BRITISH STANDARD

Hydraulically bound
mixtures
Specifications
Part 3: Fly ash bound mixtures

The European Standard EN 14227-3:2004 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 93.080.20

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:

BS EN
14227-3:2004

BS EN 14227-3:2004

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 14227-3:2004.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/4, Cementitious bound
materials, unbound granular materials, waste materials and marginal
materials, which has the responsibility to:

aid enquirers to understand the text;

present to the responsible international/European committee any

enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;

monitor related international and European developments and

promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or
by using the Search facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 32, an inside back cover and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication

This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee on
23 July 2004
BSI 23 July 2004

ISBN 0 580 44130 X

Amd. No.

Date

Comments

EN 14227-3

EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM

July 2004

ICS 93.080.20

English version

Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 3: Fly ash

bound mixtures
Mlanges traits aux liants hydrauliques - Spcifications Partie 3 : Mlanges traits la cendre volante

Hydraulisch gebundene Gemische - Anforderungen - Teil 3:

Flugaschegebundene Gemische

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 April 2004.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

2004 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.

B-1050 Brussels

Ref. No. EN 14227-3:2004: E

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Contents
page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................4
1

Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5

Normative references ............................................................................................................................5

Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6

Symbols and abbreviations ..................................................................................................................6

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

Constituents ...........................................................................................................................................7
Fly ash.....................................................................................................................................................7
Lime.........................................................................................................................................................7
Cement ....................................................................................................................................................7
Aggregates .............................................................................................................................................7
Gypsum...................................................................................................................................................7
Granulated blast furnace slag ..............................................................................................................7
Other constituents .................................................................................................................................7
Water .......................................................................................................................................................8

6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.5
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3
6.7

Fly ash bound mixtures ........................................................................................................................8

General....................................................................................................................................................8
Types.......................................................................................................................................................8
Water content .........................................................................................................................................8
Proportioning of the constituents, grading and dry density.............................................................8
Laboratory mechanical performance...................................................................................................8
Fly ash bound mixture 1 .......................................................................................................................8
Fly ash bound mixture 2 .......................................................................................................................9
Description .............................................................................................................................................9
Grading of the mixture ..........................................................................................................................9
Compacity...............................................................................................................................................9
Immediate bearing index of the mixture..............................................................................................9
Fly ash bound mixture 3 .......................................................................................................................9
Description .............................................................................................................................................9
Grading of the mixture ..........................................................................................................................9
Immediate bearing index of the mixture............................................................................................10
Fly ash bound mixture 4 .....................................................................................................................10
Fly ash bound mixture 5 .....................................................................................................................10
Description ...........................................................................................................................................10
Fly ash...................................................................................................................................................10
Lime activated mixtures ......................................................................................................................10
Examples of fly ash bound mixtures .................................................................................................10

7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4

Laboratory mechanical performance classification.........................................................................11

General..................................................................................................................................................11
Classification by compressive strength............................................................................................11
Classification by Rt, E ..........................................................................................................................12
General..................................................................................................................................................12
Method by direct tensile testing.........................................................................................................12
Method by indirect tensile testing......................................................................................................12
Method by indirect tensile and compression testing.......................................................................12

Other characteristics ...........................................................................................................................13

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Workability period ...............................................................................................................................13

10

Production control ..............................................................................................................................13

11
11.1
11.2

Designation and description ..............................................................................................................13

Designation ..........................................................................................................................................13
Description ...........................................................................................................................................13

12

Marking and labelling..........................................................................................................................14

Annex A (normative) Compacity of a fly ash bound mixture 2 ...................................................................23

Annex B (informative) Examples of fly ash bound mixtures using siliceous fly ash ...............................24
Annex C (informative) Examples of fly ash bound mixtures using calcareous fly ash ............................25
Annex D (informative) Production control for hydraulically treated mixtures ..........................................26
D.1
General .................................................................................................................................................26
D.2
Quality manual .....................................................................................................................................26
D.3
Organization.........................................................................................................................................26
D.3.1 Responsibility and authority ..............................................................................................................26
D.3.2 Management representative...............................................................................................................26
D.3.3 Internal audits ......................................................................................................................................26
D.3.4 Management review ............................................................................................................................27
D.3.5 Sub-contract services .........................................................................................................................27
D.3.6 Records ................................................................................................................................................27
D.3.7 Training.................................................................................................................................................27
D.4
Control procedures .............................................................................................................................27
D.4.1 Production management ....................................................................................................................27
D.4.2 Composition of the mixture................................................................................................................28
D.4.3 Constituents.........................................................................................................................................28
D.4.4 Process control ...................................................................................................................................28
D.4.5 Inspection, calibration and control of process equipment .............................................................28
D.4.6 Handling and delivery .........................................................................................................................29
D.5
Inspection and testing of constituents and mixtures during production......................................29
D.5.1 General .................................................................................................................................................29
D.5.2 Characteristics that require control during production ..................................................................29
D.5.3 Frequency of sampling the mixture...................................................................................................30
D.6
Inspection and testing equipment .....................................................................................................30
D.6.1 General .................................................................................................................................................30
D.6.2 Measuring and testing equipment .....................................................................................................30
D.6.3 Measuring and testing equipment in the process ...........................................................................30
D.6.4 Measuring and testing equipment in laboratory ..............................................................................30
D.7
Non-conformity....................................................................................................................................31
D.7.1 General .................................................................................................................................................31
D.7.2 Non-conformity of constituents.........................................................................................................31
D.7.3 Non-conformity of the mixture ...........................................................................................................31
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................32

