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    CIS 190: C/C++ Programming: Introduction and Getting Started

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    Samuel Yip
    This lecture introduces students to the basics of C programming. It covers variable types, functions, arrays, strings, and input/output using printf and scanf. As an example, it walks through implementing the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm to find prime numbers. The lecture emphasizes that C does not have built-in bounds checking or string types, requiring the programmer to manage memory and strings carefully.

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    CIS 190: C/C++ Programming: Introduction and Getting Started

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Yip
    51 views56 pages
    This lecture introduces students to the basics of C programming. It covers variable types, functions, arrays, strings, and input/output using printf and scanf. As an example, it walks through implementing the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm to find prime numbers. The lecture emphasizes that C does not have built-in bounds checking or string types, requiring the programmer to manage memory and strings carefully.

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    This lecture introduces students to the basics of C programming. It covers variable types, functions, arrays, strings, and input/output using printf and scanf. As an example, it walks through implementing the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm to find prime numbers. The lecture emphasizes that C does not have built-in bounds checking or string types, requiring the programmer to manage memory and strings carefully.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views56 pages

    CIS 190: C/C++ Programming: Introduction and Getting Started

    Uploaded by

    Samuel Yip
    This lecture introduces students to the basics of C programming. It covers variable types, functions, arrays, strings, and input/output using printf and scanf. As an example, it walks through implementing the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm to find prime numbers. The lecture emphasizes that C does not have built-in bounds checking or string types, requiring the programmer to manage memory and strings carefully.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 56

    CIS 190: C/C++ Programming

    Lecture 1
    Introduction and Getting Started

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    This course will


    teach you the basics of C and C++
    C will give you more under the hood experience
    C++ is more powerful, but gives less control

    give you more programming experience

    enable you to learn more independently


    3

    This course will not


    make you an expert in C or C++
    by itself, make you ready to take on a C/C++
    programming job, or design and write a
    professional C/C++ application

    cover the basics (boolean logic, loops,


    recursion, = VS ==, etc.)
    4

    Lecture/Recitation
    the lecture portion is shared by all CIS 19X
    this is the recitation its the actual class
    homeworks, projects, and your grade

    there is no required textbook


    stackoverflow.com can be very helpful

    Grades
    grades are based on:
    homework (70%)
    final project (30%)

    no exams

    grades curved at end of semester


    available throughout semester on Canvas
    6

    Homeworks
    due roughly weekly
    coding environment is left to you, but
    homeworks must run correctly on the
    eniac.seas.upenn.edu machines

    challenge problems are optional, but are more


    work than the points given might indicate
    7

    Late Days
    you have 3 late days for use on homeworks
    can use up to 2 days for a single homework
    cant use late days for project deliverables

    late days take effect immediately after the


    due date
    can track how many are left on Canvas
    8

    Final Project
    timeline of about a month
    design and implement your own choice of
    project in C++
    must work in pairs
    past projects include implementations of
    Solitaire and Clue, text-based adventures, and
    helper apps like to-do lists
    9

    Policies Academic Honesty


    all work must be yours
    do not share code with classmates
    do not plagiarize code from the Internet

    10

    Policies Coding Style


    coding style/standards are part of industry
    good programmers know how to adhere to a
    coding style
    reading the coding style on the webpage is
    part of your first homework

    11

    Policies Coding Style


    dont use magic numbers
    dont use global variables
    dont use while(1) loops
    do comment your code and your files
    do use meaningful names
    do be consistent with your brace style
    12

    Policies Attendance
    attendance is not mandatory
    there are significant advantages though:
    ask questions in real time
    input on what topics we cover
    hints and tips for homeworks

    13

    Policies Contact
    use the Piazza page for any questions about
    the course or assignments
    use private questions if you need to post code
    dont email the TAs/Instructor

    check the website for updates on lectures,


    homework, etc.
    Office Hours will be announced soon
    14

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    15

    Quiz

    16

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    17

    Word of warning
    C is a language that values speed and
    programmer control over guaranteed
    safety. You are expected to develop habits
    that will keep you safe rather than doing
    random things and hoping to be caught.

