we`vb` mRbkxj mnvwqKv

8g kYx
BsiRx 2q c
jLK:
1) gyij Kwei mif|
2) mvewibv mvC`|
3) ewki Avng` mRxe|
4) mvqiv mvC`|
5) gvnv` mvBdzj Bmjvg|

cKvkbvq: we`vb` dvDkb

we`vb` mRbkxj mnvwqKv

8g kYx
BsiRx 2q c
jLK:
1) gyij Kwei mif|
2) mvewibv mvC`|
3) ewki Avng` mRxe|
4) mvqiv mvC`|
5) gvnv` mvBdzj Bmjvg|

cKvkbvq: we`vb` dvDkb

gyLe
mgvRi GK kYxi wkv_x AvQ, hviv Avw_K msKU wKsev gavi `yejZvq wKsev w`Kwb`kbvi
Afve wQUK coQ cwZhvMxZvg~jK wkveev _K| Zv`i ga AbKiB mvebv wQjv my`i
fwelZi gavweKvki c_c`kK cj| mv_ `iKvi Avw_K mnvqZv Avi cvV mnvqK eB vb wevbi
eB| mgvRi GB AenwjZ QvQvx`i Avkvi Avjv `LvZ we`vb`(www.bidyanondo.org) bvgK
cwZvbi R `b cevmx evOvwj wKkvi Kzgvi `vk| wbRB myweavewZ wQj ejB nqZv Rxebi me mq
w`q Aby`vb QvovB PvjvQb GB cwZvbK| Kvb FZzwfwK cwZvb bq we`vb`| XvKv, PMvg Ges
bvivqYMi wZb kvLvq eQii cwZwU w`b Kvhg Pj eZbfz PvKzi Ges wKQz gnrcvY ^QvmeK viv|
Avb`i mv_ wkv jvf- GB cwZvbi g~jg| wkkYx _K v`k kYx ch wkv_x`i
gavweKvki cvkvcvwk we`vb` Zv`i bwZK gyjevai DbwZ, ^wkvq wkwZKiY Ges Zv`i
^vmPZbZv wbq KvR Ki| eZgvb wZb kZvwaK QvQvxK cwZw`b wkv `evi cvkvcvwk Kbv Lvevi
`q GB cPviwegyL cwZvbwU| GwK mv_ webvg~j wkv DcKiY w`q _vK we`vb`i cwZwU wkK|
aygv myweavewZ`i Rb bq, meii cvVK`i Rb Pvjy KiQ 8,000 eBqi wZbwU cvVvMvi, hv
webvg~j eenvi Kiv hvq Kvbic m`m bv nqI| AbjvBb zji gvag we`vb`i KvRK cZ Aj
cuQ w`Z welqwfwK wkvg~jK wfwWI wUDUvwiqvj Zwi KiQ we`vb`| GB wUDUvwiqvjjvK AviI
mnR Ki ZzjZ webvg~j wkv mnvwqKv weZiY KiQ GB cwZvbwU| we`vb`i AviKwU cR bv
ejjB bq, mwU njv wekwe`vjqi fwZ KvwPs| MZeQii 85 Rb Mixe wkv_xi GB Kvhgi iZc~Y
Ask myhvM cvq `ki wewfb miKvix wekwe`vjq|
aygv wkveev bq, mgvRi mvaviY cwZeKZv `~i KiZI, we`vb` nvZ wbQ bZzb bZzb
cR| Zvu`i ga GKwU njv-dg evuav kke| 10,000 myweavewZ wki kkei Qwe msiYi
Rb webvg~j wcU Ges jwgbwUs Ki weZiY Ki we`vb`| DVwZ ZiY jLK Ges KweK ccvlKZv
w`Z wbR`i A_vqb Agi GKzk eBgjv-2015 Z cKvk KiwQj `yBwU M Ges KweZv msKjb, hvi
jfvsk eq nq wk`i Lvevii KvR| we`vb`i mv_ hy AvQb `ki miv wkvcwZvbi GKSvuK
ZiY ^QvmeK| GBme ^QvmeK`i hvM Ki ZzjZ wewfb cwkY `qv nQ ^bvgab cwkK
viv| Avkv GKw`b GLvb _KB mw ne `ki miv me gavex Ges wkwZ gvbyljv| cwZvbwU bZzb,
Ze mvgvwRK Dbqb Gi AMMwZ Ges Ae`vb ClYxq chvqi | AZ m bq we`vb`, ZvB hZ ne
Aviv AbK `~i| GKK cPv bq, eis mevi AvwiK AskMnYB cvi mgvRi AenwjZ gavex wkv_x`i
KqKavc GwMq wbq hZ| Avmyb we`vb`i gZv cwZvbjvK mnhvwMZv Ki evsjv`ki fvM
cwieZb mnvqZv Kwi|

m~Pxc
SL.No

Particular

Page No

Prepositions

1-7

Right Form of Verbs

8-12

Articles

12-14

Tense

15-22

Suffix & Prefix

23-25

Punctuation

26-28

Transformation of Sentence

29-33

Voice

34-40

Narration

40-48

Prepositions

Preposition Kx Ges Prepostion Kx Ki t
Pre ki A_ c~e Ges Position A_ Aevb A_ev Noun-equivalent Gi eeZ nq
Zvi m evKi Ab Word Gi mK eywSq `q ZvK Preposition ej|
Ex: Mita is coming with Rita.
 GLvb, with nj Preposition Ges GwU Noun Gi c~e emQ|
to Soha
Preposition + Noun
I gave the book Pre N
to him
Preposition + Pronoun
I gave Pre P.N
Note: Avgiv Kvb ew, ei ga mK vcb Kivi Rb Preposition use Kwi|

wbPi Passage wU j Kit
Fahad lives at Sutrapur in Dhaka. He goes to school by a Toyota car.
Sometime he goes on rickshaw. He starts for home at 8:30 am. I go to
School by rickshaw. I start early in the morning. There was a heavy rain
yesterday and the roads went under water. So, I was absent from School.
c` Passage wUZ- at, in, to, by, on, from I under GB Preposition jv eeZ
nqQ|

mvaviY 2 aiYi Preposition j Kiv hvq|
(1) Complement of Preposition Or Basic uses of Preposition
(2) Appropriate Preposition.

Basic uses of some Important preposition :
ek wKQz Preposition AvQ hjvK wb c` Diagram-Gi mvnvh AZ mnRfve
evLv Kiv hvq t

At, in
eo vb ev mgqi c~e in Ges QvU vb ev mgqi c~e at em|
He lives at Deana in Khulna. He went there at 7 Oclock in evening.
Note: mgqi c~e in eenvi Kij Zvici the em| wK at eenvi Kij the em bv|
Night, noon, dusk, down BZvw`i c~e at em| Ges Morning, evening, afternoon
BZvw`i c~e in em|

In, Into
Kvb wKQzi wfZi AewZ ev wwZkxjZv eySvj in Ges wfZi cek ev MwZkxjZv Ges
icvwiZ nIqv eySvj into ej|
The students are in the room. They entered into the room. Water change into
vapour.
5


on, in, at
w`b ev ZvwiLi c~e on, gvm ev eQii c~e in Ges wbw` mgqi c~e at em|
I shall meet you at 5 Oclock on Sunday in January.

After, in
AZxZKvji evcK mgq (period of time) eySvZ after Ges fwelr Kvj evcK mgq
(Period of time) eySvZ in eeZ nq|
I returned to my naitve Village after six months.

In with-in
fwelrKvj evcK mgqi kl gyn~Z eySvZ in Ges mB mgq DxY nevi c~e eySvZ with in
em| hgb t Mr. Ahad will come in a month. (GK gvmi kl gyn~Z)
We, will finish the work within a month. [GK gvm DxY nevi c~e]

in, by, before
fwelZKvji evcK mgqi c~e in, Ges wbw` mgqi c~e by ev before em| hgb t I
shall have finished reading the book by or before 5 p.m.
He will come in a month.

in, on, to
mxgvi ga eySvZ in mxgvi evwni eySvZ to Ges mxgvi Dci eySvZ on eeZ nq| hgb t
The Sounderban is to the south of the Country.
Dhaka in on the Buriganga.
Dhaka city college is in the heart of the city.

In, after
Future tense G In Ges Past tense G after eeZ nq| hgb t My father will
come from the states in a week.
His father died after two monthes.

Since, from, for
wbw` mgqi c~e Since ev from Ges evcK mgqi c~e for em| Since viv ay AZxZi
wbw` mgq Ges from viv me tense Gi mgq eySvq|
It has been raining Since morning It has been raining for two hours.

Beside besides
cvk A_ eySvZ beside Ges Bnv Qvov/AwaK eySvZ besides eeZ nq| hgb t
He sat beside me.
Besides this pen, I have two other pens.

Between among
`yqi ga between Ges `yqi AwaK nj among eeZ nq| hgb t
Divide the mangoes between the two boys.
Divide the mangoes among them.
6


By, with
h Ki Zvi c~e by Ges hvi viv Ki Zvi c~e with ej| hgb t
The tiger was killed by the hunter with a gun.

On, Over
jvMvjvwM Aevq Dci nj on Ges space iL Dci nj over eeZ nq| hgb t
The book in on the table.
The clock is over the cupboard.

Under/ below
Under gvb eivei wbP Ges below gvb wbP wK eivei wbP bv| hgbt
Your foot is under the table [exactly]
My foot is below the table. [beside]

Down
wmwo w`q wbP bvg A_ down kwU eeZ nq| DuPz vb _K wbP bvgv eySvZ down
em| hgb t
The store rolled down the hill.

Across
Kvb we`y K GK cv _K Ab cv eySvZ Across eeZ nq| hgb t
I swim across the river.
She ran across the road.

Though
Though viv Kvb wKQz wb`k Kiv nq, ev Kvb ei evwni nZ i nq, eZ cek Ki
Ges ZvM Ki| hgb t
They walked home though the part the train went through the tunnel.
Note: Dcii hv `Iqv nj Gjv Beside use of Preposition. Diagram wUi mvnvh Avgiv
Gjv gb ivLvi Pv Kie|
Meaning of Some Prepositions
Preposition
At
In
On
Onto
Over
Above
Up
Down
To

Bengali meaning
w`K
Z/ h/ fZi/ ga
Ici
Ici
wKQz Ici
AbK Ici
Icii w`K
wbPi w`K
w`K

_K/ nBZ
From
evwni _K fZi
Into
fZi _K evwni
Out of
cQb
Behind
c~e
Before
ci
After
Bnv QvovI
Besider
cvk
Beside
viv/ cvk
By
wVK cvk
Next to
Ici/AwZg
Across
mv_
with
eZxZ
without
ga _K `N AwZg
through
cvk w`q `N AwZg
Along
wbP
Below
Gi
Of
fZi/ ga
Inside
Rb
for
w`K
Towards
`yqi ga
Between
wei
Against
wbw` mgqi ga
within
[Note: cieZx Aski wKQz Important appropriate Preposition `Iqv nj| mjv AekB
gyL KiZ ne|]

Appropriate Preposition
Abide by-(gb Pjv) Students should abide by their teachers advice.
Adsorbed in-(wbqg) He is absorbed in deep studies.
Absent from-(AbycwZ) He was absent from the meetwing.
Abstain from-(weiZ _vKv) Everyone should abstain from smoking.
Accuse of-(AwfhvM Kiv) He was accused of theft.
Access to-(wbKU hvevi AwaKvi) We have easy access to our headmaster.
Accustomed to (Af) Jerry was accustomed to hard work.
Adhere to-(jM _vKv) I must adhere to my principles.
Addicted to (Lvivc KvR Avmw) He is addicted to gambling.
Adjacent to-(msjM) His house is adjacent to mine.
Adapted from-(MnxZ) The story is adapted from Gullivers Travels.
Admit to-(fwZ nIqv) I was admitted to Chittagong College.
Afraid fo-(fxZ) He is afraid of anything.
8

Argue with-(ZK)-Students shouldnt argue with their teachers.