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 14227-3:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 Road materials,
the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2005.
This document is one of a series of standards for hydraulically bound mixtures.
prEN 14227-1, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 1: Cement bound granular
mixtures
EN 14227-2, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 2: Slag bound mixtures
EN 14227-3, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 3: Fly ash bound mixtures
EN 14227-4, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically bound mixtures
EN 14227-5, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 5: Hydraulic road binder bound mixtures
prEN 14227-10, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 10: Soil treated by cement
prEN 14227-11, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 11: Soil treated by lime
prEN 14227-12, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 12: Soil treated by slag
prEN 14227-13, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 13: Soil treated by
hydraulic road binder
prEN 14227-14, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 14: Soil treated by fly
ash
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Scope

This document specifies fly ash bound mixtures for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies
the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. In this
document, fly ash refers to siliceous or calcareous fly ash complying with EN 14227-4. Where fly ash is part of
cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, then reference should be made to
prEN 14227-1 and EN 14227-5 respectively.

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 197-1, Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
EN 933-1, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of particle size
distribution Sieving method
EN 1097-6, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 6: Determination of particle
density and water absorption
EN 1097-7, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 7: Determination of the particle
density of filler Pyknometer method
EN 13242, Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and
road construction
EN 13286-1, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 1: Test methods for laboratory reference
density and water content Introduction, general requirements and sampling
EN 13286-2, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 2: Test methods for the determination of the
laboratory reference density and water content Proctor compaction
EN 13286-3, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 3: Test methods for laboratory reference
density and water content Vibrocompression with controlled parameters
EN 13286-4, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 4: Test methods for laboratory reference
density and water content Vibrating hammer
EN 13286-5, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 5: Test methods for laboratory reference
density and water content Vibrating table
EN 13286-40, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 40: Test method for the determination of the
direct tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures
EN 13286-41, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 41: Test method for the determination of the
compressive strength of hydraulically bound mixtures
EN 13286-42, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 42: Test method for the determination of the
indirect tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

EN 13286-43, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 43: Test method for the determination of the
modulus of elasticity of hydraulically bound mixtures
EN 13286-45, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 45: Test method for the determination of the
workability period of hydraulically bound mixtures
EN 13286-47, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 47: Test methods for the determination of
California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and linear swelling
prEN 13286-50, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 50: Method for the manufacture of test
specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using Proctor equipment or vibrating table compaction
prEN 13286-51, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 51: Method for the manufacture of test
specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures by vibrating hammer compaction
prEN 13286-52, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Part 52: Method for the manufacture of test
specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures by vibrocompression
prEN 13286-53, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Methods for the manufacture of test specimens of
hydraulically bound mixtures by axial compression
EN 14227-2, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 2: Slag bound mixtures
EN 14227-4, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically bound mixtures
prEN 14227-11, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 11: Soil treated by lime

Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
hydraulically bound mixture
mixture which sets and hardens by hydraulic reaction
3.2
fly ash bound mixture
hydraulically bound mixture in which siliceous or calcareous fly ash is the essential constituent of the binder
NOTE

Hardening may be controlled by additional constituents.

3.3
slenderness ratio
height to diameter ratio of the specimen
3.4
compacity
ratio of the absolute volume of the solid to the apparent volume of the mixture (see annex A)

Symbols and abbreviations

For the purpose of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
Rc

is the compressive strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Rt

is the direct tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Rit

is the indirect tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

is the modulus of elasticity, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Ec

is the E determined by compression, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Et

is the E determined in direct tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa);

Eit

is the E determined in indirect tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa).

5
5.1

Constituents
Fly ash

Siliceous or calcareous fly ash shall conform to EN 14227-4.

