French, Greek, Scandinavian, Spanish, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Cafeterias
and bars are easy to nd everywhere in the city.
As of 2013 Stockholm boasts a total of eight Michelin
star restaurants, two of which have two stars.

Stockholm Globe City, contains a number of sport venues, oce

areas and shopping centres.

The most popular spectator sports are football and ice

hockey. The three most popular football teams in Stock- Stockholm Marathon, on Djurgrdsbron, 2008
holm are AIK, Djurgrdens IF and Hammarby IF, who

11

8.11 Yearly events

Stockholm Jazz Festival is one of Swedens oldest
festivals. The festival takes place at Skeppsholmen
in July.[59]
Stockholm Pride is the largest Pride event in the
Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of
July every year. The Stockholm Pride festival always ends with a parade and in 2007, 50,000 people marched with the parade and about 500,000
watched.[60]
The Stockholm Marathon takes place on a Saturday
in early June each year.
The Nobel Banquet takes place at Stockholm City
Hall every year on December 10.

water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management.[62] Out of 35 participant cities, eight nalists were chosen: Stockholm,
Amsterdam, Bristol, Copenhagen, Freiburg, Hamburg,
Mnster, and Oslo.[63] Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were:
its integrated administrative system, which ensures that
environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years;
and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.[62]
Stockholm has long demonstrated concern for the environment. The citys current environmental program is
the fth since the rst one was established in the mid1970s.[64] In 2011, Stockholm passed the title of European Green Capital to Hamburg, Germany.[63]

The Stockholm Culture Festival (Swe: Stockholms 9.1.1 Role model

kulturfestival) is a summer festival held annually
around the middle of August.
In the beginning of 2010, Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits[65] in order to share the
The Stockholm Water Festival (Swe: Vattenfesticitys green best practices. The program provides visivalen) was a popular summer festival held annually
tors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues
in Stockholm between 1991 and 1999.
such as waste management, urban planning, carbon diox Manifestation a yearly ecumenical Christian festival ide emissions, and sustainable and ecient transportation
system, among others.[61]
with up to 25,000 participants.
Summerburst Music festival

Environment

According to the European Cities Monitor 2010,[66]

Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution. Surrounded by 219 nature reserves, Stockholm has
around 1,000 green spaces, which corresponds to 30% of
the citys area.[67] Founded in 1995, the Royal National
City Park is the worlds rst legally protected national urban park.[68][69] For a description of the formation process, value assets and implementation of the legal protection of The Royal National Urban Park, see Schantz
2006 The water in Stockholm is so clean that people can
dive and sh in the centre of the city.[67] In fact the waters of downtown Stockholm serve as spawning grounds
for multiple sh species including trout and salmon. As
for carbon dioxide emissions, the government goal is to
have only clean vehicles in the city by 2011.[67]

10 Transport
Park on the island of Djurgrden in central Stockholm.

9.1

Green city with a national urban park

Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world.

The city was granted the 2010 European Green Capital
Award by the EU Commission; this was Europes rst
green capital.[61] Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green
areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste

10.1 Public transport

Main article: Public transport in Stockholm
Stockholm has an extensive public transport system,
one that, by at least one measure, is the most expensive in the world.[70] It consists of the Stockholm Metro
(Tunnelbana); two urban rail systems, Roslagsbanan
and Saltsjbanan; and a suburban rail system: the
Stockholm commuter rail (pendeltg), three light rail systems: Nockebybanan, Lidingbanan, and Tvrbanan; a
tramway: Sprvg City; a large number of bus lines,

12

10 TRANSPORT
from 24 hours up to a year. A 30-day card costs 790 SEK
(83 EUR; 130 USD). Tickets of all these types are available with reduced prices for persons under 20 and over
65 years of age
10.1.1 The City Line Project, or The Green Tunnel
Main article: Stockholm City Line

Greater Stockholms commuter train

and the inner-city boat line Djurgrdsfrjan. All the

land-based public transport in Stockholm County, except
the airport buses/trains, is organized by Storstockholms
Lokaltrak (SL), with the operation and maintenance of
the public transport services delegated to several contractors, such as MTR who operate the metro and Veolia
Transport who operate the suburban railways except for
the commuter rail. The archipelago boat trac is handled by Waxholmsbolaget.
STOCKHOLM
T-BANA

Akalla

11

Husby

Mrby centrum

14
Tensta
Rinkeby

Duvbo

Rcksta

Huvudsta

Blackeberg

Brommaplan

Abrahamsberg

Islandstorget
ngbyplan
keshov

Vstra skogen

Mlar Axels
hjden berg

Hallunda

Norsborg

13

Vrby grd
Alby
Fittja

Medborgarplatsen
Skanstull
Gullmarsplan
Skrmarbrink
Hammarbyhjden
Bjrkhagen
Blsut
Sandsborg
Skogskyrko
grden
allkrogen
T

Stureby

14
Hagstra

10.2 Roads

Slussen

Svedmyra

Frungen

Ropsten

Gamla stan

Sockenplan

19

Masmo

Rd
huset

Between Riddarholmen and Sder Mlarstrand, the City

Line will run through a submerged concrete tunnel.[71] As
a green project, the City Line includes the purication of
waste water; noise reduction through sound-attenuating
tracks; the use of synthetic diesel, which provides users
with clean air; and the recycling of excavated rocks.[71]

