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    Bell Curve

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    Wensore Cambia
    The document defines a normal distribution or "bell curve" as a symmetrical pattern where the highest frequency of data values occurs at the mean and frequency decreases evenly on both sides. It then provides examples of how normal distributions can be used to calculate probabilities based on the mean and standard deviation. Specifically, it notes that about 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of values fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Finally, it gives examples of how variables like test scores often approximate a normal distribution.

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    Bell Curve

    Uploaded by

    Wensore Cambia
    415 views6 pages
    The document defines a normal distribution or "bell curve" as a symmetrical pattern where the highest frequency of data values occurs at the mean and frequency decreases evenly on both sides. It then provides examples of how normal distributions can be used to calculate probabilities based on the mean and standard deviation. Specifically, it notes that about 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of values fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Finally, it gives examples of how variables like test scores often approximate a normal distribution.

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    The document defines a normal distribution or "bell curve" as a symmetrical pattern where the highest frequency of data values occurs at the mean and frequency decreases evenly on both sides. It then provides examples of how normal distributions can be used to calculate probabilities based on the mean and standard deviation. Specifically, it notes that about 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of values fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Finally, it gives examples of how variables like test scores often approximate a normal distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    415 views6 pages

    Bell Curve

    Uploaded by

    Wensore Cambia
    The document defines a normal distribution or "bell curve" as a symmetrical pattern where the highest frequency of data values occurs at the mean and frequency decreases evenly on both sides. It then provides examples of how normal distributions can be used to calculate probabilities based on the mean and standard deviation. Specifically, it notes that about 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of values fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Finally, it gives examples of how variables like test scores often approximate a normal distribution.

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    Bell Curve, Normal Distribution Defined

    By Deb Russell
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    Definition: The term bell curve is used to describe the mathematical concept called normal
    distribution, sometimes referred to as Gaussian distribution. Bell curve refers to the shape that
    is created when a line is plotted using the data points for an item that meets the criteria of
    normal distribution. The center contains the greatest number of a value and therefore would be
    the highest point on the arc of the line. This point is referred to the mean, but in simple terms it is
    the highest number of occurences of a element. ( statistical terms, the mode). The important
    things to note about a normal distribution is the curve is concentrated in the center and decreases
    on either side. This is significant in that the data has less of a tendency to produce unusually
    extreme values, called outliers, as compared to other distributions. Also the bell curve signifies
    that the data is symetrical and thus we can create reasonable expectations as to the possibility
    that an outcome will lie within a range to the left or right of the center, once we can measure the
    amount of deviation contained in the data . These are measured in terms of standard deviations. A
    bell curve graph depends on two factors, the mean and the standard deviation. The mean
    identifies the position of the center and the standard deviation determines the the height and
    width of the bell. For example , a large standard deviation creates a bell that is short and wide
    while a small standard deviation creates a tall and narrow curve.
    To understand the probability factors of a normal distribution you need to understand the
    following rules:
    1. The total area under the curve is equal to 1 (100%)
    2. About 68% of the area under the curve falls within 1 standard deviation.
    3. About 95% of the area under the curve falls within 2 standard deviations.
    4 About 99.7% of the area under the curve falls within 3 standard devations.
    Items 2,3 and 4 are sometimes referred to as the empirical rule or the 68-95-99.7 rule. In terms
    of probability, once we determine that the data is normally distributed ( bell curved) and we
    calculate the mean and standard deviation, we are able to determine the probability that a single
    data point will fall within a given range of possibilities.
    A good example of a bell curve or normal distribution is the roll of two dice. The distribution is
    centered around the number 7 and the probability decreases as you move away from the center.
    Here are the % chance of the various outcomes when you roll two dice.
    2 - 2.78 % 8 - 13.89 %
    3 - 5.56 % 9 11.11 %
    4 - 8.33 % 10- 8.33 %
    5 - 11.11% 11- 5.56 %
    6 - 13.89% 12- 2.78 %
    7 - 16.67%
    Normal distributions have many convenient properties, so in many cases, especially in physics
    and astronomy, random variates with unknown distributions are often assumed to be normal to
    allow for probability calculations. Although this can be a dangerous assumption, it is often a
    good approximation due to a surprising result known as the central limit theorem. This theorem
    states that the mean of any set of variates with any distribution having a finite mean and variance

    tends to the normal distribution. Many common attributes such as test scores, height, etc., follow
    roughly normal distributions, with few members at the high and low ends and many in the
    middle.

    The Normal distribution

    The normal distribution


    Definition: A normal distribution is a very important statistical data distribution
    pattern. Certain data, when graphed as a histogram (data on the horizontal axis,
    amount of data on the vertical axis), creates a bell-shaped curve known as a normal
    curve, or normal distribution. Normal distributions are symmetrical with a single
    central peak at the mean of the data. The shape of the curve is described as bellshaped with the graph falling off evenly on either side of the mean. Fifty percent of
    the distribution lies to the left of the mean and fifty percent lies to the right of the
    mean. The mean and the median are the same in a normal distribution.

    Definition of 'Bell Curve'

    The most common type of distribution for a variable. The term "bell curve"
    comes from the fact that the graph used to depict a normal distribution consists
    of a bell-shaped line.
    The bell curve is also known as a normal distribution. The bell curve is less
    commonly referred to as a Gaussian distribution, after German mathematician
    and physicist Karl Gauss, who popularized the model in the scientific community
    by using it to analyze astronomical data.

