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    Narration

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    Arun Soman
    1. There are two ways to report the words spoken by another person: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and does not change the tense or pronouns, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and requires changing tense, pronouns, and other elements according to reporting rules. 2. Key rules for indirect speech include changing the tense of reported speech if the reporting verb is in the past tense, changing pronouns like "I" to the subject of the reporting verb, and changing other elements like time and place adverbs. Indirect speech is also called reported speech. 3. Questions, commands, exclamations, and sentences with modals like "can" are

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    Narration

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    Arun Soman
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    1. There are two ways to report the words spoken by another person: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and does not change the tense or pronouns, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and requires changing tense, pronouns, and other elements according to reporting rules. 2. Key rules for indirect speech include changing the tense of reported speech if the reporting verb is in the past tense, changing pronouns like "I" to the subject of the reporting verb, and changing other elements like time and place adverbs. Indirect speech is also called reported speech. 3. Questions, commands, exclamations, and sentences with modals like "can" are

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    1. There are two ways to report the words spoken by another person: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and does not change the tense or pronouns, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and requires changing tense, pronouns, and other elements according to reporting rules. 2. Key rules for indirect speech include changing the tense of reported speech if the reporting verb is in the past tense, changing pronouns like "I" to the subject of the reporting verb, and changing other elements like time and place adverbs. Indirect speech is also called reported speech. 3. Questions, commands, exclamations, and sentences with modals like "can" are

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views9 pages

    Narration

    Uploaded by

    Arun Soman
    1. There are two ways to report the words spoken by another person: direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks and does not change the tense or pronouns, while indirect speech does not use quotation marks and requires changing tense, pronouns, and other elements according to reporting rules. 2. Key rules for indirect speech include changing the tense of reported speech if the reporting verb is in the past tense, changing pronouns like "I" to the subject of the reporting verb, and changing other elements like time and place adverbs. Indirect speech is also called reported speech. 3. Questions, commands, exclamations, and sentences with modals like "can" are

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    of 9

    Direct and indirect speech

    Introduction.
    There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other
    person.
    1. Direct speech
    2. Indirect speech
    Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, I will give you a pen. You come to
    home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.
    Direct speech: John said, I will give you a pen.
    Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
    In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
    quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person
    because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun
    may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in
    quotation marks, the word that may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect
    speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the
    second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
    Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she
    says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
    Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is said.
    He said, I work in a factory
    He said that he worked in a factory.
    They said, we are going to cinema
    They said that they were going to cinema.

    (Direct speech)
    (Indirect speech)
    (Direct speech)
    (Indirect speech)

    Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a
    person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For
    example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the
    second part he worked in a factory is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech
    as a whole can also be called reported speech.

    Fundamental rules for indirect speech.


    1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
    2. Use of word that: The word that is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb
    and reported speech.

    3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according
    to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of
    sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
    In following example the pronoun of reported speech is I which will be changed in indirect
    speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is he.
    Example.
    Direct speech: He said, I am happy
    Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
    Direct speech: I said to him, you are intelligent
    Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (You changed to he
    the

    person of object of reporting verb)


    1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to
    that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said, I am happy today
    Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

    1. Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb
    part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of
    sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported
    speech will not change.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said, I am happy
    Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
    Direct speech: He says, I am happy
    Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech
    didnt

    change)

    Indirect speech for Interrogative (question) sentence.


    For changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect speech we have to observe the nature
    of question and then change it into indirect speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A
    question can be of two types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type
    which needs a little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.

    Examples
    Do you like music? (It can be answered in YES or NO)
    How are you? (It cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little
    bit

    explanation i.e, I am fine.)

    Questions which can be answered in YES/NO.


    To change questions (which can be answered in yes or no) into indirect speech, word if or
    whether is used before the question in indirect speech. Rules for change in tense of question
    sentences are same as for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start
    with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word that is not used between reporting verb and
    reported speech as conjunction in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used
    in indirect speech.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said to me, do you like music?
    Indirect Speech: He asked me if I liked music. (Not, did I like music)
    Or Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I liked music.
    Direct speech: She said, Will he participate in the quiz competition?
    Indirect Speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
    Direct speech: I said to him, are you feeling well?
    Indirect Speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
    Direct speech: They said to me, did u go to school?
    Indirect Speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
    Direct speech: He said to me, Have you taken the breakfast?
    Indirect Speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast

    Question which cannot be answered in YES/NO.


