PS LAB Manual - B.tech - Final
PS LAB Manual - B.tech - Final
PS LAB Manual - B.tech - Final
MANUAL
Prerequisites:
1. The knowledge of basic concepts of power system protection schemes.
2. The knowledge of the Electrical Power Transmission Systems.
3. The knowledge of modelling and performance of Transmission Lines.
List of Experiments:
Rotor 1
Expt. No.
2
3
Rotor 2
Expt. No.
To observe the operation of overcurrent and earth fault relay for protection
of 3-phase feeder under (i) LG (ii) LL (iii) LLG (iv) LLL (v) LLLG faults.
4
5
Rotor-1
EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM: To find out the dielectric strength of the transformer oil.
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
Name of Apparatus
Motorized oil testing set
Pure insulating oil
Insulating oil sample
Quantity
1
1
1
Theory:
The fault free operation of power transformers is a factor of major economic
importance and safety in power supply utilities and industrial consumers of
electricity. In the current economic climate, industries/supply utilities tighten their
control on capital spending and make cutbacks in maintenance, an increased
awareness is placed on the reliability of the existing electric power supply. Down
time is at a premium. Often, the loading is increase on present units, as this will
defer purchasing additional plant capacity. Thus the stress on the transformer
increases. The net total effect of the thermal, electrical and mechanical stress
brought on by increased service needs to be monitored to ensure reliability.
Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from transformers is a
valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive approach
is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer
can be extended.
The dielectric strength: Dielectric strength of any insulating material indicates
the maximum applied electric field strength for which the insulation property
works fine. Imagine, you have a insulated wire and a voltage source. When you are
applying a huge voltage across the wire you will find that the wire is heated up and
after a certain point, the insulation coating is melted. Here, the voltage that causes
to demolish the insulation is referred as the dielectric strength of the insulating
material. Similarly for transformer, the insulating oil can withstand up to a certain
voltage level. After that, the insulation breakdown occurs. Generally, transformer
oil with minimum dielectric strength for 30 KV is used in power transformer and it
is the minimum safe level of insulating oil. So, before using, the oil is tested and
this procedure is termed as Transformer oil testing or Breakdown voltage testing of
transformer oil or simply the BDV test of transformer. High dielectric strength is a
desirable parameter of transformer insulating oil.
Cooling: During the full load operation, the temperature becomes very high.
This necessitates a sophisticated transformer cooling arrangement. In the full
load condition, the transformer oil flows throughout the transformer by
convection process and in this way, generated heat is absorbed by the oil. So,
transformer oil is used as the coolant.
Procedure:
1. Rinse the test chamber with pure insulating of oil two times to remove dirt,
carbon etc, from the walls of the cup.
2. Rinse the cup with the oil to be tested.
3. Fill the chamber with the oil to be tested. The oil level should be about 40
mm above the electrodes. Care should be taken that no bubbles are formed
while pouring of oil. If any bubbles are formed, remove them with the glass
rod provided.
4. Open the cover of the oil testing set and place the test chamber properly at
the required position.
5. Adjust the gap between electrodes 4mm by the metal rod provided. The rod
should pass between the electrodes a bit tightly.
6. Close the cover of the testing set properly. If the cover is not closed
properly, the micro-switch provided on the right hand side of the cover will
not operate and the H.T. will not be energized.
7. Switch of the supply of the unit by the circuit breaker provided on the
bottom left side of the unit. This will take LT ON/HT OFF indicator to
glow.
8. See the deflection on the voltmeter. If it is not zero, the H.T. will not be
energized. To make it zero, press REVERSED knob and keep it pressed till
the needle comes to zero. Now release the knob.
9. Press the HT on push button. The HT on indicator will glow while the HT
OFF indicator will turn off.
10. Press the FORWARD knob and keep it pressed till the reading on voltmeter
is 20 KV. Release the knob at this point and wait for one minute.
11. If the oil withstands this voltage, increase the voltage by pressing the
FORWARD knob in steps of 2 KV and wait at level for one minute
breakdown.
12. The dielectric strength of the oil is that highest voltage (in KV) which the
oil can withstand without breakdown for one minute.
13. The breakdown can be observed by flashover between the electrodes and
after which the H.T. trips by itself.
