Lalita Cult Dikshitar

THE
LALIT CULT
V.R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSHITAR
MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS

PRIVATE LIMITED DELHI
First Edition: Madras, 1942

Reprint: Delhi, 1991, 1999
1991 R. Srinivasan
All Rights Reserved
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PREFACE
India is a land of many cults, and a critical and historical
study of these cults, no doubt, affords abiding interest to students
of ancient Indian culture. The present volume attempts to study
the cult of Lalita from a historical stand-point. Though this
study is mainly based on the Lalitopkhyna section of the
Brahmjnda Purna, an endeavour is made to review other phases
of the Sakti cult and its place in Vedic literature, and particularly to examine its philosophic basis. If this bock would help
in removing some misconceptions and unproved theories which
have obscured the true import and value of the Sakti cult, the
author would feel amply rewarded.
I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor Ko A.
Nilakanta Sastri for his valuable guidance, and to Dewan Bahadur
K. S, Ramaswami Sastri and Sri S. S. Suryanarayana Sastri for
helpful suggestions in the course of preparing this work, especially
the last chapter.
University
of Madras,
-.rw
1st June, 1942.
. _ _
V. R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSHITAR
CONTENTS
CHAP.
PAGE
PREFACE
I.
THE
PURPOSE
V
OF
THE
MANIFESTATION
OF
LALITA
AND ITS FULFILMENT
...
THE CULT OF LALITA
23
III.
SAKTISM THROUGH THE AGES
..
37
IV.
THE DURGA CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SAKTISM
..
58
SAKTISM AND THE TANTRA TREATISES
..
70
THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF THE CULT
..
76
II.
V.
VI.
!Ri CAKRA.
L^
<*>*i''iW*
Courtesy Adyar Library
CHAPTER I
THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION OF LALIT AND
ITS FULFILMENT
SECTION
The Manifestation of Lalit

Among the countless cults in ancient India, the cult of Lalit
has figured and still figures prominently among the Hindus. Lalita
is looked upon as a divine manifestation of Durga, or Prvati, who
is popularly known as the consort of Siva. The cult of Lalit is
intimately associated with the Sakti cult. The expression Sakti
represents female divinity in general, and stands for the energising
power of any divinity in particular. Born in ages of hbary antiquity among the uncivilised and uncultured tribes of prehistoric
India, the system of religious worship of Sakti began to grow slowly
but surely with the march of time. With its increasing predominance the cult attracted many an adherent to its fold and thus was
brought into existence a regular sect of worshippers of Sakti, who
came to be designated Sktas both in general and technical literature. The simple divinity of one universal goddess representing
Earth, one has to presume, assumed different forms and consequently
different names, and we have, therefore, no more one specific female
divinity but a good number of them. We shall see presently, how
these divinities are variously enumerated, and every one of them
is assigned some function or other. Sometimes a group of female
divinities is reckoned, and these are expected to function for the
welfare of the world jointly and severally. If there is any phase
of Indian religion which has been little studied but very much misunderstood it is Saktism. In a recent study on the subject Ernest
A. Payne makes the following remark: 'In its cult, it must be confessed at once, it has been connected with what has been generally
THE LALITA CULT
and, in the main, rightly regarded as the most debased side of

Hinduism,'1 Evidently Payne has in his mind the crude popular
practices and beliefs which are strictly local and which are
undoubtedly not universally accepted in all India. But students
of Indian religion should approach this subject from an entirely different angle of vision, and an endeavour to study this
universal cult is bound to lead to an utterly different conclusion.
In other words, there is a philosophical approach as well as a spiritual approach to this insufficiently recognised cult. To understand
and realise this point of view, we have to turn to the pages of the
earlier Purnas and other general literature which deal with these
phases of Saktism in great detail.
The Goddess is generally designated Devi and we have a great
range of literature dealing with her immanence. To mention a few
there is the Devi Bhgavatam,2 which, according to one set of
scholars, takes a front rank among the Purnas. Again the Devi
MKtmyam forms an integral part of the Mrkandeya Purna.3
Several chapters in the Brahma-vaivarta Purna and Skanda
Mahpurna have interesting sidelights on her greatness and glory.
Devi may be rendered, as Goddess; She is also Amb, Mother Goddess, or Brhad-amb, the Great Mother. Among the multifarious
forms of Devi-worship, two major forms of worship which have
gained currency from earliest times and still persist in modern
India are Devi as Kali, and Devi as Lalit. Generally people in the
lower order of culture are devoted to the worship of Devi as Kali
(alias Klyani), a manifestation that inspires awe and dread and
\that breeds religious fanaticism on the part of its worshippers.4
1. The Saktas1933 Intro, p. 3: Religious Life of India Series.

2. There is an English translation of Devi Bhgavata published by
Panini Office, Allahabad.
3. Mrkandeya Purna by F . E. Pargiter, published by Asiatic Society
of Bengal.
4. Some detail of Kali worship by the Eiynar or primitive hunters of
THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION
Devi as Lalita is worshipped by the classes of Hindu society in the

higher plane of culture. While the Kali worship has come to be
looked upon as avaidic, the Lalita form has won recognition as
vaidiCy and the orthodox Hindu worships Devi as Lalit. And with
this form we are particularly concerned here in this study.
The term Lalit means lovely, elegant or charming. The representation of Her form and demeanour presents quite a contrast
to that of Kali. She has pleasing aspects and evokes not awe or
dread but lofty spiritualism and philosophic calm. The Brahmnda
Purna devotes practically the whole of Book IV to the story
(upkhyna) of Lalit. This book consists of forty-four chapters of
which the last forty chapters beginning with the chapter V form
the Lalitopkhyna. Here we have a description of the origin of
the Goddess, of the construction of Sripuram on which was modelled
the Sricakra,5 of the preparations for war with Bhancisura, of the
actual operations, and of the final triumph of Lalita.
We shall take up these points one by one for examination.
That the cult of Lalit was different from the debased side of Hindu
religion is evident from the well known tradition that the great
Sankarcrya wrote a eoinmentary on the Lalitrtrisatfi; and thus
attached a special significance to the worship of Lalita by
addressing Her with the three hundred names of the 1'risati. It
South India is given in the Tamil classic 'ilappadikram\ The Tamil

name is Aiyai or Korravai. She was invoked to give them victory in their
adventurous raids. A whole canto (XII) is full of interesting details as to
the actual method of worship by the Eiynar. It is evident that the time
of sacrifice (human sacrifice is also involved), and worship by these neolithic
descendants was the dead of night, when the whole world went to sleep.
(See Dikshitar, Silappadikram, pp. 180-189).
5. Sricakra represents Sripura.
6. Bhaskararaya's commentary on the Sahasranama, is what is published
and best known.
THE LALITA CULT
became a recognised mode of worship by the orthodox for the

advancement of their moral and material welfare. Even to-day
special prayers are offered to Lalit during the Dassera festivities
which fall generally in October. The idea underlying this cult is
that the Devi pervades everything by her nature as energy (sakti),
and by sending prayers to her, the devotee becomes blessed with
power (sakti) which is three-foldIechsakti, jnnaakti and kriy
sakti. In fact one of the names in the Lalit sahasranma runs
thus: Icchsakti-jnna6akti-kriysak-svarpinV
The legendary origin of the Devi as Lalit is thus told in the
BrahTYiaridia Purwna. There was once in very ancient times a
powerful Asura by name Traka. By the virtue of his unequalled
prowess and strength, he was lording over the whole universe
and giving trouble even to gods. An assemblage of gods was held
presided over by Vinu, and it was resolved to depute Manmatha,
the God of Love, to Siva and His Consort GaurL The idea was that
Traka was not afraid of any man or god except Kumra who was
7. In his translation of the Lalit Sahasranma, JR. Anantakrishna

Sastri explains this name. The three saktis refer to three qualities. According to the Snketa Paddhati, desire (icch) is her head, wisdom (jfina)
is her trunk and action (kriy,) is her feet. Thus her body consists of three
energies. Of these, the thing that precedes becomes the cause of that that
succeeds. It is the energy of desire when Brahman proceeds to create.
When she reminds Brahman let this be thus,' it is the energy of knowledge.
When Brahman acts with this knowledge, she becomes the energy of actions.
(II ed. 1925: pp. 252-3). The Kriy is said to be fivefold: according
to the Sta Samhit IV. 14, 28-29.
In the Sitopanisad about Sit it is said

The commentator explains skst sakti as jnna skti. See also 34-37
of the same Upanisad.
TPHfi PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION
to be born of Siva and Gauri. The birth of this Kumra had been
indefinitely postponed as Siva was engaged in the practice of Yoga,
and Gauri was doing him service by waiting on Him, both oblivious of the feelings of sex-love. In the interests of the welfare of
the world at large, the immediate birth of Kumra was essential,
none but the God of Love could effect it. It thus happened that
Manmatha had to secretly meet Siva and Gauri engaged in austerity and excite their sexual instincts. Manmatha agreed to carry
out the task entrusted to him though he had his own fears of the
wrath of Siva. He reached the Himalayan heights where Siva was
performing his penance and sent out his flower-shafts on the threeeyed Lord. Siva's penance was disturbed. He got into a mood of
uncontrollable anger and burnt the God of Love by opening His
third eye.8
Seeing that the God of Love had been reduced to ashes, one
Ganesvara by name Citrakarman who was a skilled artist, painted
out of the ashes the picture of a human being. When Siva's glance
fell upon this wonderful picture, it got filled with life and effulgence.
Citrakarman .embraced this person of his make and asked him to
pray to Siva by repeating and meditating the ata rudnya.9
Pleased with him, Siv blessed him with unequalled overlordship
in the world for 6000 years. Hearing this Brahma the Creator,
gave expression to his distress saying 'Bhand', 'Bhnd'. Henceforward that person came to be known as Bhanda. But having been
born out of the ire of Rudra, he assigned the raudra nature of Siva
and consequently behaved like a dnava (demon) in his acts and
deeds. Maya the architect of the Asuras built a city of Soijitapura
for his residence and Sukra, his Purohita (priest), had him
anointed as the overlord of the whole world. The Asura's pre-
8. Br. Purna, Bk. IV. Ch. 11.

9. Vajasaneyi Sri Sukla Yajurveda Samhita. Ch. 16 (Venkateswara
Press, Bombay).
E LALIT CUI
dominance was firmly established. The gods felt his iron hand
heavy over them. Visnu sent Mymohinl to create an illusion in
the mind of Bhanda. It had some effect; but it was soon discovered by his Purohita who cautioned him against the danger he
was in.
In the meantime Nrada waited upon Indra, the king of Gods,
and asked him to perform penance in honour of Parsakti who alone
would be able to overcome Bhanda. Indra heartily responded to the
wish of the sage, and in the course of his austerities, resolved to
perform a sacrifice to the Devi. A great fire was lighted and the
Devi was propitiated with all kinds of flesh.10 Out of the fire came
a lovely figure, the Mahadevi embodying the elements of Trimrti
Brahma, Visnu and Siva.11 The gods praised Her in eloquent terms
as the universal mother and universal father, when the Goddess
offered to vanquish their enemy Bhaii$a.lla
Having heard of the wonderful creation of Laiita all gods
including Siva, Visnu ana Brahma came to the scene and paid their
respects. Brahma gave out as his opinion that her overlordship
10. Br. Purna IV. Ch. 12,
if
l l a . Br. Purna IV,

the Mahdevi.
Ibid,, 12. 70-74.

Ch. 13. The first thirty stanzas are in praise of
would be fruitful if she were yoked in wedlock. So Siva as the

manifestation of Kamesvara was thought of, and Visnu llb as the
brother of Devi gave her in marriage to Kamesvara. Henceforward Lalita came to be known as Kmesvari. The marriage, which
was celebrated in pomp and splendour, came to an end when the
gods departed to their respective places of residence. The sage
Nrada finally took leave and seized that opportunity to remind once
more the Devi of the chief purpose of her incarnation, namely, the
vanquishing of the Asura Bhaiida llc
SECTION
The purpose of the manifestation as Lalit

Mention has already been made of a number of female divinities who have manifested themselves from time to time and with
a set purpose. We have, for example, Durga, as Mahissuramardani or the destroyer of the Asura Mahisa ; Camundl12 as the
destroyer of Canda and Munda. In the same way the manifestation
of Lalit is associated with the annihilation of Bhanda and his
party. The chief purpose of this manifestation was then to get
rid of the Asura chief Bhanda who had been giving immense trouble in different ways to gods and men. This was fulfilled by a
prolonged and terrible war full of horrid and harrowing details.
This we shall proceed to examine.
'
The World Mother (Jagatam Mt), Lalita, had promised the
gods to vanquish Bhandsura. So the first thing for her to do
was to prepare for a big fight, for Bhanda was no ordinary human
lib. Padmanabhasahodari in the Sahasranma.

lie. Br. Purna, IV. Ch. 15; 46-51.
12. The tutelary deity of Mysore Maharajas. See for a full description of
the doings of this deity in the Devi Mahtmya of the Mrkandeya Purna.
LALIT GLT
being. He was a great warrior and soldier. So, elaborate prepa.
rations and precautions were absolutely essential. As a preliminary to preparations of war, the different kinds of musical
instruments were sounded. The high class elephant corps was
got ready as also a cavalry force constituted of horses from
various parts of the world.13 Lalit assumed the role of
Sridandanth or simply Dandanth or Dandanayik. She
mounted her riding animal, the lion. She was followed by
Mantranth or Mantranyik, the war-minister accompanied by
hundreds of Saktis riding on different mounts like the peacock, swan
and koel. Her chief attendants were two, Yantrini and Tantrini.
With these paraphernalia She mounted up the mighty chariot
Geyacakraratha.14
Cakrarajarathendra was the great chariot in which Lalit rode
sometimes.15 This had nine joints on which were stationed Sakti
warriors fully armed for war. On the ninth joint or parva were
the Asta Saktis as well as Prakata Saktis.16 On the
eighth parva were stationed what are known as Gupta
Saktis armed with bows and arrows, shields and swords
(Ibid. 16-23). In the seventh joint were other Saktis like Anangalekh and Anangaveg. What are termed as jiisaktis were
stationed on the sixth parva, all possessing fire-arms of various
kinds.17 In the fifth joint were Kulottirna-saktis. Their weapons
were ploughshare, noose, mace, bells. In the next parva were ten
goddesses commencing with Nigarbhayogini. Their arms were
13. Asvrdhdhisthitsva
Kotikobhirvrt
in the Sahasranama.
14. Br. Purna IV. Chh. 16-17:

is one of the nmas in the Sahasranama.
15. So she is known as Cakrarjarathrdhasarva-yiuldha
16. Br. Purna IV Ch. 19, 1-15.
17. Ibid., 24-34.
pariskrt,
thunderbolt, tomara, sakti and cakra.18 Goddesses known as

Vgadhlsvars took their stand in the succeeding parva of the
Cakraratha. These were eight in number. In the next parva were
three who answered to our secret service (atiguptarahasyaka). Their
names were Kmesi, Vajresi and Bhagamalinl. These were special
goddesses who were fully taken into confidence by Sridevl. In fact
these three constituted the war cabinet of Lalita (antaranga) .19
In addition to these were in the middle parva of the chariot fifteen
Aksara devatas. (Paficadasksaras) .20
The Geyacakraratha of Mantrinth had seven parkas or joints,
which were equally well furnished. The first parva was the place
of the Mantrini21 herself. In the second were Rati, Priti and
Manoj. Drvini, Sosini and three more occupied the third parva.
Next to this parva, i.e., in the fourth were Kmarja, Kandarpa,
Manmatha, Makaradhvaja and Manobhava, commonly styled
Pancakmas, their function being to create delusion in the minds
of the enemy. Sixteen goddesses beginning with Vm were stationed in the fifth parva. In the succeeding parva were Bhairavas
of terrific aspects. Matangi, Siddhalaksmi and others occupied the
seventh parva, as also the lords of ten directions, holding sakti, sla
18. Ibid., 35-45.

19. Ibid., 46-53.
20. Ibid,, 54-59. Trie names of the fifteen Devis are given as follows:
1
Ibid., 57-59.
Ibid., 90-91.
L.C.-2
THE LALIT CULT
and other weapons of war. The two chief doorkeepers were namect
Raksi and Vijnpana.22
There was again the Kiricakraratha,23 which had seven parvas
or joints. In the first parva called Baindava there was Dandanyik who was full of fire and prowess. She was also known as
Potrini by name. In the second parva were three goddesses
Jrmbhini, Mohini and Stambhini fully armed and ready to vanquish
the Asuras. In the third parva were AndhinI and four other goddesses. In the next parva were six goddesses who looked as if they
could swallow the whole host of the Asura aamy. Yaksini, Sankhini and five more occupied the last parva and seemed to eat up
the entire universe. All these deities were there loyal to Dandanth and waiting to do her bidding instantaneously. The two
weapons of war which Dandanth held were hala (ploughshare)
and rhusala (pestle). There was in her front lying in all its ferociousness a fierce lion. In the sixth parva of the Kiricakraratha were
the Astadevis, representing the eight directions, serving the Dandanth day and night. Beyond this parva were Indra, Agni, Siddhas,
Sdhyas, Visvedevas and other gods imbued with the ideal of service
to Dandanth. There were also seen Brahma, Visnu and iva,
and important leaders of the Nga tribe. Beyond these were seen
the ten Bhairavas, each followed by crores of their followers.24
Thus were seen the three chariots of war25 standing side by
side, all fully equipped with warriors and their needs. There were
huge war cries which arose from the army of Lalita. While six
charioteers including the Devi were seen in the Cakrarjaratha,
the Geyacakraratha and Kiricakraratha had one charioteer for each,
22. Ibid., 61-94.

23. One of the Sahasranamas f the Devi is
24. Ch. 20. 1-85.
25. Geyacakraratha, Cakrarjaratha, and Kiricakraratha.
11
and these were Hasantik and Stambhim.26 Over each of these

chariots were seen umbrellas. Cries of victory, victory to Lalit
rent the air from the camp of the Devas. Praised and blessed by
the seven sages, Lalit set out on her victorious expedition27 against
the inveterate enemy Bhanda.
SECTION
Bhanda's Council
The war cry raised from the camp of Lalit was heard far in
Bhanda's city which went by the name of nyaka and which was
situated on the sea coast very near the Mahendra hill.28 The citizens of this city noticed a number of bad omens occurring there
suddenly, and informed Bhanda of all of them. He became perturbed at heart. He went to the Council chamber (mantra sthna)
attended by his younger brothers Visukra and Visang, who had
won many a battle. While Bhanda, the chief of the Asuras, took
his allotted seat in the hall, others including his brothers took their
seats on the floor. Thither came the Smanta chieftains to pay
respects to their overlord. At that time stood forth Visukra and
addressed the Council: "The wicked and sinful Devas have put up a
woman as their leader, and she with a number of the members of
her sex is marching towards our city. Though a woman, she cannot be neglected. Therefore it is better that an army is sent forthwith to vanquish her."29
26. Ibid., 86-94.
27. Ibid., 95-106. One of her namas is Bhandsuravadhodyukta
samanvit.
saktisen-
28.
Ibid., 21. 2-3.
Ibid., 30-47.
12
THE LALIT CULT
The wise Visanga then addressed his elder brother sitting in

the Council: 'My Lord, there is nothing which you do not know.
Everything should be done on proper enquiry. Anything undertaken without sufficient enquiry would prove unfruitful. So spies
should be sent out to know the strength and weakness of the
enemy and the conquering Jking should keep his plans in secret,
and put into use the six upyas whenever occasion demands. So
what is required is proper deliberation. It is wrong to despise an
enemy notwithstanding the fact that she is a woman. Have you
not heard that a woman Candik by name overcame the powerful
Nisumbha and Sumbha? What really gives victory is sakti or
prowess.'30
To this Bhanda replied, I t would be cowardly on our part
to be afraid of a woman, and that a slender limbed lady. If she
has the boldness to lead an expedition, it is due to sheer ignorance
on her part of our power and strength. Even if all the Deva hosts
come to her aid, have we not, in our army, warriors equal to
Hiranyakasipu and Hiranyksa ? Who on earth can assail our
well-organised and well-disciplined array?' Saying thus he called
upon his senni (Commander-in-Chief) Ktfcsa to get ready
for the defence of the city by stationing the army at all its entrances
and to engage in ahhicra mantras leading to their success.33
In obedience to the orders of the king of the Daityas, Kutilksa,
the Commander-in-Chief posted able warriors at the different
entrances to the capital to prevent the enemy from entering. After
despatching Durmada to offer battle to the advancing Lalita hosts
the Commander-in-Chief reported it to Bhanda.32
30. Ibid., Ch. 21. 48-61 Visanga on sakti:
fir *=Hhr WOT
31. Ibid., 62-100.