5.2

Lime

Quick lime (CaO) or hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] shall conform to prEN 14227-11.

5.3

Cement

Cement shall conform to EN 197-1.

5.4

Aggregates

Aggregates shall be selected from EN 13242.

The properties and the appropriate categories of the aggregates shall be specified depending on the position
of the fly ash bound mixture in the pavement structure and the traffic to be carried.
Aggregates shall be volumetrically stable. When this is not the case, the use of the mixture shall be permitted
provided there is a satisfactory performance record or a thorough laboratory evaluation of the mixture has
been carried out in accordance with provisions valid at the place of use.

5.5

Gypsum

The percentage of (CaSO4 2 H2O) shall be higher than 90 %. The maximum size shall be less than 5 mm.
NOTE 1

Gypsum, natural or artificial, is a hardening activator.

NOTE 2
Unless the constituents and the mixture are well known and proven, it will be necessary to check the
expansion of mixtures containing gypsum.

5.6

Granulated blast furnace slag

Granulated blast furnace slag shall conform to EN 14227-2.

5.7

Other constituents

Constituents, including calcium chloride and sodium carbonate can be used to enhance the setting and
hardening of fly ash bound mixtures.

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

5.8

Water

Water shall not contain components that adversely affect the hardening and performance of the fly ash bound
mixture.

Fly ash bound mixtures

6.1

General

6.1.1

Types

Fly ash bound mixture shall be made from the constituents specified in 5.1.
The mixture shall be selected from the 5 types described below and shall conform to the specified
requirements for the selected mixture.
6.1.2

Water content

The water content shall be selected to permit compaction on site by rolling and to optimize the mechanical
performance of the mixture. The water content shall be determined by the Proctor test or other method in
accordance with EN 13286-1 to -5 and limits set to give a workable range of water content on site compatible
with the compaction and the desired mechanical performance of the mixture.
6.1.3

Proportioning of the constituents, grading and dry density

The proportioning of the constituents, expressed as a percentage by dry mass of the total dry mass of the
mixture, the grading and the dry density of the mixture, shall be declared. The declared proportions shall be
based on the laboratory mixture design and/or practical experiences with mixtures produced with the same
constituents and under the same conditions in a way that the mixture complies with the requirements of
thisdocument.
6.1.4

Laboratory mechanical performance

The laboratory mechanical performance characterization and category shall be selected from clause 7.

6.2

Fly ash bound mixture 1

Fly ash bound mixture 1 shall be a 0/31,5 mm mixture with a grading, determined in accordance with EN 9331, complying with Table 1.
Table 1 Grading of fly ash bound mixture 1

Column

Line

Fly ash bound

mixture

1 0/31,5

3
Grading envelopes

Mixture using
siliceous fly ash

Mixture using
calcareous fly ash

Figure 1

Figure 2

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

6.3

Fly ash bound mixture 2

6.3.1

Description

Fly ash bound mixture 2 shall be a granular mixture with compacity requirement where fly ash is part of the
binder. There are 3 sub-types depending on the aggregate size.
6.3.2

Grading of the mixture

The grading of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, shall comply with Table 2. According to
the use of the mixture, either category G1 or category G2 of the grading envelope in Figures 3 to 8 shall be
specified.
Table 2 Gradings of fly ash bound mixture 2
Column

Line

Fly ash bound

mixture

Grading category

Mixture using
siliceous fly ash

Mixture using
calcareous fly ash

2-0/20

G1 or G2

Figure 3

Figure 4

2-0/14

G1 or G2

Figure 5

Figure 6

2-0/10

G1 or G2

Figure 7

Figure 8

6.3.3

4
Grading envelopes

Compacity

The minimum compacity of the mixture at the maximum modified Proctor dry density shall be 0,80 calculated
in accordance with annex A.
6.3.4

Immediate bearing index of the mixture

In the case of fly ash bound mixture 2 0/10, the immediate bearing index, determined in accordance with EN
13286-47 using modified Proctor compaction, shall not be less than 50.

6.4
6.4.1

Fly ash bound mixture 3

Description

Fly ash bound mixture 3 shall be a fine aggregate mixture with immediate bearing index requirement where
fly ash is part of the binder.
6.4.2

Grading of the mixture

The grading of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, shall comply with Table 3.
Table 3 Grading of fly ash bound mixture 3
Column
Line
1

Sieve mm

12,5

6,3

0,063

Percentage passing by mass

100

85

35

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

6.4.3

Immediate bearing index of the mixture

In order to facilitate site compaction and depending on trafficking, the immediate bearing index of the mixture,
determined in accordance with EN 13286-47 using modified Proctor compaction, shall be selected from Table
4.
Table 4 Immediate bearing index categories for fly ash bound mixture 3
Column

Line

Immediate bearing index

requirement

Immediate bearing index

category

40

IPI40

25

IPI25

No requirement

IPINR

NOTE
Mixtures with an immediate bearing index less than 40 may not support immediate trafficking and should be
used with care. The addition of another aggregate can be necessary to achieve the immediate bearing index required for
immediate use.