Observations and Results:
1. Once the flashover occurs, read the voltage on the voltmeter and the voltage
reading at this instant will be dielectric strength of test sample of oil.
2. Bring back the voltage to zero by pressing REVERSE knob. Press the HT
OFF switch. The indicators will changeover.
3. Switch off the L.T. supply. Open the cover of the unit and stir the oil by the
glass electrode. Check the gap between the electrodes by the metal rod.
4. Repeat the above procedure 5 times. The average of the different reading
will be the dielectric strength of the oil.
5. Determine the dielectric strength of test sample of oil in KV/cm.
6. Add 2-3 drops of water in the oil and repeat the test for same sample of oil.
7. Determine the dielectric strength of oil in KV/cm.
Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.
EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM: To plot the characteristic of fuse and Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB).
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name of Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
SPST(S/W)
Fuse sample
MCB
Variable load
Specification
(0-300)V
(0-30)A
30A
5A
6A
1 , 15A
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
Theory:
The fuse is the cheapest and simplest form of automatic operating protectingdevice
andis used for protecting low voltage equipments against overloads and/or short
circuits. The fuse is designed to carry the normal working current safely without
overheating. During overload/short circuit conditions fuse gets heated up to
melting point rapidly and isolates the faulty device from the supply circuit.
Minimum fusing current is a value corresponding to operation in an arbitrary time
obtained under prescribed test conditions. The fuse rating is the value of current
which when flows through the element does not melt it. Fusing factor is a ratio of
minimum fusing current to the current rating of fusing element. Fusing factor is
always greater than unity. The prospective current is defined as the Root Mean
Square (RMS) value of current, which would flow in a circuit immediately
following the fuse when a short circuit occurs assuming that the fuse has been
replaced by a link of negligible resistance. The time taken from the instant the
current that causes a break in the fuse wire starts flowing to the instant the arc is
initiated is melting time or pre-arcing time. The time taken from the instant of arc
initiation to the instant of arc being extinguished is arcing time. The sum of prearcing and arcing time is the total operating time of fuse.
The time current characteristics of fuse get deteriorated with time and hence are
not reliable for discrimination purposes. These fuses are mainly used for domestic
and lightning loads. The HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) cartridge fuses are used
to protect important and costly equipments operating at low voltages (up to 33
KV).
Procedure:
1. Do the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Increase the load in small steps and set the rated current through fuse in
parallel with SPST switch.
3. Observe that the fuse does not blow off/MCB does not trip for the rated
current.
4. The current is increased in small steps above the rated value and the time
taken for the fuse to blow MCB/to trip is noted starting from opening of SPST
switch.
5. Readings are taken for different settings of current above rated value of
Fuse/MCB.
6. The experimental procedure is repeated for Fuse and MCB separate.
Observations and Results:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Voltage (V)
Current(A)
Time(sec)
EXPERIMENT NO.3
AIM: To study and evaluate the performance of short and medium ( and T
models) transmission lines.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of Apparatus
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting Wires
Range
(0-1)A
(0-250)V
(0-250)W
1.7A,300
-
Quantity
5
3
1
1
-
Theory:
In this section we shall discuss the various models of the line. The line models are
classified by their length. These classifications are
Short lines.
Medium lines.
Long lines (Discussed in rotor 2).
1. Short Transmission Line:
When the length of an overhead line is upto 80 km and line voltage is
comparatively low (<20 KV) it is usually considered as a short transmission line.
Due to smaller length and lower voltage the capacitance effect between ground and
conductor can be neglected. So, only inductance and resistance of line are taken
into account (as shown in figure 3.1). The sending end voltage and current for this
approximation are given by
Vs = VR + ZIR
Is = IR
Is = I1 + I2 = I1 + IR + I3
= +
2
+ and
Procedure:
2) Medium T Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Select position on switch 1 and medium distance on switch 2.
3. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8 -0.9).
4. Measure the voltage drop across the receiving end impedance Vd1 (terminals
4 and 5), and sending end impedance Vd2 (terminals 2 and 3). Record the
values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 1 below.
5. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using the reading from the
wattmeter and the receiving end voltage and current (e.g = W/IRVR).
6. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.