Grdet

Midsommar
Globen
kransen
Enskede
elefonplan
T
grd

Hgerstenssen
Vstertorp
Vrberg

13

Karlaplan
stermalmstorg
T-centralen
Kungstrdgrden

Hornstull

Bredng

Skrholmen

rnsberg

Stra

ekniska hgskolan
T
Stadion
5

Liljeholmen
Aspudden

Odenplan
Rdmansgatan

Universitetet

Solna centrum

Mariatorget

Hsselby strand

Nckrosen

Sundbybergs
centrum
Solna Strand

Stadshagen

Vllingby

Zinkensdamm

Johannelund

Thorildsplan
Fridhemsplan
Sankt Eriksplan

6 Htorget

Bergshamra

Hallonbergen

Storamossen

Hsselby
grd

19

Kymlinge

Rissne

Alvik

10

2
3
4

Danderyds sjukhus

Kristine
berg

Hjulsta

Kista

With an estimated cost of SEK 16.8 billion (January 2007

price level), which equals 2.44 billion US dollars, the City
Line, an environmentally certied project, comprises a
6 km (3.7 mi)-long commuter train tunnel (in rock and
water) beneath Stockholm, with two new stations (Stockholm City and Stockholm Odenplan), and a 1.4 km (0.87
mi)-long railway bridge at rsta. The City Line is being built by the Swedish Transport Administration in cooperation with the City of Stockholm, Stockholm County
Council, and Stockholm Transport, SL. As Stockholm
Central Station is overloaded, the purpose of this project
is to double the citys track capacity and improve service
eciency. Operations are scheduled to begin in 2017.[71]

Bandhagen
Rgsved

Krrtorp
Bagarmossen
Skarpnck

17

Gubbngen
Hkarngen

Hgdalen
Farsta

18

Farsta strand

Near-geographically accurate map of the Stockholm Metro. It

has 100 stations and a total system length of 105.7 km (66 mi)
which makes it one of the longest metro networks in Europe.

SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm

County, which allows for easy travel between dierent
modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types,
single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for
the duration of the ticket validity. Starting April 1, 2007,
a new zone system (A, B, C) and price system applies for
single tickets. Single tickets are now available in forms
of cash ticket, individual unit pre-paid tickets, pre-paid
ticket slips of 8, sms-ticket and machine ticket. Cash tickets bought at the point of travel are the most expensive
and pre-paid tickets slips of 8 are the cheapest. A single ticket is valid for one hour. The duration of the travel
card validity depends on the exact type; they are available

Stockholm is at the junction of the European routes E4,

E18 and E20. A half-completed motorway ring road exists on the south and west sides of the City Centre. A
north section of the ring road will open for trac in 2015
while the nal subsea eastern section is being discussed
as a future project. A bypass motorway for trac between Northern and Southern Sweden will be built west
of Stockholm 2013-2023. The many islands and waterways make extensions of the road system both complicated and expensive, and new motorways are often built
as systems of tunnels and bridges.
10.2.1 Congestion charges
Main article: Stockholm congestion tax
Stockholm has a congestion pricing system, Stockholm
congestion tax,[72] in use on a permanent basis since August 1, 2007,[73][74] after having had a seven-month trial
period in the rst half of 2006.[75] The City Centre is
within the congestion tax zone. All the entrances and exits of this area have unmanned control points operating
with automatic number plate recognition. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax aected area, with a

10.5

Airports

13

few exceptions, have to pay 1020 SEK (1.092.18 EUR, 10.5

1.492.98 USD) depending on the time of day between
06:30 and 18:29. The maximum tax amount per vehicle
per day is 60 SEK (6.53 EUR, ).[76] Payment is done by
various means within 14 days after one has passed one of
the control points; one cannot pay at the control points.[77]

Airports

After the trial period was over, consultative referendums were held in Stockholm Municipality and several
other municipalities in Stockholm County. The thenreigning government (cabinet Persson) stated that they
would only take into consideration the results of the referendum in Stockholm Municipality. The opposition parties (Alliance for Sweden) stated that they were to form
a cabinet after the general electionwhich was held the
same day as the congestion tax referendumsthey would
take into consideration the referendums held in several of
the other municipalities as well. The results of the referendums were that the Stockholm Municipality voted for
the congestion tax, but all the other municipalities voted
against it. The opposition parties won the general election
and a few days before they formed government (cabinet
Reinfeldt) they announced that the congestion tax would
be reintroduced in Stockholm, but that the revenue would ARN
go entirely to road construction in and around Stockholm.
During the trial period and according to the agenda of the BMA
previous government the revenue went entirely to public
NYO
transport.
VST
Map showing the locations of airports around Stockholm

10.3

Ferries
International and domestic:

Stockholm has regular ferry lines to Helsinki and Turku

in Finland (commonly called "Finlandsfrjan"); Tallinn,
Estonia; Riga, Latvia, land islands and to Saint Petersburg. The large Stockholm archipelago is served by the
Waxholmsbolaget archipelago boats.

Stockholm-Arlanda International Airport

(IATA: ARN, ICAO: ESSA) is the largest
and busiest airport in Sweden with 22.5
million passengers in 2014. It is located about
40 km (25 mi) north of Stockholm and serves
as a hub for Scandinavian Airlines.
Stockholm-Bromma Airport (IATA: BMA,
ICAO: ESSB) is located about 8 km (5.0 mi)
west of Stockholm.

10.4

City bikes

Only international:

Stockholm-Skavsta Airport (IATA: NYO,

Between April and October, during the warmer months,
ICAO: ESKN) is located 100 km (62 mi)
it is possible to rent Stockholm City Bikes by purchassouth of Stockholm. It is located 5 km (3
[78]
ing a bike card online or through retailers. Cards allow
mi) away from Sdermanland County capital
users to rent bikes from any Stockholm City Bikes stand
Nykping.
[79]
spread across the city and return them in any stand.
Stockholm-Vsters Airport (IATA: VST,
There are two types of cards: the Season Card (valid from
ICAO: ESOW) is located 110 km (68 mi)
April 1 to October 31) and the 3-day card. When their
west of Stockholm, in the city of Vsters.
validity runs out they can be reactivated and are therefore
reusable.[80] Bikes can be used for up to three hours per
loan and can be rented from Monday to Sunday from 6 Arlanda Express airport rail link runs between Arlanda
Airport and central Stockholm. With a journey of 20
am to 10 pm.[79]

14

13

minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of travelling to

the city center. Additionally, there are also bus lines,
Flygbussarna, that run between central Stockholm and all
the airports.
As of 2010 there are no airports specically for general
aviation in the Stockholm area.