32. Ibid., Ch. 22, 19-29.
THE PURPOSE OP THE MANIFESTATION

SECTION
13
The War
Seeing that the Asura hosts were marching with a view to
attack their army, Sampatsarasvati followed by a number of
Sampatkarl-Saktis offered to meet them. Hence the Devi is
addressed in the Sahasranma as Sampatkari-samardha-dndhuravrajasevit. In the battle that ensued there was much slaughter
resulting in a river of blood. When Durmada who had for his riding animal a camel of enormous strength found that many of his
followers had been put to death, he wanted to face the leader on the
other side, Sampatsarasvati, who rode on a war elephant. Both
fought a bitter battle. Her elephant made great havoc among
the Daitya hosts. Worked to ire Durmada sprang at her and
deprived her of a gem in her crown jewel. On this the Devi gave
him a heavy blow on his chest which brought him down dead. The
remainder of the Asura hosts took to their heels towards their city
Snyaka.33
Bhanda grew wrathful and asked his Commander-in-Chief to
send Kuranda, one of their best commanders, to wreak vengeance
on her who had killed Durmada. Kuranda was versed in citrayuddha where may or illusion was freely used and in kutayuddha
or crafty warfare. With a huge army Kuranda met Sampatkari
and spoke to her words befitting a ra. At that time the Sakti
hosts got more elated. Aparjita, a Devi on horse-back, offered to
attack Kuranda. There was an exchange of arms of different kinds
on both sides, resulting ultimately in the death of the Asura commander with all his hosts. The rest of them retreated post haste
to inform Bhanda of the news.34
Bhanda felt sorry for the death of heroes like Kurajacla and
Durmada and addressed his Commander-in-Chief to send five com-
33. Ibid., 31-66.

34. Ibid., 67-107,
14
THE LALIT CULT
manders with a hundred aksauHini of soldiers. The vast army

started in all enthusiasm to defeat the sakti host. There was a
huge tumult and confused shouts with standards containing ensigns
of fish and tiger flying aloft. The five commanders of whom the
chief was Karanka engaged themselves first in Sarpini my. This
was the commencement of severe hostilities. The Sarpini my
resulted in the production of hundreds and thousands of reptiles of
all kinds with and without hoods which created fear and confusion
in the rank and file of the Sakti army. When the Devi host was
thus troubled by the poisonous reptiles, the Saktis thought of
Nakuli riding the Garuda. She approached Sarpini. the mother of all
reptiles, and produced numbers of Nakulas who destroyed all the
serpents, and Nakulesvari herself by the application of Garudstra
killed Sarpini. 35 On this the five commanders grew wild with rage
and sent fiery arrows on the Nakulas. Nakuli retorted by sending
an astra called akslna nakulam, which produced unceasing Nakulas all of whom brought trouble to the Asura soldiers. Nakuli
easily cut off the heads of the five commanders and was highly
honoured by Symalmbik, 36
Bhanda's anger knew no bounds. He once again called up his
Commander-in-Chief and ordered him to send Balhaka brothers,
who were seven in number, to meet the advancing Sakti army. So
it was done. Balhaka brothers were noted for their powers of
endurance and strength. Besides they had won a boon from the
Sun god that if they wished so in battles, the whole enemy camp
would be enveloped by thick darkness. So the brothers started
with great enthusiasm followed by three hundred aksauhinis. The
seven brothers were Balhaka, Scimukha, Phlamukha, Vikarna,
Vikatnana, Karalyu, and Karataka. Their riding animals in the
field of war were eagle, crow, kanka, bherundapatana, hen, preta
and vetla. It is said that these seven brothers enveloped the mass
35. Ch. 23. 1-67.

36. Ibid., 68-95.
IS
ol the Sakti hosts in utter darkness when a certain Sakti Tiraskaranik offered to vanquish these Daityas. She let fly a missile
Andha which caused blindness to all the seven brothers. Having
done this, Tiraskaranik urged by other Saktis slew all of them
one by one-to the wonderment of the Sakti soldiers. The Sakti
warriors praised her prowess and applauded her heroic deed at
every stage. 37
T h e news of the death of Balhaka brothers completely paralysed Bhasida. He now began to realise that the enemy was not
to be trifled with. He once more resorted to the Council Chamber
and summoned his cabinet to concert measures of defence.
The
Yuvamja was present. Only a few ministers in whom he had full
confidence were there, including of course the Commander-inChief, Kutila. Bhanda related how women warriors were able to
overcome his heroic followers and how he had heard through his
spies of Laiit occupying the last place in the army, arid how it
was necessary under the circumstances to institute Prsnigrha
(attack in the rear) for which Visanga was eminently fitted and
which must be led in secrecy to the place where Lalit the leader
of the whole host was stationed. For in Bhanda's opinion, the fall
of the chief leader would result in their victory. Then Bhanda addressed Visanga to that effect and got ready an army to aid him
in his endeavour. To this Visanga assented. 38
Unnoticed and with no war music or any outward show, the
army of Visanga moved slowly to the place where stood the Cakrarjaratha guarded in every pan; a by strong armed Saktis. Lalit
came to know soon of the arrival of the enemy in the rear. In
the meantime Bhanda had sent Kutila, the Commander-in-Chief
himself, to attack the vanguard, and he had arrived with a host
of warriors in front of Lalit's army which was practically hem-
37. Ch. 24.

38. 25. 1-33.
TOE
LALITA CULT
med in by the Daitya army. Lalit found the treachery of Bhandsi

and saw her army being scattered and frightened by the Asura
soldiers. She grew highly wrathful. Tithinityas and Kmesvari
requested permission of the Devi to fight with the Asuras. When
this was granted every one of the commanders who came to help
Visanga was put to the sword. Visanga got afraid and retreated.
The battle was fought overnight, and it was morning when
Lalita was informed of the victory of Nityadevis over the Asuras,
and Lalita looked at them with much grace.39 Kutilksa also ran
away in fear.40
First day of the battle :
The Minister for War and the Commander-in-Chief of Lalita
were much annoyed by the crafty warfare resorted to by the Asuras with no sense of proportion in regard to time or place. They,
therefore, waited upon their leader to take prompt steps to avert
such situations thereafter. They suggested that a big camp should
be erected on the south of the Mahendra hill, as the capital of
Bha#da was somewhere there. There were to be several entrances all well guarded and stationed with best soldiers. The whole
camp should further be made unapproachable by a mass of blazing
fire ever burning all round it. This was entrusted to Jvlmlinik.
The centre of the camp was to be occupied by the chariot of Lalit
protected on its two wings by the Geyacakra and Kiricakra rathas.
This was agreed upon, and the camp was got ready.41
Bhanda once again held consultation with his choice ministers
and asked his own sons thirty in number, equal to him in every
respect, to offer fight to the Lalit army, and to take Lalit alive
m.
Ibid., 44-108.
40. 26.1.
41. Ibid., 2-41. So we have in the Sahasranm
as prisoner (jivagrham ca s grhy). With great enthusiasm they

led an expedition making a huge noise as they went.42
Second day of the battle :
When the news of the march of the sons of Bhanda reached
the camp of Lalit, Kumri, the nine year old daughter of Lalit,
expressed her keen desire to-be allowed to fight the Kumras of
the Asura chief. Finding her too young and newly initiated in the
technique of warfare, Lalit persuaded her to wait. But she
would not. She was full of self-reliance and Lalit ultimately
yielded to her wish. Finding her getting up the Cakrarjaratha
equipped for battle, Mantrini and Dandanth were surprised and
tried to dissuade her but in vain. Then both of these offered to
help her by standing on either side and protecting the two flanks.
Everybody was astonished at the ease with which Kumrik was
able to outwit the enemy and vanquish him. The battle dragged
en to a second day and Kumrik was still blooming with vigour.
She did not show any sign of exhaustion. By the application of
Nryanstra the whole host of Asura, warriors was burnt to
ashes. This included the death of all the sons of Bhanda.
Kumrik was profusely felicitated by all the Saktis, and Lalit
v/as glad at heart to learn of the unparalleled success that attended
her daughter's maiden attempt.43
Bhanda heard the news and became heart-broken. He bewailed
the loss of his dear and beloved sons and felt himself helpless in
every respect. Visukra, Visanga and Kutilaka brought him
consolation and pointed out that it was the legitimate duty of his
sons who were heroes (viras). Each of them offered to go and bring
success to his arms. As ordered Visukra got ready a Mahayantra
and riding in a Myratha reached the camp and saw the huge
42. Ibid., 42-71.

43. Ibid., 72-116. One of the names of the Devi in the Sahasranama
L.C.-3
18
THE LALIT CULT
ball of fire enveloping all sides. Standing outside he threw the

mantra-energised yantra into the enemy's camp creating laziness
and indifference in the minds of Saktis guarding the camp.44
It was the middle part of the night of the second day.
Noticing this indifferent attitude on the part of the Saktis appointed to protect the camp, Mantrini and Dandanth were much depressed. They went and informed Lalit of this, when the latter
turned her face towards Kmesvara. He went by other names
Ganantha and Gajnana.45 He took the hint and after paying
respects went to the field of engagement and destroyed completely
the Jayayantra of Visukra the very same night. Mahganapati
served by six Vighnanayakas who were all lords of seven crores
of Herambas entered the Asura hosts bringing discomfiture to them,
by hitting, by biting, by kicking and by other means. To deaden
the effect of these Gaj nanas, Gajsura, a Rksasa was created but
single-handed Ganesvara vanquished him, and Visukra now felt
his life in danger and began to flee. Pleased with the heroism of
Mahganapati, Lalit granted him a boon that in any worship, the
worship of Ganapati should precede46 the worship of all the other
gods.
'Third day of the battle :
The second day of the battle was over. Bhanda resolved to
send both his brothers Visanga and Visukra to meet the leader of
44. Ch. 27. 1-53.
are names of Lalit appropriate to her action in the field of battle. Ganapati
in the Satarudrlya litany is a reference to Rudra himself (Vjasaneya Samhit, 16.25). Ganapati as the son of Siva is a later conception of Hinduism.
He gets the name Vinyaka mentioned for the first time in the Atharvasiropanisad.
46. Ibid., 55-104. This is one of the theories on the origin of the cult
of Ganapati.
19
the enemy face to face. Elaborate preparations were made. Danda

nth came out armed with hala and musala and engaged herself
with Visanga. The valorous Mantrini fought riding on horse with
Visukra. Other Saktis fought with other leaders of the Asura
hosts. Visukra sent out the missile Trsstra making all the Devas
feel ever thirsty. Lalit remembered Madirsindhu who showered
all kinds of vine and liquor with which the Devas quenched their
thirst and refreshed themselves,47
The brief lull was broken. The battle began with renewed
freshness and enthusiasm. The war cry was raised aloft in both
camps, and heroic words were exchanged. Once again Mantri
fought with Visukra and Dandanth with Visanga. Both Visukra
and Visanga were slain,48
Fourth day of the battle :
The third day of battle was over. Bhanda grew wild with rage.
He addressed his Commander-in-Chief to collect together all the
male citizens of Snyaka and decided to make the final effort himself. It is said that except women there were none in the city.
All the males volunteered to fight Lalit and the mighty host of
Bhanda went out to meet the leader of the Deva army.
The Mother of the Universe who was waiting for the
arch villain Bhanda to appear in the field, grew glad at heart and
prepared herself to meet him straight.49 It was the morning of the
47. Ch. 28. 2-79.

48. Ibid., 92-114.
ing:
Among the Sahasrnams addressed are the follow-
49. Bhanda sainyavadho dyuktasaktivikramaharsit

thousand names,
is a name among her
20
THF LALIT CULT
f o u r t h d a y of battle.
T h e d a y b e g a n w i t h t h e s l a u g h t e r of t h o u -
sands of A s u r a w a r r i o r s , resulting i n a r i v e r of blood.
A number
of missiles w e r e e x c h a n g e d on both sides. T h e effect of each missile

w a s a v e r t e d b y s e n d i n g a corresponding missile w h i c h
a r r e s t t h e p o w e r of t h e other.
surendra
nirmukta
S o she is i n v o k e d as
sastrapmtyastravarsini.
would
BhancLa-
F o r instance, B h a n $ a
sent out Andhstram and Lalit Caksusmata Mahstram. There

was also a heavy toll on the Sakti side. There were cries of
ha hd among them. On this Lalita grew very much pained and
out of her anger was born a certain Durg by name Yasasvim fully
armed, each weapon being given to her by one of the chief gods
like Siva, Visnu, Brahma, Yama, Visvakarman and others. She
rode on the lion and plunged into the thick of the battle.50 Bhanda
did not lose courage. He created Raksasas and Asuras commencing with Hiranyksa and Hiranyakasipu to Rvana and Kamsa.
On this side the services of all the avatars of Visnu commencing
with divarha down to Rama, Krsna and Kalki who were created
from the right thumb nail were requisitioned to terrify them and
vanquish them ultimately. After their work was over, and permitted by Lalit, all went back to their permanent abodes.51 With
the aid of the astra called Psupata the whole army of the Asuras
were given over to the flames. This achievement of the Devi has
become one of her names in the Sahasranma: Mahpsupatstrgni
nirdagdhsura
sainik.52
At this Bhanda resorted to Mahmohstram and Lalit sent

out Smbhavstra. After a number of missiles, she threw on
Bhanda, Mahkmesvarstra which put an end to his life.
50. Ch. 29,
1-86.
51. Ibid., 87-136.

KarnguUnakhotpannanryanadaskrUh.
52. Br. Purna IV, Ch. 29-140.
21
(Kmesvarstra nirdagdhasabhandsiirusainika). Then the city

Snyaka was set fire to and all including women and children were
burnt down.53 Thus was the object of the avatar of Lalit fulfilled and the gods heaved a deep sigh of relief. Lalit felicitated
every one of the Saktis who were tired after their stern fight with
the Asuras.54
All the gods, the chief of whom were Brahma, Visnu and
Rudra came to the spot and congratulated Lalit on her unprecedented success.55 On behalf of the gods Brahma addressed her
panegyrising her, and appealed to her pointing out to her the
[pitiable Rati56 to restore hex husband Manmatha to her, so that
Siva might be induced to embrace His consort and give birth to
Kumra who alone could vanquish the other great Asura Traka.
Lalit agreed and remembered the God of Love. There was a
marriage of Rati and Manmatha. She blessed him with power to
roam about the world creating moha, immediately to bring about
the union of Siva and Gauri.57 Smitten by the arrow of the God
of Love, Siva became mad after his consort and wrote a picture like
her. And on the other side Gauri felt keenly her separation from
her lord and longed to meet him. Through the intervention of
53. Ibid., 141-144.

54
Ibid., 30. 5-6.

55, Brdhmopendra mdhendrdi devasamstutavaibhav.
56. Haranetrgnisamdagdha
57. Ibid., 7-65.
kmaânjivanausadhih.
22
THE LALIT CULT
the seven sages the marriage was celebrated, and both Siva and
Gaurl roamed about hill and dale enjoying pleasures of various
kinds.58 After fulfilling her purpose, Lalita went and settled at
Srlnagar.59
58.
Ibid.,
66-105.
59.
Ibid. lO-7,
CHAPTER n
THE CULT OF LALIT
SECTION 1
The Building of Srinagar

The discomfiture of Bhanda evoked wonder and respect for
Lalit from all quarters including the divine. Lalit was universally hailed as the Parsakti, Mother of the Universe, and Mother
of Gods. This gave rise to the cult of the Lalit. The Brahmnda
Purana mentions a number of cults, which we have to presume
were widely prevalent at the time of the composition of the Puraija.
These cults are mentioned in the order of precedence: the Vedic
mantras, Viiiu mantras, Daurgmantras, Gnapata mantras,
Sarasvata mantras, Saiva mantras, Laksml mantras, Arkamantras, Girij mantras and Syalma manu mantras and
Lalit mantras.1 This multiplicity of cults shows beyond doubt
the extension of the use of the gama sstras in preference to
Vedic literature. The Vedic system of worship and prayer had
become decadent and a number of new cults, each of which claimed
to be rooted in the Vedic mantras, sprang up like mushroom
growths. Excepting a few, most of the cults mentioned above
centre round the akti cult. Duig,2 Laksmi, Sarasvati,3 Girij
(Prvati), Vrah, Sym and Lalit are cults which come under
the category of the Sakti cult. This means that one and the same
1. Ch. 38, 4-8.
2. See Brahmavaivarta, II, ch. 57 and 66.
3. On the origin and worship of Sarasvati the reader is directed to the
Devi Bhtgavatam Bk. IX, Chh. iv to vi; Brahmavaivarta II, ch. 4. If we
look back to the days of the Rg Veda samhit, Sarasvati figures as a Goddess of War who went to wars to put down the enemies of the
ti
THE LALIT CULT
Mpther Amba or Ambik was worshipped by groups of votaries

each meditating on particular and special aspects of the manifestation of the Mother. All these cults are interrelated.
According to the Brdhmanda Pur ana, however, the cult of
Lalit was the most efficacious. The principal centres of Sakti
worship referred to in this Purna are Srmagar and Knci. A
passing mention is made of Tripurasundari enshrined at Ayodhy.
But there is a detailed description of Srinagar to which Lalit is
said to have retired after her battle with Bhanda.4 The Purna
narrates how the work of building Srinagar was entrusted to
Visvakarman and Maya the architect of the gods and Asuras respectively. Erected in the midst of Sodasiksetra, it was constituted
of the nine mountains (Meruprstha, Nisadha, Hemakta, Himavn,
Gndhamdana, Nila, Mesa, rngra, and Mahendra),, and the
seven seas (Lavana, Iksu, Sura, Ghrta, Dadhi; Ksira and Jala). 5
The ancient name of Srinagar was Atastadiya. Other names were
Kmesvaripuri, Bhagamlpuri and Nityaklinnapuri.6 Legend
goes on to say that Meru consists of four lofty peaks, three of which
are occupied by Brahmaloka, Visnuloka and Sivaloka. On the
remaining srnga stands the great Sripura or Srinagar,7 occupying
an area of 400 yojanas in length and breadth.
Details of seven prkras, with slas, gopuras, and doors at the
four entrances, are all furnished. The prkras are respectively
made of iron, brass, copper, leacl, bronze, pancaloha, silver and
gold each at a distance of seven yojanas. Each prkara was a fort
in itself, and was protected by proper guards. The Mahklas of
(R. V. I. 3:2.3: 5.61). In another place she was the mother of waters and
had seven sisters (Ibid., 6.62).
4. Ch. 30. 106-7.
5. Br. Purna, IV ch. 31. 1-20.
6. Ibid., 23-24.
7. This may at first suggest a veiled reference to the founding
of Srinagar now in modern Kashmir State.
THE CULT OF LALITA
ft
dark colour guard the iron fort together with their Saktis. These
worship Lalit in the Klacakra made up of Trikona, Paiicakona,
sixteen-petalled lotus and the eight-petalled padmam. The six
Rtus with their aktis protect the remaining six forts, taking their
shelter from their particular cakras. (Ch. 32. 1-20). In these
cakras there are thirty aktis from Madhusukl I to Madhusukl XV and from Madhukrsn I to Madhukrsn XV. Here
are also a number of slas, filled by the Gandharvas, Apsaras,
Ngas, Yaksas and Rudras. {Ibid., 43-62: also Ch. 33 whole).
Mention is made of as many as twenty-five slas, each of which was
perhaps a miniature fortress in itself. These slas were made of
different materials. There are eight slas of metals of iron, steel,
copper, lead, brass, paficaloha (an alloy of five metals), silver and
gold. Groves of trees separated these slas. For example the
Kadambavanavatika was between gold and silver slas and formed
the residence of Mantrini.8 Eleven slas were of precious stones.
These were pusparga (topaz), padmarga (emerald), gomedaka
(a gem described as of four different colours), vajra (diamond),
vaidrya (lapis lazuli), indranila (sapphire), pearls, green stones,
corals, a mixture of nine gems, and one of different gems.
Among these, that of pearls must be specially noted. Here in a
cakra with sixteen enclosures resides Maliarudra ever meditating
on Lalita, surrounded by a number of Rudras and Rudrnis.
These Rudras guard the fortress. Some are found sitting, some
keeping awake, some sleeping, some standing and som$ running to
and fro. The sixteen enclosures821 are:
(1) Trikona. Here are three RudrasHiranyabhu, Sennl
and Disampati.
(2) Satkona. Here are Vrka, Harikesa, Pasupati, Saspificara, Dvisimat and Patinampati.
(3) Astakona. Here are eight Rudras from Babrusa to Heti.
8. Ibid., 29-85.
8a. Ibid., ch. 34.
L.C-4
1.51.
26
THE LALIT CULT
(4) Ten petalled lotus. Here are ten Rudras, the last of
whom is Vrksapati.
(5) Twelve petalled lotus. With twelve Rudras commencing
with Mantri and ending with Satvapati.
(6) Thirteen petalled lotus. With thirteen Rudras beginning
with Sahamanar to Niseru.
(7) Sixteen petalled lotus, being the residence of sixteen
Rudras from Pancara.
(8)
Eighteen petalled lotus. Among these eighteen Rudra

gaiias resident here, are sinar, Saynar, Jgratar,
Tisthantar, Dhvantar and others to which a reference
was made above.
(9) Twenty petalled lotus consisting of twenty ganas of