    Investopedia explains 'Bell Curve'


    The highest point in the curve, or the top of the bell, represents the most
    probable event. All possible occurrences are equally distributed around the most
    probable event, which creates a downward-sloping line on each side of the peak.

    Student t Distribution Table

    By Courtney Taylor
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    Data Analysis

    This table is a compilation of data from the Student t distribution. Anytime that a t-distribution is
    being used, a table such as this one can be consulted to perform calculations. This distribution is
    similar to the standard normal distribution, or bell curve, however the table is arranged
    differently than the table for the bell curve. The table below provides critical t-values for a
    particular area of one tail (listed along the top of the table) and degrees of freedom (listed along
    the side of the table). Degrees of freedom range from 1 to 30, with the bottom row of "Large"
    referring to several thousand degrees of freedom.

    Critical Values of t Distribution


    t

    0.40

    0.25

    0.10

    0.05

    0.025

    0.01

    0.005

    0.0005

    0.32492 1.00000 3.07768 6.31375 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567 636.619


    0
    0
    4
    2
    0
    2
    4
    2

    0.28867 0.81649 1.88561 2.91998


    4.30265 6.96456 9.92484 31.5991
    5
    7
    8
    6

    0.27667 0.76489 1.63774 2.35336


    3.18245 4.54070 5.84091 12.9240
    1
    2
    4
    3

    0.27072 0.74069 1.53320 2.13184


    2.77645 3.74695 4.60409 8.6103
    2
    7
    6
    7

    0.26718 0.72668 1.47588 2.01504


    2.57058 3.36493 4.03214 6.8688
    1
    7
    4
    8

    0.26483 0.71755 1.43975 1.94318


    2.44691 3.14267 3.70743 5.9588
    5
    8
    6
    0

    0.26316 0.71114 1.41492 1.89457


    2.36462 2.99795 3.49948 5.4079
    7
    2
    4
    9

    0.26192 0.70638 1.39681 1.85954


    2.30600 2.89646 3.35539 5.0413
    1
    7
    5
    8

    0.26095 0.70272 1.38302 1.83311


    2.26216 2.82144 3.24984 4.7809
    5
    2
    9
    3

    10

    0.26018 0.69981 1.37218 1.81246


    2.22814 2.76377 3.16927 4.5869
    5
    2
    4
    1

    11

    0.25955 0.69744 1.36343 1.79588


    2.20099 2.71808 3.10581 4.4370
    6
    5
    0
    5

    12

    0.25903 0.69548 1.35621 1.78228


    2.17881 2.68100 3.05454 4.3178
    3
    3
    7
    8

    13

    0.25859 0.69382 1.35017 1.77093


    2.16037 2.65031 3.01228 4.2208
    1
    9
    1
    3

    14

    0.25821 0.69241 1.34503 1.76131


    2.14479 2.62449 2.97684 4.1405
    3
    7
    0
    0

    15

    0.25788 0.69119 1.34060 1.75305


    2.13145 2.60248 2.94671 4.0728
    5
    7
    6
    0

    16

    0.25759 0.69013 1.33675 1.74588 2.11991 2.58349 2.92078 4.0150

    17

    0.25734 0.68919 1.33337 1.73960


    2.10982 2.56693 2.89823 3.9651
    7
    5
    9
    7

    18

    0.25712 0.68836 1.33039 1.73406


    2.10092 2.55238 2.87844 3.9216
    3
    4
    1
    4

    19

    0.25692 0.68762 1.32772 1.72913


    2.09302 2.53948 2.86093 3.8834
    3
    1
    8
    3

    20

    0.25674 0.68695 1.32534 1.72471


    2.08596 2.52798 2.84534 3.8495
    3
    4
    1
    8

    21

    0.25658 0.68635 1.32318 1.72074


    2.07961 2.51765 2.83136 3.8193
    0
    2
    8
    3

    22

    0.25643 0.68580 1.32123 1.71714


    2.07387 2.50832 2.81876 3.7921
    2
    5
    7
    4

    23

    0.25629 0.68530 1.31946 1.71387


    2.06866 2.49987 2.80734 3.7676
    7
    6
    0
    2

    24

    0.25617 0.68485 1.31783 1.71088


    2.06390 2.49216 2.79694 3.7454
    3
    0
    6
    2

    25

    0.25606 0.68443 1.31634 1.70814


    2.05954 2.48511 2.78744 3.7251
    0
    0
    5
    1

    26

    0.25595 0.68404 1.31497 1.70561


    2.05553 2.47863 2.77871 3.7066
    5
    3
    2
    8

    27

    0.25585 0.68368 1.31370 1.70328


    2.05183 2.47266 2.77068 3.6896
    8
    5
    3
    8

    28

    0.25576 0.68335 1.31252 1.70113


    2.04841 2.46714 2.76326 3.6739
    8
    3
    7
    1

    29

    0.25568 0.68304 1.31143 1.69912


    2.04523 2.46202 2.75639 3.6594
    4
    4
    4
    7

    30

    0.25560 0.68275 1.31041 1.69726


    2.04227 2.45726 2.75000 3.6460
    5
    6
    5
    1

    Larg 0.25334 0.67449 1.28155 1.64485


    1.95996 2.32635 2.57583 3.2905
    e
    7
    0
    2
    4

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