Aim at (j Kiv) The police aimed at the robber.
Alternative to-(cwieZ) This question is alternative to that.
Ambition for-(DPKvv) I have no ambition for fame.
Amenable to-(evav)-The lady is not amenable to reason.
Ambitious of-(DPvwfjvlx) I am not ambitious of fame.
Anxious for-(DwM)-I am anxious for result.
Apology for-(gv cv_bv) The student had to apology to the teacher for his misbehaviour.
Aptitude for-(ceYZv) The girl has a great aptitude for music.
Ashamed of (jwZ) I am ashamed of his conduct.
Astonished at-(wewZ) The authoress was astonished at jerrys integrity.
Aware of (AeMZ) He was aware of the fact.
Bark at -(ND ND Kiv) The dog always barks on a stranger.
Belong to-(AwaKvix nIqv) This book belong to me.
Beware of (mZK nIqv) Beware of thieves.
Believe in-(wekvm Kiv) I dont believe in overloading my stomach.
Blind to-(`LI bv `Lv) He is blind to his sons fault.
Boast of (` Kiv) He boasts of his riches.
Born in (Rb) I was born in Khulna.
Born of (RvZ) I was born of a middle class family.
Burst into (Kvbvq f co) Suddenly he burst into tears.
Busy with-(e) He is busy with his lessons.
Condemn to-(`vqx nIqv) The criminal was condemned to death.
Confess to-(^xKvi Kiv) He confessed to his guilt.
Confident of-(Avkvev`x) I am confident of my success.
Consist of (MwVZ) The comittee consists of then members.
Contrary to-(wecixZfve) The Students acted contrary to his teachers direction.
Cope with-(GuU DVv) I failed to cope with the new environment.
Conspire with-(loh Kiv) His enemees conspired with his soldier to ruin him.
Contact with-(hvMvhvM) I have no contact with him.
Deal in-(eemv Kiv) He deals in rice.
Delight in-(Avbw`Z nIqv) I deligh in sport and games.
Demand for-(Pvwn`v) Jerry had no demand for high amount.
Dependent on-(wbfikxj) Our family is dependent on me.
Deprive of-(ewZ nIqv) He was deprived of the property.
Devoid of-(ewRZ) He is devoid of common sense.
Die of-(Kvb ivM giv) He died of cholera.
Die from-(Kvb KviY giv) He died from over eating.
Die by-(BQvKZfve giv) He died by suicide.

Die for-(AvZZvM Kiv) We are ready too die for our country.
Different from-(c_K) This pen is different from that.
Disappointed at-(Kvb wKQzZ nZvk) He was disappointed at your failure.
Divide into-(fvM Kiv) He devided the mangoes into two equal halves.
Due to-(KviY) I could not go to college due to my illness.
Expert at-(`) The girl is expert at drawing.
Easy of-(mnR) The problem is easy of solution.
Engaged n-(wbgM) He is engaged in writting a book.
Escape from-(gyw) Man has no escape from death.
Faith in-(wekvm) I have faith in his honesty.
Famous for-(weLvZ) Mohin is famous for his kindness.
Fond of (wcq) I am fond of meet.
Full of-(cwic~Y) The glass is full of dirty water.
Good at (`) Shimu is good at math.
Include in-(Afy Kiv) My name was included in the list.
Indebted to-(FYx) I am greatly indebted to my teachers.
Indifferent to-(D`vmxb) Students should not be indifferent to their studies.
Insist on (wR` Kiv) He insisted on my going to chinema.
Liable to-(`vqx) Man is liable to error.
Live in-(evm Kiv) Man live in society.
Mix with-(gkv) He does not mix with other boys.
Necessity for-(AvekKZv) I have no necessity for the book.
Need of-(cqvRb) I am badly in need of a seat in the hostel.
Object to-(Avcw Kiv) I objected to his proposal.
Obstacle to-(euvav) Proverty was obstacle to his success in life.
Open to-(Dby) The national Zoo is open to all.
Owe to-(FYx nIqv) I owe to my teacher.
Play at-(Ljv Kiv) Students should not play at cards.
Pretend to-(cQ` Kiv) He Prefers reading to writing.
Prefer to-(fvb Kiv) Hamlet pretended to madness.
Prevent from-(weiZ _vKv) My father prevented me from going to cinema.
Pride in-(Me Kiv) He takes pride in his wealth.
Rely on-(wbfi Kiv) The authoress relied on Jerry.
Remind of-(gb Kwiq `qv) I reminded him of the accident.
Satisfied with-(m) Man should be satisfied with what he has.
Sorry for-(`ytwLZ) I am sorry for my rude behaviour.
Suffer from-(mn Kiv) The poor Suffer from many troubles.
Quarrel with-(KviI mv_ SMov Kiv) We should not quarrel with one another.
Use of-(cqvRb) There is no use of buying the book.

10

Used to-(Af) Jerry was used to hard work.

Victim to-(wkKvi) We are victim of him cruelness.
Wait for-(Acv Kiv) They waited for us at the station.
Want of (Afve) I have want of money.
Zealous for-(Drmvnx) A Slave is always zealous for freedom.
Exercise
1) of, in, with, for, into, about.
Mr. Rahim was very popular a)___ his student. The Students had easy
access b)____ his room. Whenever the student entered c)_____ his room,
they found him absorbed c)_____ study. He was proficient in English. He
was very conscious e)_____ his duties and responsibilities.
2) about, againgt, for, at, after, of, to.
Our school is famous a)_____ its good result. The school advertised for the
appointment of and English teacher. Since Mr. Ahmed was good b)______
English, he Applied for the post. A written test was in a room Adjacent
c)_____ the headmasters room. He appropate at the test. He stood first. He
was selected for the post, But the committee had bais for answer candidate.
The committee talked d)_____ the mother with the headmaster. The
headmaster was sure e)_____ fair selection.
3) on, to, from, of
A good boy always attentive a)______ his studies. He thinks b)_____ his
career. He is determined c)_____ carrying d)______ his studies. He doesnt
c)_______ the truth.
4) Down, by, of , with, around.
The world a)_____ us is becoming more and more polluted day by day. The
cities are filled b)______ fume and smoke from motor vehicles, mills and
factories. The seas are polluted c)______ industrial waste, chemicals and
other poisons. Forests are being cut d)______ on a large scale. for instance,
in Brazil thousands of square miles e) ______ forests are being cleared and
burned.

11

Right From of Verbs

Sentence Gi cwic~YZvi Rb verb Acwinvh GKwU Ask| verb K Sentence ev evKi
cvY ejv nq ? Kvb Sentence mwVKfve jLvi Rb verb mK cwivi aviYv _vKv AvekK|
BsiwRi cwZwU cwZwU wePiYi Rb right form of verbs RvbZ ne| ZvnjB GKgv
mwVKfve sentence make Kiv hve| evKi A_mwZ iv cve Ges mwVKfve I fve evK
eenvi Kiv hve|
Right form of verbs RvbZ nj wKQz rules mK aviYv _vKZ ne| wbPi wKQz rules
mK AvjvPbv Kiv nj t
1) Subject hw` 3rd person singular number nq Ges verb hw` present indefinite
tense nq Zvnj verb Gi kl s/es hvM KiZ nq|
a. The boy (Play) football.
-The boy Plays football.
2) Universal truth (wPib mZ), habitual fact (AfvmMZ Kg) eySvj Present
indefinite tense nq| hgba. The sun (rise) in the east.
-The sun rises in the east.
b. Too err (is) human.
-Too err is human.
c. He (swim) everyday.
-He Swim everyday.
3) Sentence G Kvb mgqi DjL bv _K hw` always, everyday, regularly,
sometimes, often, generally, daily, occasionally, usually, normally,
frequently BZvw` _vK Zvnj verb Gi Present indefinite tense nq| hgba. He always (disturb) the class.
-He always disturbs the class.
b. Mahin (go) to school regularly.
-Mahin goes to school regularly.
c. Mr. Fahim (drink) tea everyday.
-Mr. Fahim drinks tea every day.
4) Kvb sentence G hw` Just, Just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently BZvw`
_vK Zvnj verb Gi Prefect tense nq| hgba. Shahida (go) out just now.
-Shahida gone out just now.
b. I (see) him recently.
-I have seen him recently.
5) AZxZ wb`kK Kvb k ev phrase hgbt (yesterday, ago, long, since, last night)
_vKj verb Gi past form nq| hgba. He (leave) home last night.
-He left home last night.

12

b. I (come) home yesterday.

-I came home yesterday.
c. I (see) you long ago.
-I saw you long ago.
6) Now, right now, at present, at this moment, day by day, step by step,
gradually, continuously BZvw` _vKj sentence Gi verb Gi present
Continuous tense nq| hgba. Now i (go) to class.
-Now i am going to class.
b. They (play) at this moment.
-They are playing at this moment.
7) Present perfect ev Present perfect Continuous G period of time (wKQz Kvj
ewcqv) eySvZ for Ges Point of time (wbw` mgq) eySvZ since eeZ nq| hgba. He has been reading since noon.
-I have been reading for two hours.
8) `ywU clause, before ev after viv hy nj before Gi c~eeZx Ges after Gi cieZx verb
wU past perfect tense nq| hgba. The patient had died before the doctor come.
-The doctor came after the patient had died.
9) GKwU Simple sentence Gi `ywU verb eeZ nj wZxq verb wUi mv_ ing hvM
nq| hgba. Would you mind opening the window?
-I heard the baby crying.
10) lest viv `ywU Dc`k hy nj lest Gi cieZx verb Gi c~e should em| hgba. Work hard lest you should fail in the exam.
-Run fast lest you should miss the train.
11) `yB ev ZZvwaK Singular subject and viv hy nj, Zv`i ci verb Ges pronoun
Dfq Plural Number nq| hgba. Salam and Jamal have done their works.
-Karim and Rahim are always happy.
12) i) And viv hy `yB ev ZZvwaK Singular subject hw` GKB ew ev eK wb`k Ki
m verb Gi singular number nq| hgbThe Headmaster and secretary of the school was present.
ii) And viv hy `yB ev ZZvwaK Noun hw` c_K c_K ewK evSvq| m cwZUv
Noun Gi c~e the em Ges verb Gi Plural number nq| hgbThe Headmaster and the secretary of the school were present in the
meeting.
13) And viv hy `ywU singular subject hw` GKB fve ev A_ cKvk Ki, m verb Gi
singular number nq| hgb-