10.6

Inter-city trains

GALLERY

In the 2007 European Cities Monitor, published by

Cushman & Wakeeld, Stockholm was ranked as
the best Nordic city to locate a business. In the
same report, Stockholm was ranked rst in Europe
in terms of freedom from pollution.[85]
In a 2007 survey performed by the environmental economist Matthew Kahn for the Readers Digest magazine, Stockholm was ranked rst on its
list of the greenest and most livable cites in the
world.[86]
In a 2008 survey published by the Readers Digest
magazine, Stockholm was ranked fourth in the world
and rst in Europe on its list of the worlds top ten
honest cities.[87]
In a 2008 survey published by the National Geographic Traveler magazine, Gamla stan (the old
town) in Stockholm was ranked sixth on its list of
rated historic places.[88]

Stockholm Central Station

Stockholm Central Station has train connections to

many Swedish cities as well as to Oslo, Norway and
Copenhagen, Denmark. The popular SJ 2000 service to
Gothenburg takes three hours. Most of the trains are run
by SJ AB.

11

International rankings

Stockholm often performs well in international rankings,

some of which are mentioned below:
In the book The Ultimate Guide to International
Marathons (1997), written by Dennis Craythorn and
Rich Hanna, Stockholm Marathon is ranked as the
best marathon in the world.[81]
In the 2006 European Innovation Scoreboard, prepared by the Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) and
the Joint Research Centre's Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen of the European
Commission, Stockholm was ranked as the most
innovative city in Europe.[82]
In the 2008 World Knowledge Competitiveness Index, published by the Centre for International Competitiveness, Stockholm was ranked as the sixth
most competitive region in the world and the most
competitive region outside the United States.[83]
In the 2006 European Regional Growth Index (EREGI), published by Jones Lang LaSalle, Stockholm was ranked fth on the list of European cities
with the strongest GDP growth forecast. Stockholm
was ranked rst in Scandinavia and second outside
Central and Eastern Europe.[84]

In a 2008 survey published by the Foreign Policy

magazine, Stockholm was ranked twenty-fourth on
its list of the worlds most global cities.[89]
In 2009 Stockholm was awarded the title as European Green Capital 2010, as the rst Green capital
ever in the European Green Capital Award scheme.
In 2013, Stockholm was named the 8th most competitive city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit.[90]

12 Twin cities and towns

13 Gallery
Old Town seen from Skeppsholmen
Skyline of Old Town
Ship af Chapman at Skeppsholmen in Stockholm
City
Grand Htel
Front view of Scaniabanken
Nordiska Kompaniet's department store
View of the two Kungstornen buildings
Stockholm City Museum, in Slussen
Northern Sdermalm
Riddarholmen

and

the

Southern Sdermalm and Johanneshov

Shopping street, Drottninggatan

bridge

to

15
Public square, Stureplan
Nordic Museum, in Djurgrden
Stockholm Public Library, in Vasastaden
Sergels Torg, commercial square in central Stockholm
Stockholm City Hall, venue of the Nobel Prize banquet
View of Riksbron, showing Rosenbad, Sagerska
palatset and Stockholm Opera
Aerial view of central Stockholm
Skyline of Stockholm Palace
Entrance of the Stockholm Olympic Stadium, built
in 1912
Solgrnd, common view of several taverns in the old
districts of Stockholm
Gamla Stan, listed in Guinness World Records as one
of the oldest streets with an unaltered interior
Hotel Bellevue in Stockholm Archipelago, built in
1886
Ut Chuch

[5] Stockholm. Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary.

[6] Hedelin, Per (1997). Svenska uttals-lexikon. Stockholm:
Norstedts.
[7] Population. The Nordic Council. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Stockholm is the largest city with 2.1 million
people, followed by Copenhagen and Oslo with 1.2 million each.
[8] Finansiella sektorn br frukt - Analys av den nansiella
sektorn ur ett svenskt perspektiv (PDF). Government of
Sweden. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
[9] Regional GDP per capita in the EU in 20 10 : eight capital regions in the ten rst places (PDF). Eurostat. March
2013. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
[10] The World According to GaWC 2012. Loughborough
University/GaWC. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
[11] 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook
(PDF). A.T. Kearney et al. 2012. Retrieved 30 January
2014.
[12] Olshov, Anders (2010). The location of nordic and global
headquarters 2010. Malm: resundsinstituttet. p. 197.
OCLC 706436140. Stockholm is the main centre of
headquartrs in the Nordic region
[13] World University Rankings 2011-12: Europe. TSL Education Ltd. Retrieved 19 July 2014.

14

See also

List of people connected to Stockholm

Ports of the Baltic Sea
Stockholm syndrome

15

Notes

[1] See List of urban areas in the Nordic countries and List
of metropolitan areas in Europe

16

References

[1] Localities 2010, area, population and density in localities 2005 and 2010 and change in area and population.
Statistics Sweden. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
[2] Folkmngd i riket, ln och kommuner 30 september
2014. SCB. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
[3] Stockholm (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
[4] Folkmngd per ttort och smort 2010, per kommun
(XLS) (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[14] Top 5 non-art museums. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved

19 July 2014.
[15] Who visits Vasa. Vasamuseet. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
[16] Stockholms underground subway art. BBC. Retrieved
19 July 2014.
[17] Stockholms Subway System is the Worlds Largest Underground Art Museum. Inhabitat. Retrieved 19 July
2014.
[18] Magic in the Metro. Businessweek. Retrieved 19 July
2014.
[19] Allt er myndigheter hamnar i Stockholm (in Swedish).
Riksdag & Departement. 2012-04-27. Retrieved 1
February 2014.
[20] Kammarrttens hus (in Swedish). The National Property Board of Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
[21] Bondeska palatset (in Swedish). The National Property
Board of Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
[22] The Swedish Government Oces - a historical perspective. The Government Oces of Sweden. Retrieved 2
February 2014.
[23] How the Riksdag works. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2
February 2014.
[24] Sagerska huset (in Swedish). The National Property
Board of Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

16

16

REFERENCES

[25] The Royal Palace of Stockholm. The Royal Court of

Sweden. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[44] Emerging housing crisis for students.

news.com. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

[26] Drottningholm Palace. The Royal Court of Sweden.

Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[45] Fakta om fretagandet i Stockholm - 2012. page 13,

Stockholm Business Region website (PDF). Retrieved
2012-05-19.

[27] "Stockholm: A Cultural History". Tony Griths (2009).

Oxford University Press US. p.9. ISBN 0-19-538638-8
[28] In ocial contexts, the municipality of Stockholm calls
itself stad (or City), as do a small number of other
Swedish municipalities, and especially the other two
Swedish metropols: Gothenburg and Malm. However,
the term city has administratively been discontinued in
Sweden. See also city status in Sweden
[29] Paris#Climate
[30] London#Climate
[31] Stockholm - Bromma. Data.smhi.se. Retrieved 201404-11.
[32] Stockholm - Bromma. Data.smhi.se. Retrieved 201212-01.
[33] Temperaturrekord i Stockholm och Uppsala | Meteorologi | Kunskapsbanken (in Swedish). SMHI. 2011-1114. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
[34] Vintern 2010-2011: Vinterns lgsta temperaturer | Klimatdata | SMHI (in Swedish). Smhi.se. Retrieved 201201-14.
[35] Temperaturrekord i Stockholm och Uppsala [Temperature Records in Stockholm and Uppsala] (in Swedish).
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.
2009. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
[36] Swedish Monthly & Yearly Temperatures 2002-2014.
SMHI. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
[37] Sunshine Hours of Stockholm (PDF). Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut. Retrieved 2012-0319.
[38] Svenska Almanackan published on an annual basis since
1906 by Almanacksfrlaget (which holds a Royal warrant)
in cooperation with Stockholms Observatory. Valid for
latitude 59 degrees and 21 minutes north (and longitude
12 time minutes east of the Swedish time meridian, which
is 15 degrees East)

Stockholm-

[46] Stockholm Statistical Yearbook, 2006 (Stockholms statistiska rsbok fr 2006) City of Stockholm website, May
2006. The numbers provided by Stockholm Oce of Research and Statistics, or Utrednings- och statistikkontoret
(USK), in Swedish. (USK ocial web information in English
[47] Stockholm Fact & Figures 2013 (PDF). Stockholms
Stad. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
[48] OECD Territorial Reviews: Stockholm, May 2006
[49] Population in the country, counties and municipalities on
31/12/2012 and Population Change in 2012. Statistics
Sweden. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
[50] Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252-2005 (PDF) (in
Swedish). Stockholm Municipality. Retrieved 30 January
2014.
[51] Three world heritage sites. Stockholm Visitors Board.
Retrieved 2 February 2014.
[52] World Heritage Skogskyrkogrden. The Stockholm
City Museum. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
[53] Sknhetsrdet. Stockholm.se. 2012-02-17. Retrieved
2012-05-19.
[54] Hayao Miyazaki (director) (3 February 2010). Creating
Kikis Delivery Service (DVD) (in English and Japanese).
Disney Presents Studio Ghibli.
[55] Helen McCarthy Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese
Animation pub Stone Bridge Press (Berkeley, CA) 1999
ISBN 1-880656-41-8, pages 144 and 157
[56] History and curiosities.
September 2009.

Jumbohostel.

Retrieved 4

[57] Museer & attraktioner - Stockholms ociella besksguide, kartor, hotell och evenemang. Stockholmtown.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
[58] 1997 there were 1123 restaurants with permission to serve
alcoholic drinks

[39] City Governance. Stockholm City. Retrieved 23 July

2014.

[59] Stockholm Jazz. Stockholm Jazz. Retrieved 2012-0519.

[40] Fakta om fretagandet i Stockholm - 2012. page 18,

Stockholm Business Region website (PDF). Retrieved
2012-05-19.

[60] Stockholm Pride. Stockholm Pride. Retrieved 201205-19.

[41] Fakta om fretagandet i Stockholm - 2012. page 6,

Stockholm Business Region website (PDF). Retrieved
2012-05-19.
[42] Statistical Yearbook of Stockholm 2006, section Labour
Market and Manufacturing, p. 244 pdf le
[43] Stockholm University - Find Housing On Your Own.
Su.se. 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

[61] Stockholm European Green Capital 2010.

Ec.europa.eu. 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[62] European Green Capital. international.stockholm.se.
2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[63]
[64] A sustainable city. international.stockholm.se. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

17

[65]
[66] Cushman & Wakeeld. 2010 European Cities Monitor
(PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[67] Environment. international.stockholm.se. 2012-02-10.
Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[68] Ohlsen, B. (2010). Stockholm encounter (2nd Ed.).
Hong Kong, China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd
(p.163)
[69] Schantz, P. 2006. The Formation of National Urban
Parks: a Nordic Contribution to Sustainable Development? In: The European City and Green Space; London, Stockholm, Helsinki and S:t Petersburg, 1850-2000
(Ed. Peter Clark), Historical Urban Studies Series (Eds.
Jean-Luc Pinol & Richard Rodger), Ashgate Publishing
Limited, Aldershot.
[70] A fare price?". The Economist. September 24, 2009.
Retrieved 2009-09-24. In Stockholm it costs for a single
journey of 10 km (6 mi) on public transport, the highest
cost in a study of 73 cities by UBS, a Swiss bank.
[71]

[86] Kahn, Matthew. Living Green. Readers Digest. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
[87] Top 10 Most Honest Cities in the World. TourismReview.com. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 1 December
2008.
[88] Tourtellot, Jonathan (NovemberDecember 2008).
Historic Places Rated. National Geographic Traveler.
Retrieved 1 December 2008.
[89] The 2008 Global Cities Index. Foreign Policy. November 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
[90] Steven, Perlberg (2013-06-09). The 17 Most Competitive Cities In The World. Business Insider. Retrieved 30
January 2014.

17 External links
Stockholmocial website

[72] Congestion tax in Stockholm from 1 August. Swedish

Road Administration. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
[73] Trngselskatt i Stockholm. Swedish Road Administration. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
[74] Odramatisk start fr biltullarna.
2007-08-01. Retrieved 2007-08-01.