Rudras.
(10)
Twenty-two petalled lotus. Here are Karmrar, Nisdhar, Svapatis and others.
(11) Twenty-four petalled lotus. Iumat, Harasvat, Vainanar

and others guard this place.
(12) Twenty-six petalled lotus. Here live twenty-six ga$as of
Rudras ending with Trsnu.
(13) Thirty petalled lotus. Thirty ganas ending Vstupar
and Somar.
(14) Thirty petalled lotus again with thirty Rudras as residents.813
(15) Thirty-two petalled lotus, ending with Devahrdayar.
(16) Bhpuram, with four entrances guarded by armed
Viksinakar, Vicinvatkar, nirhatar, and mivatkar
respectively.
8b. The tliirteenth and fourteenth enclosures are said to be thirty
petalled lotus. See Lalitopkhynam in Tamil by Somadevasarma, pp. 150-151
(Madras, 1940).
THE CULT OF'LALITA
27
The remaining six slas go by the common name of mahpadmtavl prkras. These are manomaya
(imagination born),
huddhiTnaya (knowledge born), ahankra,maya (mind born), the
prkras of the sun and the moon, and the Srngraprkara (literally
blissful). These slas were separated by divine vpis like amrta and
nanda. At a distance of seven yojanas from the Srngraprkara
was the Cintamanigrha where sported the daughters of Mtanga, 9
doing service to Mantrini. This also goes by the name Mahpadmtavl. In this were a hundred gopuras and twenty-five
fortresses. To the east of the Mahpadmtavl is placed the arghya
vessel served by the kolas of Agni, Srya/ Candra, Siva, Hari and
Brahma drinking of the nectar in the vessel but noticing no diminu
tion in it.
In the Mahpadmtavl again shines the resplendant cakra,
called cakraraja. It is a chariot of nine tiers, its four wheels being
the four Vedas, its four horses being the four purusrthas (dharma,
artha, kma and mofcsa), and adorned by a number of flags and
pennons, covered over by an umbrella of pearls. Here are also
Geyacakra and Kirieakra. On the Agni direction there is an
Agnikunda, ever burning. It is citagnikunda. The whole Cintamanigrha is lighted by bejewelled lamps. Thus the Cintmani
palace is in the middle of the SJrmagara. And the Bindupitha, the
throne of the Devi, occupies a middle place in the Cintamanigrha.
The detailed description found in the original of the abode of Lalit
reveals a sort of trans-cosmic splendour all about it. In the space
between the Fadintavi and Cintamanigrha are in the first three
9. Ib. ch. 31, 86-89. The legend goes that there was a great sage
Matanga by name. His son Mtanga was a greater sage than the
father.
He performed tapas in honour of Mudrini, otherwise
known as Mantrini and Devi. Pleased with him the Devi asked him what
he wanted. He wished that she should be known as his adopted daughter
to the world at large. She agreed (Br. Purna, IV, 31. 90-101),
28
THE LALIT CULT
enclosures Anim and other Siddhi Devis, Brhmi and other mother
goddesses, Samksobhini and other Mudr Devis. These three enclosures go by the collective name of Trailokyamohanacakra, and
the Saktis here are collectively known Prakatayoginis. The fourth
is sarvasaubhgya dyakam, the fifth is sarvrthasdhaka while
the sixth is sarvarakskaram. The Mudr Devis, respectively for
the fourth to the sixth are Sarvavasy, Sarvonmdini and Sarvamahnkus. When we go to the seventh enclosure occupied by
Rahasya yoginis, we find Kesari, the Mudr Devi. In the eighth
enclosure are what are known as yudhamandala, gurumandala,
nitymandala, besides sadangadevis. Above this is the Bindupltha, also known Sripltha, Mahpitha, Vidypltha, and Anandapitha. Here is a divine cot, its four legs being Brahma, Visnu,
Mahesvara and Isvara. Sadsiva represents the plank. There
was again Hamsaphalika talpa with two upadhanas (cushions) for
head and legs. Here lies Kmesvara Siva. The thirty-six tattvas
form the steps to reach it. In this cot over-spread by silk sits the
ever youthful Lalit on the lap of Kmesvara.10
The cakras of which several are distinguished were often marked with mudras. Each mudra was known by a different name like
Dravinika, and Kansanika These mudras are said to reside in the
enclosures o the cakra and (serve as guardians of the cakra,
havifrg the ability to bring all under their control.11 Sarvajiidyantara, Vasinydyantara, are cakras which give all full protection and which prevent all diseases12 of Bindupltha.12a
10. Ibid., eh. 37. 44-84.

11. Ibid., 36. 60-85.
12. Ibid., 91-96;
ch.
12a. More or less
37. 1-8.
a similar
description
of
Lalit's
dwelling
is
THE CULT OF LALIT
29
The mode of procedure of worship of the cakra is then furnished. Waking up very early in the morning and remembering the
divine lotus and meditating upon the guru, one should get out of his
bed and after sauca and sndna (cleaning and bath) attire himself in
pure clothes or silks and put on his caste marks. After sandhy
worship and prayer to the Sun one should offer three arghyas to
Lalit; and wedded to a vow of silence, he should enter the pja
room and after properly seating himself, he should meditate on
Srinagar.13
After going through the technicalities of the pja as ordained
in the gama sstras, the worshipper was to repeat the sacred
mantra 36 lakhs of times, followed by homa 1/10 of the 36 lakhs,
1/10 of the latter tarpana, and 1/10 of this number of Brahmans to
be fed. Now was the turn for the worshipper to engage himself
in the Kmyajapa, i.e. attainment of a particular object. The
efficacy depended on the number of times the japa was meditated
upon. It is said that even the astasiddhis (the eight powers)
would be obtained by such japa.14
referred to in the Saundaryalahari of Sri gankarcrya and explained

by the commentator Laksmidhara. According to this there is a sea of
ambrosia containing five celestial trees. Here is a pavilion made of jewel
stones. There is a place in that pavilion constructed by the wish giving
stone (Cintmarui). The great goddess lies there in a couch which is Siva,
the legs of the couch being Brahma, Visnu, Rudra and fsvara. Mahesana is
its coverlet and Sadsiva its pillow, (vv. 8 and 92 Mysore ed. also R. G.
Bhandarkar: Vaisnavism, Saivism, etc. pp. 144-5).
13.
Ch. 38.
1-29.
14. Ibid., 30-38.
30
THE LALIT GLT

SECTION 2
Lalit cult and Knci
Among the other places sacred to Lalit is Knci where the

goddess enshrined goes by the name of Kmksi. Here in this
place Lalit is said to have attained her vyakti as Kmksi.15
Legend has it that Knci is one of the two eyes of Siva, the other
being Ksi or Benares.16 Though Knci is celebrated as Visnu
Ksetra by tradition, one is said to meet the divine presence of Siva
there.17 Here, it is stated, in ages past Brahma performed austerities to have a darsan of the Sridevi. There appeared before him
Adi-Laksml with Visnu. Seeing her, di-Laksmi, Mother of the
three gods, Brahma, Visnu and Siva, the Creator called her by
name Kmksi.18 After praising her in choice expressions, Brahma
requested her to permeate that holy spot eternally with her divine
presence for the welfare of the general people. To this the Devi
agreed and made a request of her brother Visnu to establish his
divine manifestation also in that place.19 Siva also came to stay
there and the marriage of Siva took place with the Devi who came
15
SEJra
39.14
16
Ibid., 15.
Ibid., 16.
Ibid., 21.
19
%
Ibid., 48,
THE CULT OFLALIT
31
out of the lovely look of Kmksi.20 Added to this is the mythical

account that Prvati who was engaged in sport with Siva prevented
the continuance of Vaidika karma, and to atone for this Prvati
was asked to perform penance on the banks of Kampa, and get
relief from Mahalaksmi.21 At that time of separation Siva is said
to have lived under a mango tree (ekmramla) .22
Other incidents which have added to the sanctity of Kfici are
enumerated and we do not refer to them as they have nothing to
do directly with the subject on hand.23 The upsana was done
generally to Srieakra which is the embodiment of Mahalaksmi and
Tripurambika. By worshipping this cakra, Visnu is said to have
attained the form of Kamasammohinl, Siva Sarvavidyesvara, and
Brahma Brahmn$as.24 This cakra should be worshipped every;
day with flowers and naivedya by repeating the mutamantra a
thousand times and sodasksara vidya. Horna, tarpana and Brahmana bhojana are incidental to this worship. It was also permissi-
20. Ch. 39. 50-63.

21. On the birth of Laksmi and hymn of Mahalaksmi see Devi Bhg
avatam, Bk. IX, ch. 39-42; Brshmavaivarta II ch. 22-3 and 39.
22. Ch. 40. 10-40.
Ibid., 37.
23. See, however, ch. 40, 58-84; Ibid., 84-137.
24. Ch. 41. 3-6.
02
THE LALIT CULT
ble to make the cakras according to the established standards and

infuse into them the divine presence. These cakras could be worshipped at home and are bound to give the desired results to their
votaries. The cakra was differently written with nlli (blue) rasa,
pita (yellow) material and other colours. Prayers were offered to
it meditating on Lalit and pronouncing the manu mantra. And
no doubt the Devi, it is said, gets pleased and awards what her
votary asks for.25
SECTION
The Cakra Pj
Each cakra was stamped with mudras or seals, and the mode
of making them on the cakra is explained in extenso in chapter
42 of the Lalitopkhyna portion of the Brahmnda Purna. Of
the different mudras which are known by different names such as
Samksobhini, karsini, UnmdinI and Mahmkusa, the Mahmudr
is called Trikhanda. There was the first mudr known as bSjamudr and yoni mudr. These mudras are to be used according
to prescription in the course of worship.
Next are furnished details with regard to consecration and
the receiving of the initiatory mantra (Diks). In this consecration the guru or preceptor plays a significant role. It is he who
initiates the siya or pupil vowed to perform Cakra pj. There
is first the sparsadiks when the guru touches his pupil,
thinking of Lalitadevi, then the drkdiksa when he looks at his disciple with grace and love, and smbhavidiks when he speaks to
him words of wisdom. When this is finished, what is known as
kriydiks is begun by the pupil, his thoughts being centred round
his teacher (Desikesvara in his pja room. Devi sktam is then
2$. Ibid., 8-7,
THE CULT OF LALIT
33
read. The end is reached by offering Pufpnjali with Sahasriksara vidy.26 This is given as follows :
26. Ch. 43. 214.

L.C.-5
34
THE LALIT CULT
firj-
srafft
Ch. 43.15
Then arcan is offered to a kumbha with a coconut over it, bringing back to his memory the Cintmani mantra according to the
prescription of his Desika. He prostrates to the guru who instructs him with sodsrnamanu secretly in his left ear and purifies
him by pouring the kumbha water on his head. Then the process is continued three times and by Samdhi the votary becomes
a Brahmlbhuta or one with Brahman. 27 This form of worship of
Devi could be done by all irrespective of sex or caste. 28 This
is the normal form or popular form of Sakti ceremonial. This is
effected by what is known as frequent nysa which is an assignment of the various parts of tho body to deities usually aceom-
27. Ibid., 16-46.

28. Ibid., 80-81. The name of ICmksi is mentioned in this connec*
lion,
THE CULT OF LALIT
S5
panied with prayers and corresponding gesticulation. The whole

chapter describes in short the Sannysa or the six ways of touching the body repeating mystical texts. Then was the nysa to Sri
enshrined in the Cakra. Here are involved Indra and other gods,
Anima and other siddhis, the eight mothers, mudra devis and so
on, and lastly Cakresl.28a Fixing his eyes on the yonimudra, the
devotee should meditate Sarvanandamanu. Finally he is blessed
by the Cakra devl. What is aimed at in this mode of worship is
the intensive concentration of the mind on the Devi.
SECTION 4
&akta Schools
A study of the Lalitopakhyina as appended to the Brah*rnnda Purna exhibits only one form of the Sakti woty
ship, namely the ordinary mild form. But this is not the only
form on which Sakti worship is based. There are other schools of
Saktas who propitiate her in other forms. Two schools dan generally be distinguished. One is that represented by the worship of
Lalit by means of mystic circles or cakras. This is the common
school of worshippers who are not Saktas so called, but who are
still devotees of Devi. This is the worship of the Devi in the ordinary mild form. The other is the school of Sktas who propitiate
her in her fierce form. In this form she is known as Durg, Kali,
Karla, Candi, and Cimirtdi. These are said to dwell in forests
and mountains and form objects of worship to wild tribes like
Pulindas and Sabaras. Among the objects with which these Devis
were propitiated were wine, flesh and even human beings. Some
of the names given such as Candi, Cmund and Kausik are not
mere names but indicate, as R. G. Bhandarkar notes, 'different
28 (a) Chh. 44-45.
38
THE LALITA CULT
goddesses who owed their conception to different historical conditions/ According to the Mrka^deya Purna Candi was the goddess who vanquished the buffalo-demon (Mahissura), and who
was created for that purpose out of the fierce effulgence of Siva,
Brahma and Vinu.29 Cmund is the name of the Devi who discomfited the Asuras Canda and Munda.30 In the Mlatimdhava she
is said to be propitiated with human sacrifices.31 She is even to
this day the tutelary deijy of the Maharajas of Mysore. KausikI
is the goddess who killed Sumbha and Nisumbha. Originally a
resident of Ptla, Nidr Klarpini (sleep in the form of destroying time) was approached by Visnu to be born of the daughter
of Yasoda and consequently sister of Krna. When Kamsa dashed
the baby, which he took to be the daughter of his sister, against a
stone, tfye body took the form of a goddess and cursed him from the
air. She then made the Vindhya mountain her abode and killed
the demons Sumbha and Nisumbha.32 These goddesses marked
largely by ferocity went by the common appellation Durg and as
we have already seen the Durg-cult is one among those mentioned
by this section of Brahmndq Purna, and quite popular with the
followers of the Brahmanical religion also.
in the gamas, as many as nine Durgs are mentioned. These
are Nilakanthi (bestower of wealth and happiness), Ksemankarl
(bestower of health), Harasiddhi (fulfilling votary's desires),
Rudrmsa Durg with lion as her vehicle, Vana-Durg with eight
hands of which seven held weapons, Agni Durg with eight hands
of which six only had weapons and with lion for vehicle, Jaya
Durg (bestower of siddhi), Vindhyvsi Durg with her lion
vehicle, and Ripumari Durg (destroyer of enemies).33
29. Ch. 82.

30. Ibid.
31. Act V.
32. See Harivamsa, vv. 3236, # .
33. T. A. Gopinatha Kao, Hindu Iconography, pp. 342-43.
CHAPTER III
7
6AKTISM THROUGH THE AGES

SECTION
Saktisni in the Indus Valley

The foregoing analysis of the Lalitopkhyna section of the
Brahmnda Purna leads us to conclude, as v,re have said at the
very commencement of the thesis, that the Lalit cult was only a
phase of the general Sakti cult. It is worth while at this point to
trace its historical origins. It has been maintained all along that
the worship of akti as a goddess is a later development of Hinduism when the Tantra sastra became more and more popular.
But this view has now been entirely thrust aside by the evidence
of prehistoric archaeology. Among the objects discovered in Mohenjodaro and Harappa, it is interesting to see specimens of the yoni,
and from this it has been rightly concluded that the cult of the
Mother Goddess was already prevalent in the Indus Valley of the
Indian continent in the Chalcolithic period. Sir John Marshall
who has examined these specimens is much struck by the correspondence of cults in Egypt, Phoenicia, Asia Minor and Greece with
Indian Saktism. Among the objects of worship are many ringstones which are supposed to have possessed magical properties.
These stones were associated with some goddess of fertility, an
idea carried down the ages. For in the Mauryan period the ringstones discovered at Taxila are associated with the same idea.
In these ring-stones, nude figures of a goddess of fertility are engraved inside the central hole ' thus indicating in a manner that
can hardly be mistaken the connection between them and the
female principle'.1
1. Mohenfodaro and Indus Civilization, Vol. I, pp. 57-58 and 61-63;
See also E. Mackay: The Indus Civilization (London) (1935) pp. 66-68*
36
THE LALIT CLt
Thus in the opinion of Sir John Marshall, Sakti worship originated in India out of the cult of Mother Goddess, and it was closely
connected with the cult of iva. 'Parallels of this Indian Saktism
are found in Asia Minor, Egypt, in Phoenicia, in Greece, and 'in
their fundamental ideas the correspondence of these cults with
Indian Saktism is sufficiently striking.' The close resemblance between the cult of the Mother Goddess as realised in the Indus
Valley and that of Sumeria is at once wonderful and interesting.
First, the lion was the vehicle of the Goddess in both countries,
while the bull was the vehicle of Her Consort. Secondly, the Goddess was conceived in both places as a war-goddess. The third
was the manifestation of the goddess as a virgin, and as a wedded
lady. Fourthly, in both countries the goddess is intimately associated with hills and mountains. Lastly, even the term Nana which
is the name of the goddess in Sumeria is preserved in the Indian
name Nana Devi enshrined at Hinglaj in Gujarat.2 This means
that the cult of Sakti had been once universal, and the goddess
venerated was Mother Goddess (Sanskrit Amb Lokamta)
throughout the ancient world. It is too early to suggest the original home of the cult, though we would not be far wrong if we
state that India might take that credit to herself. And it is just
possible that one day we may alight on materials which would trace
the institution to a common origin and common culture.
Thanks to the spade of the archaeologist, one thing is certain,
viz., the prevalence of Saktism roughly 3,000 B.C. Whether the
culture of the Indus Valley preceded or succeeded the age of the
Rg Veda Samhit is still a matter of opinion among scholars.3 A
study of the two cultures reveals that the Indus Valley civilisation is much more complex, much more developed and
much more urbane than, that of the Ijlg Veda. In the
2. See Cat. Review, 1913, pp. 235-6.
3. See my article The Culture of the Indus Valley in the Journal of
Madras University (1933),
39
Samhit iit is all village life, and we have only meagre

vestiges of civic life and civic consciousness. It represents a
stage of transition from village life to town life. Rg Vedic worship is largely of elements and nature. There is little evidence
of iconic worship. We meet with quite a different picture in tie
Indus Valley,fully developed corporate life and widely prevalent different cults. These have tempted some scholars to conclude that this culture may be treated as post Rg-Vedic in
character,4
SECTION 2
Probable Origins
Be that as it may, let us examine how the conception of Mother
cults arose. There is of course the fertility theory.
Appropriate to this concept is the Hindu conception of the
Earth as the Mother, and her intimate association with agriculture.
It is generally believed that in primitive times when man was
yet uncivilised, he looked upon Earth as a personification of the
deity of fertility. There is nothing improbable in this. But the
Vedic and post-Vedic conception of Earth was not actuated solely
by the fertility cult. She was looked upon as a guardian deity. The
Rg Veda Samhit refers to the pair Dyv Prthvi, divinities whom
the Vedic people regarded as universal parents. The idea was perhaps that Dyaus or Heaven was the consort of Prthvi or Earth.5 In
the Rg Veda Samhit (V. 84) and in the Atharva Veda (XII. 1)
she is prominently mentioned. Still the Vedic Indian meant by
4. No finality can however be claimed until the script is satisfactorily