13

a. My name and address is given below pen and ink is required for me.
b. Bread and butter is my favourite food.
14) And viv hy GKvwaK Singular subject Gi c~e hw` each, every ev no eeZ nq|
m-Zv`i cieZx verb Gi singular number nq|
a. Each boy and each girl has got a prize.
b. No teacher and no student attends the class.
15) Interrogative sentence G hw` what, when, where, who, which, whose, why,
how _vK Zvnj subject Gi c~e tense I person Abyhvqx to be verb hvM KiZ nq|
to be verb bv _vKj tense I person Abyhvqx do/ does/ did em|
a. What you (do) now?
-What are you doing now?
b. What you (want)?
-What do you want?
c. Why Mr. Fahim (look) so angry?
-Why does Mr. Fahim look so angry?
16) Since Gi c_g Ask Present Indefinite/ Present perfect tense nj cii Ask past
Indefinite tense nq|
a. It is many years since I (come) to Dhaka.
-It is many years science I came to Dhaka.
17) to be Ges having Gi ci g~j verb Gi past participle nq|
a. He ran away having (take) the money.
-He ran away having taken the money.
18) As though/ as if Gi c_g Ask Present Indefinite tense nj Gi cii Ask Past
Indefinite nq| Avevi c_g Ask Past Indefinite Tense nj cii Ask Past perfect
Tense nq|
a. He speaks as though he (know) everything.
-He speaks as though he knew every-thing.
b. She proceeded as though I (not speak)
-She proceeded as though I had not spoken.
19) Can, Could, may, might, Shall Should, will would BZvw` auxiliary verb
wnme eeZ nj g~j verb wU present tense nq|
a. You may (come) tomorrow.
-You may come tomorrow.
b. I can (do) the work.
-I can do the work.
c. One should (take) care of ones health.
-One should take care of Ones health.
20) While Gi ci verb _vKj Zvi mv_ ing hvM nq| wK While Gi ci Subject _vKj
While Gi AskwU Past continuous tense nq|
14

a. While walking in the garden, a snake bite him

b. While he was walking in the garden, a snake bite him.
21) Kvb sentence hw` there viv i nq Ges Zvici hw` singular number _vK Zvnj
there Gi ci singular verb em| Avi Plural number _vKj there Gi ci Plural
verb em|
a. There is a school in the village
b. There are two high schools in the village.
22) One third, One-fourth ei singular verb eme wK ew Plural ne|
One-third, One-fourth Gi fMvsk Plural ne bv Ab mKj fMvsk Plural
ne|
a. One-third of the work (have) been finished.
-One-third of the work has been finished.
b. One-third of the students (is) Present.
-One-third of the students are present.
23) All Gi ci Plural verb em wK cev` evK ev Proverbial word Gi ci verb singular
nq|
a. All men (be) mortal.
-All men are mortal.
b. All that (glitter) is not gold.
-All that glitters is not gold.
24) Kvb sentence Gi verb Zvi subject Gi Number Ges Person Abyhvqx eeZ nqA_vr subject singular nj verb singular ne Ges subject Plural nj verb Plural
ne|
-The colour of his eyes is blue.
25) Kvb sentence-G wewfb Person GK jLvi mgq c_g 2nd Person Zvici 3rd
Person Ges kl First person (231) eme|
-You, Habib and I are present
wK `vl ^xKvi eySvj c_g 1st Person, Zvici 3rd Person Ges mekl 2nd
Person (132) em|
- I, Habib and you are guilty.
26) mywbw` / wbw` (Specific) `N, cwigvY ev vb eySvj Subject `LZ Plural njI
verb singular nq|
a. Forty miles is a long way.
b. Ten maunds is a heavy weight.
27) eBqi bvg, `ki bvg `LZ Plural njI Zviv singular Ges Zv`i ci singular verb em|
a. Gullivers Travels is a famous book.
b. The United states of America is a rich country.
28) Relative pronoun Gi verb antecedent Abyhvqx eeZ nq|
a. It is I who (is) responsible for this.
b. It is i who am responsible for this.
15

Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

The moon (shine) at night.

Flowers (be) gift of nature.
I saw him (go) to the town.
Science (discover) many things.
It is high time they (earn) their livelihood.
Women (contribute) much to their family income.
World temperatures (increase) day by day.
He tell the matter of as if he (know) it.
I am glad to learn you that you (be) well.
Ill news (run) fast.

Articles

Articles: mvaviYfve Avgiv a, an, the K Articles ej _vwK, A_vr Noun Gi c~e a,
an, the Gi eenviK Articles ej| hgb: an apple, a boy BZvw`|

wkv_x`i eySvi myweav_ wek` AvjvPbv Kiv nj:
A boy is flying a kite.
The kite is nice.
A man is drawing a picture.
There is an owl in the tree.
 GLvb underline Kiv Articles jv Noun Gi c~e eeZ nqQ|
GBfve Avgiv Articles Gi Fill in the gaps jv c~iY KiZ cvie|

Articles K `yB fvM fvM Kiv nq|
1. Definite (wbw`ZvevPK)
2. Indefinite (Awbw`ZvevPK)

Indefinite Articles: Awbw`Zv eySvbvi Rb h Articles eeZ nq ZvK Indefinite
ej| hgb- a man, an egg .
A Gi eenvi t

BsiwR eYgvjv `yBfve wef Kiv nq|
i) vowel (^ieY)
ii) Consonant (ebeY)
vowel nj- a, e, i, o, u. Avi evwK me eYgvjv nj- Consonant.
1. consonant Gi c~e a eeZ nq| a cat, a bat.
2. u Gi DPviY hw` BD Gi gZ nq Zvnj Zvi c~e a em| a Uniform, a European.
 GLvb uniform evbvb c_g u eYwU BD Gi gZ DPvwiZ nqQ, ZvB Zvi c~e a
emQ|
3. O hw` Iqv Gi gZ DPvwiZ nq Zvi c~e a em|
hgbt a One-taka note, a one-eyed man.
16

 GLvbv Iqvb-UvKv kwUZ o K Iqv Gi gZ DPviY Kiv nqQ ZvB Zvi c~e a
emQ|
4. Kvb ew ev ei bvg c_gevi DjwLZ nj a/an em| hgb- a man
5. Kvb cKvi msw ki c_g Ai vowel Gi gZ DPvwiZ bv nj a em| hgbt a B.A, a
B.Sc
 GLvb c_g Ai B(we) vowel Gi gZ DPvwiZ nqwb ZvB a emQ|
6. msLvevPK ki c~e a em| hgb- a hundred taka. a dozen pen.
 GLvb hundred (100) I dozen (12) msLvevP k|
An Gi eenvi t
1. ki iZ vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vKj an em| hgbt
an egg, an apple.
2. hw` ki c_g h _vK Ges hw` h Gi gZv DPvwiZ bv nq Zvnj Zvi c~e an em|
hgbt an honest, an hour
 GLvb honest kwU Ib Ges hour kwU AvIqvi A_vr O DPvwiZ nqQ hv
Vowel Gi bvq ZvB an emQ|
3. ki c_g U hw` Av Gi gZ DPvwiZ nq, Zvnj Zvi c~e an em|
hgbt An umbrella
 GLvb U kwU Av Gi gZ DPvwiZ nqQ, ZvB Zvi c~e an eme|
4. msw ki c_g Ai vowel Gi gZ DPvwiZ nj Zvi c~e an em|
hgbt An L.L.B,
An M.A
 GLvb L (Gj) ki iZ G (a) Ges M (Gg) Gi I G (a) DPvwiZ ZvB Zvi
c~e an emQ|
[wekl `et Article Gi (a, an) eenvii Gi DPviYwU AbK ekx iZc~Y| ZvB
DPviYi Pv KiZ ne|]

Definite Articles : wbw` Ki eySvbvi Rb h Articles eeZ nq ZvK Definite
Articles ej| hgbt The Titanic, The English boy.
The Gi eenvi t
1. wbw` Ki Kvb ew, e, vbK eySvj The em|
hgb t The man standing on road.
The water of this pond is dirty.
 GLvb man Ges water K wbw` Ki eySvbv nqQ|
2. b`x, mvMi, ceZgvjv, weLvZ M, msev`c Gi c~e the em|
hgb t The Padma, The Atlantic Ocean. The Himalays, The Prothom-alo.
3. mgM RvwZ, m`vq Gi c~e the em|
hgb t The Punjab, The Bangladeshi.
17

 GLvb Punjab GKwU m`vq Ges Bangladeshi GKwU RvwZK eySvbv nqQ|
4. w`K, agM, cwKv bvgi c~e The em|
hgb t The East, The Holy Quran, The observer.
5. Superlative degree Ges wbw`Zv eySvj Abstract Noun Gi c~e The em| hgbt
The best boy, The kindness.
6. `ywU Noun, and viv hy nq GKB ew/ eK wb`k Ki Zvnj c_gwUi c~e The em|
hgbt The Headmaster and secretary is present.
 GLvb Headmaster Ges Secretary GKB ew ZvB c_g Noun Gi c~e The emQ|
7. wK `ywU Noun hw` wfb wfb ew ev eK eySvq Zvnj `ywU Noun Gi c~ev The eme|
hgbt The Headmaster and The secretary are present.
 GLvb (H) Ges (S) `yUv Avjv`v ew ZvB `ywU Noun Gi c~e The emQ|
[ Di t (6) bs D`vniY G j Ki (H) Ges (S) GKB ew nIqvi KviY Singular verb
is eeZ nqQ| Ges (7) bs D`vniY (H) I (S) Avjv`v ew nIqvi KviY Plural verb
are emQ| GBfve Avgiv verb Gi w`K j iL Zv Answer KiZ cvie| ]

Omission of Articles:
 Kvb Kvb vb Articles em bv, Zv GLb Avgiv Rvbe|
1. Proper, Material, Abstract Noun I Uncountable Noun Gi c~e Articles em
bv| hgbt Dhaka, Iron, Honesty, Milk.
2. fvlv I Allah ev God bvgi c~e Articles em bv| hgbt Enghlish, Allah.
3. Plural noun, Lvevii bvg, Drmei bvgi c~e Articles em bv| hgbt Cows,
dinner, Eid-ul-fitr.
4. w`b ev gvm, cvK, ivMi bvgi c~e Articles em bv| hgbt January,
Bahadurshah park, cholera.
5. Ljv I possessive case Gi c~e Articles em bv| hgbt Football, It is my
book.
Practice:
1. Newspaper is a)_____ paper which carries news of b)_____ home and
abroad. It is such c)______ important thing without which, we cannot think
to pass even d)_____ single day. In educated society, It is regarded as
e)_____ storehouse of knowledge.
2. English is a)_____ international language. It is spoken all over b)_____
world. So the importance of c)______ English cannot be disenabled in
words. All d)_____ books of higher education are written in English. Today
organizations need employees who can speek and write e)_______ standard
form of f)______ English.
Answer: 1. a) a, b) , c) an, d) a, e) the
2. a) an, b) the, c) d) the e) the f)
18

Tense

Tense ki A_ Kvj/ mgq| AZxZ, eZgvb, fwelZ GB wZbwUK Kvj wnme Yv nq|
AZxZ Kx KiwQ, eZgvb wK KiwQ, fwelZ wK Kie GB me series of verb w`q time
relation Uv cgvY Kwi|
Tense wb`k Ki Past, present and future Gi KgK| myZivs ejv hvq tense 3 cKvi|
h_v
1. Present tense (eZgvbKvj)
2. Past tense (AZxZKvj)
3. Future tense (fwelZKvj)
 Present tense: eZgvb Kvb KvR nq ev nQ eySvq mwU ne verb Gi Present tense.
hgbI eat rice. [Avwg fvZ LvB]
There are Playing Cricket [Zviv wKU LjQ]
 Past tense: AZxZ Kvb KvR NUwQj ev NUwQj eySvq mUv ne verb Gi Past tense.
hgbI ate rice. [Avwg fvZ LqwQjvg]
They were Playing Cricket [Zviv dzUej LjwQj]
 Future tense: fwelZ Kvb KvR mb ne eySvj mUv ne verb Gi Future tense.
hgbI shall buy a car [Avwg GKwU Mvwo wKbe]
She will go to Chittagong. [wZwb PMvg hveb]
DcwiD wZb cKvi tense Gi cZKwU Avevi wbv Pvi fvM wef t
Present Indefinite tense
Present Continuous tense
Present Perfect tense
Present Perfect Continuous tense

Present tense

Tense

Past Indefinite tense

Past Continuous tense
Past Perfect tense
Past Perfect Continuous tense

Past tense

Future Indefinite tense

Future Continuous tense
Future Perfect tense
Future Perfect Continuous tense

Future tense

19

Present tense [eZgvbKvj]

A. Present Indefinite tense:

h tense viv eZgvb Kvb KvR Kiv, Afvm ev wPimZ eySvq ZvK Present Indefinite
tense ej|
Structure: Subject + g~j verb Gi Present form + object
We Play Cricket
Sub V.P.F object