[85] European Cities Monitor (PDF). Cushman & Wakeeld. 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

Dagens Nyheter.

[75] Stockholmsfrsket. Stockholmsfrsket. Retrieved

2007-07-18.
[76] Tider och belopp. Swedish Road Administration. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
[77] Betalning. Swedish Road Administration. Retrieved
2007-08-01.
[78] Trac and public transport. international.stockholm.se.
Retrieved 2012-05-19.
[79]
[80] To buy a bike card. Citybikes.se. Retrieved 2012-0519.
[81] Craythorn, Dennis; Hanna, Rich (1997). The Ultimate
Guide to International Marathons. United States: Capital Road Race Publications. ISBN 978-0-9655187-0-3.
[82] European Innovation Scoreboard (PDF). Maastricht
Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology; Institute for the Protection and the Security of the
Citizen. 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
[83] The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index. Centre
for International Competitiveness. 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
[84] London takes top spot from Paris in Jones Lang LaSalles
new European Regional Growth Barometer. Jones Lang
LaSalle. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original
on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.

Stockholm Visitors Boardthe ocial visitors

guide
LUX Magazine: Scandic Sensation

18

18

18
18.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Stockholm Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm?oldid=676836174 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Zundark, Tarquin, Jeronimo, Pinkunicorn, SimonP, Ben-Zin~enwiki, Camembert, Edward, Michael Hardy, Dante Alighieri, Liftarn, Gabbe, Menchi, Mic, Arpingstone, Ahoerstemeier, G-Man, Bluelion, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki, Alvaro, , Kimiko, Mike Linksvayer, Dpol, Rl, Harvester, BRG, Raven in Orbit, Ehn, JonMoore, Viajero, Jwrosenzweig, WhisperToMe, Timwhit, Maya~enwiki, Tpbradbury, LMB, PaulL~enwiki, Tuomas, Jusjih, Francs2000, Phil Boswell, Robbot, Moncrief, Academic Challenger, Hemanshu, Geogre, Gidonb, Sunray,
LX, Isopropyl, Cautious, SoLando, Bbx, Xyzzyva, Giftlite, Crculver, DocWatson42, Nichalp, Wiglaf, Zigger, Rumpelstiltskin~enwiki,
Stenbh, Stern~enwiki, Masken, Mboverload, VampWillow, Avala, Bobblewik, Gyrofrog, Utcursch, Knutux, Quadell, Antandrus, Gunnar Larsson, Vina, OwenBlacker, Balcer, Bumm13, Soman, Jcw69, Hardouin, Picapica, Bvalltu, Grstain, D6, Jayjg, A-giau, Chris j
wood, Guanabot, Sicilarch, Bishonen, Mani1, Pavel Vozenilek, Uppland, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Litegrann, Neko-chan, Glenlarson, Mad Greg, El C, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Causa sui, Alarm, ArkansasTraveler, Man vyi, Scotthatton, PeterisP, Obradovic Goran,
Gsklee, Nsaa, Red Winged Duck, Danski14, Alansohn, JYolkowski, Marnen, Free Bear, Halsteadk, GenkiNeko, Jeltz, Mceder, Sl, Lectonar, Walkerma, CJ, Snowolf, Sveno, Ross Burgess, Wtmitchell, Rickeyjay, Lokedhs, HenryLi, Yurivict, Red dwarf, Deror avi, Tournesol, Batintherain, SKopp, Woohookitty, Karnesky, TigerShark, BillC, JeremyA, Fred J, Flamingspinach, Trigor, RicJac, Karmosin,
Plrk, Dysepsion, Kesla, Jebur~enwiki, Graham87, Ilya, Kbdank71, V95micfa, JIP, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ian Lancaster, Vegaswikian,
Jubalkessler, Odd Jnsson, Krubbe~enwiki, The wub, AlisonW, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, CalJW, Strangnet, RexNL, TimSE, Aaronw, Valentinian, Chobot, Kresspahl, DaGizza, 334a, Bgwhite, JPD, Windsor, YurikBot, Wavelength, Dankell~enwiki, Chavash, RussBot, Splash,
Pigman, Markpeak, Philiplund~enwiki, Lar, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Jugander, Pseudomonas, Wimt, Colocho,
Gustavb, Smartskaft, NawlinWiki, SEWilcoBot, Tne80, Gillis, 9cds, Equilibrial, TimDuncan, Jmcnyc, Jpbowen, Moe Epsilon, Grakm
fr, Graham Jones, Nescio, CLW, Bronks, Dahlis, FF2010, Ursa Magnus~enwiki, Jonas Viper, Zzuuzz, PTSE, Chesnok, GraemeL, Orcaborealis, Hayden120, Mhenriday, Mais oui!, Wikipeditor, Mjroots, GrinBot~enwiki, Jade Knight, That Guy, From That Show!,
robot, West Virginian, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Slarre, Unschool, Wkhd, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Saihtam, CRKingston,
KocjoBot~enwiki, Nickst, EncycloPetey, Wakuran, HalfShadow, Alsandro, Yamaguchi , Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Polaron, Averette, Fisss, Ciacchi, Quinsareth, Persian Poet Gal, Skroer, EncMstr, Oddjob, MalafayaBot, Barend, Quaque, Tsca.bot, Can't
sleep, clown will eat me, Sahmeditor, OrphanBot, MJCdetroit, KevM, Icerat, Rrburke, Lesnail, Jmlk17, Headphones90, BIL, Decltype,
Magore, RandomP, Derek R Bullamore, Eynar, Henning Makholm, Moby Dick~enwiki, Gurklurk, TomZ Am, SashatoBot, Madchen
Hoch, Esrever, Eric82oslo, Khazar, John, Carnby, Ulner, J 1982, Marco polo, JorisvS, Green Giant, Micha221~enwiki, Grimlund~enwiki,
JHunterJ, Grapetonix, AxG, Dbertman, Mets501, TastyPoutine, Swedishpenguin, Ryulong, Rasmus81~enwiki, MTSbot~enwiki, Dabean,
Jose77, Caiaa, DabMachine, Metb82, Dushan wideway, Alan.ca, Iridescent, Habiben, Tony Fox, Courcelles, Thricecube, Tawkerbot2,