deciphered. The Rev. Fr. Heras is endeavouring to decipher it as Tamil.
A. V. III.9,
40
THE LALIT CULT
Prthvi the whole of the earth. For do we not read in the hymns 6
that she is the chief support of trees and mountains ? Her
chief trait was the drdhat or firmness. In a hymn it is definitely
stated that Prthvi was the Mother Earth to whom the dead person
went. It appears that the idea of man being born of the earth going
back to the earth after his death had been well realised by the
Vedic Indian. That he looked upon earth as Mother and as kindly
Mother (X. 18) cannot be questioned. 60
It stands to reason that the origin of the cult should
be traced to the aboriginals, peoples who lived in very
primitive times and who seemed to have been, tfor ages
together, in the matriarchal stage. By proper nourishment and
nursing the mother evokes the affection, love and veneration of
the child from its babyhood to adolescence. Perhaps this incon6.
ÎT
i 17
: II
27
^
6a.
Macdoneli, op. cit., p . 88.
63
41
trovertible fact made the Veda prescribe first matt devo bhava,
and then pitr devo bhava. This again explains why iihe poet of
later days sang in a soul stirring verse
Jananl Jawmabliumisca svargadapi gariyasl.
Thus the veneration and love of mother has been instilled into
our minds even from childhood. The indispensable nature of the
services which the mother does for the sake of her children imbued
the ancient minds with so much reverence that even a politician
like Kautalya prescribes that mother under any condition, even
though a patit or a fallen woman, should not be discarded but
should be afforded protection.
But ages passed and the matriarchal system gave way to the
almost universal patriarchal system. Even then the old concept
of mother-veneration was not abandoned. It stuck on with a
persistence all its own. With the widening of the concept a number of mother goddesses sprang up. It was no more the single
Dame Earth that possessed all the attributes of a mother to pei>
sons living on the earth. By her unfailing supply of vegetation
and other amenities, people could slake their thirst and satisfy
their hunger. She gave birth in course of time to a number of lokamtas of whom the Purnas mention generally seven. These are:
Brhmi, Mahesvari, Kaumrl, Vaisnavi, Vrahi, Mahendri and
Cmundi.7 They are special manifestations of the one Devi on
whom depends the welfare of the world at large. Hence all of
them attained the status of Mother Goddess and are worshipped
as such even to this day in India.
SECTION 3
Sdktism in
Vedic Literature
Historians of Saktisxn, as has been already said, have always

claimed a pre-Vedic origin of the cult, and have stated categorically
7. Some add Mahalaksml and mak-a the number eight,
Ii.C-6
42
THE LALIT CULT
that there is no Vedic evidence regarding the prevalence of the

cult. But the latter statement cannot stand critical examination.
If it is -contended that the term sakti is not found in Vedic texts, 8
to that extent it can be held true. Whether the term is there or
not the fact remains that a number of goddesses are really men^
tioned and that in different capacities. And each goddess, whether
you call her so or not, was a Sakti or personification of female
energy. The fact that in the Rg Veda Samhit and other books
it is the male divinities that preponderate, and not female ones,
can be however accepted. But the acceptance of this position
would not and could not contradict the view that sakti worship was
Vedic or pre-Vedic. We have already seen that Mother Earth has
been assigned the guardianship of the world, and she was already
an important deity evoking universal regard due to her services to
both the animate and inanimate worlds on the earth. The origin
of the Earth Cult 9 may be primitive and may belong to pre-Vedic
days when man was still in a low level of culture. The early
man found in Earth the personification of creative power as she
supplied him with food and other things for him to lead a life of
ease, peace and plenty; so he glorified her as a goddess and perhaps worshipped her in her nude form. And no wonder the Vedic
peoples realised the importance of the cult and gave it, as it were,
a fillip by making Earth as the very guardian deity. 10
Among other goddesses celebrated by the Vedas are Usas and
Aditi. Usas was the goddess of Dawn. Usas may be a representation of Dawn as a deity. The night is all dark and fearful. It
8. Svetsvetara Upanisad and Kenopanisad contain references to Um

as we shall see in the following pages.
9. For a Purnic origin of the gakti of the Earth, see Devi Bhg. Bk.
IX, Ch. 9.
10. See, for example, the whole of the first hymn of the Atharva Veda,
Bk. XII, already referred to.
&AKTISM THROUGH THE AGES
43
represents evil and sin. The ushering in of the day and the disappearance of the night brought cheer and joy to the Vedic man
and he sang hymns in praise of that glorious dawn, a personification of the goddess of good hope. As many as twenty hymns of
the Rg Veda celebrate this goddess, sometimes as a maiden of
beauty and promise, sometimes as the daughter of Dyaus or
heaven and at other times as being driven in a car, with the sun's
light pursuing her, even as a lover a gay maiden. At her approach,
all creatures wake up from their slumber and begin to move about
and be active. In fact she infuses fresh life into everything including vegetation. As a fine example of how the Vedic Indian
welcomed Usas, the reader is referred to hymn 1.113 of the Rg
Veda Samhita. In more than one place she is designated ' mother
of cattle.'11
Side by side with Usas, mention is made of Rtri or night.
She is also personified and she is also a daughter of Dyaus.
Thus Ratrl becomes a sister of Usas, and as the daughter of Dyaus,
the dark side of the picture could not present itself to the Vedic
Indian. He looked upon her as a bright night, bright with stars.
She holds such an important place in the Vedic pantheon that a
special hymn is addressed to her.12 In this hymn a prayer is
sent to her to protect the householder from the havoc of wild
beasts and the ravages of thieves. For it is only during nights
11. Macdonell: Vedic Mythology, p. 409.

12
:I
R. V. X.127
44
THE LALIT CLT
that wild beasts go out in search of prey and especially human prey.
Again it is a favourable time for robbers to move about unnoticed
in the gloom and seize property. Though Rtri occupies a subordinate position in the Vedic pantheon, still she is invoked by the
Vedic Indian and fervent prayer is sent to her.
The next goddess of any importance is Aditi. About this deity
of an abstract character Professor Macdonell says: 'Aditi, a goddess of Indian origin, is historically younger than some at least of
her sons, who can be traced back to a pre-Indian age.'13 Her
sons were undoubtedly dityas, and Varuna, as is well known, is
one of the dityas. The term Aditi in its ordinary sense stands
for freedom, and as Professor Macdonell believes it was freedom
from physical ills and moral ills. A person is apt to fall ill physically and commit evil which passes beyond all canons of morality.
He seeks to get himself liberated from them, and relief comes by
offering prayers to the goddess Aditi. She and her sons are personifications of freedom. A prayer seilt forth to dityas had the
same effect as a prayerful request to Aditi herself. It is a fact of
the utmost significance that some special hymns14 celebrate Aditi,
and the term is one of frequent and common occurrence in the
hymns in general. It is difficult to subscribe to the view fc>f
Professor Macdonell that the sons of Aditi are older than Aditi.
The idea of sons being older than the mother fails to convince
us even in a matter of abstraction unless Macdonell would say
that these gods were known earlier under other names and later
identified as sons of Aditi. The hymns, if they are critically
studied, point out that the sons of Aditi by virtue of their functions and power became much more powerful than their mother
13, A History of Sanskrit Literature, p . 103.

14. Aditir dyaur aditir antariksam
aditir mta sa pit sa putrah
visvedev aditih panca-janh
aditir jatain aditir fanitvam
45
and practically eclipsed the power of Aditi. She is depicted as

the mother of heroic sor . and kings.15 The trait dt motherhood
is prominent in several .hymns.16
Other goddesses17 are (1) Vk who is a personification of speech.
She aids all gods in their different and difficult undertakings, and
one hymn gives her the distinct appellation of the queen of gods
and celestials. In the words of Professor Macdonell ' she bends
Rudra's bow against the unbeliever'. In a sktam18 which tradition associates with Devi, Vk who is primordial force of Brahman
manifests Brahman or the Supreme Being.
(2) Puramdhi, identified not without justification with the
Avestan Parendi, is the goddess of wealKand abundance.
(3) Dhisag is again another goddess of plenty.
(4) Il is the goddess who represents nourishment, and is
associated with the offering of butter and milk, and is sometimes
designated as the mother of the herd (ytha). Rk and Sinivli,
Prsni, Brhaddev are other goddesses of Vedic literature and are
celebrated in one way or other as mother of gods. If we examine
the places where these goddesses are mentioned, they invariably
refer to the mother god. Thus the mother cultus is not new or
foreign to the Rg Veda Samhita or later Vedic literature. The
conception may be older than the Vedic times and a pre-Vedic
one. But one cannot subscribe to the view that it is un-Vedic or
non-Vedic. It may be that the Vedic Indian absorbed the existing
15. A.V. ili, 8.
16. Macdonell: Vedic Mythology pp. 120-123.

17. Ibid.
pp. 124-5,
18. R. V. X. 125.
fed
LALIT CUltf
belief or developed an independent cultus. Whatever this may be

the fact remains that mother cult holds a prominent place in the
Vedic cults enumerated. One is only struck by the continuity
and the antiquity of this cult in India.
We referred to a certain Devi sktam in the ftg Veda, the Devi
celebrated being Vk. It is not explicitly called Devi suktam by
the Rg Vedic bard. There is another popular tradition which
makes n suktam a khila or an appendix of the Rg Veda, just as
the Harivamsa is said to be a khila of the epic Mahbhrata. This
Sri sktam, which still obtains currency in the worship of Devi
in India cannot claim so much antiquity as the Vedic Samhita.
Its authorship is certainly unknown and there is no clue to trace
it. According to a recent writer 19 there is a reference in this sktam
to slaves male and female, and perhaps these are slaves of Alexander's time. And also it is popular because it possesses some
alchemic secret in which dried cowdung (karisii) is used. This
Sri suktam contains fifteen ftks, and has several commentaries.
The whole sktam is in honour of Sri or the Goddess of Wealth.
In the first verse the goddess is invoked through Agni, for we all
know that according to Vedic conception Agni was th^ messenger
of gods in general. The last quarter of the first verse makes a
reference to purusan which is taken to be a synonym for slaves;
whether the expression purusan means slaves or something else,
the question is still open. Apparently the term stands for something else. The interpretation as family may be accepted. The
third verse refers to the three divisions of the army which are a
means to obtain wealth. Passing over the fourth and fifth verses
which bear no special significance, the sixth shows that hilva was
produced from the palm of the goddess. [Cf. Srinivasaraghavp
19. M. V. Kibe: JAHRS, Jan. 1935. This explanation is unsatisfactory.

They may be only servants of both sexes and not slaves. They may be
compared to viras in the &atarudriya.
47
Translation]. The succeeding verses do not interest us much except

for the fact that the goddess is identified with the sun and the
moon. The fifteenth and last verse again is said to refer to
slaves.21
Among the Vedic books again nowhere does the Sri Vidy
which is the Samayamarga of the Sktas, find such interesting ex!~
position as in a whole Prapathaka of the Taittiriya ranyaka.
This Prapathaka is otherwise known as Ya ftikya Upanisad whose
composition is attributed to Nryana as the protector of Yajfia.22
Vidyranya has expressed it as his opinion that this Prapathaka
is khila or a supplement to the original book. This means that
this portion^ is much later than the other Prapthakas. Notwithstanding the view taken by Vidyranya, tradition has credited this
portion of the ranyaka as a genuine part of the Veda, and it
has been handed down from teacher to pupil through the ages.
Several passages from this Prapathaka may be examined.23
First, we find a reference to five Gayatrls.24 Of these the
Durg gyatri forms the fourth. She is represented as the wife
of Katyyana, meditated upon as Kanyakumari or Kanykumari.
She is Durgi or the form of Agni designated Durg.
21.
Ibid.
22. This conception of.Hari is quite familiar to Purnas. This is the

first anuvka of the tenth Pi apthaka, otherwise called Nryanopanisad.
(nandsrama series).
23. This forms the sixth Prapathaka of the Mysore edition with the
bhsya of Bhatta Bhskara, while it forms the 10th Prapathaka of the
Bibliotheca Indica edition by R. Mitra.
24. The five Gayatrls are &iva gyatri, Vighnesa gyatri, Garuda gayatri,
Durg gyatri and Visnu gayatri.
48
THE LALIT CULT
Secondly, drva (plant sacred to Hari and Hara) 25 which is

generally placed on the head at the time of one's bath for the sake
of auspiciousness is addressed as Devi and prayed to for removing
bad dreams.
Thirdly, Devi is ad Iressed as the Earth and by different names.

She is asked to remove all sins and endow a person with long life
and health.
qjq
Fourthly, Varuni is one of the deities invoked in this prasna.

It is noteworthy that both Varuna and Varuni are separately mentioned in a passage where Agni, Indra and others are also invoked
but not their consorts. This shows the importance given to Varuni
in the pantheon.
25. See hg. P. V. 3. 6.
AKTISM THROUGH THE AGES
49
Fifthly, we have Daurga Mantras, five in number. Special

offerings and prayers to Durg Devi are prescribed to rid one of
the fear of thieves, wild beasts, evil spirits and of other difficulties. Here too reference is made to fire as the rpa of Durg.*
cFWI
Sixthly, in the eleventh and twelfth anuvdkas, the Brahman

is regarded as two in one the Umamahesvara svarpa.
Satyam Param Brahma Purusam Krsnapingalam \
urdhvaretam
Virupksam Visvarpya vai namah.
Satyam is twofold: vyvahrikam as in the Hiranyagarbharpa
and Pramrthika as seen in Rtam Satyam. Thus the anuvka
(18) speaks of Hiraiiyapati, Ambikpati and Umapati. The term
Amb from ambayati refers to the creation of the world; and Uma
represents the condition of the dissolution of the world when she
stands as Parsakti.
*We hear of nine Durgas celebrated in the mantra sastra. Among them
Agni Durg is one. (see the Comment of Syancrya). In Mantrrnava
(slini kalpam) the following occurs:
Agni durg mdh durg mla durg iti nmatah\
Vana durg tatah pasct sla durgti slini j
Tsm tu slini devl mah krri iii klrtit\\
See also Krsna yajurvoda: Taitti. ranyaka Prap. 10 Anu I and
also Anuvka II. 7.
L.C.-7
50
THE LALITA CULT
*F#
Seventhly, Aditi as the mother of all creatures is hymned and

is synonymous with Earth. 26
irai stapft 153t ^ strict
Eighthly, the hymn to Gyatri forms the anuvaka (26). The

cnuvaka (30) should be read with this, where the invoked Devi
is asked to go about as she pleases.
Ninthly, there is the invocation to Devi as Medh (all-intelligence), Visvci (all^pervading), Bhadr (all-auspicious) and
Sumafrsyaman (all-gracious). She is asked to promote one's
welfare and wealth.27 The succeeding three anuvkas are prayers
to gods in general to endow one with medha. Here occur the
names of Sarasvati and Surabhi {anuvakas 40 and 42).
The above analysis of the Prapthaka would demonstrate
beyond doubt that the germs of Samaya mrga are already visible
in the Vedic literature and the Sakti cultus has become popular
by the time of the composition of the ranyaka. To repeat, though
male divinities seem to dominate the religion of the early Vedic
India, female divinities too have taken their place of importance
26. See the anuvka, 21.

27. Anuvka, 39.
gAKTISM THROUGH THE AGES
51
in the later Vedic epoch. The invocation to different Devis shows

the hold which Sakti cult had on the Vedic Indian.
Students of Vedic mythology have been much exercised by the
term Uma Haimavati occurring in the Kena Upanisad, otherwise
known as Talavakra Upanisad. The third and fourth Khandas
of this Upanisad28 form an interesting disquisition on Brahman
designated Yaksa, and state how Vedic gods like Agni, Vyu, and
Indra were originally ignorant of It, how Agni and Vyu who went
to know It were discomfited and how Indra was able to get at
It through the help of Uma Haimavati. It is said that when Indra
went near It, the latter disappeared. But Indra saw an exceedingly
beautiful woman who told him on enquiry that It was Brahman.
Thus Indra was the first to realise Brahman.
Weber was perhaps the first Indologist to enter into an extensive discussion of the identity of Um and of the divinities mentioned here in relation to the later developments.29 Commentators
of this* passage say that Um is here an allegorical representation
of 'Knowledge*. But in later literature she figures as the consort
of Siva. The origin of the Um cultus can go back to the SamMt portion of Vedic literature. Mahldhara and Bhatta Bhskara who have commented on the Sukla Yajus and Krsna Yajus
have explained the term 'sauma,' as
In the light of this interpretation it is reasonable to explain Uma

in the Upanisad passage as Brahmavidy. Um must therefore
begin as a common epithet standing for the Sakti of Brahman, for
the wife of Brahma and for Srlvidy. We must not import later
sectarian developments into the early works. Um may again admit
28. Hume, Thirteen Principal Upanisads, pp. 337-39.

29. Indische Studien II, 186-190,
52
THF LALIT CULT
of an etymological interpretation, and be connected with the significant expression OM.30 Here we may remark without any fear of
contradiction that we meet for the first time with the germs of the
Puranic conception of Um According to Sankarabhsya Um
is Vidy who dispelled the ignorance of Indra. Through her alone
He is realisable. Both Brahman and Vidy are inseparable. This,
as we know, is the fundamental doctrine of the Sktas,
This concept of the Upanisad finds an extended explanation
in a whole chapter (4) of the Brahmagita portion of the Sta Samhit. This chapter which contains one hundred and fifty-three
slokas is said to be a commentary on Talavakropanisad. Among
these the following stanzas may be quoted here with profit,
c[I
25-27.
The substance of this chapter is that Brahman is un-understandable

without vidy. That is why this concept is advaita1 There is
nothing apart from Brahman. Appropriate to this the tSruti says
Neha nnsti kincana?2
30. Umi is explained by Srikantha and Bhatta Bhaskara as Pranavavyasyaya: AUM=UMA.

31. Sta 3., 31-32,44.
32. Ibid., 55.
gAKTISM THROUGH THE AGES
53
This Brahman may b e designated Siva, Vi$nu or anything. After

explaining this philosophic concept, the P u r n a introduces the
story that once there was a Devsura war in which the gods obtained victory through the help of Isvara and were proud of it
totally ignorant of Brahman. So the Lord appeared before them
in the form of a Yaksa to dispel their delusion. Agni went to Him
but could not b u r n a straw. Vyu went near b u t could not remove
it even by an inch. Both came shame-faced by their inability to do
even a simple thing. So Indra went and prayed for knowledge and
light. Uma appeared before him and said that it was Brahman and
Her Lord. She went away. 33 Some of the Upanisads which can
undoubtedly be said to belong to the later epochs in Indian History
contain their references to and glorifications of the Sakti cult.
There are Tripuropanisad, Tripuratapini Upanisad, Bhavanopani$ad, Devyupanisad and others. The Tripuropanisad forms the 85th
in the order of 108 Upanisads (published by the Nirnayasagar
Press, Bombay, 1925, third edition). The Upanisad contains
sixteen R k s and tradition assigns it to the Sakala branch of the
Rg Veda Samhita. The philosophic basis of the system is briefly
told in the first six r k s of the Upanisad while the last ten r k s
are an abstract of the different modes of worship offered to the
Devi. 34 In this Upanisad, the Devi is celebrated as Tripura as in
the Tripuratapinya Upanisad.
The Tripuratapini Upanisad begins with a prefatory stanza
which is a prayer sent to Sakti in the aspect of Tripuratapini vidya,
33. Ibid., 86-113. Compare with the version above.