Present Indefinite tense G me mgq subject Gi ci g~j verb Gi Subject third
Person singular Number nj verb Gi kl s ev es nq| [h mKj verb Gi kl O,
S, ss, sh, ch, x, z. _vK Zv`i kl es hvM KiZ nq| Avi evwK verb Gi kl s ej]
hgbt He goes to school.
 GLvb He third person singular Number ZvB verb Gi kl es emQ|
Uses of the present Indefinite tense
1. Kvb Sentence G usually, always, regularly, everyday, sometime, often, daily,
generally, normally BZvw` _vKj Sentence wU Present Indefinite ne|
hgbt They usually (walked) to school.
They usually walk to school.
2. wPib mZ ev (Universal truth) evSvZ Present Indefinite nq|
hgbt The moon shines at night.
A_vr, Puv` ivZ wKiY `q|
3. It is used to Introduce quotations.
hgbt Pope says, To err is human.
Robindranath says, Love is painful.
4. Permanent situation Gi Present Indefinite tense nq| Permanent
situation ejZ eySvq-hUv AvM wQj, eZgvb AvQ, fwelZ _vKe|
hgbt Liza is a girl.
We live in Bangladesh.
5. Habitual Actions: mPivPi Avgiv hme KvR Ki _vwK mjv Present Indefinite tense
ne|
hgbt I get up at 6 a.m.
John smokes a lot.
6. Future reberence: fwelZ Kvb KvR ne eySZ AbK mgq Present tense eeZ nq|
hgbt We leave tomorrow at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50
7. Permanent truths: Avgiv Present Indefinite tense use Kwi mB me Stetements G
hjv memgq mZ|
hgbt Summer follows spring
Water boils at 100 celsius.
8. In imperative : Imperative sentence jv memgq Present Indefinite tense nq|
hgbt Do not make friendship with the Boys.
Develop an attitude of gratitude.
20

B. Present Continuous tense

h tense viv eZgvbKvj Kvb KvR PjZQ eySvq ZvK Present continuous tense
ej|
Structure: Subject + Am/is/are + g~j verb Gi kl ing + Object.
I am going to school.
 GLvb Subject Gi ci am/ is/ are em, g~j verb Gi kl ing nq| Gici sentence
Gi evKx Ask|
[ N.B: I Gi ci am em|
He, she, it Ges Abme third person singular Gi ci is em|
We, you, they I Plural subject Gi ci are em| ]
Use of the Present continuous tense
1. Kvb sentence G now, at this moment, day by day, today, always BZvw` _vKj
Sentence wU Present continuous tense ne|
hgbt She is singing a song now.
They are watching T.V at this moment.
2. Temporary situations: Avqx Aev eySvZ Present Continuous tense eeZ nq|
hgb- Kvb we`kx hw` evsjv`k Gm wKQz mgqi Rb Aevb Ki ZLb m ejeI am living in Bangladesh.
 GLvb m wK Permanently evsjv`k Aevb KiQ bv| wKQz mgqi (KqK gvm) Rb
Aevb KiQ|
3. When we are in the middle of an action of the time of speaking.
hgbt I am waiting for the train
The children are sleeping.
4. When we are in the middle of an action but not at the moment of speaking.
I am reading The Tempest by shakespear. [He may not be doing at the
moment of speaking]
5. wbKU fwelZ evSvZz Present continuous tense eeZ nq|
hgbt She is coming soon.
6. Kvb KvR evievi nQ evSvZ Present continuous tense eeZ nq|
hgbt You are always talking [Zzwg cvqB (evievi) K_v ejQ]
It is raining continuously. (AbeiZ ew nQ)
Note: wbPi verb jv mvaviYZ Continuous form G eeZ nq bv|
 verb of perception see, smell, notice, recognize
 verbs of emotion want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, etc.
 verbs of thinking think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust,
remember, forget, know, imagine, mean, mind, understand etc.
 The auxiliaries May, shall, will, can, must BZvw`|

21

C. Present Perfect tense

Kvb KvR GB gv kl nqQ A_P Zvi dj GLbv eZgvb AvQ Gic evSvj verb Gi
Present perfect tense nq|
Structure: Subject + have/has + verb Gi Past participle form + object.
I have done the work.
Subject Gi ci have/ has em| verb me mgq past participle form G ne| Gi ci evKx
Ask|
[ Note: He, she, It Ges Abme Singular number hy Third person Gi ci has
em|
We, I, you I plural subject Gi ci have em| ]

Use of the present perfect tense:

1. Just, Just now, already, yet, ever, never, lately, recently GB mejv Kvb
Sentence _vKj sentence Present perfect tense G ne|
hgbt I have already written the letter.
2. An action that happend more than once in the past. hgbt
I have written six letters since morning.
This is the third time I have heard milas song.
3. AZxZ msNwUZ nq Kvb KvR eZgvb PjQ Gic eySvZ Present perfect tense eeZ
nq| hgbt He has been in London for there years.
D. Present perfect continuous tense

h tense viv Kvb KvR c~e ay nq eZgvb PjZQ eySvq ZvK Present Prefect
continuous tense ej|
Structure: Subject + have been/has been + g~j verbGi ing + object .
They have been playing football for two hours.
 c_g Subject em Gici have been/ has been; verb Gi mv_ AekB ing ne| Gici
evwK Ask|
[ Note: Present perfect continuous tense Gi evcK mgq (Period of time)
Gi c~e for Ges wbw` mgq (Point of time) Gi c~e since em| ]
Use of present perfect continuous tense:
1. We usually use Since/for for longer Period/version.
I have been reading for two hours.
I have been living here for three years.
2. The present perfect continuous tense are often used to show that and act is
frequently repeated.
Zara has been phoning jenny euery night for the past week.

22

Past tense (AZxZKvj)

A. Past Indefinite tense

AZxZ Kvb KvR nqwQj wK eZgvb Zvi Kvb dj we`gvb bB Gic cKvk Kij verb
Gi past Indefinite tense nq|
Structure : Subject + g~j verb Gi past form + object.
Use of the past Indefinite tense:
1. Yesterday, ago, foncy, it is time/ it is high time, long since, last night, wish
BZvw` hy sentence me mgq past Indefinite tense nq|
hgbt It is High time we decided the matter.
I saw jony yesterday.
2. Awbw` AZxZKvj evSvZ Past Indefinite tense nq| hgbt There lived a young
man in a village.
3. AZxZKvji Kvb AfvZMZ Kg eySvZ| hgbt She always carried an umbrella.
4. Since Gi c_g Present Indefinite ev present tense nj, Gi cii Ask Past Indefinite
hgbt It is many year Since I came here.
ne|
Avevi cii Ask Past Perfect nj AvMi Ask Past Indefinite ne|
hgbt It was long since I had seen her last.
B. Past Coutinuous tense

Kvb KvR AZxZKj wKQz mgq ai PjZwQj eySvZ verb Gi Past continuous tense
nq|
Structure: Subject + was/were + g~j verb Gi mv_ ing hvM + object.
 c_g Subject ne| Gi ci was/were. verb Gi mv_ AekB must ing hvM KiZ
ne| Gi ci evKx Ask|
Use of the past continuous tense
1. AZxZi Kvb KvR, Aev, hUv `xNKvj vqx wQj, Ggb NUbv eYbv KiZ past continuous
tense nq|
hgbt I was watching T.V at yesterday night.
2. AZxZKvj 2wU KvR GKmv_ PjZwQj eySvZ 2wU B Past Continuous tense ne|
hgbt I was reading a book while my sister was writing a letter.
C. Past perfect tense

AZxZKvji 2wU KvRi ga hwU AvM nqwQj mwUB Past perfect tense and AbwU Past
Indefinite tense.
Structure: Subject + had + g~j verb Gi Past participle form + object.
 c_g subject Gi ci had em Ges g~j verbwU memgq past participle ne| Gi ci
evKx Ask|

23

[ Note: sentence G Before _vKj before Gi AvMi Ask Past perfect Ges Before
Gi cii Ask past Indefinite ne| After _vKj; After Gi AvMi Ask Past perfect
ne|
Ex: Before the patient had died before the doctor came.
After we reached the home after the sun had set. ]
Use of the past perfect tense:
1. that viv AZxZKvji `ywU Kvhhy nj that Gi cii Ask verb Gi Past perfect tense
nq| hgbt Nazma said that he had done the work.
2. Hardly, scarcely w`q evK i nj hardly, scarcely Gi cii past perfect tense
ne|
hgbt We had hardly started when it bgan to rain
A_ev
Hardly had we started when it bagan to rain
D. Past perfect continuous tens

AZxZKvji `ywU KvRi ga AcvKZ AvMi KvRwU `xN mgq ai PjZwQj eySvj verb
Gi Past perfect continuous tense nq|
Structure: Subject + had been + g~j verb Gi kl ing + Object.
We had been playing cricket.
Note: evK before _vKj before Gi AvMi Ask past perfect continuous tense nq
Ges cii Ask past Indefinite nq|
Use of the past perfect continuous tense:
1. G tense eenvii mgq wZbwU wRwbm Lqvj ivLZ ne:
K) AZxZKvji 2wU KvR nqwQj|
L) Zv`i ga GKwU AvM Ges AbwU ci nqwQj|
M) hwU AvM nqwQj mwU `xN mgq ai ejZwQj|
hgbt I had been reading when he came.
2. Past perfect tense Gi repeated action eySvZ gvb past perfect tense Gi KvRwU eve
evi NUj|
hgbt He had been trying to get her on the phone

Future tense (fwelZKvj)

A. Future Indefinite tense

fwelZ Kvb KvR ne eySvj verb Gi Future Indefinite tense nq|
Structure: Subject + Shall/will + verb Gi present form + object
hgbt I shall do the work.
She will buy a pen.
[ Note: aygv I Gi ci shall em Avi mewKQzi ci will em|
24

Shall/will Gi ci g~j verbwU present form G ne| ]

Use of the future Indefinite tense:
1. fwelZi cwiKbvi Abyvb NvlYv Ges AvenvIqvi c~efvl, Leii KvMR cKvk Kivi mgq
Future Indefinite tense eenvi nq|
hgbt The president will open the bank tomorrow.
You will draw a map tomorrow.
2. Conditional sentence G Subordinate clause wU if + Present Indefinite tense
nj Principle clause wU future Indefinite tense G nq|
hgbt If he comes, I shall go.
If I drop this, it will broak.
B. Future continuous tense

fwelZKvj Kvb KvR msMwVZ nq wKQz mgq ai PjZ _vKe eySvj verb Gi future
continuous tense nq|
Structure : Subject + shall be/ will be + g~j verb Gi mv_ ing hvM + object.
[Note: I Gi ci shall be evKx mejvi mv_ will be nq Ges verb Gi mv_ AekB ing
hvM KiZ ne|
I shall be reading the book.
we will be doing the work. ]

1.

2.
3.

Use of the future continuous tense:

verb Gi Kvb KvR fwelZ cyi mgqi meUv ai PjZ _vKe eySvj future continuous
tense ne|
hgbt I shall be reading all morning.
fwelZi Kvb KvR wbw` ev evcK mgqi c~e Avi nq ci I PjZ _vKe eySvZ|
hgbt In a few minutes the chairman of the meeting will be arriving.
cwiKbv ev wbavwiZ eevq Askic fwelZ Kvb KvR PjZ _vKe eySvZ|
hgbt He will be reading date every night next month.
C. Future perfect tense
fwelZKvji `ywU KvRi ga h KvRwU AcvKZ c~e kl nq _vKe eySvq mwU Future
perfect tense.
Structure : Subject + shall have/ will have + g~j verb Gi past participle form + object.

I shall have reading the book by 4 pm

Use of the future perfect tense:
1. fwelZi 2wU KvRi ga h KvRwU AvM kl ne mwU future perfect tense Ges AbwU
present indefinite tense G nq|
hgbt I shall have done the work befor my father comes.

25

We will have reached the station before the rain leaves.