3) Medium Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Select position on switch 1 and medium distance on switch 2.
3. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8-0.9). Measure the voltage drop across the line impedance,
(terminal 2 and 5).Record the values of the sending end current I5 (terminal
11 and 12), receiving end capacitor current IC1 (terminals 19and 20),sending
end capacitor current IC2 (terminal 15 and 16), the line current IL(terminal 3
and 4) and the voltages VS and VR.
4. Record the values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 2 shown
below.
5. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.
4) Short Line:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 3. Connect an inductive load
across the line output terminals (13 and 14) and a wattmeter in the load
circuit.
2. Close MCB and adjust the load to provide a suitable load current and power
factor (e.g 0.8-0.9). Measure the voltage drop across the line impedance,
(terminal 2 and 5) and the line current IL(terminal 3 and 4) and the voltages
VS and VR.
3. Record the values of the listed reading as indicated in the table 3 shown
below.
4. Determine the line regulation and transmission efficiency.
Value
Value
Line regulation =
Value
100
Transmission efficiency =
cos
cos
100
EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM: To study the operation of inverse time over current relay.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
Name of Apparatus
Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Voltmeter(0-300)V
Rheostat(300, 1.7A)
Auto Transformer(220/0-270)V,50Hz , 1-
Ammeter(0-10)A
1
1
1
1
5.
6.
Bulb(60W,220V)
Trip Coil
1
-
Theory:
Over-current relay operates when the actuating quantity (current) exceeds a
predefined value. This is inherent electromagnetic relay due to saturation of the
magnetic circuit. So, by varying the point of saturation different characteristics are
obtained. The torque Equation of these Relay can be given as T 1 2 sin.
The angle between 1 and 2 or I1 is directly proportional to if one of the
actuating quantities is Voltage. The current flowing in the voltage coils lags behind
voltage by approximately 90.Assume this current to be I2 the load current I(say
I1) lags V by . Then the angle between I1 and I2 is equal to (90-).
T 1 2
Where,
I1=Current flowing in the potential coil of directional element.
I2=Current flowing in the C.T. of directional element.
=Angle between I1 and I2.
I1 V
I2=Current in current coil = I(say)
T
A definite time Over-current relay in a definite time, when the current exceeds its
pick up value.Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relay gives an Inverse time
current characteristics of 10 min. values of the fault current for value of plug
setting multiplier (PSM) between 10 and 20 the characteristics tends to be a
straight line.
Current Setting:
The current above which an Over-current relay would operate can be set. Suppose
that relay current isset at 5A,then the relay will not operate.here are toppings on the
current coil.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Close the key between 9 and 10 pin.
3. Apply rated voltage in the secondary circuit in which bulb & trip coil is
connected.
4. Set the PSM.
5. Now apply the current slightly greater PSM value.
6. As the key is opened, start the Stop watch.
7. As the graph become parallel to X-axis when the relay operates means trip
the circuit and the bulb is Enlighten.
8. When the bulb glows, stop the stopwatch.
9. Take the current and time reading and Plot the graph between these.
PSM
Fault current(amp)
Time(Sec)
2.
EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM: To study the operation of instantaneous under voltage relay.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of Apparatus
Voltmeter(0-300)V
Rheostat( 300, 1.7A)
Auto Transformer (220V /0-270)V,50Hz , 1-
Relay
Bulb(60W,220V)
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
Theory:
Under-voltage relay is one which operates when input voltage drops a predefined
(dropout) value. Under-voltage relays are usually instantaneous devices. Initiated
on instantaneous under-voltage, relays should complete their function every time
input voltage drops below the set point when setting on instantaneous undervoltage relay. The drop out voltage needs to be specified and VI ratio needs to be
documented.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Make all connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Connect phase at relay point 3 and neutral to the relay point 4 through a bulb.
3. Give a DC supply to the relay points 7& 8 positive and negative respectively.
4. Initially start from 200 volts and slightly decrease the voltage.
5. After a certain voltage, if the voltage is further decreased the bulb will glow.
Observations and Results:
Set tripping voltage of relay =.......
Experimentally observed voltage =.......
Calculated error =.......
Discussions: Discuss the results obtained.