34. There is an elaborate commentary on this by Bhskara Raya who
was an honoured member of the royal court of Tanjore in the 18th century.
It may be noted here that Bhskara Ray a has also commented on the
Bhavanopanisad, the Kaulopankad and other Tantric works.
54
THE LALITA CULT
which is param tattvam?5

This consists of five upanisads. The
first upanisad deals with meditation of Devi who is said to constitute the Gayatri aksaras. Of these, 15 aksaras form the Tripura
of the Tripur. Among other names, she is known as Trikt, Tripura, Maya, Vaisnavi and Mahlaksml. The second upanisad is .1
short exposition on the vyakti of the Tripuram, The composition
of the various cakras together with mudras is described. The next
upanisad is a further elaboration of the mudras and mode of worship. The fourth upan'sad begins with Traipurstaka in honour
of Tryambik and ends with an invocation to offer daily prayers
to Devi as Gayatri in the morning, Savitri 36 in the afternoon, and
Sarasvati in the evening. The last upanisad purports to be an
exposition of Kriyaknda section of Tripura, where a good number
of Pithas are giveneifcsa pitha, sparsana, tejah pitha, amrta
pitha, and ratna pitha. He who realises the Devi thus enjoys
absolute bliss.
The Bhavanopsnisad is yet another work of the class which
treats of the Sakti cultus. It is said to belong- to the Atharvana
Veda and is a small work of two pages. Its t r e a t m e n t ' o f - t h e
subject is something novel and has evoked an interesting commentary from Bhskara Raya (published in the Bibliotheca Sanskrita series of Mysore, Vol. I I ) . It treats of the Sricakra as the
human body, and its several layers as the different parts of the
body. Towards the end, the Pdya, Arghya, Naivedya, Homa,
etc., connected with Sri worship are jfiguratively explained. Everything takes the form of hhvana.
35.
36.
3iQ rnnfir ^Tfe&
mzmmt
smSmfc (20)
Svitra japa leads to jnna (Sta Sam. Ch. VI, 60).
33
We must say a word about the Devyupanisad; It contains 21

dokas. The Upaniâd begins with the statement that gods waited
upon the Devi and questioned who she was. She says that she is
the manifestation of different things, gods and powers. Then the
gods praised her and offered their prayers as Mahvidy, repre*
senting the eight Vasus, eleven Rudras, twelve Adityas, Visve
Devas, Asuras, Raksasas, Piseas, etc. Even great gods like
Brahma could not realise her truth and hence she is designated
ajiiey. She is Anant as her end cannot be determined. She is
Alafcsy because she cannot be grasped. She is Aj because she
has no birth. She is Ek because she is everywhere. She is Naik
as she is VisvarpiigLi. She is Durg because she guards us against
difficulties. This Upanisad is to be regarded Atharva^ sira.
There are two more Upanisads which are popularly current
as Kaulopanisad and Trakopanisad. It is not possible to assign
definite dates to these works but it is probable that these are much
later than the works we have surveyed above. The Kaulopanisad
is regarded as the Bible of the Kaula sect of the Sktas, and its
doctrines are held to be the primary authority. In this connection
it is pertinent to êfer to the two paths of Saktismthe Vma
mrga or the lef t iiand path and the Daksina mrga or the right
hand path. The Vma mrga has not won the approval of Sri
Sankara. In his Saundaryalahan which is a clear exposition of the
fundamentals of Sri Vidy, Sankara has discredited the methods
of the Kaula circle.37 Since Sankara's age, the practices of Daksina mrga have been more in vogue, and those of Vma mrga
fallen into disuse. In the Trakopanisad the Pranava is identified
With the Mlamantra of the Skta system of worship, A critical
study of the Upanisads bearing on the Sakti system of worship
reveals that they follow rather closely the Purnic basis of Saktism
37. A recent attempt to describe Vmcara is seen in the Secrets of the

l Circle by Elizabeth Sharpe, Luzac & Co., London.
56
HE LALIT CUL#
rather than the Vedic. In other words the tenets and principles
enunciated are rooted not in Vedic literature but in the Purnas.
This demonstrates the profound influence of the Purâ literature
on the ideas and speculations of the age to which the above compositions of the Upanisads may be said to belong.
The above survey then demonstrates beyond doubt that the
cult of the mother goddess was certainly known and practised in
the Vedic period. In this epoch we have noticed the goddess of
Evil, who goes by the name of Nirrti. There is the fighting goddess
Vk who bends Rudra's bow against heretics. There is the goddess of Wealth Puramdhi. There is the guardian deity Prthvi.
The deity of freedom is also there like Aditi. Besides these, the
wives of Gods like Indra, Varuna and Agni are mentioned. In
the light of critical examination these different deities are manifestations of various powers of akti who have been assigned definite functions. The Vedic bard realised that without the backing
up of Sakti, which expression to repeat again, is not of course
Vedic, the God who is Sakta cannot be active. And the trait of
Motherhood is prominently mentioned wherever these goddesses
are referred to in the vast field of Vedic literature.
SECTION
In Other
Literature
From this class of literature we pass on to another class wjiich

may be styled Stra literature. Two stras of this class have been
recently noticed. One is Agastya stra whose original expounder
seems to be Lopamudri, the wife of the sage. The stras
in this work enunciate the path of bhakti to realise the D.evl.
This culture is designated Kadi vidy. The other stra is that
attributed to Paraûrma of the glorious Bhrgava line dealing with
Kala m&rga. This Work is commented on by one Umnandanatha
57
who designates himself a pupil of Bhskara Rya. These sutras

viewed from literary point do not seem to be ancient works. The
language and style undoubtedly point to a later date, and these
eompositions have been apparently fathered upon two ancient sages
to make them works of acknowledged authority.
But the system of worship which is popularly known as Sri
Vidy can be traced back to the age of the epics. In the Rajnayana of Vlmiki, Visvmitra teaches Rma and Laksmana the
knowledge of new weapons and mantras. Of these are the mantras
Bal and Atibal which are said to be the mother of all knowledge
(sarva jnanasya mtaram) and as originally taught by the Creator.
They are said to be vidys of superhuman efficacy and remind
us of the terminology of the Saktaic literature and one sees here
definite germs of the system of worship of Sri Vidy.3?
38.
Bala. 22. 12-20.
CHAPTER IV
THE DURG CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SAKTISM

SECTION
The Durg Cult

Mention has been made of a number of cults referred to in
the Brahmnda Puranq.1 Daurga mantras are held to be Vedic
mantras higher than Visnu mantras. In point of significance there
are other mantras dedicated to other cults which precede the
Durg cult, as for instance Ganapati, Srya and Siva. Speaking
on the Durg Cult2 reference may be made to the Durg-skta in
the ranyakas. We find again a prototype of Durg3 in
the Usas who is said to do battle, and vanquish the
demon of darkness, the Ratri, to whom man prays for safety
and security,4 and in the Vk who is out to fight the enemies of
the Veda. In the light of this fact it is difficult to accept the
theory of A. A. Macdonell that the reference to Durg in the
Brhaddevata II, 77, is an interpolation. From the circumstances in which the expression is mentioned in the Brhaddevata, there is no particular reason to reject it as interpolation.
In fact it seems almost certain that without it the text in the rele-
1. IV, 38.
4-8.
2. Reference may be made to two studies on the subject

(a) FausballIndian Mythology, p. 159 et seq. and
(b) B. C. Mazumdar in JRAS 1906, pp. 355-62.
3. A. C. Das: $g Vedic India, pp. 271 and 429:
466.
4. Cp. A.V. xix, 47.2.
$g Vedic Culture,
THE DURG CULT AN OTHER ASPECTS OF 6AKTISM
59
vant portion seems to be halting. It would be therefore taken "that

the term Durg is already known to the author of the Brhad
devat.
In the Mahbhrata we have prayers addressed to Durg in
two parvans* In the Virata parvan of the Mahabharata when the
Pjidavas entered the great city of Virata, Yudhisthira is said to
have sent his prayers at this stage to the sacred Goddess Durg. It
is pertinent to ask why at this stage of all gods and goddesses
Yudhisthira called upon Durg particularly. This is however explained in the course of the hymn. She is Durg5 because she
rescues people from danger. And at that moment the P^davas
were leading a life incognito. They entered the palace of Virata as
Brahmans in guise, and Yudhisthira naturally had fears about his
personal safety. So he invoked the goddess of power who would
remove dangers which would occur to her devotees. She is represented in this chapter as the sister of Hari, born of Yasod, queen
of Nandagopa, and the terror of Kamsa. The story goes6 that a
voice in the welkin told Kamsa that the eighth son born of Devaki
would kill him. Kamsa put Devaki and her husband in jail and
went on killing their children one after another. On this the Devas
waited on Hari who promised to be born to Devaki and Vasudeva to
remove the Asuras from the face of the earth. So he called upon
his sakti, Vin My (also Vainavl) to be born in the womb of
Yasodai at the time he is to be born to Vasudeva. So when
Krjsna was born, Vasudeva was advised by Hiin to exchange Him
for Yasod's just born female child. This Vasudeva effected at
once in that stormy night. When the watchmen of Kamsa reported
to their king the birth of a daughter, the wicked Kamsa dashed
her on a stone when She ascended the air and warned Kamsa that
the child that would kill him was already born and that his death
5. Ch. Vffl. 21.

6. Bhga, P. X. 2. 11.
60
THE LALIT CULT
was certain at his hands. Then according to the wish of Hari she
retired to the Vindhya hills.
Yudhiss^hira who is a full-fledged devotee of Hari-Krgna could
not think of any other than his saktithe Vaisijavi. It has been
generally assumed by scholars that Durg is the consort of Siva and
Siva alone. This is a fundamental mistake. Durg is a common
appellation to Devi in general. She may be the consort of Brahma,
Siva or Vinu or any deity for that matter. Even as Kumrl
or Kany, that is, in her virginhood, she is Durg devi. For do
we not read in the Bhgavata Purna 7 that when Balarma went
on a tour of pilgrimage he visited Kany who is Durgdevl, who
had her shrine south of Malaya. Even now the celebrated shrine
of Kanykumarl at the Cape Comorin attracts many pilgrims. He
who knows and realises the philosophic and pragmatic aspect of
Sakti cult can alone appreciate the fundamental truth that lies
hidden in our religious and Tantric works. Yudhisthira who knew
the secret of Hindu philosophy and religion then addressed Vais$avi Sakti as Durg and invoked her blessings. The following is
the hymn on Durg by Yudhisthira.
f|
7. Bhaga. P. Bk. X, Ch.
61
Virt P. VIII. 7-26.
In this hymn it is interesting to note some salient points.

Durg is said to be the same as Kr^Qa, thus she is the feminine
side of Krsna's nature. She is said to have four hands and four
faces. Among other weapons she holds the noose, bow and discus. She is praised as Kumarl or the perpetual maiden. She is
addressed as the Slayer of Mahusa, the demon buffalo, as Kail,
Mahkli, VindhyvsinL It has been a custom in India to attribute
the exploits of one goddess to another. The idea was that the
different manifestations are after all for a certain definite purpose,
and really there is one Devi who assumes various forms for fulfilling various purposes.8 Sometimes she assumes a malignant form
and sometime a benevolent form. She is black and she is bright.
When the Pndavas sent their prayer thus, it was heard and
Durg presented herself before them and blessed them with victory
in the battle that was shortly to take place with the Kauravas, and
also with kingdom and prosperity of all kinds. When she dis-
S. See in this connection Ottakkuttar's hymn on Devi in the Tafcfceygapparani stanzas 103-119.
62
THE LALIT CULT
appeared, Yudhisthira sought audience of the Virata king, and

victory attended him in all his subsequent efforts.
There is another hymn that occurs in the Bhlma parvan
where at the suggestion of Krsna, Arjuna invoked Durg on the
eve of the Kuruketra battle for victory in'war. She is said here 8 a
in addition to be lord of the Yogins, born of the Kausika race, and
addressed as Um, Sankari, Mother of Skanda, Kala Karta, Sarasvati, Svitri, the mother divine of the Vedas, the embodiment of the
Vednta sstra, and last but not least as the Mother. This h y m n
again confirms the view which we have expressed more than once
that one Supreme Devi shows herself in different forms to fulfil
different functions. She is the great Sakti who makes the Supreme
Being sakta or powerful.
About these hymns a number of theories, very inconclusive
in character, have been put forward. One simple way of disposing them, is to style them as interpolations. The places where
the hymns to Durg occur are really situations so critical that
any person would
invoke
the
deity
who
comes
to
succour and relieve him from lifelong distress. So it is but natural
that Durg who is believed to be a deity that quickly relieves one
from such disasters is rightly and properly invoked. Secondly, the
dark colour and her association with Yasod and Nandagopa suggest that she was the tribal goddess of the gopas. It has been
already said that this association is due to the fact of Yudhijsthira
and Arjuna being devoted votaries of Krsna-Vasudeva. In fact
the hymn makes it clear that the votaries do not find any difference between Krsna and Durg invoked by them. It is a sort of
abhedabuddhi. A question may be asked why they could not
invoke the deity of their choiceKpna directly. It is because
they know the Puirusa becomes sakta when he is backed by his
counterpart, Sakti. She it is that propels the Purua to activity
8a. Bhima P. Ch. XXIII.
THE DURG CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF AKTISM
63
and action. Without her, the Purusa becomes inactive Principle.

That is why the Vaisnava Sakti was invoked. The black colour
is only symbolical of the purpose of manifestation. If it were to
vanquish the wicked and the Asuras she is black and if it were to do
favour to her devotees, she is of white colour.
Another theory is that Kali is a non-Aryan deity and she is
fond of wine and meat. There is no force in this argument because
Kali or Mahkali9 is only a manifestation of the Devi in her malignant form; to fulfil certain purposes she has to assume a form of
terror and dread. It is difficult to differentiate one cult from the
other. Next the address Vindhyvsini and Kntravsim need not
deter us. As Um or Prvati is associated with the Himalayas,
the Vaisnavi who is said to be niscari is considered to have her
residence on the Vindhyas. Anyway Durg is a mountain goddess. And this fact may be due to the peculiar circumstances in
which prehistoric man who lived in hills and jungles propitiated the deity who protected him from dangers and difficulties. We
have already referred to the forest tribe Eyinar who invoked her
to help them in their cattle-lifting and highway robbery, professions, which, according to their culture, were legitimate and binding on their society. One could offer to the god or goddess what
he or she consumed as food. As wild tribes they were addicted to
eating meat and drinking wine, and naturally these were offered.
As the Lord said, when he met his old classmate Kucela with his
offering of fried grains, that he would partake of anything heartily
given, the goddess was expected to partake of the bali, wine or
meat offered by the devoted votary. The association with the
hills shows that the cult of Durg is primitive and prehistoric.
The above arguments again hold good for a manifestation
with one face or four faces and four arms or two arms or ten
arms. The cult may have started among the primitive tribes. But
9. C. A. Menon's paper in S, K. Ayyangar Comxn, Volume,
64
THE LALIT CULt
that it was also a Vedic cult, in the sense that the followers of the
Vedic religion practised it, is borne chiefly by the fact that the
Brahmnda Purana declares, to advert to what has been already
said, that Durg mantras are Vedic mantras and higher in point of
religious merit than Visnu mantras. In other words Saktism is
rooted in Vedic literature.
SECTION 2
Sdktisnt in Mnavadharmasstra
Reference has already been made to the function assigned to
Prthvi, viz., guardianship of the world. The same idea is expressed
by the author of the Mnavadharma sstra. In enumerating the
duties devolved on kings in general, Manu speaks of Prthivavratam. This consists of looking upon all creatures equally and
impartially just as Mother Earth does.10 Elsewhere Manu prescribes offering of bali to Prthvi, and what is still more interesting
is that he mentions Prthvi with Dyaus as a constant pair Dyv
Prthvi, just like the Vedic expression, another instance of the
continuity of ideas and concepts in Ancient India.
SECTION
In other Purnas
In the Purnas we have yet another class of literature which
expounds the Sakti cultus in an elaborate manner. We have already
examined in extenso the Lalitopkliyn section of the Brahmnda
10.
tfgrf 3f3ffdf ^TrTTR POT

IX. 3. 11.

Purana*
65
Other Purnas which refer to this cultus are the Devi
Bhagavatam, the Brahmavaivarta Purana, the Mrkandeya Purna,

and the Stasamhit, a section of the Skanda Purana. Several
other Purnas make a brief reference to one phase or other of the
Sakti cult. We shall take up the Devi Bhagavatam. The date and
composition of this Purna are a bone of contention among scholars.
Some would go to the length of remarking that Srimad
Bhgavata Purna is a work of Bopadeva, the Bengal grammarian
of the 12th century A.D., and that the Devi Bhagavatam is to be
classed in the category of the Mahpurnas. On the face of it
this cannot stand a critical examination. The reasons cited are
unconvincing and in our opinion rimad Bhgavata is an
ancient Purna. We do not propose to discuss this subject here.
Let us take it for our present purpose that the Devi Bhagavatam
is a Purna apart and contains valuable information regarding
different phases of Saktism.
The first book of the Devi Bhagavatam Meiers to the praise of
the Devi.11 A number of chapters of the Book III12 contain hymns
on the glory and prowess of the Devi. Particular attention may be
drawn to what are known as Amba yajna and Devi yajna. It is
named mnasa yajna in honour of the goddess. By performing in
the way it should be done, bne gets the vision of the Mahvidy
leading to moksa. It is said that Hari himself performed the Devi
yajna at the commencement of creation. The grounds which
prompted Hari to take up this sacrifice are expounded in chapter
XIII. The same book furnishes information on the installation of
Durg Devi in Benares, and Ayodhy.13 This book devotes five
chapters to the NaVaratri ceremony, popularly known as Dasara
which is again celebrated in honour of the great goddess.
11.
Chh. iv & vii.
12. Chh. iii to vi and xiv.

13. Chh. xxiv and xxv,
L.C.-9
66
THE LALIT CULT
In Book V we have legends which describe the origin and form

of the goddess who was specially created out of all the gods to
destroy Asuras and Mahisa in particular. She is said to possess
18 hands.14 What follows is the preparation for war by Mahisa,
the war and his death. The Devi was hymned and peace
was once more established in the world.15 More details of the
worship of the Devi are furnished in chapter XXXIV. The next
book (VI) devotes itself to the Mahmy form of the Devi. Here
Hari is said to declare that not He, nor Siva nor Brahma could
measure the depth of the power of Maya and Her three gunas.
The world is deluded by her powers which consist of creation,
preservation and destruction. One should therefore meditate on
the Bhagavati on whom the Maya is dependent, and who is of the
nature of pure existence and bliss16. Yet another manifestation
of the Devi Satksi is described for the purpose of killing the
Asura Durgama.17 A later chapter gives an account of the Virt
rpa of the Devi or Her wonderful cosmic form. Here the Devi
is made to speak on the importance of jnna as leading to final
release from samsra. The last three chapters of this book are
devoted to an enumeration of places sacred to Devi and the mode
of worship to be offered.18
The Brahmavaivarta Purna contains chapters on Saktism and
mentions manifestations of Devi as we hve pointed out, such as
Sarasvati Devi, Durg and Mahlaksmi. By far the most important cultus of this Purna is that of Rdh. Both books con-
14. Ch. viii.

15. Chh. ix to xx.
16. Chh xxx and xxxi.
17. Bk. VII, Ch. 28.
18. See also Book VIII, Ch. 24.
TUE DURG CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SAKTISM
67
tain several chapters on Radh and her relation with Kpsna.19

43oth are said to attain goloka.20 Two chapters of the Puraiâ are
devoted to the hymning of Kali and Bhadrakall. They represent
the fierce aspect of the Devi.21 The worship of these deities is
still current throughout Malabar and the West coast in general.
We can recall the reference in the Mahbhrata to Kali, Mahkali and Bhadrakall as surnames of Durg. No distinction is made
as to the use of these epithets to Devi.
There is also the mention of Devi as Tara which may point to
the influence of Buddhism on the cultus.22
The Mrkandeya Purdna which is roughly dated in the fourth
century A.D. contains a whole section entitled the Devimahtmya.
Pargiter wha has translated this remarks that it is a later interpolation and t h e product of a later age which developed and took
pleasure in the sanguinary features of popular religion.* Pargiter is apparently ignorant of the fact that such sanguinary features
can be taken to a remote antiquity, as early as pre-Vedic Age.
The hymns in honour of the goddess breathe of a lofty religious
fervour and spiritual meditation. Gross revelry and repulsive acts
are marked features of the battles described, and this has evoked
the remark that the Devtmhtmya is 'a compound of the most
opposite characters/ It looks at first sight as if we have contradictory descriptions. Those who -know the circumstances under
which the Devi is requested to offer battle show that unless recourse could be had to such repulsive practices, the enemy could
not be curbed and completely crushed. If the enemy would in-
19. Bk, I, ch. 5, 48, 55; Bk. II, 52, 57; 67-68; 110-111; etc.
20.
Ibid., Chh. 128-129.
21. Bk. II. Chh. 36-37.