2. KLbv KLbv fwelZ mvebv eySZ verb Gi Future Perfect tense nq|
hgbt Jony will have heard the news.
3. fwelZ Kvb wbw` mgq ev mgqi c~e Kvb KvR kl ne Ges Zvi djvdj we`gvb _vKe
Gic eySZ verb Gi future perfect tense nq|
hgbt Suchi will have finished the work by five Oclock.
[mywP 5Uvi ga KvRwU kl Ki _vKe]
D. Future perfect continuous tense

fwelZKvj Kvb KvR Kvb wbw` mgq kl nIqvi c~e ch PjZ _vKe eySvj A_ev `ywU
KvRi ga GKwU KvR fwelZ i PjZ _vKe Gic eySvj verb Gi future perfect
continuous tense nq|
Structure: Subject + shall have been / will have been + g~j verb Gi mv_ ing + object.

hgbt I shall have been reading for two hours.

[ Note: Future perfect continuous tense Gi eenvi bB ejjB Pj| Gi ci wKQz
Example wbP `Iqv njt
4. evev Avmvi c~e Avwg KvRwU KiZ _vKe|
I shall have been doing the work before my father comes.
5. m wWwM cvIqvi c~e Pvi eQi XvKvq coZ _vKe
He will have been studying for four years in Dhaka when he gets his
degree.
6. AvMvgx wWm^i ch Avgiv GLvb wZb eQi evm KiZ _vKe By next December, we
shall have been living here for three years. ]
Exercise
1.

Re-write the following passage in the present tense:

After breakfast we went to see the famous shat Gombuj Mosque buill by
ulgh Khan Jahan Ali and paid respect to the departed soul. Its designs and
architecture impressed us all. we returned to our camp after an hour. After
cooleing our foods we ate them with pleasure.
2.

Re-write the following passage in the past tense:

Mr. Kabir, the headmaster of our school teacher us English. He has a strong,
clear and pleasant voice. He can make any grammatical problem easy. He
knows well how to increase the curious of the students. He speaks English
will a foreign accent.
3.

Read the following passage and re-write it in the future tense.

An honest man is true to his world. he doesnt deviate from thepath of

honesty. He knows that towe peace consists in honesty. So, he doesnot fall
victim to any gread. He has no ambition for worldly things.

26

Suffix & Prefixt

Suffix & Prefix English Grammar Gi GKUy LyeB z` wK iZc~Y Ask, suffix I
prefix Gi eenvi Rvbj Avgiv GKwU ki wewfb eenvi KiZ cvie|
English Gi `Zv ewi Rb Suffix I Prefix mK aviYv _vKv iZc~Y|
Prefixt
Prefix kwUK hw` Avgiv f dwj Ze Avgiv cvB Pre + fix hLvb
Pre A_ nj AvM Avi fix A_ emvbv, myZivs Prefix A_ AvMi emvbv|
English ki AvM Avgiv wewfb iKg Alphabet ev Alphabet mgw eenvi Ki GKB
Word Gi wewfb A_ Zix KiZ cvwi|
For Example: Happy A_ nj myLx| wK Happy- Word Gi AvM Un- GB `ywU
Alphabet hvM Ki Unhappy nq hvi A_ AmyLx|
More Example:
Word
Cultural
work
Space
Market

Prefix
Multi
Over
Cyber
Super

New Word
Multi-cultural
Over-Work
Cyber-space
Super market

Suffix:
Avgiv hgb Prefix mK RbwQ Zgwbfe Suffix nj hLb wKQz
alphabet ev alphabet mgwK GKwU Word Gi ci hvM Ki bZzb k MVb Kiv nq
ZvK Suffix ej|
For Example: Child A_ nj evPv| wK Gi ci -ish eenvi Ki Avgiv hw` bZzb k cvB
Zv nj Childish hvi A_ evPvmyjf|

More Example:
Word
Taste
Idol
like

Suffix
less
ize/ise
able

New Word
tasteless
Idolise/Idolize
likeable

Dci Avgiv `LZ cvB h, Word Gi kl Suffix hy Kij gvS gvS Word Gi aiY
cwieZb nq hvq| hgbt like nj Verb| wK -able hy nIqvi ci likeable nj hv nj
adjective| Avevi Idol nj Noun wK Idolize nj verb.

27

Word
agree
appear
legal
logical
Possible
Proper
hale
Plosion
action
lisible
lead
Place
fiction
sence
fix
appear
active

There are a short list of some suffix & prefix

Prefix
New Word
Word
Suffix
New word
dis
disagree
comfort
able
comfortable
dis
Disappear
port
able
portable
Il
Illegal
comic
al
comical
Il
Illogical
Big
er
Bigger
im
impossible
strong
er
stronger
im
improper
strong
est
strangest
en
exhale
tiny
est
tiniest
ex
explosion
beauty
ful
beautiful
in
in action
ineate
ful
Ineatful
in
invisible
happy
ily
happily
mis
mis lead
act
ing
acting
mis
misplace
show
ing
showing
non
Non fiction
friend
less
friendless
non
nonsence
firele
less
fireless
pre
prefix
clear
ly
clearly
Dis
Disappear
hour
ly
hourly
pro
proactive
mess
y
messy

Suffix Prefix Exercise

1. He was sitting __________in his seat on the train. (comfort).
2. There was a _________ light coming from the window. (green)
3. He was acting in a very _______way. (child)
4. This word is very difficult to spell, and even worse, its ______(pronounce)
5. Hes lost his book again. I dont know where he has_____ it this time. (place)
6. You shouldnt have done that! It was very_________ of you. (think)
7. He didnt pass his exam. He was _________ for the second time. (succeed)
8. Some of the shanty towns are dreadfully___________. (crowd)
9. The team that he supported were able to win the __________. (Champion)
10.There is a very high _______ that they will be late. (likely)
11.I couldnt find any _______ in his theory. (weak)
12.He wants to be a _________ when he grows up. (mathematics)
13.You need to be a highly trained_______ to understand this report. (economy)
14.There were only a___________ of people at the match. (hand)
15.She arrived late at work because she had _____________. (sleep)
16.The road was too narrow, so they had to___________ it. (wide)
17.He was accused of ______________ documents. (false)
28

18.They had to________________ the lion before they could catch it. (tranquil)
19.He needed to ___________ he temperature. (regular)
20. There was a three-hour_________ because of the strike. (stop)
21.You need a _______of motivation, organization and revision to learn
English. (combine)
22.I try not to go to the supermarket at 5 pm because its__________. (practice)
23.It is very _________ to run air-conditioning with the door open. (economy)
24.His__________ has been expected for the last half an hour. (arrive)
25.She looked at her ____________ in the mirror. (reflect)
26.I told him my plan but he wasnt very ____________. (receive)
27.She had no ____________ of going to see him. (intend)
28.He spent half an hour ____________ to herself with the building. (familiar)
29.Failing her driving test was a great ____________ to her. (appoint)
30.He decided to study____________ at university. (journal)
31.The film was ____________ good. (surprise)
32.There was the need for _____ construction when the fighting stopped . (war)
33.I dont like him at all; Hes so ____________. (satisfy)
34.The company has over 500____________. (employ)
35.The new manager was very efficient and____________. (business)
36.It really isnt mine. I think that you are____________. (take)
37.The rate of ____________ in Brazil has been rising steadily. (employ)
38.with the real plan, the rate of ____________ in brazil has fallen. (inflate)
39.She looked at him ____________, and started to cry. (happy)
40.The party was ____________, everything went wrong. (disaster)
41.The film was so ____________ that we left before the end. (bore)
42.The film was terrible, I felt really ____________. (bore)
43.I think that there has been a ____________, I didns order this. (Understand)
44.The bacteria are so small that you need a ____________ to see them. (scope)
45.Have you seen that new____________? He`s very funny. (comedy)
46.The event was totally ____________. It was terrible. (organize)
47.I arrived late for work because I had ____________. (sleep)
48.There is a small____________ explaining the new traffic code. (book)
49.He was ____________. He wouldn`t change his mind. (compromise)

Punctuation (weivgwP)t29

Punctuation ki A_ weivg ev wekg| ^Ztm~ fve K_v ejvi mgq Avgiv GKUvbv
K_v ejZ cvwi bv| Avgv`i _vgZ nq| Zgwb wKQz covi mgq I Avgv`i mvgZ nq| G _K
hvIqv wRnv ev kvmhi GKwU ^vfveK cwqv G weiwZ LqvjLywk gZ bv Ki wbqg gb Kij
GKw`K hgb DPvib K nq bv| Aciw`K fvlv kwZgayi nq| ZvB evKi A_K myfve
evSvi Rb evKi Kv_vq KZUzKz _vgZ ne| Zvi GKwU wbw` wbqg AvQ Ges KZjv
mvsKwZK wPi mvnvh G wbqgvjv cKvk Kiv nq| Gme wPjv nj Punctuation ev
weigwP|
Punctuation Gi eenvi h_vh_ bv Rvbj evKi A_ mwVK fve eySv hvq bv Ges evK kwZgayi
nq bv| Punctuation Gi mwVK eenvi Kiv bv nj AbK mgq evKi A_B cwieZb nqB hvq|
ZvB Punctuation mK aviYv _vKv AvekK|
wbP QKKvi BsiwRZ eeZ Punctuation Mark jv `Lvbv njt
(.) 1 mK _vgZ nq
1. Full stop
; 1 (GK) ejvi wY mgq
2. Semi-colon
, 1 (GK) ejZ h mgq cqvRb
3. Comma
? 1 mK _vgZ nq
4. Question Mark
! 1 mK _vgZ nq
5. Exclamation
t 1 mK _vgZ nq
6. Colon
- 1 mK _vgZ nq
7. Dash
GK DPvib h mgq jvM
8. Inverted Commas
_vgvi cqvRb bB
9. Apostrophe
_vgvi cqvRb bB
10. Hyphen

Punctuation Mark mg~ni eenvit

Full stop [`uvwo (.)]t
evKi cwimgvw evSvZ Full stop eenvi Kiv nq | hgbt
Boiled rice is our staple food. (fvZ Avgv`i cavb Lv`|)
Semi-colon (;)t
Kg Acv ekx weiwZi cqvRb nj mwgKvjb em| hgbt
Too err is human; To forgive is divine.
She looks wise; She has bright eyes.
Comma (,)t
(i) evK covi mgq myZv ev A_ wefvM `Lvbvi Rb hLvb ^ weiwZi cqvRb nq,
mLvb Kgv eeZ nq| hgbt
Where there is a will, there is a way.
(ii) Date (ZvwiL) Address (wVKvbv) Place (vb) BZvw`K Avjv`vfve cKvk KiZ
Comma eeZ nq| hgbt
Liza was born on 2nd February, 1997
Shanto lives in Chittagong, Bangladesh.
30

(iii) KviI Dw mivmwi evK eeZ KiZ PvBj Dwi c~e Kgv eeZ nq| hgbt
Shima said, I can dance
(iv) m^vabi ci Kgv emvZ nq| hgbt
Farzana, Come here
Question Mark [ckevaK wP (?)]t
evK Kvb wKQz wRm Kiv nj evKi kl Question Mark em hgbt
Where she lives?
Do you know him?
Exclamation Mark [weqm~PK wP (!)]t
Kvb Sentence viv hw` Av`k, fq, wPq, Djvm ev gbi Kvb AvKwK AveM
cKvwkZ nq Zvnj evKi kl Exclamation mark em| hgbt
Hurrah ! we have won
What a beautiful bird it is!
Alas ! You have failed
Colon (:) t
Kvb ZvwjKv cKvk KiZ Colon eeZ nq| hgbt
The job calls for skills in the following areas: proofing, editing, and
database administration.
Dash (`xN mshvM wP) t
D`vnviY ev `v cqvMi Wvm eeZ nq| hgbHe is a good student.
Inverted Commas (D`aiY wP) t
KviI K_v e Zzj aiZ Inverted Comma eeZ nq| hgbHasan says I want to play football
Apostrophe (jvc wP) t
(i) Noun mg~ni Possessive form MVb KiZ apostrophe eeZ nq| hgbRahimas father is a teacher in khulna.
(ii) mgq DjL KiZ apostrophe eeZ nq| hgbIt is 4 Oclock
(iii) Contraction (k mscb) ev `yUv kK msc jLvi apostrophe ()
eeZ nq| hgbDont distrub him.
[Do + Not = Dont]
Im your uncle.
[I +am= Im]
Hyphen (mshvM wP) t
31