Axt, Andy120, INkubusse, JForget, Joey80, CmdrObot, Dmetraux, Zarex, Prlsmith, Page Up, Drinibot, DeepSkyFrontier, Morgansutherland, Shandris, Ken Gallager, Tex, Lokal Prol, Oden, Lear 21, AndrewHowse, Cydebot, The Green Fish, Danrok, Mblumber, Gogo
Dodo, Fifo, Quibik, Clovis Sangrail, Frumpman, CDrecche, Narayanese, Krm500, Tooga, JodyB, JohnInDC, SianMycock, SummonerMarc, Mathpianist93, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Wikid77, Zoeld, Saruwine, Marek69, JontusMedia, NorwegianBlue, Locano, James086, Mr pand, 54gsze4ghz5, Chandler, Nick Number, Comanche cph, Janisb, Escarbot, The Person Who Is
Strange, AntiVandalBot, Mcphersonm80, Mkallgren, Dr. Blofeld, Gamle Bailey, MontanNito, NSH001, FredrikT, Malcolm, North Shoreman, Trakesht, Camptown, Carewolf, Myanw, JAnDbot, Tobibln, Dan D. Ric, MER-C, Plantsurfer, Fetchcomms, Condor Patagnico,
Panarjedde, Reign of Toads, Kirrages, Hewarge, Jay1279, SiobhanHansa, Magioladitis, Connormah, MeBlink, BMW Z3, Bongwarrior,
VoABot II, Mrund, VKing, Cuardin, Aka042, The Anomebot2, Avicennasis, Not a dog, MetsBot, Berig, Alekjds, Larry nyc, DerHexer,
MichaelLJ~enwiki, Andreas Trepte, StaraBlazkova~enwiki, Anaxial, Keith D, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Nono64, EvilHom3r, EdBever, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Marmelad, Jeersonse~enwiki, FSG, Oxguy3, Icseaturtles, Katalaveno, Bishzilla, Abhijitsathe,
Smaragden, Balthazarduju, Mrceleb2007, Coin945, Rwessel, Malerin, Cometstyles, Nzroller, DorganBot, Natl1, Bonadea, Fregus75, Pdcook, Inwind, Halmstad, SoCalSuperEagle, Squids and Chips, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Thomas.W, Dogsgomoo, AlnoktaBOT, VasilievVV,
Perfectmiss, Ctomarctus, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Malinaccier, Staritto, Lucd13, Z.E.R.O., Someguy1221, Kaare Dybvad, Henrik.falk,
Lavaman46, Arigato1, Finngall, Synthebot, Lucyhill, Viktorhauk, Doc James, Nagy, FrinkMan, Matvyei, SvNH, TheXenocide, Tontotti,
Lejman, SPQRobin, Adwicko, SieBot, Gavin1234, Suryoye, GarboForever, Work permit, BotMultichill, Baerum~enwiki, Ypps~enwiki,
Gerakibot, Happysailor, Stained86, Flyer22, Oxymoron83, Muniswede, AngelOfSadness, Ivarercool, Harry~enwiki, Targeman, Lightmouse, Jontts~enwiki, Kildor, Kingseany, Mtys, OKBot, Nilankapieris, Skistar, Jahilia, Granabc~enwiki, Spevw, Wes Richards, Mtaylor848, Jonipoon, Fursten, NJSF, Miekee, Holger.Ellgaard, Towerblocktom, Niclond23, Martarius, ClueBot, Justin W Smith, JensEriksson, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, Swapsapar, Rajeevmerchant, AstroMark, VsBot, Hesky10, Nirro, Tomas e,
Mild Bill Hiccup, Red w, Djacku, Skpperd, Tonybogren, Imperium Europeum, Supasaru, CCorward, P. S. Burton, F97ks, No such user,
Alexbot, Erebus Morgaine, MattiasNJ, Narita65, Secondarywaltz, Ghostrider, NuclearWarfare, RonDivine, Dif joel, Jotterbot, Mdavies
965, Hans Adler, Polly, Thehelpfulone, Tubten, DerBorg, UKgeofan, MelonBot, Robthespaniard, Tdslk, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, SebastianGS, Tarheel95, Colors99, Thadud, Buddah79, Benevolent Spectator, MystBot, KJohansson, Navyworth, Mattunus, Emil Kastberg,
LizGere, HexaChord, Vintage lulu, Jhendin, Marlkiy, Aikclaes, SuperSwede88, Freakmighty, Gardebring, Betterusername, Turkuun,
Justallofthem, AkhtaBot, Fieldday-sunday, Reckless182, Leszek Jaczuk, Andrs Stenberg, Jeersonebenezer, AramaeanSyriac, Nordisk
varg, AndersBot, Debresser, Urbourbo, AnnaFrance, Vovan7349, LinkFA-Bot, ViskonBot, TheFreeloader, Numbo3-bot, Dayewalker,
Bermuda-Russian lover556, Lightbot, Luckas Blade, Zorrobot, Xenobot, Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Senciadk, O Fenian, Fraggle81, Berkay0652, Legobot II, Clodhna-2, T in the park, KamikazeBot, South Bay, Rambash, Digirami, Christore,
Eric-Wester, Tanonero, Russian Luxembourger, AnomieBOT, Shmayo, Mattias 91, Royote, Ipatrol, Quispiam, NJNYCC1, Dr Lean, Materialscientist, Brztm, Spektrofon, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GraderCel, TinucherianBot II, Timir2, WikiEditor 09111, Orxancalilov, Edobrichoo,
Ibrahim50, Karachh, Julle, Santista1982, Almabot, Hxasmirl, Kapheee, GrouchoBot, Pariiiisssian, Omnipaedista, Foreverprovence, Ramblersen, RibotBOT, Nedim Ardoa, Alexandru Stanoi, CHJL, Brutaldeluxe, Shadowjams, Katalla, Joaquin008, FannyIreneCarro, FrescoBot, Awakened82, Johser001, Finlandia hotel, Tobby72, Salle81, Anders Svensen, FrayMan~enwiki, Armigo~enwiki, Amplitude101,
Fil969~enwiki, EWR, William 48, I dream of horses, Edderso, Mnh123, 10metreh, Rameshngbot, FromSweden, Broneo, Ishwasash,
Baltic Soul, Hoo man, Meteorologists, ALEF7, Beyer007, JHF1000, Elekhh, FoxBot, Iftelse, Sahedin, TobeBot, Trappist the monk,
Lotje,
, Fivestringed, , Nataev, Lbc71, Jahnavi7, Kajervi, Canuckian89, Brian the Editor, MichaelSeemann, IRISZOOM, Tbhotch, Eikko, Zaxxor, TjBot, Alph Bot, Ripchip Bot, Oliverparish, CalicoCatLover, White Nights in Stockholm, Antoncri, The Universe Is Cool, Totti76, Zyad El Jaziri, Niels Johansen, J36miles, EmausBot, John of Reading, Winthropf, Pjposullivan,
Vlva, Keomike, Gfoley4, Jaoalle, Hockeytrjan, Abu Amal Bahraini, Karlofatalo, EGC2010, VanillaBear23, Jkadavoor, Shyguy1991,
Elzo 90, Jim Michael, Wikipelli, K6ka, Hannibal IX, Dolphin Jedi, Alcea setosa, Emil Teofanov, Daveburstein, H3llBot, TR1N3TY,