Rotor-2
EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM: To study and verify the operation of Inverse Definite Minimum Time
(IDMT) over current relay for different current and Time Setting Multiplier
(TSM).
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of Apparatus
Relay test kit
Solid state over current relay
Timer circuit
Bulb
Quantity
1
1
1
1
Theory:
Protective relay or relaying system detect abnormal or faulty condition in electrical
circuit and gives signal to operate automatic switchgear in order to isolate faulty
equipment from the system as quickly as possible. The protective relays are help in
protection of the system by avoiding the damage to the power system equipment
and also prevents from persisting the faults. In short circuit condition in power
systems are accompanied by large increase of the currents. The protective relays
which responds to rise in current flowing through the protected element over
predetermined values is called over current protection and the relay used for this
purpose is called over current relay. Earth fault protection can be provided with
normal over current relays with minimum earth fault current is sufficient in
magnitude to detect earth fault. The design of comprehensive protection in a power
system requires the detailed study of time current characteristics of the various
relays used in the scheme. Thus, it is necessary to obtain the operating time current
characteristics of these relays
Working principle and construction:The over current relay work on the induction principle. The moving system
consists of an aluminum disc fixed on vertical shaft and rotating on two jewel
bearing between the poles and an electromagnet and damping magnet. The
winding of electromagnet provided with generally seven tabs, which are brought
on to the front of panel, and the required tap is selected by a push in type plug. The
pickup current setting can thus be varied by the use of such plug set multiplier. The
pickup current values of earth fault relays are normally is quite low. The operating
time of all over current relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum
value with increase in the value of current. This is an inherent property of the
electromagnetic relays due to magnetic saturation of magnetic circuit by varying
the point of magnetic saturation, the different characteristic can be obtain these are:
Characteristics of over current relay:1. Definite Time Over-Current Relay Characteristics.
2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Characteristics.
The operating torque in over-current relay is proportional to 12sin where
both flux are produced by the same quantity (single quantity relay).In the case of
current or voltage operated, the torque T is proportional to 12 or T KI^2, for coil
current below saturation, if the core is made to saturate at very early stages such
that with increase of I, K decreases so that time of operation remains the same over
the working range. The time current characteristics operand is known as definite
time characteristics.
If the core is made to saturate at a later stage, the characteristics obtained is known
as IDMT. The time current characteristics are inverse over some range and then
offer saturation assume the definite time form in order to ensure selectivity. It is
essential that the time of operation of the relay should be dependent on the severity
of the fault in such a way that more severe fault, the less is the time to operate, this
being called inverse time characteristic. This will also ensure that a relay shall not
operate under normal condition.
It is essential that there shall be definite minimum time of operation, which can be
adjusted to suite the requirement of the particular installation. At low values of
operating current the shape of the curve is determined by the effect of the
restraining force of the control spring, while at high values the effect of saturation
predominates. Different time settings can be obtained by moving a knurled
clamping screw along a calibrated scale graduated from 0.1 to 1.0 in steps of .05
this arrangement is called time multiplier setting and will vary the travel of the disc
required to close the contacts. This will shift the time current characteristics of the
relay parallel to itself. The delaying the saturation to a further point very inverse
and extremely inverse time current characteristics can be obtained.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Study the construction of the relay and identify the various parts.
2. Connect as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Set the pickup value of the current marked 1A (100% full load current) by
inserting the plug in the groove.
4. Set the TSM initially at 1.0.
5. Adjust the load current to about 1.3 times of full load current by shorting the
switch K. Open the switch K to permit the adjustment current to flow through
the relay and record the time taken for this overload condition.
6. Vary the values of the load current in steps and record the time taken for the
operation of the relay in each case with the help of timer.
7. Repeat steps 5&6 for TMS of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8.
8. Repeat the above experiment with different pick up current values using the
plug setting bridge.
Observations and Results:
Type of Relay:
Pick up current=..Amps
(PSM=Fault/pick upcurrent)
S. No.
PSM
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
EXPERIMENT NO.2
AIM:To observe the operation of over current and earth fault relay for protection
of 3-phase feeder under
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Overcurrent relay
Induction Disc Earth Fault relay
C.T.