(i) nvBdb GKwU Word K Avjv`v KiZ wKsev `yBhi AwaK MVb KiZ Word K hy KiZ
eeZ nq| hgbI like home-made cakes.
GKB fve Full-time, well-known, one-eyed etc.
(ii) 21 nZ 99 ch mKj Compound number (hwMK msLv) wjLZ nBdb eeZ nq|
hgbMy grandfather is sixty- five
We need thirty-eight packets more.
evKi A_ mwZ ivi Rb Punctuation weivg wPi weK bB| ZvB weivg wP mK cwivi
aviYv _vKv AvekK|

Exerciset
Question: 1.
Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1984 in Ohio America as a little boy he was
very inquisitive very early in life he showed that he was full of curiosity a
quality which is so important to inventors.
Question: 2.
How much do you want said the mayor A thousand guilders said the pied piper
all right said the mayor well pay you a thousand guilders. When will you set to
work now lied the pied piper.
Answer: 1.
Thomas Alva Edison was born in 184 in Ohio, America as a little boy, he was
very inquisitive very early in life, he showed that he was full of curiosity. a
quality which is so important to inventors.
Answer: 2.
How much do you want said? the mayor A thousand guilders, said the pied
piper all right said the mayor well pay you a thousand guilders. When will
you set to work? now, lied the pied piper.

32

Transformation of sentence
Transformation of sentence ev Changing sentence nj GKwU evKi A_K wVK
iL MVbK Ab MVb icvwiZ Kiv, D`vniY ^ic ejv hvq wfKK `vb Kiv Gi MVb
cwieZb Kij nq h wfv Pvq, ZvK `vb Ki wK evK `ywU j Ki Gi A_ wVK GKB iqQ|
GLb Avgiv BsiRx evKK Kxfve icvwiZ Kie Zv wkLe|
Degree cwieZbi wbqgt
Degree K 3 fvM fvM Kiv nqQ Zv nj1. Positive Degree -> Kvb ew ev ei Zzjbv eySvZ|
2. Superlative Degree -> `yGi AwaK ew, ei Zzjbv eySvZ|
3. Comparative Degree -> `yRb Gi ga Zzjbv eySvZ|
Degree cwieZb ejZ GB wZb cKviK GKwU _K Avi GKwU icvi eySvq, wZbwU Diagram
Gi gvag Avgiv Degree cwieZb Kiv wkLe-

Rules: 1

i)

Very few hy Positive Degree, Superlative Kivi mgq One of the Ges
Comparative Kivi mgq Than most other em|
Positive Gi Very few _vKj Plural verb em|

ii)
D`vniYt
Positive: Very few city in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka.
Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest city in Bangladesh.
Comperative: Dhaka is bigger than most City in Bangladesh.
GLvb Degree cwieZbi mv_ mv_ big-bigger-biggest Gi cwieZbjv j KiZ ne|

Rules: 2

i)

No other hy Positive Degree, K Superlative Kivi mgq Adjective Gi

superlative form Ges Comparative Kivi mgq Than any/all other em|

D`vniYt
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka.
Superlative: Dhaka is bigger than all other city in Bangladesh
Comperative: Dhaka is biggest City in Bangladesh.
GBfve Avgiv Degree jvK evKvi cwieZb KiZ cvie|

33

Rules: 3
1) Comparative _K Positive
i) Sub K Obj Ges Obj K Sub KiZ nq|
ii) Verb K Negative KiZ ne Ges as+ Positive Degree + as eme|
iii) Than DV hve|
Comperative: He is taller than I
Positive: I am not as tall as he
2) Positive _K Comparative
i) As ...........as hy Positive Degree hw` Affirmative Sentence nq Ze Verb
Gi ci not em, Comparative form Gi ci than em|
ii) As ...........as hy Positive Degree hw` Negative Sentence nq Ze Not DV
hvq, Comparative form Gi ci than em|
Positive: He is as tall as his brother.
Comperative: His brother is not taller than he.

Practice:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Coxs Bazar is the longest sea-beach in the Word. (Positive)

Winter is the best season to visit Coxs Bazar (Comparative)
Rana is one of the meritorious boys in our class (Positive)
No Other boys in our class is as popular as Rana (Superlative)

Answer:
1. No other sea-beach in the Word is as long as Coxs Bazar.
2. Winter is better than any other season to visit Coxs Bazar.
3. Very few boys in our class are as meritorious as rana.
4. He is the most popular of all the boys in our class.
Sentence cwieZbi wbqgAvgiv mveB Rvwb Sentence cuvP cKvi
1. Assertive Sentence
weewZg~jK evK
2. Interrogative Sentence
ckevaK evK
3. Imperative Sentence
Av`k/Ayivag~j evK
4. Optative Sentence
Avkxev`g~jK evK
5. Exclamatory Sentence
weqm~PK evK
1. Assertive Sentence `yB cKvi
i) Affirmative
nuv evaK
ii) Negative
bv evaK
i) Affirmative Sentence G Auxiliary verb Gi mv_ not hvM Ki Negative KiZ nq|
Auxiliary verb bv _vKj do not, does not, did not hvM KiZ nq|
D`vt
34

Affir: Farjana is a good Girl.

Neg: Farjana is not a bed girl
jbxq Aff K Neg Kivi ciI wK GLvb A_ GKB iqQ|
Auxiliary verb Qvov D`vniYt
i) Hafij Played Football
= Hafij did not play football (Past+ ence nj did not)
ii) Salma Cooks rice
= Salma does not cook rice (Third person singular nj does not)
iii) I eat rice
= I do not eat rice (Present tense nj do not)
wbw` wKQz cwieZb
Negative
1. None but (ew) /not more /less
than. Ex: None but Allah can help
us
2. Con not help + ing/ can not but +
base form
Ex: I can not but g there

Affirmative
1. Only/alone
Ex: Only Allah can help us.
2. Must/ have to + verb Gi g~j form
Ex: I must/ have to go there
3. had to + verb Gi g~j form
Ex: I had to go there

3. Could not help + ing/ could not

but+ base form
Ex: I Could not but go there
4. Not only ............but also
Ex: Not only popy but also Jesmin
come here
5. So..................that
Ex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
6. No sooner had ............than
Ex: no sooner had he arrived the we
welcomed him
7. There is/was no + noun+ without
Ex: There is no girl without a soft
heart
8. There is no + noun + but/ who/
which
Ex: There is no mother but loves her
child
Assertive

4. Both ...............and
Ex: Both popy and Jesmin came
here
5. too..............to
Ex: He is too weak to walk.
6. As soon as
Ex. As soon as he arrived we
welcomed him
7. Fvery/ All+nous + have/ has/ had
Ex: Every girl has soft heart.
8. Every/all+ noun+ other verb
Ex: Every mother loves her child

Interrogative

35

1. Assertive sentence K Interrogative Kivi mgq Auxiliary Verb K Sub Gi AvM

ewmq w`j nq Avi Auxiliary Verb bv _vKj Tense Abyhvqx Subject Gi AvM
do/does/did emvj nq|
D`vt
1. Farjana is a good girl.
= Is Farjana a good girl?
2. Hafij played football.
= Did Hafij play football?
3. Salma Cooks rice.
= Does Salma cook rice?
4. I eat rice
= Do I eat rice?
jbxq Interrogative sentence Gi ci AekB ckevaK wP (?) emvZ ne|
2. Assertive G Nobody _vKj Interrogative G who + Affirmative Ges
everybody/all/every one _vKj who+ Negative wjLZ ne|
D`vt
i. Nobody believes a liar.
= who believes a liar?
ii. Everybody likes flowers.
= Who does not like flowers ?

Assertive
Assertive
1.Very + Adjective
Ex: The boy is very beautiful
2. Great + Adjective
Ex: You are a great fool
3. wish to nj---Ex: I wish to go there

Exclamatory
Exclamatory
2. How + Adjective
Ex: How beautiful the boy is!
2. What + Adjective
Ex: What a great fool you are!
3. If + sub+could
Ex: If I could go there

Assertive

Imperative

i. You hy Assertive sentence K Imperative KiZ nj You _K Verb ch DV

hve + Verb Gi base form eme|
D`vt You Should do the work
= Do The work
ii. Sub hw` First Person I Third person nq Zvnj Imperative Let + Sub Gi obj
form+ g~j Verb eme|

36

D`vt He wants to play cricket.

= Let him play cricket.

Imperative

Assertive

1. Imperative sentence G you Dn _vK ZvB you emvZ ne|

D`vt
Do The work
= You Should do the work

Practice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Man is the best creation of Allah (Comparative)

No other Country in the world is as populous as Bangladesh (Superlative)
Anger is one of the greatest sins (positive)
we should not love an angry man (affirmative)
Man is mortal (Negative)
Walking is usually taken in the morning (Interrogative)

Answer:
1. Man is better than any other creation of Allah
2. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world.
3. Very few sins are as great as anger
4. we should hate an angry man
5. Man is not immortal
6. Isnt Walking usually taken in the morning

37

Voice (evP):
mvaviY A_ Voice Ai A_ K^i| wK evKiY GK ejv nq evK| verb Gi h
form viv KZv hLb KvRwU wbR Ki ev Abi gvag mv`b Kwiq bq Ges KZvi m KvRi
mK `Lvq Ges Gfve verb Gi ici h cwieZb NU ZvK Voice ej|
Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted
upon.
hgbt He makes a basket.
=A basket is made by him
Ici c_g evK KZv wbR KvR KiQ Ges wZxq evK KZvi Ici KvR Kivbv nqQ|
Voice mvaviYZ `yB cKvi| h_vt
1. Active voice (mwq evP)
2. Passive voice (wbwq evP)
Active voice: KZv wbRB KvR Ki A_vr KZv mwqv Gic eySvj verb Gi Active
voice nq|
[If the thing named by the subject does the action expressed by its verb,
this is Active.]
hgb: a) He makes a basket.
b) They did the work.
c) We play cricket.
d) Why are you doing this?
e) Do the sum.
f) Will you do the home work?
 Ici Avgiv `LZ cvwQ Active evK KZv A_vr subject wbRB KvRwU mv`b
KiQ|
Passive voice: Verb Gi h form viv KZv wbRi KvR mv`b Kibv| eis KvRwU
Abi viv Kivbv nq Gic evSvq ZvK Passive voice ejv nq|
[If the thing named by the subject suffers the action expressed by its
verb, this verb is passive.]
hgb: a) A basket is made by him.
b) The work was done by them.
c) Cricket is played by us.
d) Why is this being done by you?
e) Let the sum be done.
f) Will the home work be done by you?
 Ici Avgiv `LZ cvwQ Passive evK Object wU Av_vr Subject wnme em
evKi KvRwU mv`b KiQ|

38

Voice change Gi gwjK h wbqg AbymiY Ki Zv wbP `Iqv njv t

i) Avgiv Rvwb h, g~j verb Gi ci object em|
ii) Zvnj Gevi object ne subject|
iii) Zvici eme to be verb/auxiliary Verb+
iv) Ges gyj verb Gi past participle eme|
v) Subject-wU Object- ic by Gi ci eme|
Voice Change Kivi mgq GKRb wkv_xK AekB evKi Subject I object mK cwivi
vb _vKZ ne| wbPi QKwU Abyhvqx G`i cwieZb nq _vK| hgb:
I
me
He/She
Him/Her
We
Us
You
You
Whom
Who


Interrogative sentence
Rule: Why, when, where, whom BZvw` viv Interrogative active evK i
nj passive voice Kii mgq IB Interrogative adverb jvB evKi c_g _K
hvq| Voice change- Gi Abvb wbqg AekB cvjbxq| hgb:
Active: Why does he disclose the fact?
Passive: Why is the fact disclosed by him?
Active: Why do they take the pen?
Passive: Why is the pen taken by them?
Active: when will jibon write it?
Passive: When will it be written by jibon?
Active: When will they make the kite?
Passive: When will the kite be made by them?
Active: where did Mamun find you?
Passive: Where were you found by Mamun?
Active: Where have you taken him?
Passive: Where has be been taken by you?