    Kate Gregory
    18

    Basics
    editor
    xemacs, emacs, pico, vim
    setup guide for Windows machines on website

    compiler
    run in terminal; gcc

    using libraries: #include <lib_name.h>


    stdio.h, string.h, stdlib.h, etc.

    C and C++ require main()


    19

    hello_world.c
    #include <stdio.h>
    int main()
    {
    printf(Hello world!\n);

    return 0;
    }
    LIVECODING

    20

    Compiling with C: gcc


    to compile a file to an executable called hello:
    gcc hello_world.c o hello
    to run the executable output:
    ./hello
    to compile a file with warnings:
    gcc hello_world.c Wall
    -o hello
    LIVECODING

    21

    Anatomy of hello_world.c
    /* includes functions from the
    standard library, like printf */
    #include <stdio.h>
    /* main entry point to our program */
    int main()
    {
    /* prints Hello World! and a newline to screen*/
    printf(Hello world!\n);
    /* returns the result code for the
    program 0 means there was no error */
    return 0;
    }

    LIVECODING

    22

    Variable types in C
    cannot assume variables will be initialized
    variables available in C:
    int, char, float , double, etc.
    long/short, signed/unsigned, etc.

    not available in C:
    boolean, String

    23

    printf
    printf(format string, <arguments>);

    prints the given format string to the console

    format string is text you want to


    print and specifiers (like %s) for additional
    arguments
    the <arguments> are handled in order
    24

    printf format string specifiers


    some of the basic ones:

    %d
    %c
    %s
    %f

    :
    :
    :
    :

    int
    char
    string
    float

    (e.g., 7)
    (e.g., a)
    (e.g., hello)
    (e.g., 6.5)

    25

    printf example
    unlike System.out.println, you
    need to insert line breaks manually: \n

    printf(It was %f %s at %d%c.\n,


    72.5, degrees, 221, B);
    > It was 72.5 degrees at 221B.

    26

    Precision with printf


    printf can also format the text it prints out:
    printf(_%5d_ or %4s or _%-3s_,
    18, dog, a);
    > _
    18_ or _ dog_ or _a _

    spaces used to pad out any extra characters


    use a negative sign to left-align
    27

    Precision with printf


    for floats/doubles, you can specify precision
    for both before and after the decimal: %3.6f
    place the precision number right after the %

    printf(your grade is: %2.3f,


    92.3333333);
    > your grade is: 92.333

    28

    scanf
    reads information from the console (user)
    need to know details about input (formatting)

    ignores whitespace characters


    spaces, tabs, newlines

    uses same specifiers as printf (%d, %s, etc.)


    29

    Storing information from scanf


    information read in is stored in a variable
    /* int, float, and char take pointers */
    scanf(%d, &int_var);
    scanf(%f, &float_var);
    /* char does not do a good job of
    skipping whitespace */
    scanf( %c, &char_var);
    /* string does not take a pointer */
    scanf(%s, string_var);
    30

    scanf example
    int x;
    printf(Enter value for x: );
    scanf(%d, &x);
    printf(x is %d\n, x);
    > ./a.out
    > Enter value for x:

    31

    scanf example
    int x;
    printf(Enter value for x: );
    scanf(%d, &x);
    printf(x is %d\n, x);
    > ./a.out
    > Enter value for x: 18

    32

    scanf example
    int x;
    printf(Enter value for x: );
    scanf(%d, &x);
    printf(x is %d\n, x);
    > ./a.out
    > Enter value for x: 18
    > x is 18
    33

    Arrays in C
    Declaration:
    <type> <name> [size];
    float xArray [10];

    Indexing starts at 0:
    xArray[9]; /* end of the array */

    34

    Limitations of Arrays
    no bounds checking
    no built-in knowledge of array size
    cant return an array from a function
    arrays are static
    once created, their size is fixed

    35

    Declaring arrays in C
    size needs to be pre-determined at compile
    time
    for example, this means you cannot make it a
    value that is read in from the user
    unless you allocate the memory manually
    (which well cover in later lectures)

    36

    for loops and local variables


    for loops work as expected, but local variables
    must be declared at the start of the function
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < 13; i++) {
    printf(%d , i);
    }
    > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    37