22. Bk. I, 58 and Bk. II, SB.
68
iHELALITCULT
dulge in adharmic modes of warfare, surely he must be paid in

his coin. This is what the Purna narrates. A Devi who achieved
so much against odds should be praised with all fervour by a
-devotee who seeks peace. Hence the elevated fervour of the hymns
addressed to the goddess. The terrible aspect of the Devi is depicted. She is addressed as Mahjny, Bhadrakli, Mahkli and
Candik. Kali and others are an emanation from Durg. These
observations are enough to prove that the Devimhtmya
need
not stand apart from the Purna and even if the date of the
Purna as the fourth century A.D. be admitted, there is nothing
wrong in that. An account of the Devimhtmya as it occurs in the
Purana quite fits in with the framework of the Purnic structure.
This section of the Mrkandeya Purnia gives us a glimpse of
the condition of the Sakti cult at least in the early centuries of the
Christian era. This portion of the Purna may be of the same age
as the epic Mahbhrata, where similar descriptions and names of
Durg occur.
The Sta Samhita to which we made a reference as a section
of the Skanda Purna could not have been composed later than the
sixth century A.D. For M M Haraprasad Sastri found in Nepal
Library a copy of the Skndam written in the later Gupta characters. In many places there are references to the worship of the
Devi and details connected with it. There is here a Devtmhtmya
which furnishes an account of the engagements, and victories of the
Devi, depicted both in her terrible and gracious form. In fact
the Yajiiavaibhava khanda of the Sta Samhit begins with the
philosophical disquisition of the asraya of sakti on the Supreme
Being with the attributes of Ek, Param Sakti, My Durghatakrinl and nandarp of Siva. 23 She is further designated matrk and mantramta. 24 And this matrka is of three formssthla,
23. II, 6-7, 42; VIII, 3; XIII whole.

24. IV. 10-11.
THE DURG CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF AKTISM
69
sksma and susfcsma25. The inseparability of Sakti from the jiva,

call this what you will, Siva, Rudra, Visnu, Brahma, Virt, Hiranr
yagarbha, Svart, Samrt, Indra or any lokapla, deva or manusya,
bird or beast, plants, rivers or mountains, etc., is prominent. It is
concluded that he who sees the identity of Umasankara (Sivasakti)
alone sees. He is the person who has realised the truth to whatever sect he belongs, Saiva, Bhgavata, Jaina, Bauddha or Apabhramsa. 26 The thread of the discussion is continued to show that
one Siva manifests himself in five ways, with respective saktis
Sadyojta and Sarjanasakti, Varna deva and Plana sakti, Aghora
and Samharanasakti, Tatpurusa and Tirobhva sakti, and Isana and
Anugrahasakti. 27 Some light is thrown on the nature and locus
of some of the saktis. The Stagit portion of the Sta Samhita
explains what citsakti, mysakti, parsakti and bindumayisakti
are and what place they occupy in the Individual Soul called Brahman. Citsakti is to be located in the middle part of the body called
]J#ldhra. Mysakti is stationed at the frontal end of the face.
Parsakti is in the form of nda and takes a place in the middle
portion of the face, while Sakti in the form of bindu has the intervening part of the brows for its station. The places assigned for
the Saktis of Trimrtis are as follows: Sarasvatl on the tip of the
tongue, Mahalaksml in the heart-centre and Prvati with Rudra. 28
The fundamental idea underlying this concept is that every part
of the Individual Soul is made to act and to will by the aid of a
certain sakti which is personified Energy. One point to be noted
before we close this section, is thaj; the .Purna is well acquainted
with the Tantric works like the Slaiva, and Vaisnava Agamas as
well as those of Avaidic sects like the Jain and Buddhist. This is
proof positive of the ancientness of some of the Agamic works.
25. Ibid., 31-32.

26. XIII, 2-39.
27. XIV, 2-5.
28. Vn, 17-23.
CHAPTER V

Any survey of Saktaic literature will not be complete if a word
is not said about the vast field of Tantra literature which primarily
deals with the worship of Devi as Sakti. There has been a keen
controversy as to the age of the composition of these Tantra
treatises, and it has been generally understood that they were composed after the fourth century A.D. The Tantras are not one pr
two but are several in number. True, many Tantras were written
after the fourth century. But the question is whether there were
any Agama treatises before this date. Be it understood what
southerners call gamas, the north Indians designate Tantrasall
connected with the worship of one divinity or other. With the
growing popularity of the Skta cult, there was a demand for more
literature on the subject, and hence a number of mediaeval and
modern treatises. Most of these have not evoked the authority and
weight of the earlier treatises on Tantra. But it may be definitely
said that the Tantra ritual is only a development of the ritual section of the Veda which goes by the name of Karmaka$4a. The
first landmark in the history of Tantra literature may be said to
begin with Sri Sankarcrya whose age is fixed to be eighth century A.D. In his much celebrated work entitled Saundaryalahari,
Sri Sankara refers to the Tantras as sixty-four in number.1 Sankara simply makes a statement of fact. But Lakmidhara, one of
the commentators on this fine piece of work has a gloss where he
furnishes the names of these sixty-four works as mentioned in
Catussati, itself a work of Tantric character.
The following are the names of these treatises: Mahmysambaram, Yoginijlasambaram, Tatvasambarakam, the eight
I. loka 31. Catuh sasthy tantraih.
AKTISM AND THE TANTRA TREATISES
71
Bhairava Tantras (Siddhabhairava, Vatukabhairava, Kanklabharrava, Klabhairava, Klgnibhairava, Yoginibhairava, Mahbhairava and SaktibhairaVa), Bahurpistakam (being the Tantras
sacred to Brhmi, Mhesvari, Kaum&ri, Vaisnavl, Vrhl, Miheradri, Cimund and Sivadtl), Yamalstakam, Candrajnnam,
Mlinividy, Mahsammohanani, Vmajustam, Mahdevam, Vtulam, Vtulottaram, Hrdbhedam, Tantrabhedam, Guhyatantram,
Kmikam, Kalvdam, Kalaram, Kuiindikmatam, Matottaram,
Vinkhyam, Trottalam, Trottalottaramj Piicmrtam, Rpabhedam,
Bhtoddmaram, Kulasram, Kuloddisam, Kulacdmani; Sarvajfinottaram, Mahklimatam, Arunesam Medinlsam, Vikunthesvaram, Prvm Pascimam Daksam, Uttaram, Niruttaram, Vimalam,
Vimalottaram and Devimatam (pp. 80-84).
According to Sankara the authorship of these works is attributed to Lord Siva, and these works were more misleading than
dispelling darkness and throwing a flood of light. In other words
these manuals were intended for persons in the lower levels of
culture who could not discipline their minds either to a life of self*
denial or practice of yoga. In order to get the full benefit of the
teachings contained in these manuals insistence is made on the
initiation by a guru when the sisya is in a fit stage to enter on
such secret but pure and refined path of worship.
Though Sankara spoke of 64 Tantras, there have been many
more, and there has been a different version and a different num*
ber according to the sects which began to adopt them as authoritative works. For example, one division of these gamas speaks
of 28 works: Kmika, Yogaja, Cintya, Karana, Ajita, Dipta,
Sksma, Shasraka, Amsumn, Suprabheda, Vijaya, Nisvsa,
Svayambhuva, gneyaka, Vira, Raurava, Mkuta, Vimala, Candrajiina, Mukhabimba, Prodgita, Laiita, Siddha, Santna, Sarvokta,
Paramesvara, Kirana and Vtula. Besides, as many as 207 subsidiary gamas are also distinguished.2 These are all Saiva Agamas
2. Sabaratna Mudaliar: Essentials of Hinduism, 1913; p. 228.
72
THE LALIT CULT
which are a repository of the Siddhnta philosophy which is elaborated so much in South Indian Tamil literature.
T h e story goes
that the celebrated sons of BrahmaSanaka, Sananda, Sanatana,

and Sanatkumrawaited upon Siva and told H i m of the vastness
and intricacy of Vedic literature, requested for a simpler literature
which would command as m u c h importance and valjue as t h e
Vedas.
It is said t h a t Siva taught t h e m some secret doctrines
which w e r e expounded by them for t h e welfare of t h e world.

Thus the Agamas attributed to these four seers Sanaka, Sananda,
Sanatana a n d Sanatkumra, became authoritative works, free from
obscene and other practices that find mention in some of the later
spurious works. This is why Tamil saints from the time of Tirumlar, the author of Tirumantirama.
composition of the early
centuries of the Christian erato Nilakantha Sivacrya h a v e m a d e

no distinction between the Vedas and gamas in their works.
This
is why again Sanskritists like Appayya Diksita and H a r a d a t t a Sivcrya have attached m u c h authority to these works of acknowledged
value.
Appropriately
to
this
view
Laksmldhara
who
flourished in the reigns of Gajapati Vira R u d r a a n d P r a t p a R u d r a

(in the 12th century), and who has been already mentioned as a<
commentator
on
the
Saundaryalahari,
states
five
authorities
whose Samhits or manuals h a v e been h a n d e d down to posterity

and holds t h e view t h a t these k e e p t r u l y t o t h e spirit of t h e Vedas.
Pancakam. 3
The
are Va,sistha, Sanaka, Suka, S a n a n d a n a
and
These are collectively known

names mentioned
Sanatkumra.
as Subhagama
There is an agreement with the Tajnil
with regard to t h r e e names.

adds the name of Vasistha.
tradition
Laksmidhara introduces S u k a and

H e enriches his gloss on the S a u n -
daryalahari quoting extensively from these works.

Before we close this discussion it is better to say something
about the so-called heretical Tantras.
3. Saundaryalahan, pp. 85-6,
F r o m his list of the sixty-four
73
Tantras, Laksmidhara is careful to omit a number of Saktaie Tantras

such as Kulrnava Tantrarja, Tantraratnkara, Saubhgyakalpalatik and Kauldaxsa. These works, it may be noted in passing,
are treatises of the well-known Kaula school. Apparently Laksmidhara had a bias against this school and its adherents. Even among
the manuals mentioned by him, he calls several as works whose
authorship is attributed to the followers of Jaina, Bauddha,, Digambara, Kplika and other sects which Indian tradition has unanimously regarded as avaidic in character.
That such gama works were in existence when the Skanda
Purna was reduced to writing is evident. For do we not read
in the Sta Samhit the existence of the following gamas;
Saivgamas, Vaisnavgamas, Brahmgamas, Buddhgamas, Jainagamas, gamas sacred to Yaksas, Gandharvas and lastly to Devi.4
Thus we see that at least foefore the sixth century in Nepal
there were gamas followed by different sects in the country.
An examination of the Buddhist gamas shows that they were
composed in an age when Buddhism began to decline. Speaking
of the language and style, Professor Macdonell says that they are
written in barbarous Sanskrit. Here is an exposition of Yoga which
is 'a mixture of mysticism, sorcery and erotics, accompanied by
disgusting orgies.' Curiously these Tantra treatises have no background in the religion and philosophy of the Buddhists. One sees
the profound influence of Saiva Tantras on these Buddhist manuals.
For it is the worship of Linga, a symbol of Siva, and of other Saiva
gods that is largely promulgated in these treatises. Even female
divinities are invoked, an idea quite alien to orthodox Buddhism.
This was the period of Mahyna Buddhism, the Hlnayna giving
place to this developed system early in the first centuries of the
Christian era. The productions of the Mahyna sect were
all in Sanskrit, and the doctrines inculcated were there-
Brahmagit, 4. 68-72.
L.C.-10
74
THE LALITA CULT
fore taken from the then current religious practices of

the land. At that time the predominating religious sect
was Saiva and hence the Saiva influence in Mahyna works
in general and Buddhist Tantras in particular.5 Though the
Mediaeval and modern treatises on Tantra do not fall very much
within the scope of our discussion, still mention must be made of
the very valuable work dorie by Arthur Avalon in this field. This
learned author has taken much pains to see and understand things
through the Indian eye and has therefore been able to present the
translation and interpretation of many a tantra in their true perspective.6
One such presentment which may be fairly said to be a representative of the mediaeval Tantras is the Mahnirvna Tantra. The
book opens with a question by Devi to Siva as to the easy means
of the liberation of beings, and is answered that the Tantra is the
easiest means of release. For here we find the quintessence of the
Veda in acquiring knowledge of the Brahman or the universal
soul. An account of Brahmamantra, initiation into it, the elements
of worship, homa, and hymn of praise are all narrated in five
chapters. The Tantra then becomes a bit of Dharmasstra and
postulates the varnsrama dharma, samskras, expiatory rites and
5. See Macdonell: India's Past, p. 64.

6. Some of the works edited by Arthur Avalon with introduction in
English and with translation are Satcakranirpana which is a treatise on
Kundaliniyoga, Prapancasra Tantra, Kulacudmani Nigama, Kulrnva Tantra,
Klivilsa, Tantrarja, Kmakalvilsa, Mahnirvna Tantra and others.
Among other works of the same author, mention may be made of (1) Shakti
and Shakta which contains a popular exposition of the doctrine and ritual of
the Skta Tantras, (2) Garland of Letters dealing with sdbda or 'sound' and
the technique of mantras; and (3) the World as Power. This last work is a
critical study of Power as Reality, Power as Matter; Power as Life, Power as
Mind, Power as Consciousness; while his Serpent Power deals with Yoga in
relation to Tantra.
AKTISM AND THE TANTRA TREATISES
75
the true nature of dharma. There is a chapter on image worship

and dedication of temples. But what is important is the philosophy underlying this cultus. There is Brahmasdhana, and Saktisdhana. The object of worship in both is the same. Brahman stands
for Turiya Brahman united with Mlaprakrti, and Sakti is Mlaprakrti united with Turiya Brahman. Therefore there is a nonseparate relation between Brahman and Sakti. In other words
there can exist no Brahman without Sakti and no Sakti without
Brahman. The result obtained by Brahmasdhana is the same as
that by Saktisdhana.7
?. See Mahnirviia Tantra (Trans.), pp. 64-5 n 8.
CHAPTER VI

In the Chapter XXXIX of the Lalitopkhyna in the Brahmnda Purna, there occurs a hymn of god Brahma to the Supreme
Goddess. Wonderful in itself, it gives us a clear clue to the philosophy of Saktism. The hymn is to the goddess Adi Laksmi1 alias
Kmfcsi, who is stated to bs the mother of Trimrtis. She is described as having a glorious form of light and as shining m the
hearts of all. She is called Jaganmt (Mother of the Universe)
and Tripurasundari and Sarvamangal. The hymn says that she
creates and preserves and destroys the Universe, that she cannot
be known by Vedas and gamas but is known only by herself and
to herself (Svasamvedya); ihat the sages call her as Parabrahman
and she is meditated upon by Brahma and Vinu and Rudra and
Isvara and Sadasiva as well as by Indra and other deities. Then
follows a remarkable verse which says: "I bow to the Devi whose
breath is the Veda, whose glance is the five elements, and whose
smile takes form as the manifested universe." She is the Jiinasakti and at her command the sun and the moon light the earth
and the fire burns brightly. The twenty-five tattvas and the five
mykancukas are but her manifestations. She is the immanent
soul of all souls. She is Bliss infinite and eternal and supreme.
She is called Srividya.
What is this Srividy? What are the vital aspects of the
theory and practice in kta philosophy and religion? As has
been said in the last chapter, the Tantras which expound these
recondite truths have now been made known to some extent by
Arthur Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe), by his many works
expounding the principles and practices of Saktism. But for his
blazing the trail, little would be known today about such principles
and practices.
1. Br. P. IV. 40-46.
77
Saktism is dynamic Hinduism. It is Hinduism in its mood of

synthesis and reconciliation. From the Purnic point of view,
Devi is the sister of Visnu (Harisahodari) and the wife of Siva
(Kapprnanyik) and the mother of Ganesa and Subrahmanya
Thus she is the centre of the supreme group of deities. From the
Darsana point of view, the avikra'pariTmma vda2 of Saktism is
bound to reconcile the interminable and resounding conflicts of
rambha vda (Creation), and pannma vda (Evolution) .and
vivarta vd,a (Apparent Evolution). From the cosmogenic point of
view, Saktism amplifies and supplements the Samkhya doctrine3 and
relates the godless universe of Kapila to God once more. From
the point of view of religious sdhana} the Devi who is the giver
of the intuitive knowledge of God (Sivajnnapradyinl) is herself
the supreme Sdhana as shown in the Kenopanisad.4
The special excellence of Saktism lies in its emphasis on sdh*
ana. There can be no siddhi without sdhana. To know a thing
2. For a fuller explanation of this principle see Sri Varivasy Rahasyam,

verse (3).
and the gloss on this by Brahmasri N. Subrahmanya Aiyar in Tamil

(Brahmavldya Vimarsam Sabha publication series, 3). The first part of
the verse relates to the vivarta vda, and the succeeding part to avikrapari-'
nmavda. The essence of the doctrine is that though the world is a product of Brahman, Brahman itself does not suffer change like that of milk
and curds or clay and pot etc.
3. According to the nkhya philosophy (a) the Purusa and Prakrti
are different. In the kta system &akti and &akta form one whole, (b)
The Snkhyas are content with Jadasakti but Sktas believe in Citskti
also, (c) The &akta Tatvas are fuller than the Sankhya ones (36 as against
24; advimsa tatvni visvam). See also grlvidya Saparya Vsan ed. by N.
Subramani Aiyar (Brahmavidya Vimarsani Sabha Series 5) p. 27.
4. iv. 7 &8.
THE LALIT CULT
in its fulness we must be it. To know Brahman we must be

Brahman. To become Brahman we must know it. The excellence
of Saktism lies in its affirmation of akti as consciousness and of
the identity of Sakti and Brahman. In short Brahman is static
Sakti and Sakti is dynamic Brahman. The Tantras give us mantras
and rituals and yogic sdhands which supplement the Vedic sdhanas, produce the highest results quickly and with ease, and above
all they are open to all castes and both sexes. The great glory of
Saktism is its affirmation that each of us has a latent and potent
magazine of sakti (power). Such power is the power of joy and
the power of love and the power of service and the power of renunciation. In common with all schools of Hinduism jSaktism also
inculcates a healthy physical and moral life. Let there be no hesitation about affirming this basic fact. The Katha Upanisad5 clearly
proclaims that he who has not refrained from evil acts and who
has no peace of mind and self-control cannot attain God by any
means.
A question may be asked: What about the Vamamarga of
Saktism ? There is much misunderstanding about it even to-day.
The Vamamarga with its reference to the five mahras is applicable
only to such communities as have not refrained from flesh and
wine. The Agastya gtras 6 make this clear beyond doubt. The five
makras are madya (wine), matsya (fish), mmsa (flesh), maithuna (sexual union) and mudr (mystic gesture). It is unfortunate that some sdhakas (worshippers) resorted to the Vamamarga for indulging in forbidden foods and drinks and forbidden
Dvitlya Valli, 24.

The Katha Upanishad by J. N./ Rawson, 1934.
6. Ch. IV. 66-66: from a ms. copy in possession of Dewan Bahadur
K. S. Ramaswami Sastri. The total number of stras is 300.
79
sex contacts. Vmamarga is an extremist application of the doctrines and practices of Saktism. The worship of the naked woman
which is said to obtain in some placeswas but to divinise our
view of sex and to take away sex-mindedness. But very often in
this imperfect world the way to hell is paved with good intentions. Further the esoteric aspect of the five makarasQa has been
forgotten. Wine (madya) is the nectar flowing from the citcandra-mandala in Yoga. Mmsa (flesh-eating) is the control of
the appetite by feeding on oneself by fasting. The matsya
(fish) and mudra are the Ida and Pingala ndis. Maithunk is the
joy of the union of the Soul and the OversouL
There are some Eastern and Western savants who glibly assert
that Saktism is an invasion of Aryanism by non-Aryanism, and
there are others who say that the Mother cult is pre-Aryan and
originally belonged to the Sumerian or other culture and later on
entered Aryanism. The worship of the Mother aspect of God is as
deeprooted in human nature as the worship of the Father aspect of
Godhead, and it is scarcely necessary to postulate a borrowing of
the cult by one culture from another. However that may be,
Saktism according to the Tantras is an integral portion of
Hinduism and is a living and vital body of tenet and practice in
India to-day. Sir John Woodroffe says with force and appositeness: "Let it be as you will with regard to the origin of the kta
gama; but at present Skta worship is an integral part of the
general Hinduism and as such admits the authority of Veda,
accepting, as later explained, every other belief held by the general
body of the Hindu people."61?
6a. See the foreword to the translation of Saundaryalahari, by G. V.