 Imperative sentence
Rule: Imperative sentence: h Sentence viv Av`k, Dc`k I Abyiva eySvq ZvK
Imperative sentence ej| IB sentence Gi active voice Gi object-K let Gi
object ic eenvi KiZ ne| g~j verb Gi past participle nq Ges Zvi c~e be
eenvi KiZ nq| hgb:
Active: Do it.
Passive: Let it be done (by you)
Active: Make a kite.
Passive: Let a kite be made (by you).
Active: Help the poor.

39

Passive: Let the poor be helped (by you).

Active: Taka care of your health.
Passive: Let your health be taken care of.
Rule: Imperative sentence: Gi Active voice hLb let viv `Iqv _vK Passive
voice Kivi mgq bZzb Ki Avi let eenvi Kivi `iKvi nq bv | IB let KB IB evKi
iZ ewmq indirect object wUK Subject Ki passive KiZ nq|
Active: Let Putul read the book.
Passive: Let the book be read by Putul.
Active: Let me sing a song.
Passive: Let a song be sung by me.
Active: Let him do the sum.
Passive: Let the sum be done by him.
`et Let Gici second person em bv|
Rule: Imperative sentence: Gi active voice Gi c_g ev kl hw` adverb_vK
Ze Passive Kii mgq ZvK evKi kl iL w`Z nq|
Active: Help him now.
Passive: Let him be helped now.
Active: Always speak the truth.
Passive: Let the truth be spoken always.
Active: Shut the door immediately.
Passive: Let the door be shut immediately.
 Imperative Sentence
Rule; Imperative sentence hw` negative nq Ze passive voice Kivi mgh evKi
c_g let not eenvi KiZ nq| Abvb wbqg c~ei gZvB _K hvq| hgb:
Active: Do not break the temple.
Passive: Let not the temple be broken (by you)
Active: Dont post the letter.
Passive: Let not the letter be posted (by you).
Active: Dont open the door.
Passive: Let not the door be opened (by you)
 Complex sentence
Rule: Complex Sentence -K Passive voice KiZ nj principal clause I subordinate clause Dfqi passive KiZ nq| principal clause Gi mvaviYZ object
_vKbv| ZvB IB Aski object wnmi It wbZ nq | hgbt
Active: I know that you helped him.
Passive: It is known to me that he was helped by you.
Active: I thought that Babul had sung a song.
Passive: I thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.
40

Rule: Complex Sentence Gi sub-ordinate clause Gi hw` object bv _vK Ze

GB Aski Passive voice Kivi `iKvi nq bv| Gaibi Sentence Gi ejvq |
principal clause Gi Subject wnme it wbqI Passive voice Kiv hvq| ZvQvov subordinate clause Gi that mn cii meUzKzK Passive Kivi mgq evKi Subject Ki
Passive Kiv hvq| hgb:
Active: I know that he is a good boy.
Passive: It is known to me that he is a good boy. or, That he is a good boy is
known to me.
Rule: And viv `ywU evK hy nj hw` and Gi Dfq Ask object _vK Ze DfqiB wbqg
Abymvi cwieZb ne| Avi and Gi cieZx Ask Kvbv object bv _vKj c_g Ask ev
c~eeZx Ask cwieZZ nq| hgb:
Active: He are rice and went to school.
Passive: Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school.
Active: He ate rice and gave me a pen.
Passive: Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.
 AbK mgq infinitive vivI voice change Kiv hvq| hgb: I dont like to be hated.
A bank is going to be opened by the manager.
 jYxq: KZjv verb Gi ci by preposition bv em with, at, to BZvw` em| hgb:
Gratify= gratify with, please= pleased with,
satisfy= satisfied with, bless= blessed with,
glad= glad at, know= known to,
surprise = surprised at fill= filled with BZvw`|
known Verb Gi ci to I be DfqB em| hgb:
He is known to me. A tree is known by its fruits.
 Complex Sentence
Rule: AbK mgq AvZcwiPq w`Z nj ev Kvbv KvRi gvag cwiPq w`Z nZ nj
Known Gi ci by em| GK Abi m cwiPq A_ known Gi ci to em| hgb:
Active: The boy pleased us all.
Passive: We all were pleased by the boy ne bv|
Passive: we all were pleased with the boy
Active: I Know the man.
Passive: The man is known to me.
Active: your work satisfied me.
Passive: i was satisfied with you work.
Active: His conduct annoyed me.
passive: I was annoyed at his conduct.

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Rule: AbK mgq `Lv hvq , Passive voice Gi doer ev agent _vK bv- G aiYi
evKi Voice cwieZb KiZ nj someone, people, we, the boy, he BZvw` K
Subject wnme eenvi KiZ nq| Ze Kvbv KvR hLb GK ew viv Kiv me ci ZLb
singular subject wbZ nq| Avi hLb Kvbv KvR GKvic mvaviYZ Kiv me bq ZLb
plural subject wbZ nq| hgbt
Passive: My pen was stolen.
Active: Someone stole my pen
Passive: He is not known here.
Active: None/Nobody knows him here.
Passive: He is called a liar.
Active: People/Thy call him a liar.
Passive: They were defeated.
Rule: Zvgv`i wKQz welq wekl fve j ivLZ ne voice change Kivi & hgb:
wbP DwjwLZ verb jvi passive voice nq bv| KviY Giv intransitive verb: die,
appear, seem, disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure,
wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, indulge BZvw`|
Active: He has to do work.
Passive: The work has to be done by him.
Active: We ought to love our country.
Passive: Our country ought to be loved by us.
Active: they used to burn the dead body.
Passive: The dead body used to Burn by them.
 Quasi-passive verb
Rule: Quasi ki A_ half ev AaK| A_vr half-passive= quasi-passive. AZGe
ejv hvq, hgb verb passive Gi A_ cKvk Ki ZvK quasi-passive verb ej| G`i
passive. KiZ nj wbP DwjwLZ wbqg AbymiY KiZ ne|
1 b^i m~: Sub+ be verb+ complement + when (if)+it/they +be verb+ verb Gi
past participle.
2 b^i m~: Subject+ be verb+ verb Gi past participle+ complement.
Active: Honey tastes sweet.
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted (1 b^i m~)
or, Honey is tasted sweet. (2 b^i m~)
Active: The bed feels soft.
Passive: the bed is soft when it is felt
Or, the bed is felt soft.
Active: this story reads funny.
Passive: this story is funny when it is read.
or, This story is read funny
 Reflexive Verb
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Rule: h verb Gi Subject Ges object GKB ew ZvK reflexive verb ej Ges
object wUK reflexive object ej| GK subject Kiv hvq bv| GK by Gi ciB iL
w`Z nq| hgb:
Active: he hurt himself
Passive: He was hurt by himself.
Active: She was killed herself.
Passive: She was killed by herself.
Active: He poisoned himself
Passive: He was poisoned by himself.
 Factitive object
Rule: hme object Y vqx gvbyli gZvgZi Ici hv`i vwqZ wbfi Ki mme object
K factitive object ej| G`i vwqZ ^weavq G`iK evKi subject Kiv hvq bv|
ZvB G`i c~eeZx object-K subject Ki passive voice KiZ nq| hgb:
Active: we made him captain.
Passive: He was made captain by (# Captain was made him by us. ne bv|)
Active: we call him a fool.
Passive: He is called a fool by us. (# A fool is called him by us ne bv|)

Abykxjbi Rb bgybv ck `Iqv njv| Zvgiv wbRiv AvM Abykxjb Kie, Zvi ci Dii
m wgwjq be|
1. Change the following active voice into passive voice.
(a) We made him captain (b) Always speak the truth. (c) Do not open the door.
(d) Have you read the book? (e) He will teach us English. (f) Who has
broken the plate? (g) The book is printing. (h) Nobody knows him here. (i)
Whom do you call?
mwVK Di: Voice change: Active voice into passive voice.
(a) He was made captain by us. (b) Let the truth be Always spoken. (c) Let
not the door be opened. (d) Has the book been read by you? (e) English will
be taught us by him. (or) We shall be taught English by him. (f) By Whom
has the plate been broken? (g) The book is being printing. (h) He is not
knows here. (i) Who is called by?
2. Change the following passive voice into active voice.
(a) My watch was stolen.(b) Let a letter be written by me. (c) Rice is sold in
the market. (d) By whom will the bill be paid? (e) His brother was hurt by
him. (f) English i spoken all over the world. (g) The book was placed on the
table. (h) I am surprised at him conduct. (i) Rome was not built in a day. (j)
He is well known to me.
mwVK Di: Voice Change: passive voice into active voice.

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(a) Someone stole his brother. (b) Let me write a letter. (c) Rice sells in the
market. (d) Who will pay the bill? (e) He hurt his brother. (f) People
speak English all over the world. (g) Someone Placed the book on the
table. (h) His conduct surprises me. (i) The Romans did not build Rome
in a day. (j) I know him well.
Narration (ePb)
GB Chapter G Avgiv Narration mK Rvbe, Zvgv`i gb ck AvmZB cvi Narration
wK? GUv Avgiv Rvbe GB Chapter G|
 Narration nj LyeB simple GKUv evcvi GZ Direct speech K Indirect speech G
A_ev Indirect speech K Direct speech G convert Kiv nq|
 Narration 9g-10g kwY Ges GKv`k-v`k kwYZI covbv nq|
 Narration Rvbv _vKj English Language G K_v ejv, Free hand writing cfwZ
welqI KvR jvM|
Narration KiZ nj Avgv`i hB hB welq jv mK aviYv _vKZ ne| mjv njt
i) Person
ii) Tense
iii) Reporting verb (R.V)
iv) Reporting verb Gi Subject
v) Reporting verb Gi object
vi) Inverted Comma
Vii) Reported speech
Viii) Sentence Classification.
 Person, Tense, sentence Classification Zvgiv wbB AvMi AavqjvZ co GmQ|
Avi evwK welqwj GB Aavq G RvbZ cvie|
GZ eo wj `L wPvi Kvb KviY bB GB mKj welq Zvgvi KvQ KLb h mvaviY evcvi
nq hve Zzwg Ui B cvev bv|
Avgiv hw` gb Kwi Aysha Avi Mily `yB Rb Friend, Aysha GKw`b Amy nj Avi m Mily
ejj GB K_vwU Zv`i Teacher K ejZ Zvni mily Zv wKfve eje? m nqZv ejZ
Teacher ! Aysha Said I am ill (ill - Amy) A_ev Aysha said that she is ill.
Dcii NUbv _K Avgiv `wL h, hLb ev (whwb ejb) hv ejb Zvi Dw/ee ev K_vK
BsiRxZ Speech ev Narration ej|
Avgiv Zv Narration wK Zv eySjvg wK wK Zv RvbjB Zv ne bv| Aviv wKQz RvbZ ne hgb
Narration Gi cKvi, wKfve MwVZ nq cfwZ|
hw` Avgiv Narration K GwU gvbyli gZ wPv Kwi Zvnj Kgb nq|