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    38

    Sieve of Eratosthenes
    algorithm to quickly identify prime numbers
    before starting, choose the highest number
    youd like to check for being prime
    assume all numbers >= 2 are prime numbers
    for each prime number you encounter, mark
    all of its multiples as composite (not prime)

    39

    EXAMPLE: Sieve of Eratosthenes


    first, assume all numbers >= 2 are prime:
    X X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
    then, take the first prime number and mark all
    of its multiples as composite:
    0 1 2 3 X 5 X 7 X 9 X 11 X 13
    and so on:
    0 1 2 3 4 5 X 7 8 X 10 11 X 13
    LIVECODING

    40

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    41

    Functions in C

    <return value> <name> (<parameters>)

    no public or static necessary

    there are 3 parts to using a function in C:


    function prototype
    function definition
    function call

    42

    Function Parts
    prototype:
    function must be declared before it can be used
    int SquareNumber (int n);

    definition:
    function must be defined
    int SquareNumber (int n) {
    return (n * n); }

    call:
    int answer = SquareNumber(3);
    43

    Functions in hello_world.c
    #include <stdio.h>
    void PrintHelloWorld();
    int main()
    {
    PrintHelloWorld();
    return 0;
    }

    /* function prototype */

    /* function call */

    void PrintHelloWorld()
    /* function definition */
    {
    printf(Hello world!\n);
    }

    LIVECODING

    44

    C-style strings
    there is no native String type in C
    instead, strings in C are represented
    as an array of characters
    terminated by the NULL character, \0
    (backslash zero)

    45

    Declaring C-style strings


    three ways to (statically) declare a string
    char *str1
    = dog;
    char str2 [] = cat;
    char str3 [5];

    first two ways require initial value; length is


    set at that initial strings length (i.e., 4)
    third way creates string of length 5
    46

    C strings are arrays of characters


    char *str1 = dog;
    element

    char
    char str2 [] = cat;
    element

    char
    char str3 [5];
    element

    char

    47

    C strings are arrays of characters


    char *str1 = dog;
    element
    char

    \0

    \0

    char str2 [] = cat;


    element
    char

    char str3 [5];


    element

    char

    48

    C strings are arrays of characters


    char *str1 = dog;
    element
    char

    \0

    \0

    char str2 [] = cat;


    element
    char

    char str3 [5];


    element

    char

    49

    C strings are arrays of characters


    char *str1 = dog;
    element
    char

    \0

    \0

    char str2 [] = cat;


    element
    char

    char str3 [5];


    element
    char

    str3 was only declared, not initialized, so its


    filled with garbage
    50

    C strings are arrays of characters


    char *str1 = dog;
    element
    char

    \0

    \0

    char str2 [] = cat;


    element
    char

    char str3 [5];


    element
    char

    str3 was only declared, not initialized, so its


    filled with garbage and has no null terminator
    51

    Terrible C-style string Joke


    Two strings walk into a bar.
    The bartender says, "What'll it be?"
    The first string says, "I'll have a gin and
    tonic#MV*()>SDk+!^&@P&]JEA&#65535".
    The second string says, "You'll have to excuse my
    friend, he's not null-terminated."
    52

    C-style strings are arrays!


    you cant compare two arrays using ==
    so you cant compare strings that way either
    str1 == str2 will not do what you think

    also cant assign one array to another using =


    so you cant assign one string to another
    str1 = str2 will not do what you think
    53

    C-style string library functions


    to use you must #include <string.h>
    strcmp will compare two strings:
    int notSame = strcmp(str1, str2);

    returns a 0 if the string are identical, not a 1!

    strcpy will copy the 2nd string into the 1st


    strcpy(str1, success!);

    54

    Outline
    Syllabus
    Quiz
    Intro to C Programming
    Basics
    Sieve of Eratosthenes example
    More Basics

    Homework

    55

    Homework 1
    five things to do:
    complete hello_world.c
    complete answers.txt
    turn the above two files in using turnin
    read the style guide online
    fill out availability for OH on when2meet
    use your upenn username

    56

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