Ganesa Aiyar (Kumbakonam); see also Intrn. to Sri Vidya Saparya Vsana,
p. 12.
6b. Shakti and Shakta, (II edition) pp. 32-33. Ganesh & Co., Madras.
1920,
80
THE LALIT CULT
The main sources of Saktism are the Tantras. But the original source is the Veda itself. The Devi Skta in the Rg Veda6c (the
Risi of which was a woman) and the Sri Skta and Bh Skta and
Nila Skta and Durg Skta teil us about the cardinal truths of
the Skta faith. The Kena Upanisad contains a story7 that once
upon a time the Devas conquered the Asuras (Demons) and became proud of their victory and boasted about it; that thereupon
a mysterious power (Yaksa) appeared before them; that the gods
sent God Agni to him; that when the Yaksa asked Agni what he
could do Agni said that he would burn everything; that when the
Yaksa asked God Agni to burn a blade of grass, Agni could not
6c. X. 125.
7. See above pp. 52-3.
III. 1.
Ibid., 2-3.
% i
Ibid., 4.
ii
Ibid., 5.
Ibid., 6.
11
Ibid., 12.
Jv.
81
do so and retired crestfallen; that the same fate overtook God

Vyu also; that the gods then sent their king Indra, to interrogate
the Yaksa; that when Indra approached, the Yaksa disappeared;
that there appeared then Goddess Um in all her transcendental
glory and taught Indra that the Yaksa was Brahman (the Supreme
Godhead) and that thus Indra was the first knower of Brahman.
Thus Sakti is described in the Kenopanisad as Brahmavidy.8
Mention has already been made of the specific iafeta Upianfeads.9
We may refer again to the Tripuratpini Upanisad which
teaches us the now unknown fourth pda of Gyatrl (paro rajase
mvadom).10 The same Upanisad also declares the identity of the
Gyatrl mantra and the Pancadasi mantra.11 It eventually leads
up to the knowledge of the Impersonal Brahman. The Bahvrcopanisad mentions the four famous Mahavakyas.12 The Bhvanopanisad describes the macrocosm and the microcosm of the Sri
Cakra and tells us also what the psa and the ankusa (the rope
and the goad) and the Iksudanda and the Pancabna (the sugarcane bow and the five arrow flowers) in the hands of Devi signify13.
The other Upanisads tell us the truths about the Devi in her threefold aspects of Sarasvati, Laksmi and Durg and explain the glory
of Slt Devi.14
8. iv. 7. (Poona ed.)

9. See above ph. Ill, Sec. iii, The Skta Upanisads ed. A. Mahadeva
Sastri, Adyar, (1925).
10. I. 2.
11. Ibid., 23-26.
12
13. The whole of Upanisad (2).

14. Among the kta Upanisads are Sarasvati Rahasya Upanisad, Site
Saubhgya Laksmi Upanisad, and SIta Upanisad.
S2
TOE
LALIT CULT
Though, t h e worship of t h e Devi, as a l r e a d y
indicated,
is
amplified in t h e Itihasas like t h e M a h b h r a t a a n d in t h e P u r n a s ,

still t h e most extensive exposition is in the Tantras
T h e word Tantra
and the
gamas,
signifies amplitude a n d protective power.
The
Kmika gama15 says

Tanoti vipulm arihn tattvamantra samanvitn |.
trnamca Icurute yasmt tantram ityabhidhlyate \ |
It is called Tantra because it gives us extensive knowledge relating to tattvas and mantras, and because it gives us salvation. The
special feature about the gamas and Tantras is that they are
open to persons of all castes and both sexes and are not subject
to the restrictions of the Vaidikcra. The gamas fall into three
main groups, viz., iSkta gama wherein ISakti is worshipped,
Saivgma where Siva is worshipped, and Vaisnavgama wherein
Visû is worshipped. But we must not forget their baysic unity
despite their apparent diversity. The concepts of Ardhanrisvara
and Sankaranryana should hot be forgotten, though the diversity
of the Agmas is due to the diversity of the Ista Devatas. The
special characteristics of the Tantras are stated to be mantra,
yantra, nyasa, diksa, guru and the like.16
Let us not accept for a moment the facile theory that the
Vedas and the gamas conflict with one another. They conflict,
if at all, in the same sense as that in which Sruti and Smrti conflict
or as that in which they and the Purnas conflict. It is our duty
to realise that all of them speak with one voice, because how can
the revealed word, destroy itself by contradictions? And if we
make bold to challenge the inspiration of the one, the same arguments will demolish the inspired character of the other pramnas
15. Shakti and Shakta, p. 18.

16. See the closing chapters of the Lalitopkhyna of the Brahmnda
Purna, Chh. 37-40,
83
as well. Of course the Veda is supreme and eternal and if anything conflicts with it, It must be explained away or given up.
Nothing turns upon the distinction of the eternal character of the
Veda and the fact that the other pramnas or revelations were
given out at different times, because these having been inspired by
God there could be no defect therein. Veda is the World as Idea
in the cosmic mind of the Creator, and Tantra is an amplification
of the Vedas. This is the orthodox standpoint.
Of course we do find many sects of Saktism just as we nnd
many sects of Vedntism. The Vednta Stras themselves have
been diversely interpreted. Even so ti>&re would be and there are
some divergences of doctrine between Saktism and Vedntism. But
all the same there is a large body 0I doctrines and practices common to all the sects and schools while there are also divergent
doctrines ajid practices specialty obtaining in particular sects and
schools. Such tolerant divergence will solidify the main body of
Hinduism which today is in a disintegrated condition. The following opinion of Sir John Woodroffe17 should be pondered over
deeply and well: "All systems of interpretation have some merits
as they have defects, that of Sankara included. The latter by his
Miyvda is able to preserve more completely than any other
interpretation the changelessness and stainlessness of Brsjiman. It
does this, however at the cost of certain defects, which do not exist
in other schools which have also their own peculiar merits and
shortcomings. The basis and seat of authority is &ruti or experience, and the gama interprets Sruti in its own way. Thus the
Saiva-Skta doctrines are specific interpretations of the Vednta
and differ in several respects from that of Sankara, though as they
agree (I speak of the Northern Saiva school) with him on the
fundamental question of the unity of Jivtm and Paramtm; they
are therefore Advaita. gama then is one interpretation of Vednta; an interpretation doubtless influenced by the practical ends
17. Shakti and Shakta. p. 27,
84
THE LALIT GLT
which this Sastra has in view." It is concluded that the Skta

Tantra is the Sdhana Sstra of Advaita.
Let us therefore clearly remember the unity of the Vedas and
the gamas and assert that Saktism is one aspect of Vedantism. It
can be claimed that Sktism is thoroughly Vedic and is the point
of reconciliation of all the sects and schools f Hinduism. Kullka Bhatta says in his commentary on Manu18 that Sruti is of two
kinds, viz*-, Vaidika and Tantrika. The great rikantha in his commentary on the Vednta Sutras expressly states19 that he sees no
difference between the Vedas and the Agajnas and that these are
really one. And Sankara says in his bhsya20 on Trisati that Devi
is the Brahmavidy in the form of the Mahvkyas (Tattvamasi,
etc.). The Kulmava Tantra says that Kaula Dharma is based on
the Veda (Tasmt Vedtmakavi Sstram Viddhi kauMtmakarri
priye) and the Satdarsanas are limbs of the Kaula doctrine.21 The
Prapancasra of Sankara refers to the vaidika Mahvkyas.22
The Niruttara Tantra calls the Tantra the fifth Veda.23 The
Mahrudra Ymala goes so far as to say that he who is devoid of
vaidika car a is disqualified for Saktism.24 In the Mahnirvna
Tantra the mantra Om Saccidnandam Brahma is revealed.25
18.
ILL
19. rutisca dvividh vaidikl tntrikl ca.

Ch. II. ii.S.
20. Collected Works of Sankara, Vani Vilas ed., Vol. XVIII, pp. 285-6.
21. Shakti and Shakta, p . 45.
22.
Ibid.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Ibid.
25. II. vv. 34-36, Tantric Texts, Vol.
85
In the light of these texts need we doubt for a moment that

Saktism is thoroughly Vedic in its character. It affirms that the
Tantras are the special Veda for the Kali Yuga. It accepts the Advaita doctrine and aifirms the fundamental unity of the Jivtm
(individual soul) and the Paramtm (Siva-Sakti). It further
affirms the doctrines of Karma and of transmigration. It accepts
the Samskaras and cras and the diverse yoga. It still further
affirms moksa as the supreme goal of life.
An endeavour will be made here only to explain Saktism and
to present the manifestation of Sakti in the macrocosm and in the
microcosm. God is above name and form and hence above sex as
well. But in the Saguna aspect, God can be realised as Father or
as Mother. God is spoken of as Siva-Sakti (Consciousness and its
Power). The Saundaryalahari of Sri Sankara says in its opening
verse26 that Siva when united to Sakti permeates and sustains the
Universe but cannot have an iota of activity when dissociated from
Sakti.
This is the basic and fundamental tenet in Saktism. The SivaSakti in its dynamism becomes My Sakti and makes the Nirguna aspect of God shine forth as the Saguna aspect. It becomes
also Prakrti Tattva which is composed of the three Gunas (Sattva,
Rajas, and Tamas) and whose function is to finitise the infinite
consciousness, and manifest the latter as the universe of Matter
and the universe of Jivas endowed with life and mindwhich are
Apar Prakrti and Par Prakrti, to use the language of the
Bhagavat Git.27
It is here that we find another aspect of the reconciliation of
all other aspects of Hinduism in Saktism. The Advaita stresses
26
fin^r*
f K31
27. Ch. VII. 4-5.
86
THE LALIT CULT
unity; the Visistdvaita stresses triplicity in unity; the Dvaita

stresses multiplicity. The Advaita stress on unity leads it to call
the world Mithy. No doubt Mithy does not mean unreality or
illusion or non-existence. It means only relative and phenomenal
existence. But all the same the lack of the link of Sakti between
Brahman and the universe has led to the charge of the unreality
of universe as being the Advaita doctrine. Nay, it has led also to
some schools of Advaita negating the reality of the universe altogether, though Sri Sankara definitely declares that the universe
has a relative or phenomenal reality (vyvahrika satt). 28 The
schools laying down triplicity and multiplicity have gone far away
from the supreme doctrine of unity which was the greatest title
of Indian thought to claim world-homage, because the doctrine of
devotion is shared by Hinduism with other religions; but the doctrine of soham (which in Saktism becomes saJiam)29 has no counterpart outside India.
The difference between the Skta attitude towards the universe and the prevalent pessimistic Hindu attitude is striking,
Quite naturally two strains run through human thoughtthe optimistic strain based on the sense of eternity and joy
and the pessimistic strain based on the sense of evanescence and pain and grief. There are passages30 saying
that the world is born in joy and lives in joy and becomes an involute in joy. There are other passages31 which emphasise that it is impermanent (anitya) and joyless (asukha). Further, one view is that the universe is gross and lifeless matter.
Another view subtilises the universe. Yet another view explains
28. See in this connection Sankarabhasya on Brahmastras, II. 1.14.

29. Mahnirvna, VIII. 264r5: See also The Garland of Letters (1922).
p. 107.
30. Taitti. Up. III.6.
31. B. Glta, VIII.15.
87
away the universe as a mere appearance or a mere illusion. According to the Sakta doctrine we must take our stand on a more
fundamental truth, though the above said aspects are by no means
false but are relatively true. Sakti is Cidmpini and nandarpim
(pure blissful consciousness). Nature, i.e., the material universe,
is but her play (lila) and her manifestation. From this idea follows the idea of the real and joyful character of the universe,
which we can enjoy but are unable to enjoy because of the desireelement in our mind which weaves for us the net of pain and
grief. A desireless devoted state of mind will enable us to enjoy
Her til in a calm and happy spirit. In the Rudraymal, the Devi
says: "My worship (dhyna) is without austerity and pain."
Thus the emphasis of Saktism on Citsakti and My Sakti and
Prakrti Sakti is a very important aspect of its synthetic emphasis.
Citsakti is beyond both the macrocosm and the microcosm. It is
the origin of the series of evolutes which culminates in the experienced universe and the experiencing ego with its five sheaths and
three states. It is infinite eternal consciousness and love and bliss.
It corresponds to the Saguna Brahman of Vednta while Siva corresponds to Nirguna Brahman. It is the fundamental substratum
that, however veiled, is the cause of response in the mineral realm,
and of sentience in the vegetable realm, and of thought and feeling
in the animal and human realms. It was the special glory of
Indian thought, and especially of the Skta philosophy, to realise
and reveal the existence and fundamental cognateness of the response to stimuli and atomic memory which we find in the inorganic
plane and the minor sentiency, and psychic response in the vegetable
kingdom and the ascending aesthesia or capacity of feeling in the
animal kingdom and especially in the human kingdom. Some
religions deny the existence of soul to animals and plants, and till
the days of Sir J. C. Bose even advanced science denied sentiency
in plants and response in minerals.
According to Sakta philosophy, Maya Sakti is only Siva in
the aspect which He assumes as the material cause (updana
88
THE LALIT GLT
karma) of the universe. Sir John Woodroffe explains well the

two complimentary points of view from which the universe is
looked at by Advaita Vednta and Skta Vednta. He says.32
" Sankara says that there is in truth no creation and therefore
there can be no question how it arose. This is because he views
the problem from the transcendental (Pramrthika) standpoint
of siddhi. The Tantra Sstra, on the other hand, being a practical
sdhana sstra views the matter from the jiva standpoint. To us
the universe and ourselves are real. And Isvara, the Creator, is
real. Therefore there is a creation, and Siva as Sakti creates by
evolving into the universe and then appearing as all jivas. This is
the old Upanisadic doctrine of the spider actually evolving the web
from itself, the web being its substance in that form." According
to the Skta doctrine, My Sakti is an evolute of Citsakti. During
involution, there is a reverse process. Maya Sakti is involved into
Citsakti, and Citsakti is involved into Cit or Brahman.33
Taking the grossest forms of the manifestation of Sakti, the
doctrine of Saktism clearly affirms that the tamo-guna preponderates in the mineral world while tamas lessens in the vegetable
world and is added to by rajas and sattva. In the animal world,
rajas and sattva increase while in the human kingdom the ascent
is in the direction of more and more sattva guna, the highest state
being the sublimation and self-transcendence of sattva guna in
moksa. From this it follows that it is the privilege and duty of
Man to let the soul's saccidnanda nature shine forth more and
more. Hence the ethical life is a life of increasing love and happiness through increasing love and service and renunciation.
In describing the evolution of the macrocosm, we must not fail
to remember how the Skta philosophy amplifies the Smkhya

33. See in this connection the Garland of Letters, pp. 48-49,
89
theory of categories in a way that reconciles Samkhya and Vednta. The Samkhya system does not affirm God and it thinks that
the universe is the resultant of the proximity of an infinite number
of souls (purusas) and of the ever active but insentient Prakrti
which is composed of the three Gunas (sattva, rajas and tamas).
It says that Prakrti moves from its state of involution into the
state of evolution because of the proximity of Purusa. The
evolved categories in the order of derivation are mahat or buddhi
(cosmic intelligence), ahamkra (self-consciousness), manas
(mind), the five organs of perception, the five organs of action,
the five tanmtras (causal and subtle elements), and the five gross
elements of ether, air, light, water and earth after their pncikarana
(combination). These twenty-three evolutes form along with
Prakrti twenty-four categories, and the twenty-fifth category is
Purusa. From ahamkara in its sttvic aspect are derived the
manas (mind) and the organs of sense, from ahamkra in its rjasaic aspect are derived the organs of action, while from ahamkara in its tamasa aspect are derived the five tanmtras (causal
elements). Vijfina Bhiksu says that the manas is produced fey
the stvika-ahamkara, the ten organs are produced by the rjasaahamkra and the five tanmtras are produced by the tmasaahamkra.
Whatever may be the exact march of evolution, the Samkhya
system is unable to account how the inactive Purusa and the unconscious Prakrti got into mutual relation to cause the evolution
of the universe. The classical illustration given by it is the Andhapangu-nyya, i.e., that of a lame man getting upon the shoulders of
a blind man and pointing the way which is then trodden by the
blind man for the benefit of both. But the illustration has no real
force, because it deals with two agencies having volition and consciousness. But Purusa has no volition and Prakrti has no consciousness. Strangely enough the Samkhya system attributes to
Prakrti intelligent activity while affirming that Prakrti is a nonintelligent principle. It is difficult also to understand how Buddhi
L.C.-12
90
THE LALIT CULT
which is the principle of intelligence can be an evolute of the nonintelligent principle Prakrti.
The Skta philosophy has adumbrated a scheme of thirtysix tattvas (categories) ,34 This scheme has enabled it to bridge the
gulf from Purusa to Prakrti and to fuse together the concepts of
caitanya and jada in a most original and remarkable manner. The
thirty six tattvas are the twenty-four SnkKya tattvas from Prthivi
to Prakrti, and the superior tattvas, viz., Purusa, My, the five
kancukas35 (kala, kla, niyati, vidy, rga), Suddha Vidy; Nda
or Sadsiva tattva, Bindu or Isvara tattva, Sakti and Siva. These
thirty-six tattvas are divided into three groups, viz., the five sudd ha
tattvas called Siva tattva (Siva, Sakti, Nda, or Sadsiva, Bindu or
Isvara, and Suddha vidy), the seven pure-impure (suddhasuddha)
tattvas viz., the five kancukas and My and Purusa, and the
twenty-four impure (asuddha) tattvas, viz., from Prakrti to Prthivi.
It is worthy of note that this scheme of tattvas enables the Skta
philosophy to solve the conundrum which is insoluble in the Advaita philosophy as to how the changeless Brahman becomes the
changing universe, and how the One can become the Many. In
the Skta cosmogony the central idea is that Sakti issues out of the
Absolute and Is not different from Brahman, being only the kinetic
aspect of Brahman. Nda and Bindu are but Sakti with her
potency to create in the process of actualisation. Nda and Bindu
are therefore only aspects of Siva-Sakti. Nda is not the gross
sound heard by the ear. The gross sound heard by the ear belongs to the asuddha tattva categories and is only the guna or
attribute of ksa (space). Nda is the first stress of Sakti in the
process of creation. Bindu does not mean a dot or a drop. It is
the point into which the universe had shrunk at the time of the
great dissolution (mahpralaya), and out of which the universe

35. The Garland of Letters, Ch. XV.
91
manifests itself progressively at the time of the primeval creation.

The next evolute is suddha vidy. Thus the suddha tattvas form a
gentle passage from formlessness to form.
The next step in the transition is effected by the suddhsuddha
tattvas. Out of the kancukas, kla is but creative energy. Kla
is the Time-Principle. The other kancukas are other aspects of
creative energy. We now come to the tattvas, Maya and Purusa.
My creates the cognition of Subject and Object. The kancukas
break up integrated knowledge of the whole into small fractions
and hence each soul has only a limited knowledge as the result of
such fragmentation and the universe undergoes differentiation and
heterogeneity in the shape of the twenty-four impure tattvas.
Turning to the Inicrocosm, the philosophy of Saktism has laid
stress on our having a sacramental conception of the human body
because the locus of the attainment of God-realisation (upalabdhisthna) is situated in it. Its exposition of yoga is unique and has
got a special glory and attractiveness. It says that the Kundalii*!
Sakti (the Supreme Power in the human body) could be roused
so as to purify the body and to enable the soul to realise the Oversoul in this very life and in our very body. According to it36 there
are six cakras, viz., mldhra, svdhistna, manipra, anhata,
visuddhi and jfi. The supreme locus of the Oversoul (Paramatma) is in the Sahasrra37 where the soul can behold and have
communion and union with the Oversoul. When the Kimdalini
Sakti38 is roused by appropriate means, it travels along the susumna
ndi in the vertebral column (Meru danda) taking the soul along
witK it to behold and realise the Oversoul.
36. Sadcakranirtipanam: Tantric Texts, Vol. II,

37. See Saundaryalahari, V. 9.
38. See Intrn. to the Serpent Power by Arthur Avalon (1924).
1)2
TUE LALIT GLT
There is much learned talk about the Cakras as lotuses and

about the petals of the lotus and about the Bijksaras there and
about the deities who reside therein. But this queen of sciences
is practically unknown today despite such grandiloquent talk. The
so-called lotuses are not like external flowers. They have a
physiological aspect and a psychological aspect. Taking the former
aspect, they are in the coccygeal, the sacral, the lumbar, the dorsal
and the cervical regions of the spinal column. The lotuses in their
psychological aspect are regions of light and energy which arc
psychologically and spiritually realised during life. "The yoga
Ndis are not the ordinary material nerves but subtler lines of
direction along which the vital forces, go." In regard to the physiological side it is said: "On each side of the vertebral column there
is a chain of ganglia connected with nerve fibre, called the sympathetic cord (id and pingala) extending all the way from the base
of the skull to the coccyx. This is in communication with the
spinal cord."39
It is when we bear clearly in mind this parallelism of the
physiological and psychological regional centres that we can realise
the value of the Skta philosophy about the microcosm. The Ida
and the Pingala Ndis are not merely nerve tissues but are also
channels of Prna Sakti. Yoga has as its basis the purity of the
body. A well-known stanza which occurs in Manu40 and
also in other texts says that we must cleanse the impurities of the body by Prnyma and purify our sins by Dhrana
and disconnect ourselves with the world of sense by Pratyhra
and remove all anti-divine forces by Dhyna. Yama and Niyama
form the basement for the fabric of yogic ecstacy. Thus the nadiis
are purified by Prnyma. Their impurity hinders the ascent of
39. See Woodroffee, The Serpent Power: Introduction.