18.2

Images

19

SporkBot, Wagner, Erianna, JoeSperrazza, Richard Tuckwell, Petzon, Hussainia.bh, BabbaQ, Guillec96, Venomous, Vchia, ClueBot NG,
Terry2x3, Gareth Grith-Jones, Turistguide, Dcexperience, Brorsson, Satellizer, Zkia, MusicGeek101, Falep, Frietjes, Enfcer,
, U.Steele, Widr, Ben morphett, Jimmy20025, Flakke, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Brattanie, KLBot2, 2001:db8, BG19bot, Shabloz, ArildV, Cw80, Hza a 9, Andymcsherry, Shriraam.mohan, Tolea93, Isaklindve, Socal212, Wesley Mouse, Wish495, Coldumbo,
UAKasper, Sarein.mh, MisterMorton, Tcc8, Timoy13, Annanilsson123, Lieutenant of Melkor, Ricefarmer7, Lommaren, BattyBot, Jaybear, Boeing720, Pilotwagers, Dylanmasaba, Pratyya Ghosh, Sudoise, BoxofPresents, Khazar2, Esszet, Hembal, Jaspermaz, Andyberg,
Bbajen, Ryanjezell, Koopatrev, Skinnybones1, Dexbot, SantoshBot, Dgnsnj, Onryo~enwiki, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, Ssbbplayer, EVK22,
James-royal-lawson, Jhaxelxy75, Traforad, Ms04uk, Municca, ZH8000, Sanderat, AaronJC, MCHammer19, Austihntacious, Dendrite1,
Magnolia677, C.bundgaard, Ehhetv, Joha88, ReconditeRodent, Gvatistas11, Ginsuloft, NoburuWatanabe, 636Buster, QuercusSola, Anarchistdy, Valentin8216, Davidmswe, Gavleson, Anon685, Monkbot, Greenboy1001, Armynut15, Monopoly31121993, Rbnewell, Nicklycz,
UZI2424, Xoor10, Yoshibowser28, Pastarinopaprino, Oscarisboss, Queenbwest, Oggepro, Fetto99, Julietdeltalima, XXXY syndrome,
Gabrielaisler, Sarr Cat, Lildamion224, Helsingborgair, Soupkid81, KasparBot, Lasonon, Viggej, Hmntkin and Anonymous: 963

18.2

Images

File:Airplane_silhouette.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Airplane_silhouette.svg License: Public

domain Contributors: This le was derived from: Airplane silhouette.png
Original artist: Derivative work: McSush (talk)
File:Armoiries_Sude_moderne.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Armoiries_Su%C3%
A8de_moderne.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='//validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_
%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png
2x'
data-le-width='91' data-le-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FArmoiries_Su%
25C3%25A8de_moderne.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Odejea
File:Arms_of_Bucharest.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:ROU Bucharest CoA.svg Original artist: Zorlot
File:Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Arms_of_Luxembourg.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist: Katepanomegas
File:Blason_La_Fert-Gaucher.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Blason_La_Fert%C3%
A9-Gaucher.svg License:
Public domain Contributors:
<a href='//validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_
%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png
2x'
data-le-width='91' data-le-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FBlason_La_
Fert%25C3%25A9-Gaucher.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Anno16
File:Blason_de_Dublin.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Blason_de_Dublin.svg License: GFDL Contributors: dessin personnel (own work) Original artist: Spedona
File:Blason_paris_75.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Blason_paris_75.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: <a href='//validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='verticalalign:
top' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_
SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.
svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='91' data-le-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%
2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FBlason_paris_75.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Manassas
File:Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Coa_Hungary_Town_
Budapest.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Madboy74
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Christian Bier (talk contribs)
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg License: Public domain Contributors: THE CITY OF ZAGREB - EMBLEM AND FLAG Original artist: original unknown, SVG: User:Justass
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Djurgardsbron_2008.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard
File:Djurgrden_Djurgrdsbron_Maraton.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Djurg%C3%
A5rden_Djurg%C3%A5rdsbron_Maraton.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mats Halldin 16:37, 9
June 2007 (UTC)