6.5

Fly ash bound mixture 4

Fly ash bound mixture 4 shall be a mixture where the grading, determined in accordance with EN 933-1, is
declared by the supplier.
NOTE

6.6

If appropriate, other properties, such as immediate bearing index, may be declared.

Fly ash bound mixture 5

6.6.1

Description

Fly ash bound mixture 5 shall be a mixture where fly ash is the main constituent of the mixture and part of the
binder.
6.6.2

Fly ash

The fly ash shall be siliceous fly ash conforming to EN 14227-4.

6.6.3

Lime activated mixtures

In the case of lime activated mixtures containing gypsum, the proportion of gypsum shall not exceed 7 % by
dry mass and the proportion of lime shall not exceed 5 % by mass in the case of quick lime (CaO) or 6 % by
mass in the case of hydrated lime. Unless the constituents and the mixture are well known and proven, the
mixture shall be checked for expansion in accordance with regulations at the place of use.

6.7

Examples of fly ash bound mixtures

Annexes B and C give examples of fly ash bound mixtures.

NOTE
Europe.

10

The examples are not exhaustive, nor the proportions intended to be restrictive, but illustrate the current use in

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Laboratory mechanical performance classification

7.1

General

Laboratory mechanical performance shall be characterized and classified by one of the following methods:

compressive strength Rc;

the combination Rt,E of tensile strength Rt and modulus of elasticity E.

NOTE

7.2

No correlation is intended nor should be assumed between the two methods.

Classification by compressive strength

Mixtures shall be classified by compressive strength determined in accordance with EN 13286-41 carried out
on specimens manufactured in accordance with prEN 13286-50 to prEN 13286-53.
The class of compressive strength shall be selected from Table 5 in combination with the selected method of
specimen manufacture.
NOTE
The permitted methods of specimen manufacture realize different specimen shapes and density, and thus for
the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization, not to separate
strength from the method of specimen manufacture.

The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at the place of
use.
For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, compressive strength shall be the average
result from at least three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall be
discarded and compressive strength taken as the average of the other values.
Table 5 Compressive strength classification
Column

Line

Minimum Rc for cylinders of

slenderness ratio 2a
MPa

Minimum Rc for cylinders of

slenderness ratio 1 a and cubes
Mpa

Rc Class

0,4

0,5

C0,4/0,5

0,8

C0,8/1

1,5

C1,5/2

C3/4

C6/8

12

C9/12

12

16

C12/16

15

20

C15/20

18

24

C18/24

10

21

28

C21/28

11

24

32

C24/32

12

27

36

C27/36

13
a

Declared value

Declared value

CDV

If cylinders with slenderness ratios other than 1 or 2 are used, then the correlation with cylinders of either slenderness ratio 1 or 2
shall be established before use.

11

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Classification by Rt, E

7.3
7.3.1

General

Mixtures shall be classified by the combination of tensile strength Rt and modulus of elasticity E, designated
Rt, E.
The class of Rt, E shall be selected from Figure 9.
The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at the place of
use.
For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, Rt and E shall be the average result from at
least three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall be discarded and Rt and
E taken as the average of the other values.
Rt and E shall be established using one of the equivalent methods outlined in 7.3.2 to 7.3.4.
7.3.2

Method by direct tensile testing

Rt shall be determined in accordance with EN 13286-40.

E shall be determined in direct tension Et in accordance with EN 13286-43.
For both, specimens shall be manufactured using vibrocompression in accordance with prEN 13286-52.
7.3.3

Method by indirect tensile testing

Rt shall be derived from Rit determined in accordance with EN 13286-42 using the relationship Rt = 0,8 Rit.
E shall be derived from Eit (E measured in indirect tension) determined in accordance with EN 13286-43 using
the relationship E = Eit.
Specimens shall be manufactured using:

either Proctor compaction for both in accordance with prEN 13286-50;

or vibrating hammer for both in accordance with prEN 13286-51;

or vibrocompression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-52;

or axial compression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-53.

NOTE
The permitted methods of specimen manufacture realize different specimen shapes and density, and thus for
the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization, not to separate
strength from the method of specimen manufacture.