Rheostat 9, 12A
3-phase Variac
Bulbs 60W, 230V
Ammeter (0-10)A
Ammeter (0-3)A
Key
Quantity
2
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
4
Theory:
On a three phase system the breakdown of insulation between one of the phases
and ground is known as line to ground fault or a single phase earth fault. The
breakdown of insulation between either of two phases is known as line to line fault,
the breakdown of insulation between two phases and earth is known as double line
to ground fault and the breakdown of insulation between the three phases is known
as three phase fault.
Frequency of different types of faults occurring in our road lines is:
Type of fault
L-G
L-L
L-L-G
L-L-L
% Occurrence
85
8
5
2or less
Line to ground fault occurs most commonly in practice. Two overcurrent and 1
earth fault relays are used for protection of 3 phase feeder under all types of fault.
An earth fault usually involves a partial breakdown of winding insulation to earth.
The resulting leakage current is considerably less than the short circuit current. An
earth fault relay is essentially an overcurrent relay of low setting and operates as
soon as an earth fault takes place. Whenever there is phase to phase to fault then
only overcurrent relay will operate and if there is a balanced earth fault means zero
current in neutral, than earth fault relay will not operate. We create fault by closing
k1 ,k2, k3 and k4.
Circuit Diagram:Rescan from manual
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in fig.
2. Adjust auto transformer wheel to obtain 60 V.
3. Earth fault is created by closing key k4 and line faults by closing keys k1 k2
and k3 for R,Y,B phase respectively.
4. To create phase to ground fault (RG) close k1 and k4 and observe the
operation of relays.
5. To create line to line fault (eg.RY) close k1 and k2observe the operation of
relays.
6. Similarly create other possible line and ground faults close their respective
key and observe operating relays.
Observations and Results:
S. No.
Fault type
1.
L-G- RG
YG
BG
L-L- RY
YB
RB
L-L-G- RYG
YBG
RBG
L-L-L-RYB
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K1
K2
L-L-L-G-RYBG
(balanced)
L-L-L-G-RYBG
(unbalanced)
K3
K4
O.C.
Relay
1
O.C.
Relay
2
Earth
Fault
Relay
Name of Apparatus
Transmission line panel
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting wires
Ratings
Quantity
Circuit Diagram:
4. Record the value of sending end current Is (terminals 11 and 12) capacitor
current Ic (terminals 17 and 18) ,sending end voltage Vs (indicated by
voltmeter Vi)capacitor voltage Vc(indicated by voltmeter V2)., and the
receiving end voltage VR (indicated by voltmeter V3)
Observations and Results:
Required readings
Line Impedance
Sending end current Is
Receiving End current Ir
Receiving end capacitor current Ic1
Sending end Capacitor Current Ic2
Line Current IL
Sending end voltage Vs
Receiving End Voltage VR
Location
Terminal 15 and 19
Terminal 1 and 2
Terminal 11 and 12
Terminal 19 and 20
Terminal 15 and 16
Value
Indicated by Voltmeter V1
Indicated by Voltmeter V3
1. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using readings from the wattmeter
and the receiving end voltage current.
2. Construct the phasor diagram as described previously and determine the line
regulation and transmission efficiency.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name of Apparatus
Transmission line panel
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat
Connecting wires
Quantity
4. Record the value of sending end current Is (terminals 11 and 12) capacitor
current Ic (terminals 17 and 18),sending end voltage Vs (indicated by voltmeter
Vi), capacitor voltageVc(indicated by voltmeter V2)and the receiving end
voltage VR (indicated by voltmeter V3)
Observations and Results:
Required readings
Receiving End impedance Vd1
Sending end impedance Vd2
sending end current Is
Capacitor Current Ic
Sending end voltage Vs
Capacitor voltage Vc
Receiving End Voltage VR
Location
Terminal 8 and 11
Terminal 2 and 5
Terminal 11 and 12
Terminal 17 and 18
Indicated by Voltmeter V1
Indicated by Voltmeter V2
Indicated by Voltmeter V3
Value
1. Calculate the receiving end power factor by using readings from the wattmeter
and the receiving end voltage current.
2. Construct the phasor diagram as described previously and determine the line
regulation and transmission efficiency.
Discussions: Discuss the result obtained.
EXPERIMENT NO.4
AIM: To study and verify the protection of a parallel feeder by using directional
over current relays.