Narration

44

Direct speech

Indirect speech

Narration hw` GKwU gvbyli gv_v nh Ze cKvi f` wj ne Gi `ywU nvZ KivY Narration?
cKvi|
i) Direct speech ii) Indirect Speech
 Direct Speech: ev ev whwb ejQb K_vUv Zvi K_vwU AweKj Zvi fvlvq eYbv KivK
Direct speech ej| hgb: AvMi example G Avgiv `LwQ Mily Zv`i Teacher K
Aysha h Amy mB K_vwU wKfve ejQ? m ejQ Teacher, Aysha said I am ill
Under line Kiv K_vwU K Avgiv ewj Direct speech KviY GLvb Aysha (evi) K_vwU
Kvb iKg cwieZb bv KiB ejv nqQ ev mivmwi ejv nqQ|
 Indirect speech: evi K_vwU Avgiv hLb Avgv`i wbRi fvlvq ewj ZLb Avgiv GUvK
Indirect speech ewj| hgb: AvMi example G Avgiv `LwQ| Mily Zv`i teacher K
Aysha K_vwU AviK fve ej wQj? h ejwQj teacher Aysha said that she is ill
under line Kiv AskwUK Avgiv eje Indirect speech KviY GLvb Mily Aysha
K_vwUK Mily Zvi wbRi gZ Ki cKvk KiQ| ZvB Avgiv GK Indirect speech ev
civ Dw ej _vwK|
GBZv Mj Narration wK I Zvi cKvif` Gi Dci AvjvPbv, wK Avgv`i Zv Aviv wKQz
RvbZ ne ZvB bv| hgb: Reported Speech wK? Reported Verb wK cfwZ|
 Reported Speech: Zvgiv j Kij `Le Direct speech `yUv Indirect comma-i
wfZi hB K_v ev AskUzKz _vK Zv`i Avgiv Reported Speech ej _vwK|
hgb: Imtiaz said , I have done my homework
GUvB nj Reported speech
Avgiv Narration G mvaviYZ GB Ask ekx Rvi `B|
 Reported Verb:
hB verb Gi mvnvh evi K_vjvK eYbv ev cKvk Kiv nq| ZvK Reported Verb ej|
Avi GKwU iZc~Y welq nj Direct Speech G Reported Verb Gi ci GKwU Kgv em|
GLb Avgiv Direct Narration Gi wewfb Ask Avjv`v K i wPb wbe hb cieZxZ Kvb Amyweav
bv nq| hgb:
He
said
to me
I am reading
Reporting
verb Gi subject

Reporting
Verb

Reporting
verb Gi object

45

Inverted
comma

Reported Speech

AviKwU example G Avgiv `LZ cvwi hgb:

kamal
said
Reporting
speech Gi subject

Reporting
Verb

I am reading
Inverted comma

Reported Speech

GLb wbB GKUz AevK jvMQ ZvB bv Reporting Verb Gi object Kv_vq?
GKUz j Ki `L Kamal K_vwU KvDK bv KvDK Zv ejQB bv, hgb kamal K_vwU AvgvK
ejQ ZvB GBLvb to me nZ cviZ| AbK mgq Reporting Verb Gi object Dn ev `qv
_vK bv GZ wK Direct speech _K Indirect G bqvi mgq Zgb Kvb cfve co bv gvb GZ
Kvb problem bB|
Rules: Direct Narration/Speech _K Indirect Direct Narration/Speech:
Direct Speech _K Indirect Speech G cwieZb Gi mgq Reported Speech Gi ga person
Gi wbic cwieZb nq|

i) First person cwiewZZ nq Reporting verb Gi subject Abyhvqx eme| hgb:

Direct Speech: He said to me, I am reading
Indirect Speech: He told me that he was reading.

2nd Person cwiewZZ nq Reporting verb Gi subject Abyhvqx eme|hgb:

Direct Speech: He said to me You are a good boy
Indirect Speech: He said to me that I were a good boy.
ii) Reporting verb present tense G nj A_ev future tense G nj Reporting Speech
Gi tense Gi Kvb cwieZb ne bv|

wK!!
Reporting verb past tense G nj Reporting Speech Gi tense Gi wbic cwieZb ne|
Present tense Gi PviwU ic Past tense Gi PviwU ic cwiewZZ ne|
Present Indifinite
Past indefinite
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Prefect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
GQvovI Past Gi wewfb ic hgbt
 Past Indefinite
Past perfect tense nq hve|
 Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

 Past perfect Ges past perfect continuous tense G _vKj Gjvi Kvb cwieZb
ne bv|
 Future Tense Gi Shall/will DV wMq D vb would eme|
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wbP wKQz k AvQ hjv cwiewZZ ne|

Direct

Indirect

This

That

These

These

Here

There

Ago

Before

Come

Go

Thus

So

Higher

Thither

Today

That day

Tomorrow

Next day

Yesterday

The previous day

Last month

The previous month

To night

That night

Last Night

The previous

Next Week

The following week

Now

Then

 hw` must w`q (wPiKvjxb eva evaKZv eySvq) Ze Zv Had to Z icvwiZ ne hgb:
Direct : Teacher said to me You Must obey your parents
Indirect: Teacher said to me that I had to obey my parents.

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Sentence Gi classification Abymvi Narration Gi wKQy Rules AvQ mB wj wbP AvjvPbv

Kiv njv:
Assertive Sentence
Structure: Reporting verb Gi subject + say/said/told+ object (hw` _vK) +that
+ Reported speech Gi cwiewZZ ic (person I tense Abymvi)|
 (Say Gi ci object _vKj Say to /said to Gi Rb tell/told eme)|
 (Say Gi ci object bv _vKj Say /said eme)|
Example: 1. He said to me I am walking
- He told me that he was walking
2.The teacher says they are coming
-The teacher says that they are coming.
3. He said to me, I shall come tomorrow
-He told me that He would come the next day.
Sentence Gi ga Sir _vKj Indirect Kivi mgq Sir DV wMq with respect/
respectfully eme|
Interrogative Sentence
Interrogative Sentence wU mvnvhKvix verb w`q i nj wbv Rules wU chvR ne|
Rule-1: Structure- Reported verb Gi sub+asked + object(hw` _vK) + It+
reported speech Gi Affirmative form Gi cwiewZZ ic|
Example: The policeman said to me, Did you see the accident
-The policeman said me if I had seen the accident.
Example: He said to me, Are you ill,
-He asked me if I was ill.
Interrogative Sentence wU WH word like what, who, whom, when, where BZvw`
viv i nj wbP wbqgwU ne|
Rule-2
Structure: Reporting verb Gi sub + asked + object (hw` _vK)+ WH word wU+
evKi WH word wU Qvov evwK Aski Assertive form Gi cwiewZZ ic
 what/when/which/whose BZvw`i cii NounwUI Gjvi mv_ mv_ em hve|
Direct: The passenger said to the porter when will the train arrive?
Indirect: The passenger asked the porter when the train would arrive
Direct: He said to me, which book do you want?
Indirect: He asked me which book I wanted.
Imperative Sentence
g~j verb /do not /please hy evK njt
Rule-1

48

Structure: R. V Gi subject + ordered/advised/requested/forbade/told +

object (hw` _vK) + to+ R.S. Gi g~j Verb Gi eZgvb ic _K kl ch cqvRbxq
cwieZb mn|
 Reported Speech viv hw`t
Av`k eySvq Zvnj

Ordered ne

Abyiva

Requested ne

Dc`k

advised ne

wbla

forbade ne

Kov Av`k

Commanded nq|

Direct: He said to his friends please wait for me till I nature.

Indirect: He requested his friend to wait for him till he nature.
Direct: Father said to his son, Dont quarrel with anybody.
Indirect: Father Forbade, his son to quarrel with anybody.
 let us viv nIqv evKt
Rule-2
Structure: R.V Gi subject + proposed + object (hw` _vK) + that + they/we +
should + R.S Gi g~j verb _K kl ch (cqvRbxq cwieZb mn)
Direct: The chairman said Let us settle the dispute
Indirect: The chairman proposed that they should settle the dispute
 let Gi ci us bv _vKjt
Rule-3
Structure: R.V Gi subject + sub+said/told+ object (hw` _vK) + that + R.S Gi
Subject + might + g~j verb Gi eZgvb ic _K kl ch (cqvRbxq cwieZb mn)
Direct: the begger said to the man let me have a meal
Indirect: The begger told the man that he might have a meal

 Reported speech viv we`vqKvixj mvlY eySvjt

Structure: R.V Gi subject + bade+ object (hw` _vK) + D mvlYwU|
Good night/good Bye cfwZ|
Direct: The boy said, Good nigh, mother
Indirect: The boy bade his mother good might.
49

 Reported speech viv mvvZi mvlY eySvjt

Rule-5
Structure: R.V Gi subject + wished + object (hw` _vK) + D mvlYwU|
Good morning/good afternoon/Good Evining cfwZ
Direct: He said, Good morning Mr Kamal
Indirect: He wished Mr kamal good morning
Structure: R.V Gi subject + Wished/ prayed + that + R.S + Gi subject+
night + g~j verb Gi eZgvb ic _K kl ch|
Reported speech Gi ga God/Allah/Cratar _vKj Prayed eme| Ab_vq wished
eme|
Direct: Mother said t o me, May you live long
Indirect: Mother wished me, I might live long.
Direct: May Allah help you
Indirect: The speaker prayed that Allah might help you.
Exelamatory Sentence
Structure:
R.V Gi Subject + exclaimed with joy/sorrow / wonder /satisfaction
/exclaimed + that + reporting speech Gi assertive form Gi cwiewZZ ic|
Direct: i said to her, what a nice girl you are?
Indirect: I exclamed with joy that she was a nice girl
Rules for passage Narration
1) cyiv passage wU co speaker I listener mbv KiZ ne|
2) R.V Gi Subject, R.V BZvw` R.S Gi ci _vKjI R.S Gi c~e wbq AvmZ ne|
3) GB evi R.V Gi Aaxb GKvwaK evK _vKj cZK evKK R.V w`q Avjv`v fve mvwRq
w`Z ne|
4) Kvb evi ee ci ci _vKj assertive Sentence Gi c_g evKi Rb Said/
told 2q evKi Rb Added Ges 3q evKi Rb Further adder emvZ ne|

50

Interrogative evKi Rb 1g evKi asked 2q evKi Also added Ges 3q

evKi Rb Again asked eme|
5) yes _vKj Zv DV hve Ges Replied in affirmative eme|

(or)
Said that + Subject + mvnvhKvix verb (Yes Gi c~ei evKi indinect Kivi ci h
mvnvhKvix verb _vK Dn)| hgb:
Direct: He said Have you finishad? yes I said
Indirect: [He asked If I had finished. I replied in the affirmative] (Or) [I said
that I replied that I had]
No _vKj DV hve Ges Replied in the negetive eme|

(or)
Said that + Subject + mvnvhKvix verb not
Direct: He Said Have you finished No I said
Indirect: He asked if I had finished I replied in the nagetie.

(or)
I said that I had not
wKQz~ word hv Narration G Change ne:
OH!- enclaimed with wonder/ Being wondered
Sorry Begged apology/ Being apology
Hello!- Do attention / Drawing attention
You- Being wonchened
Great- Expressed happiness
Surely/Centainly/ of course assured
GKB bvg evi evi ejv ne (swallow swallow little swallow)
Addressing very affectionately ne|

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Practice:
1) Why did you not go to school yesterday? Said the mother to the girl. I
was ill, the girl replied. How are you today?, the mother asked again. I
am well, said the girl, dont worry for me.
2) Father said to his son, Why are you making late? Go to school now. No, I
am not going to school today. I feel dizzy, Said his son.

Answer:
1) Mother asked the girl why she (g) had not gone to School the previous day.
the girl replied that she (g) had been ill. Mother again asked how she (g) was
that day. Then the girl replied that She (g) was well and told not to worry for
her (g)
2) Father asked his son why he (son) was making late and ordered him (son) to
go to school then. The son ectined and said that he was not going to school
hat day becouse he (s) felt dizzy.

52