7.3.4

Method by indirect tensile and compression testing

Rt shall be derived from Rit determined in accordance with EN 13286-42 using the relationship Rt = 0,8 Rit.
E shall be derived from Ec (E measured in compression) determined in accordance with EN 13286-43 using
the relationship E = Ec.

12

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Specimens shall be manufactured using:

either Proctor compaction for both in accordance with prEN 13286-50;

or vibrating hammer for both in accordance with prEN 13286-51;

or vibrocompression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-52;

or axial compression for both in accordance with prEN 13286-53.

NOTE
The permitted methods of specimen manufacture realize different specimen shapes and density, and thus for
the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization, not to separate
strength from the method of specimen manufacture.

Other characteristics

Where appropriate, other characteristics, such as frost resistance, shall be examined in accordance with the
provisions valid in the place of use.

Workability period

When required for the intended use, the workability period, determined in accordance with EN 13286-45, shall
be declared.

10 Production control
See annex D (informative).

11 Designation and description

11.1 Designation
The product shall be designated by:
a)

producer code of the mixture formulation;

b)

reference to this document;

c)

producer and place of production;

d)

type and characterisation of the fly ash bound mixture (e.g. fly ash bound mixture 2 Siliceous fly ash
0/20 G2 C9/12).

11.2 Description
The product shall be described by:
a)

description of the constituents;

b)

mixture proportions (in % by mass);

c)

method of manufacture, curing mode and period, and testing of specimens;

13

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

d)

dry density of the specimens;

e)

laboratory mechanical performance values;

f)

other declared characteristics.

12 Marking and labelling

The delivery ticket shall contain at least the following:
a)

designation;

b)

date of dispatch;

c)

quantity;

d)

serial number of the ticket.

Key
X
Y

Sieve size in millimetre (mm)

Percentage passing by mass
Sieve
mm
40
31,5
25
20
10
4

14

Percentage passing by mass

minimum
maximum
100
85
75
66
48
34

100
100
95
82
68

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

2
0,5
0,25
0,063

26
16
13
7

58
38
30
18

Figure 1 Grading envelope for fly ash bound mixture 1 0/31,5 with siliceous fly ash

KeyX
Y

Sieve size in millimetre (mm)

Percentage passing by mass
Sieve
mm
40
31,5
25
20
10
4
2
0,5
0,25
0,063

Percentage passing by mass

minimum
maximum
100
85
75
65
44
26
18
8
6
3

100
100
94
78
61
50
30
22
11

Figure 2 Grading envelope for fly ash bound mixture 1 0/31,5 with calcareous fly ash

15

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm
31,5

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

100

20

85

100

100

10

60

83

88

6,3

47

69

76

39

59

66

29

47

53

0,5

18

30

34

0,25

14

24

27

0,063

17

19

Figure 3 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/20 with siliceous fly ash

16

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm
31,5

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

100

20

85

100

100

10

55

80

87

6,3

42

66

75

32

56

66

23

43

54

0,5

11

26

31

0,25

19

23

0,063

3,5

11

Figure 4 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/20 with calcareous fly ash

17

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

25

100

14

84

100

100

10

73

95

97

6,3

60

81

87

48

67

74

35

51

57

0,5

20

32

35

0,25

15

25

28

0,063

18

19

Figure 5 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/14 with siliceous fly ash

18

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

25

100

14

85

100

100

10

68

90

97

6,3

50

72

84

38

60

71

26

46

56

0,5

13

27

32

0,25

10

20

23

10

11

0,063

4,5

Figure 6 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/14 with calcareous fly ash

19

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

16

100

10

85

100

100

6,3

62

86

93

49

73

84

36

55

66

0,5

22

34

40

0,25

17

26

30

0,063

10

19

20

Figure 7 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/10 with siliceous fly ash

20

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
X Percentage passing by mass
Y Sieve size in millimetre (mm)
1 Catagory G1
2 Category G2
Sieve
mm

Percentage passing by mass

minimum

maximum
category G1

maximum
category G2

16

100

10

85

100

100

6,3

62

83

91

48

71

81

33

54

64

0,5

17

31

36

0,25

12

23

25

12

13

0,063

6,5

Figure 8 Grading envelopes for fly ash bound mixture 2 0/10 with calcareous fly ash

21

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Key
Y Direct tensile strength Rt, in MPa
X

Elastic modulus E, in MPa

E
MPa

2 000

5 000

Low limit of
category

NOTE

10 000

40 000

Rt
MPa

T5

0,97

1,50

1,93

2,35

2,60

T4

0,67

1,00

1,26

1,49

1,70

T3

0,52

0,73

0,90

1,05

1,20

T2

0,34

0,47

0,57

0,67

0,75

T1

0,19

0,26

0,32

0,38

0,43

The table gives the values of Rt and E used to draw the curves limiting the categories T5, T4, T3, T2 and T1.