    To change such questions into indirect speech, the words if or whether is not used. The tense
    of the question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in indirect speech
    but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word that is not used
    between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction, in indirect speech for question
    sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect speech.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said to me, how are you?
    Indirect speech: He asked me how I was. (Not, how was I)
    Direct speech: Teacher said to him, what is your name?
    Indirect speech: Teacher asked him what his name was.
    Direct speech: She said to him, why did you come late?

    Indirect speech: She asked him why he had come late.


    Direct speech: He said, when will they come?
    Indirect speech: He asked when they would come.
    Direct speech: She asked his son, why are you crying?
    Indirect speech: She asked her son why he was crying.

    Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, can, may,


    must,
    Present modals are changed to past modals

    Direct Speech

    Indirect Speech

    Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS,


    can, may, must, should, ought to
    CAN changes into COULD
    He said, I can drive a car

    He said that he could drive a car.

    She said, he can play a violin.

    She said that he could play a violin.

    They said, we can climb on a hill

    They said that they can climb on a hill.

    MAY changes into MIGHT


    He said, I may buy a computer

    He said that he might buy a computer.

    She said, he may visit a doctor.

    She said that he might visit a doctor.

    They said, they may go to zoo

    They said that they might go to zoo.

    MUST changes into HAD TO


    He said, I must work hard

    He said that he had to work hard.

    She said, they must carry on their work

    She said that they had to carry on their work.

    I said to him, you must learn the test-taking

    I said to him that he had to learn the test-

    strategies

    taking strategies.

    Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, should,


    ought to, might, would, and could
    The modal will not change in indirect speech

    Direct Speech

    Indirect Speech
    THESE MODALS DO NOT CHANGE

    Would, could, might, should, ought to


    Would
    They said, we would apply for a visa

    They said that they would apply for visa.

    He said, I would start a business.

    He said that he would start a business.

    She said, I would appear in exam

    She said that she would appear in the exam.


    Could

    She said, she could play a piano

    She said that she could play a violin.

    They said, we couldnt learn the lesson

    They said they couldnt learn the lesson.

    He said, I could run faster

    He said that he could run faster.


    Might

    He said, guests might come

    He said that guest might come.

    She said, it might rain

    She said that it might rain.

    John said, I might meet him

    John said that he might meet him.


    Should

    He said, I should avail the opportunity

    He said that he should avail the opportunity.

    She said, I should help a him

    She said that she should help him.

    They said, we should take the exam

    They said that they should take the exam.


    Ought to
    He said to me that I ought to wait for him.

    He said to me, you ought to wait for him


    She said that she ought to learn method of
    She said, I ought to learn method of study

    study.

    They said, we ought to attend our classes

    They said that they ought to attend their


    classes.

    Indirect speech for exclamatory and imperative sentences.


    Indirect speech of imperative sentence.
    A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is calledimperative
    sentence.
    For example,
    Open the door.
    Please help me.
    Learn your lesson.
    To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word ordered or requested or advised or
    suggested or forbade or not to do is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of
    imperative sentence in reported speech.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said to me, please help me
    Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.
    Direct speech: She said to him, you should work hard for exam
    Indirect Speech: He suggested him to work hard for exam.
    Direct speech: They said to him, do not tell a lie
    Indirect Speech: They said to him not to tell a lie.
    Direct speech: He said, open the door
    Indirect Speech: He ordered to open the door.
    Direct speech: The teacher said to student, do not waste time
    Indirect Speech: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
    Direct speech: He said, please give me glass of water
    Indirect Speech: He requested to give him a glass of water.
    Direct speech: Doctor said to me, Do not smoke
    Indirect Speech: Doctor advised me not to smoke.
    Direct speech: The teacher said to him, Get out
    Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered him to get out.

    Indirect speech of exclamatory sentences.


    Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called exclamatory sentence.
    For example.
    Hurrah! We won the match.
    Alas! I failed the test.
    Wow! What a nice shirt it is.
    To change such sentences, the words exclaimed with joy or exclaimed with sorrow or
    exclaimed with wonder is added in the reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory
    sentence in indirect speech.

    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said, Hurrah! I won a prize
    Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy(joyfully) that he had won a prize.
    Direct speech: She said, Alas! I failed in exam
    Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow(sorrowfully)that she failed in the exam.
    Direct speech: John said, Wow! What a nice shirt it is
    Indirect Speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.
    Direct speech: She said, Hurrah! I am selected for the job
    Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.
    Direct speech: He said, Oh no! I missed the train
    Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.
    Direct speech: They said, Wow! What a pleasant weather it is
    Indirect Speech: They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant weather.

    Changes in pronoun in Indirect Speech.


    The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the
    pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes
    the pronoun may not change.
    1. First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is
    according to the pronoun of reporting verb if pronoun in reporting verb

    changed

    is third person pronoun

    i.e. he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them or their.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said, I live in New York
    Indirect speech: He said that he lived in New York.
    Direct speech: They said, we love our country
    Indirect speech: They said that they loved their country
    2. First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is not
    pronoun (Subject) of reporting is also first person pronoun i.e. I or

    changed if the
    we.

    Examples.
    Direct speech: I said, I write a letter
    Indirect speech: I said that I wrote a letter.
    Direct speech: We said, we completed our work
    Indirect speech: We said that we completed our work.
    3. Second person pronoun in reported speech i.e. you, yours is changed according
    of object of reporting verb.

    to the person

    Examples.
    Direct speech: She said to him, you are intelligent
    Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.
    Direct speech: He said to me, you are late for the party
    Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.
    4. Third person pronoun in reported speech i.e. he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them

    or their, is

    not changed in indirect speech.


    Examples.
    Direct speech: They said, he will come
    Indirect speech: They said that he would come.
    Direct speech: You said, they are waiting for the bus
    Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the bus.

    Changes in time and adverbs in indirect speech.


    Time and adverbs are changed in indirect speech.
    Examples.
    Direct speech: He said, I will buy a book tomorrow
    Indirect speech: He said that he would buy a book the next day.
    Direct speech: She said, I am happy now
    Indirect speech: She said that she was happy then.
    Direct speech: He said, I like this book
    Indirect speech: He said that he liked that book.

    Common Rules
    Today changes to that day/the same day
    Tomorrow changes to the next day/the following day
    Yesterday changes to the day before/the previous day
    Next week/month/year changes to the following week/month/year
    Last week/month/year changes to the previous week/month/year
    Now/just changes to then
    Ago changes to before
    Here changes to there
    This changes to that

    RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH.


    1. When the reporting/principal verb is in the Past tense, all present tenses of the Direct
    speech are changed into the corresponding Past tenses. Thus:
    (i)
    A simple present becomes as simple past. Eg: he said, I am unwell. CHANGES
    TO He said (that) he was unwell.

    (ii)

    A present continuous becomes a past continuous. Eg: He said, my master is


    writing letters. CHANGES TO He said (that) his master was writing letters.
    (iii)
    A present perfect becomes a past perfect. EG: He said, I have passed the
    examination. CHANGES TO He said (that) he had passed the examination.
    (iv)
    The SHALL of the future tense changes to SHOULDWILL to WOULD, CAN to
    COULD etc..
    (v)
    The Simple Past in the DIrectSpeech becomes th Pastperfect in the Indirect. Eg:
    he said, the horse died in the night..changes tohe said that the horse had
    died in the night.
    2. The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it Is a universal truth. We
    can often choose whether to keep the original tense or change them. Eg: I know her
    address, said Gopichanges toGopi said he knows/knew her address.
    The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are
    reporting objectively.
    3. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tenses of the direct speech do not change.
    Eg: he says he is unwell.changes to he has just said his master is writing letters.
    4. The changes do not occur if the speech is reported during the same period or at the same
    place. Eg: he says, I am glad to be here this evening. .changes to..He says he is glad to
    be here this evening.

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