Apparatus Required:
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Directional Over Current Relay
Induction Disc Type Over Current Relay
Rheostat (3,18A)
Rheostat (9,12A)
1, Auto-transformer
Bulbs (60W, 230V)
Ammeter (0-10)A
Quantity
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
Theory:
Under normal operating conditions, power flows in the normal direction in the
circuit protected by the relay. Therefore, directional overcurrent relay (upper
element) does not operate, thereby keeping the overcurrent element (lower
element) de-energized. However, when a fault or normal condition e.g. short
circuit occurs, there is a tendency for the current of power to flow in the reverse
direction. In this condition the current flows through relaying coil of the lower
element of the relay and the disc in the lower element rotates to bridge the fixed
contacts 1 and 2. This completes the circuit for overcurrent element i.e. upper
element. The disc in this element rotates and the moving contact attached to it
close the trip circuit. This gives command to operate the circuit breaker which
isolates the faulty section. The two relay elements are so arranged that final
tripping of the current controlled by them is not made till the following conditions
are satisfied.
Current flows in a direction such as to operate the directional element.
Current in the reverse direction exceeds the pre-set value.
Excessive current persist for a period corresponding to the time setting of
overcurrent element.
Torque Equation:
In order to operate relay the Directional element of the relay operate first. Torque
developed in the directional element of the relay is given by equation:
T 1 2
Where,
I1=Current flowing in the potential coil of directional element.
I2=Current flowing in the C.T. of directional element.
=Angle between I1 and I2.
I1 V
I2=Current in current coil = I(say)
T
Thus the torque is proportional to the power. The torque rotates the disc and closes
the contacts of directional element, which closes the circuit in overcurrent element
and the relay operate.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Observations and Results:
EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM: To observe and verify the current grading and time grading protection of
radial feeder.
Apparatus Required:
S. No.
1.
Name of Apparatus
Induction Disc Type Overcurrent Relay
Quantity
3
2.
Rheostat 3, 18A
3.
Rheostat 9, 12A
4.
1 Autotransformer
5.
Bulbs 60W,230V
6.
Ammeter
Circuit Diagram:
Theory:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder:
The selectivity is achieved based on the time of operation of the relays. The relays
used are simple over current relays. The time of operation of the relays at various
locations is so adjusted that the relay farthest from the source will have minimum
time of operation and as it is approached towards the source the operating time
increases. This is the main drawback of grading the relays in this way because it is
required that the more severe a fault is, lesser should be the operating time of the
relays whereas in this scheme the operating time increases. The main application of
such a grading is done on systems where the fault current does not vary much with
the location of fault and hence the inverse characteristic is not used. For proper
coordination between various relays on a radial feeder the operating time of the
relay farthest from the source should be minimum and it should increase as we go
towards the source. If the time of operation of relay 1 is T1, then the time of
operation of relay 2 must be T2= T1+t where t is the time step between successive
relays and consists of the time of operation of C.B. at 1,over travel of relay at 2 and
factor of safety time.
2)Current grading protection system for radial feeder:
This type of grading is done on a system where the fault current varies appreciably
with the location of the fault. This means as we go towards the source the fault
current increases. With this if the relays are set to pick at a progressively higher
current towards the source, then the disadvantage of the long time delay that occurs
in case of time graded systems can be partially overcome. This is known as current
grading.
For proper coordination between various relays on a radial feeder the pickup of a
relay should be such that it will operate for all short circuits in its own line and
should provide backup protection for short circuits in immediately adjoining line.
According to Indian Standard Specifications the operating value should exceed 1.3
times the setting i.e. minimum short circuit current > 1.3*Isetting.
Procedure:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The relays are set at a particular value of current.
3. The operating time of the relays for the fault for the particular time is
noted.
4. The time setting is changed and the procedure is repeated for different
values.
5. Plot the characteristics current vs time.
2) Current graded protection system for radial feeder:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The relays are set at a particular value of current.
3. The operating time of the relays for the fault for the particular time is
noted.
4. The time setting is changed and the procedure is repeated for different
values.
Observations and Results:
1) Time graded protection system for radial feeder
S. No.
Time (sec)
Current (A)
Time (sec)
Current (A)