Figure 9 Classification by Rt, E

22

20 000

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Annex A
(normative)
Compacity of a fly ash bound mixture 2

The compacity before setting of a fly ash bound mixture 2 shall be defined as the value of the ratio:

absolute volume of solid/apparent volume of the mixture.

This shall be calculated by the following formula:

C = (m/100) (a/A + b/B + c/C ...)

(A.1)

where
C

is the compacity;

is the maximum dry density of the mixture, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m );

is the particle density of the constituent A, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m );

is the particle density of the constituent B, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m );

is the particle density of the constituent C, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m );

is the constituent A content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%);

is the constituent B content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%);

is the constituent C content in mass related to the mixture, in percent (%);

The particle density of the constituents (A, B, C,..) shall be determined according to EN 1097-6 annex A
(pre-dried particle density), or EN 1097-7, depending on their particle size.
For example, the compacity at the maximum modified Proctor dry density of the mixture described below shall
be calculated as follows:
Table A.1
Column

Line

Constituent

Particle density
3
Mg/m

Coarse aggregate 6,3/20

50

2,69

Coarse aggregate 0/6,3

36

2,65

Siliceous fly ash

12

2,20

Hydrated lime

2,25

Maximum modifed Proctor dry density of the mixture

3
Mg/m

2,11

C = (2,11/100) (50/2,69 + 36/2,65 + 12/2,20+ 2/2,25) = 0,81

23

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Annex B
(informative)
Examples of fly ash bound mixtures using siliceous fly ash

Column

Line

Type

1
2

Examples

Fly Ash / Lime

5

Fly Ash / Lime / Gypsum

Typical proportions as a percentage of dry mass

%

9
Typical
water
content

Siliceous
Fly Ash

Limea

Cement

Fine
Aggregate

Coarse
Aggregate

Other
Material

93 to 97

3 to 7

15 to 25

91

5 % gypsum

15 to 25

Fly Ash / Cement

90 to 95

5 to 10

15 to 25

Fly Ash / Lime /

Granular Material

4 to 13

1 to 3

30 to 40

50 to 55

6 to 8

Fly Ash / Cement /

Granular Material

3 to 6

1 to 3

40 to 45

50 to 55

6 to 8

Fly Ash / GBSb /

Granular Material

5 to 7

0 to 2

30 to 40

50 to 55

5 to 7 %GBSb

6 to 8

Fly Ash / Lime /

Fine Aggregate

9 to 12

2 to 4

84 to 89

~10

Fly Ash / Cement /

Fine Aggregate

6 to 8

2 to 4

88 to 92

~10

1
and
2

Lime means CaO or Ca(OH)2, and may be supplied preblended with dry fly ash.

Granulated blast furnace slag.

24

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Annex C
(informative)
Examples of fly ash bound mixtures using calcareous fly ash

Column

Typical proportions as a percentage of dry mass

%
Calcareous
Fly Ash

Cement

Fine
Aggregate

Coarse
Aggregate

Other
Material

Typical
water
content
%

80 to 95

5 to 20

15 to 30

Fly Ash / Granular Material

3 to 6

94 to 97

5 to 7

Fly Ash / Cement /

Granular Material

3 to 16

1 to 4

80 to 96

5 to 7

Fly Ash / Fine Aggregate

4 to 8

92 to 96

~10

Fly Ash / GBSa /

Fine Aggregate

2 to 4

92 to 96

2 to 4 %
GBSa

5 to 7

Fly Ash / Cement / GBSa /

Fine Aggregate

1 to 3

1 to 2

92 to 96

1 to 3 %
GBSa

5 to 7

Line

Type

1
and
2

6
a

Examples

Fly Ash / Cement

Granulated blast furnace slag.

25

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Annex D
(informative)
Production control for hydraulically treated mixtures

D.1 General
This annex describes the recommendations for a production control system for producers of hydraulically
treated mixtures (e.g. aggregates and soils treated by lime, hydraulic binders or hydraulic combinations).
The objective of production control is to give assurance that the mixture conforms to the specification.

D.2 Quality manual

The producer should establish and maintain his policy and procedures for production control in a quality
manual that should include:

the producer's organizational structure relating to quality;

control of constituents and mixtures;

process control, calibration and maintenance;

requirements for the handling and storage of the mixture when appropriate;

inspection, calibration and control of the measuring equipment in the process, and laboratory testing
equipment for the mixture;

procedures for handling non-conforming mixture.