20

18

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Dramaten_050701.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Dramaten_050701.JPG License: CC BYSA 1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jonnie Nord (User:Zaphod)
File:Ericsson_huvudkontor_Kista_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ericsson_huvudkontor_
Kista_2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard
File:Escudo_de_Madrid.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Escudo_de_Madrid.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Dibujada a partir de Image:Escudo de Madrid.png, por Sanbec Original artist: Valadrem (http://valadrem.blogspot.
com)
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_
%281822-1978%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) User:Makaristos
File:Flag_of_Greenland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jerey Connell (IceKarma)
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

18.2

Images

21

File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License:
domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco

Public

Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915)

Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
Original artist:
File:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955-1980).svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_
Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: self-made from Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg using
background color from Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg Original artist: Cmapm
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_land.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: created by en:User:Zscout370
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Friendsarena.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Friendsarena.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dahlstroms/7751335978/ Original artist: Hkan Dahlstrm
File:Gamla_Stan_swe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gamla_Stan_swe.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Globen_September_2014_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Globen_September_2014_01.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arild Vgen

22

18

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Green_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Green_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

? Original artist: ?
File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flo Beck
File:Insigne_Aemonae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Athenarum.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work, based on blason seen here Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Berolini.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Insigne_Berolini.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Helsingiae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Insigne_Helsingiae.svg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Olipsionis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Rigae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Romanum.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Serdicae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Varsoviae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg License: CC BY-SA
2.5 Contributors: File:POL Warszawa COA.svg Original artist: Poznaniak
File:Insigne_Vilnae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Insigne_Vilnae.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Vindobonae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Kistacentralparts_Publish.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Kistacentralparts_Publish.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Brorsson
File:Kornhamnstorg_2012a.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Kornhamnstorg_2012a.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard
File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Lesser_
Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, File:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_
London.svg Original artist: Ssolbergj, Sodacan
File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Lesser_coat_of_
arms_of_Copenhagen.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work based on: File:Kbenhavns byvben 1894.png This
le was derived from: Greater coat of arms of Copenhagen.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_
arms_of_Copenhagen.svg' class='image'><img alt='Greater coat of arms of Copenhagen.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/50px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png'
width='50' height='64' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.
svg/75px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/
Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1403' data-leheight='1803' /></a>
Original artist: Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg: *Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg: S. Solberg J. and
autors of source les
File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contributors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_
%281870%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: kahusi - <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kahusi' title='User
talk:Kahusi'>(Talk)</a>'s le Original artist: kahusi - <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kahusi' title='User talk:
Kahusi'>(Talk)</a>
File:Nationalmuseum_stockholm_20050902_001.jpg
Nationalmuseum_stockholm_20050902_001.jpg License:
Canon PowerShot G3. Original artist: Jonas Bergsten

Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/
Public domain Contributors: Photo taken by Jonas Bergsten using a

File:Ny_pendeltag_stockholm.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ny_pendeltag_stockholm.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Parkudden_djurgarden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Parkudden_djurgarden.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steven Strehl
File:Population_Development_Stockholm.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Population_
Development_Stockholm.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Karlofatalo
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

18.2

Images

23

File:Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Petr Dlouh
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Royalpalace_Stockholm.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Royalpalace_Stockholm.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I took the photo myself Original artist: Brorsson
File:Sodertornet_at_night.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Sodertornet_at_night.jpg License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jonathan Lundqvist
File:Sse_north_side.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Sse_north_side.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Anonymous
File:Stockholm-Altstadt-(gamla-stan).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Stockholm-Altstadt-%
28gamla-stan%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 de Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Stockholm.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Stockholm.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Image 1: File:Stadshus-Panorama 2.jpg
Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard (image 1-5), Abhijeet Vardhan (image 6)
File:Stockholm_Centralstation.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Stockholm_Centralstation.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Jorges, aufgenommen am 31. Juli 2004. Original artist: Jorges at German Wikipedia
File:Stockholm_Kungstrdgrden_(1890-1900).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Stockholm_
Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden_%281890-1900%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original image: Photochrom print
(color photo lithograph)
Reproduction number: LC-DIG-ppmsc-06230 from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photochrom Prints Collection
Original artist: Unknown
File:Stockholm_Port.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Stockholm_Port.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stockholm_Port.jpg Original artist: en:User:Condor Patagnico
File:Stockholm_boroughs_2007_no_labels.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Stockholm_boroughs_
2007_no_labels.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work based on Image:Stockholms-stadsdelar.png by Jniemenmaa Original
artist: Alex Nordstrom, Jniemenmaa
File:Stockholm_ln_vapen.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Stockholm_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg
License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Made by Lokal_Prol after the blasoning. Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Stockholm_metrosystem_map.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Stockholm_metrosystem_
map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Stockholm_metro_map.png Original artist: user:xyboi, redraw by Stonyyy
File:Stockholm_panorama_1868.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Stockholm_panorama_1868.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Lithography by Carl Johan Billmark (1804-1870) Original artist: Carl Johan Billmark
File:Stockholm_stadshuset.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Stockholm_stadshuset.jpg License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Johannes Akkach (Sunshine87)
File:Stockholm_vapen_bra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Stockholm_vapen_bra.svg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Koyos
File:Suecia_1-013_;_Stockholm_frn_ster-right_side_detail.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/
Suecia_1-013_%3B_Stockholm_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster-right_side_detail.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.
mynewsdesk.com/se/sjohistoriska/images/400-aar-som-praeglade-stockholm-ny-bok-om-oerlogsstaden-161324 Original artist: Erik
Dahlberg and Willem Swidde
File:Sweden_location_map,_40south.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Sweden_location_map%
2C_40south.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Sweden location map.svg by NordNordWest cropped so as to only include bottom 40% Original artist: NordNordWest
File:Sweden_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Sweden_location_map.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: own work, using United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency data Original artist: NordNordWest
File:Symbol_information_vote.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Symbol_information_vote.svg License: Public domain Contributors: handmade Original artist: Theoteryi
File:US_flag_45_stars.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/US_flag_45_stars.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:US_flag_48_stars.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on PD info Original artist: Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator.
File:Vasabron_Riddarholmen_Norstedts.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Vasabron_
Riddarholmen_Norstedts.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: ickr Original artist: kaimar
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.

24

18

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

18.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0