40. VI. 72: see also Darsanopanisad: Prnymalaksanam (Yoga Upanisads, Adyar).
S3
the KundalinI Sakti whereas their purity aids its ascent. The
main ndis are fourteen, and of these Ida and Pingala and Susumn
are the most important and among these Susumn is supreme,
because the Praaia Sakti goes through it from the Mldhra to the
Sahasrra. We must not allow ourselves to be deflected from the
narrow path of clear and correct and comprehensible thought by
imaginative and flowery descriptions. For instance, Ida and Pingala and Susumn are compared to the famous rivers Gang and
Yamun and Sarasvati, and the Mldhra which is their meeting
place is called the TrivenL Again, the Icl Ndi is called the pale
moor and the Pingala Ndi is called the red sun while the Suumii
Nc is called the fire41
Thus we have inside the Meru-Danda (spinal column) the six
centres from Mldhra to jna which are called the seats of
Sakti, and above them the Sahasrra which is the seat of Siva.
The Skta literature about them is of astounding magnitude and
it will not be possible to go into it here. It must however be remembered that the path of KundalinI yoga is not only the path of
purity but also the path of strength of body and mind and the path
of siddhis (occult and exalted powers). The Yoga Stras42 of Pataitjali describe the siddhis (powers) in great detail, and the Taptras
describe them in even greater detail. A well-known verse in the
Svetsvatara Upanisad43 says that to a person of yogic attainments
who has made his body a frame of fiery yoga (Prptayoggnimayam sariram), there will be no disease or senility or death. It is
said also that he can enjoy infinite eternal bliss by the union of the
soul and the Oversoul in the Sahasrra (the thousand-petalled lotus
in the brain).
41.
See Cndilya Up. Ch. I, iv.
.42. Ill Vibhti pda.

43. 11.12.
94
THE LALIT CULT
We have thus far dealt with the evolution of the cosmos and
the attainment of god-realisation by means of yoga in this life and
in our present body.
But the_ excellence of Saktism lies not only in its emphasis on
yoga but also in its synthesis of various aspects of yoga. Yoga
makes bhakti a concentrated and flaming passion of devotion and
fans jfiana into an incandescent white flame of vision. Without its
aid hhakti would degenerate into lachrymose feeling and jfina
would degenerate into dialectics. Saktism harmonises Hatha yoga,
Raja yoga, Mantra yoga, and Layayoga which left to themselves
are made by their professors to attack and destroy one another.
Quite as important to remember is the stress laid by Saktism
on Mantras and especially on the Gyatri Mantra and the Hamsa
Mantra and the Pancadasi and the Sodasi. It says that when the
Mantra Caitanya is roused, it becomes a potent means of beneficence to the world and spiritual uplift to the individual because of
the grace of the Devat of the Mantra. "Mantra vidy is the
science of thought and of its expression in language as evolved
from the Logos or Sabdabrahman. It is in this sense that the universe is said to be composed of letters."44 The Varnaml (garland of letters) is the necklace of Kali. Of course the supreme
symbol and expression is Pranava (OM). The Lalitopkhyna
gives us as already seen the Sahasraksan (the mantra of one
thousand letters) .45
In the Devi Upanisad, Devi says that she is Brahman herself
and that the entire cosmos is an emanation from herself and that
she is the mother of Aditi who is the mother of all the Devas. The
Upanisad reveals the Pancadasi mantra48 in a concealed and cryptic
and mystic fashion.
44. See Woodroffee: The Garland of Letters (Varnaml)

45. See above pp. 33-4.
45. V. 14.
(1922).
95
In the tenth Skandha of Srunad Bhgavata, Sri Krsna asks

Devi to incarnate prior to His own incarnation and tells her that
humanity would worship Her as the giver of all boons and praise
her as Durg, Bhadrakali, Vijay, Vaisnavl, Kumud, Candika,
Krsn, Mdhavi, Kanyak, My, Nryani, Isani, Srad and
Ambik. The Bhgavata says that after she was born as Yasod's
daughter and brought by Vasudeva, and after she escaped Kamsa's
hands, she shone in different places under different names. In the
same manner, God Siva says that the Sakti cult was specially
revealed by Him for this (Kali) yuga.
Among the greatest of the Skta devotees are Hayagiiva,
Aga$tya> Durvsas, Klidsa and Sankarcrya. In later times the
names of Mka Kavi47 and Bhskara Rya stand out pre-eminent.
The splendour of the description of Devi's Paradise in Srinagara as
described in the Lalitstavaratnam by Durvsas is incomparable.
Equally wonderful is the description of Devi's beauty and grace in
that gem of devotional poetry, viz., the Saundaryalahari by Sri
Sankara. In one sloka Sankara says that it is Bhavanl that indi
rates the path of true syiijya.48
In conclusion, the teachings in the last four chapters of the
Lalitopkhyna embody the tenets and the practices ~of the Skta
cult and make us realise that Sakti is Saguna Brahman.49
The Devi is the Second Being who rouses up the potential energy
of the Supreme Being whom we may designate Nirguna Brahman.
This is perhaps the reason why Sankara addresses her as Parabrahmamahisiliterally the queen consort of the Supreme Being,
Though Sakti is commonly known as Pradhn, Prakrti and My,
she is none of these, For Pradhana, according to the Smkhyas, is
47. The author of the Pancadasi. A recent edition with translation is

published by B. G. Paul & Co., Madras.
48. V. 12.
49. Ch. 40.
96
THE LALIT CULT
an object with jadatvam, and consequently devoid of all spirituality. Again in the Visistdvaita theory Prakrti is in the nature of
things inactive and inanimate. As for Maya, it is the root cause of
all delusion. Sakti then, as Farquhar puts it, is mlaprakrti and
the whole world is merely the unfolding of the sakti.50 We may
close this section with a word about the relation which
yoga bears to Sakti cultus, whatever may be the
origins of yoga.51 The yoga system as understood relates
to six centres, which ?.re mladhra,52 svdhisthna, manipra, anhata, visuddhi, and ajnia. The last jna is distinctively
the seat of Sakti. Without this, the first five could not function. For
it is in the nature of Purusa that he could not be active by himself
and the urge should come from a non-external force which is
Sakti. This is what we mean by the inseparability of Siva-Sakti.
It is this admirable conception of the divine which has stirred the
mass mind and has facilitated spiritual progress in this ancient
country of ours.
50. Religious Literature of India, p. 201.

51.
See Garbe: Sankhya and Yoga, pp. 34 & 6.
52. See above p . 91, Kundalini &akti is the Sakti resident in man and latent
in mladhra; but when aroused it passes from one centre to the other and
finally to the last jfi (Gopinatha Rao, Hindu Iconography, pp. 328-29).
INDEX
Aditi, 44, 45.
Agastya, 95.
Agasty stra, 56.
Agni Durg, 36, 47.
Aiyai, 3, n.
Aksara devatas, 9.
Amb, 2, 24; meaning of the term 49.
Amb yajfia, 65.
Andha-pangu-nyya, 89,
Appayya Diksita, 72.
Arthur Avalen, 74, 76.
Astasiddhis, 29.
Atastadiya, original name of Srinagar, 24.
Atibal mantras, 57.
Ayodhy, Tripurasundari shrine at, 24.
Arkamantras, 23.
Arjuna on Durg, 62.
Adi-Laksmi, 30.
dityas, 44.
gamas, names of twenty-eight
works, 71, attributed to four seers,
72, three groups of, 82.
Brhaddevat, 58.
Brahmamantra, an account of, 74.
Brahmavaivarta Purna, 2, 65.
Brahmavidya, 51.
Brahmasdhana, 75.
Brahmnda Purana, 3, mentions a
number of cults, 23,
Brahmibhta, 34.
Buddhist gamas, 73.
Bahvrcopanisad, 81.
Bal mantras, 57.
Bhadrakli, 67.
Bhagavat Git, 85.
Bhagavati, 66.
Bhagamlpuri a name of rinagar, 24.
Bhanda, origin of, 5, council of 11-12,
war with Lalit, 16-20, slain, 20.
Bhandarkar, R. G.
Bhgavata Purna, 60, 95.
Bhskara Rya, 53, n. 54, 57.
Bhvanopanisad, 54, 81.
Bindu, 90.
Bindupitha, the throne of the Devi,
27, described, 28.
Bijamudr, 32
Bopadeva, 65.
Bose Sir J. C , 87.
Brahmi, 41.
Brhad-amb, 2.
Brhaddev, 45.
Daurgmantras, 23.
Devi Bhgavatam, 2, 65.
Devimhtmya, 2, 67-8.
Devi sktam, 32, 46.
Devi yajna, 65.
Devyupanisad, 55.
Desikesvara, 32.
Dhisan, 45.
Diksa, kinds of 32.
Durg, prayers to, by Yudhisthira, 59
association with the hills, 63.
Durgs, nine mentioned in Agamas,
36, 49 n.
Durg-skta, 58.
Durvsas, 95.
Drva, 48.
Dyv Prthvi, 39, 64.
Cakra, procedure of worship of, 29,

32, ff.
Cakra Devi is Lalit, 35.
Cakrarajarathendra, 8.
Canda, an Asura, 7, 36.
Candl, 35-36.
Cmund, 35-36.
Cmundi, 7, 41.
Catussati, 70.
Cintmanigrha, 27.
Cintmani mantra, 34.
Citrakarman, a Ganesvara, 5.
Citsakti, 69, 87.
Earth as the Mother, 39, origin of

the cult, 42, as Devi, 48.
Eiynar, 3 n, 63.
98
THE LALIT CULT
Gajapati Vira Rudra, 72.

Gnapata mantras, 23.
Gyatri, the fourth pda of 81.
Gyatris, five in number, 47 ti.
Girij mantras, 23*
Geyacakraratha, 8-9.
Haradatta ivcrya, 72.
Harasiddhi, a Durg, 36.
Hayagriva, 95.
Heras, Rev. Fr., 39, n.
Hinayna, 73.
Laksmidhara, 70, 72-3.

Laksmi mantras, 23.
Lalit, meaning of the term, 3
origin of, 4, as Sridandanth, 8;
war with Bhanda, 16-20.
Lalit mantras, 23.
Lalit-trisati, 3.
Lalitopkhyna
in
Brahmnda
Purna, 3.
Lokamtas, number of 41.
Lopmudr, 56.
Macdonell, Professor, 44-5, 58, 73,

Mahbhrata, 59, 67.
Mahganapati, worship of, 18,
Jaya Durg, 36.
Mahlaksmi, 41 n.
Mahnirvna Tantra, 74, 84.
Kdi vidy, 56.
Mahpadmtavi, described, 27.
Klacakra, 25.
Mahrudra Ymala, 84.
Kali, 2, worship of avaidic, 3.
Mahyna Buddhism, 73.
Klidsa, 95.
Mahvkyas, 81, 84.
Kmksi, at Kfici, 30-31.
Mhendri, 41.
Kmika gama, 82.
Kmesvara, a manifestation of Siva, Mhesvari, 41.
Mahisa, an Asura, 66.
7,28
KmesvarapurI a name of rinagar, Mahissuramardani, 7.
Makms, five, 78.
24.
Mantranth,
war-minister of Lalit,
Kamyafa'pa, 29.
8.
Kfici, a centre of akti worship, 24,
Mrkandeya Purna, 2, 65.
Lalit cult at 30 ff.
Marshall, Sir John, 37-38.
Kanykumri, 60.
Mtanga, 27, & 27, n.
Kapila, 77.
Mtrk, three forms of 68-9.
Ksione of the eyes of !iva, 30.
Mymohini, 6.
Ktyyana, 47.
Mysakti, 69, 87.
Kafha Upanisad, 78.
Mother Goddess, cult of, 38.
Kaula circle, 55-6, doctrine, 84.
Mudras, object of, 28.
Kaulopanisad, 55.
Mudr Devis, 28.
Kaumrl, 41.
Munda, an Asura, 7, 36.
Kausiki, 35-36.
Mka Kavi, 95.
Kautalya, 41.
Mlaprakrti is Sakti,- 75.
Kiricakraratha, 10.
Korravai, 3, n.
Ksemankari a Durg, 36.
Nda, 90.
Kucela, 63.
Nana Devi, 38.
Nrada, 6.
Kulrnava Tantra, 84.
Navartri ceremony, 65.
Kullka Bhatta, 84.
Nidr Kalarpini, 36.
Kumra, 4-5.
Milakantha ivcrya, 72.
Kundalihi 6akti, 91, 93, 96 n.
Kutilka, Commander-in-chief of Nilakanthi, a Durg, 36.
Niruttara Tantra, 84.
Bhanda, 12,
Indian gaktism, parallels of, 38.
INDEX
Nirrti, 56.
Mtyaklinnpuri a name of Srlnagar,
24.
Nysas, 34-35.
ttakkttar, 61, n.
Pancakmas, 9.
Parsakti, 69.
Pargiter, 67.
Prthivavratam, 64.
Prakrti gakti, 87.
Pratpa Rudra, 72.
Prsni, 45.
Pulindas, 35.
Puramdhi, 45, 56.
Puspfijali, 33.
Rdhi, cult of, 66-7.
Rk, 45.
Rtri, sister of Usas, 43, 58.
Rmyana of Vlmikl, 57.
Ripumri Durg, 36.
Rudras, guarding the cakra, 25.
Rudrmsa Durg, 36.
Rudrms guarding the cakra, 25.
Sdhana, 77.
Sahara, 86.
Sahasrksara vidy, 33-34.
Smkhya doctrine, 77.
Srasvata mantras, 23.
Satyam, two-fold, 49.
Saundaryalahari, 55, 70, 72, 85, 95.
Siddhi Devis, 28.
Sinivli, 45.
Sit Devi, 81.
Skanda Mahpumna^ 2, 65, 68.
Soham, 86.
Stasamhit, 65, 68. .
abaras, 35.
abdabrahman, 94.
gaiva gamas on siddhnta philosophy, 72.
aiva mantras, 23.
^kta
philosophy
on
thirty-six
tattvas, 90.
gakti, three-fold, 4.
gaktis, different kinds of; 8.
99
Saktism, two paths of, 55; in Vedic

literature,
41-56;
in
Mnava
dharmasstra, 64, and Smkya
philosophy 77 n., emphasis on
Yoga, 92-3.
Saktisdhana, 75.
ktas, Samayamrga of, 47.
Sankara on rividy, 55, 70-71, 84,
&ata rudriya, 5.
ivasakti in five ways, 69.
&ricakra, 54.
Srinagar, 22; the building of, 23 n\,
a centre of sakti worship, 24, 24, n.
Sripitha, other names of, 28.
6ri Varivasy Rahasyam, 77, n.
rl Vidy, 47, 51, 57, 76.
Sri sktam, 46.
&ubhgama Pancakam, 72.
Suddha tattvas, 91.
SuddhcLsuddha tattvas, 91.
gnyaka, city of Bhanda, 11, 19; was
set fire to, 21.
Svetasvatara Upanisad, 93.
ynla manu mantras, 23.
Takkaygapparani, 61, n.
Tantras, 64 in number 70, names of
70-71.
Traka, 4.
Trakopanisad, 55.
Tirumantiram, 72.
Tirumlar, 72.
Tripuratpini Vidy, 53.
Tripur, a name of Lalit, 53-4.
Trisati, 3, 84.
Um, origin of the cultus, 51; is
Vidy, 52.
Um Haimavati, 51.
Umnandantha, 56.
Usas, the goddess of Dawn, 42-3, 58.
Vaisnavi Sakti, 41, 59-60, 63.
Vk, primordial force of Brahman,
45, 58.
Vmamrga, 55,78-9.
Vana Durg, 36.
Vrhl, 41.
100
THE LALIT CULT
Vruni, 48.
Vasistha, 72.
Vednta stras, 83-4.
Vidyrnya, 47.
Vijnna Bhiksu, 89.
Vindhyvsi Durg, 36.
Virta, 59.
Visanga, a brother of Bhanda, 11;
addressed the Council, 12 war with
15-16; slain, 19.
Visukra a brother of Bhanda, 11;

battle with, 17-18; slain, 19.
Visnu mantras, 23.
Visnu My, 59.
Woodroffe, Sir John, 76, 79, 83, 88.
Yoni, specimens of, in Mohenjodaro
and Harappa, 37.
Yonimudm, 32, 35.

Yudhispiira on Durg, 59-61,

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THE

V.R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSHITAR

MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS

First Edition: Madras, 1942

ISBN: 81-208-0919-x (Cloth)

1st June, 1942.

AND ITS FULFILMENT

THE CULT OF LALITA

SAKTISM THROUGH THE AGES

THE DURGA CULT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF SAKTISM

SAKTISM AND THE TANTRA TREATISES

THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF THE CULT

Courtesy Adyar Library

The Manifestation of Lalit

THE LALITA CULT

and, in the main, rightly regarded as the most debased side of

1. The Saktas1933 Intro, p. 3: Religious Life of India Series.

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

Devi as Lalita is worshipped by the classes of Hindu society in the

South India is given in the Tamil classic 'ilappadikram\ The Tamil

THE LALITA CULT

became a recognised mode of worship by the orthodox for the

7. In his translation of the Lalit Sahasranma, JR. Anantakrishna

In the Sitopanisad about Sit it is said

TPHfi PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

8. Br. Purna, Bk. IV. Ch. 11.

l l a . Br. Purna IV,

Ibid,, 12. 70-74.

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

would be fruitful if she were yoked in wedlock. So Siva as the

The purpose of the manifestation as Lalit

lib. Padmanabhasahodari in the Sahasranma.

14. Br. Purna IV. Chh. 16-17:

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

thunderbolt, tomara, sakti and cakra.18 Goddesses known as

18. Ibid., 35-45.

THE LALIT CULT

22. Ibid., 61-94.

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

and these were Hasantik and Stambhim.26 Over each of these

Ibid., 21. 2-3.

THE LALIT CULT

The wise Visanga then addressed his elder brother sitting in

fir *=Hhr WOT

31. Ibid., 62-100.

THE PURPOSE OP THE MANIFESTATION

33. Ibid., 31-66.

THE LALIT CULT

manders with a hundred aksauHini of soldiers. The vast army

35. Ch. 23. 1-67.

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

37. Ch. 24.

med in by the Daitya army. Lalit found the treachery of Bhandsi

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION

as prisoner (jivagrham ca s grhy). With great enthusiasm they

42. Ibid., 42-71.

THE LALIT CULT

ball of fire enveloping all sides. Standing outside he threw the

44. Ch. 27. 1-53.

THE PURPOSE OF THE MANIFESTATION