D.3 Organization
D.3.1 Responsibility and authority
The responsibility, authority and inter-relation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify work affecting
quality should be defined in the quality manual, particularly personnel who have authority to identify, record
and rectify any mixture quality problems.

D.3.2 Management representative

The producer should appoint a person with appropriate authority, knowledge and experience of production
control and to ensure that the requirements of the quality manual are implemented and maintained.

D.3.3 Internal audits

The producer should carry out internal quality audits to verify compliance with the planned arrangements and
the effectiveness of the quality system. Audits should be scheduled on the basis of the status and importance
of the activity. The audits and follow up action should be carried out in accordance with documented
procedures. The results of the audits should be documented and brought to the attention of the personnel

26

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

having responsibility in the area audited. The management personnel responsible for the area should take
timely corrective action on the deficiencies found by the audit and should keep a record of the action taken.

D.3.4 Management review

The production control system should be reviewed at appropriate intervals by management to ensure its
continuing suitability and effectiveness. Records of such reviews should be maintained.

D.3.5 Sub-contract services

Where any services are supplied from outside the producer's resources, means of control should be
established.

D.3.6 Records
The production control system should contain adequately documented procedures and instructions.
The intended frequencies of tests and inspections by the producer should be documented and the results of
tests and inspections recorded.
Sampling location, date and time, as well as details of the mixture or constituents tested, should be recorded
together with any other relevant information.
Where the constituent or mixture examined does not satisfy the requirements of the appropriate specification
and thisdocument, records should be kept of corrective actions taken to ensure the quality of the mixture is
maintained.
Records should be kept in such a way that they are retrievable and be retained for the period stated in the
quality manual, usually a minimum of 3 years or longer if legally required.

D.3.7 Training
The producer should establish and maintain procedures for the training of all personnel involved in activities
affecting quality. Personnel performing specific assigned tasks should be suitably qualified on the basis of
appropriate education, training or experience, as required. Training records should be kept.

D.4 Control procedures

D.4.1 Production management
The production control system should contain the following:
a)

the composition of the mixture to be produced;

b)

procedures to adjust mixture composition;

c)

procedures to ensure that constituents comply with requirements;

d)

procedures to ensure that production equipment, including mixture storage facilities, maintain the
composition, homogeneity, and consistency of the mixture;

e)

procedures for:
calibrating, maintaining and adjusting the process and testing equipment;

27

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

sampling the constituents and mixture;

data recording during processing;
adjusting the process according to weather conditions;
f)

instructions so that the mixture is identifiable up to the point of delivery as regards source and type.

D.4.2 Composition of the mixture

The composition of the mixtures should be established from a laboratory mixture design procedure intended to
ensure the mixture should have properties conforming to the relevantdocument.
Where applicable, the composition of regularly produced mixtures will be included in a catalogue of mixtures
compositions and considered as the mixture base line or target composition.
The compositions should be re-established in case of significant change in constituents and should be
reviewed periodically to ensure the mixture conforms to requirements taking account any change in properties
of constituents.

D.4.3 Constituents
Documentation should detail the source and type of each constituent of the mixture for use at the production
location.
Adequate supplies of constituent should be available to ensure that the planned rates of production and
delivery can be maintained.
The specifications for incoming constituents should be established and communicated to suppliers by means
of written orders.
The control procedures should check that constituents are capable of providing the required quality.
Constituents should be transported and stored in such a manner as to avoid intermingling, contamination or
deterioration that may affect the quality of the product.

D.4.4 Process control

The quality manual should include:

a description of equipment and installation;

a description of the flow of constituents and the processes carried out on them. If appropriate this should
incorporate a flow diagram;

a schedule for monitoring the performance of the process, (manual or automatic systems), including a
record of equipment performance against the stated tolerances.

D.4.5 Inspection, calibration and control of process equipment

The quality manual should identify items of measuring devices that require calibration and the frequency of
such calibration.
Calibration procedures should be provided, including the permitted tolerances for the devices to remain in
service. The quality manual should state the required accuracy of all calibrations.

28

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

The equipment should be adequately maintained to ensure that it continues to be capable of producing
mixture to the required specifications and tolerances.

D.4.6 Handling and delivery

The quality manual should contain procedures to ensure that the mixture is handled and (where appropriate)
delivered with the minimum of segregation or degradation and within the permitted water content range and
time limit.
At the point of delivery, the mixture should be identifiable and traceable with regard to its production data. The
producer should maintain records of relevant data of production, which can be referenced from information
when appropriate on the delivery ticket.
If appropriate the producer's quality manual should describe the characteristics of any mixture storage system
and define its mode of operation. The producer should ensure through checks, inspections and records that
such systems are used correctly and that mixtures maintain their suitability for use.

D.5 Inspection and testing of constituents and mixtures during production

D.5.1 General
At the start of the production process, the homogeneity of the mixture should be considered with regard to the
specification, the type and quality of the production plant and the quality and homogeneity of the constituents.
This can be appreciated either from past production experience or by undertaking specific tests.
The quality manual should specify the frequency and nature of regular tests/checks/inspections that should be
carried out during production. The producer should prepare a schedule of frequencies considering:

test frequencies in relation to periods of actual production of each mixture;

test frequency where automated surveillance and monitoring of the production process exists;

statistical approach for testing.

Reasons for changing the test frequencies and analysis should be stated in the quality manual.
NOTE
If appropriate, long term experience of the consistency of a particular property as well as mixtures with an
established record for conformity should be taken into account.

D.5.2 Characteristics that require control during production

These may include:

properties of the constituents including water content (before production);

proportioning of the constituents including added water;

grading of the fresh mixture;

water content of the fresh mixture.

The above characteristics should comply with the requirements of the target composition of the mixture).

29

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

D.5.3 Frequency of sampling the mixture

During the regular production of the mixture, the sample frequency may be as follows:

In the case of plants with a validated and accepted automated surveillance and data collection system
giving computerized composition for every truck or every batch, one sample should be taken every
3
2 000 t or 1 000 m or one par day for lesser quantities.

In the case of other types of plants or production, one sample should be taken every 300 t or 150 m , with
a minimum of 1 sample per day.

Alternatively and independent of the type of mixing plant, the frequency of sampling can be on a time
related rather than a quantity related basis such as a minimum of 1 sample per week or 1 sample per day
depending on the characteristic being measured.

In the case of occasional production of a standard mixture, the production should be assessed cumulatively
with previous production with the same or similar criteria. The frequency of sampling can be adjusted on a
contract-by-contract basis according to the overall quantity of production required.

D.6 Inspection and testing equipment

D.6.1 General
All necessary facilities, equipment and personnel should be available to carry out the required inspections and
tests.
Normally the testing should be performed according to the specified test methods given in the
relevantdocument.
Other test methods may be used, if correlations or safe relationships between the results of these test
methods and the reference methods have been established.

D.6.2 Measuring and testing equipment

The producer should be responsible for the control, calibration and maintenance of his inspection, measuring
and testing equipment.

D.6.3 Measuring and testing equipment in the process

The points in the process where measuring equipment needs to be deployed should be stated in the quality
manual.
The quality manual should indicate when control is carried out automatically or manually. There should be a
description of how equipment is maintained and calibrated.

D.6.4 Measuring and testing equipment in laboratory

The testing equipment should be in a known state of calibration and accuracy, consistent with the required
measurement capability.
The following points should be addressed:

Accuracy and frequency of calibration, which should be in accordance with the relevant tests standard;

equipment to be used in accordance with documented procedures;

30

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

equipment to be uniquely identified and calibration records should be retained;

keeping of calibration records.

D.7 Non-conformity
D.7.1 General
Non-conformity can arise at the following stages:

constituent delivery;

constituent in storage;

mixture production;

handling, storage and delivery of the mixture if appropriate.

In the event that a non-conforming constituent, process or mixture is identified, investigations should be
initiated to determine the reasons for non-conformity and effective corrective action should be implemented to
prevent recurrence in accordance with procedures documented in the quality manual.

D.7.2 Non-conformity of constituents

In the case of non-conforming constituents, corrective action may involve:

reclassifying the constituent;

reprocessing;

adjusting process control to allow for constituent non-conformity;

rejection and disposal of the non-conforming constituent.

D.7.3 Non-conformity of the mixture

Non-conforming mixture should be evaluated and procedures for taking action should be followed.
The quality manual should identify the action to be taken when a non-conforming product is identified and
should state the circumstances under which the customer will be notified of non-conforming results.
Such action may involve:

corrective action (for example modification of the mixture and or adjustment of equipment);

acceptance of the mixture following the agreement of the customer to accept a non-conforming mixture;

if the mixture produced is incorrect it can be redirect to an alternative customer if appropriate;

rejection of the mixture.

31

EN 14227-3:2004 (E)

Bibliography

ENV 13282, Hydraulic road binders Composition, specifications and conformity criteria
prEN 14227-1, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 1: Cement bound
granular mixtures
EN 14227-5, Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 5: Hydraulic road binder bound mixtures

32

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BS EN
14227-3:2004

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