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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TITLE: Verification of Superposition Theorem with simulation approach.
Theory: The Superposition Theorem finds the use in solving a network where two or more sources are
present and connected not in series or in parallel. The theorem states that, if a number of voltage
or current sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any
branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts
alone replacing all other independent sources by their internal resistances.
The superposition principle is only applicable to linear networks and systems.
In a linear network with several sources (which include the equivalent sources due to initial conditions),
with overall response at any point in the network is equal to the sum of individual response of each source,
considered separately, the other sources being made inoperative. Following are some important points to
note.
1. The principle of superposition is useful for linearity test of the system.
2. This is not valid for power relationship.
3. Sources can be made inoperative by (a) short circuiting the voltage sources and replacing them
by their series impedance, and (b) open circuiting the current sources and substituting them by
their shunt impedances.
4. A linear network comprises independent sources, linear dependent source and linear passive
elements like resistor, inductor, capacitor and transformer. The components may either be timevarying or time-invariant.
Steps to solve superposition theorem:
Step 1: Take only one independent source of voltage/current and deactivate the other independent
voltage/current sources. (For voltage sources, remove the source and short circuit the respective
circuit terminals and for current sources, just delete the sources keeping the respective circuit
terminals open). Obtain branch currents.
Step 2: Repeat the above step for each of the independent sources.
Step 3: To determine the net branch current utilising superposition theorem, just add the currents obtained in
step-1 and step-2 for each branch. If the currents obtained in step-1 and step-2 are in the same
direction, just add them; on the other hand, if the respective currents are directed opposite in each
step, assume the direction of the clockwise current to be +ve and subtract the current obtained in the
next step from the original current. The net current in each branch is then obtained.
NB: Conventionally current in clockwise direction is assumed to be positive and counter clockwise direction
is assumed to be negative.

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Circuit diagram:
Problem 1.

Find I, V for the above circuit.

With 28V battery

With 7V battery

With both the batteries

IR1, IR2, IR3

VR1, VR2, VR3
Problem 2.

Find the voltage Vx using superposition.

Problem 3.

Use superposition theorem to find the circuit flowing downward through 3Kohm resister.
Results:
Observation:

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EXPERIMENT NO.-2
Title: Verification of Thevenins Theorem with simulation approach.
Objective: To verify Thevenins theorem by simulation approach
Theory: Any two terminal liner network containing impedances and energy sources may be replaced by an
independent voltage source of generated voltage VTH and internal impedance ZTH. VTH is the open
circuit voltage at the terminals and ZTH is the impedance viewed at the terminals when all the
independent energy sources are replaced by their internal impedances. For purely resistive circuit
ZTH= RTH .
Procedure:
1. Draw the circuit
2. Open the load resistor.
3. Calculate / measure the Open Circuit Voltage. This is the Thevenin Voltage (VTH).
4. Open Current Sources and Short Voltage Sources.
5. Calculate /measure the Open Circuit Resistance. This is the Thevenin Resistance (RTH).
6. Now, Redraw the circuit with measured open circuit Voltage (VTH) in Step (3) as voltage

source and

Measured open circuit resistance (RTH) in step (5) as a series resistance and connect the load resistor
which we had removed in Step (2). This is the Equivalent Thevenin Circuit of that Linear Electric
Network or Complex circuit which had to be simplified and analysed by Thevenins Theorem you have
done.
7. Now find the Total current flowing through Load resistor by using the Ohms Law IL = VTH/ (RTH +RL).
Circuit diagram:
Problem 1.Find VTH, RTH and the load current flowing through load resistor (RL) in fig (1) by using
Thevenins Theorem

.
Figure-1
Problem 2.Find VTH, RTH and current (Ia) flowing through Capacitor in fig (2) by using Thevenins
Theorem.

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Figure-2

Results and analysis:

Fig no.
1
2

Observations :

Theoretical Values
RTH/ZTH

VTH

Measured values
IL

RTH/ZTH

VTH

IL

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
TITLE: Verification of Nortons Theorem using MULTISIM.
Theory:Nortons theorem sates that a linear two terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off. Thus the circuit in Fig. 1(a) can be replaced by the one in Fig.
1(b).

Fig. 1(a) Original circuit

Fig. 1(b) Norton equivalent circuit

To find the Norton current IN, we determine the short circuit current flowing from terminal a to b in
Fig. 1(a).

It is evident that the short-circuit current in Fig. 1(b) is IN. This must be same short circuit current
from terminal a to b in Fig. 1(a), since the two circuits are equivalent. Thus,
IN = isc
If a load resistance is also connected between the terminals a and b then load current (IL) can be
given as:

Steps to solve Nortons theorem:

Step 1: Remove the resistance (if any) across the two given terminals and put a short circuit across them.
Step 2: Compute short-circuit current ISC.
Step 3: Remove all independent sources but retain their internal resistances, if any.
Step 4: Next find the resistanceRN of the network as looked into from the given terminals.
Step 5: Draw the Nortons equivalent circuit and find the load current.

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Circuit diagram:
Problem 1.Find theNortons equivalent circuit of the following circuit.

Problem 2.Find the Nortons equivalent circuit of the circuit shown below,to the left of the terminals a-b.
Then find the current through RL= 6, 16, 16, and 36 W.

Problem 3.Find the Nortons equivalent of the following circuit with terminals a -b.

Observation: Write observation in tabular form as applicable to the problems.

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
TITLE: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem using MULTISIM.
Theory: In many practical situations, a circuit is designed to provide power to a load. There are many
applications where it is desirable to maximize the power delivered to the load. The Thevenins
equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. We
assume that we can adjust the load resistance RL. If the entire circuit is replaced by its Thevenins
equivalent except for load, as shown in Fig.1, the power delivered to the load is

(1)

For a given circuit, and

are Thevenins voltage across load terminal and Thevenins
resistance seen from load terminal. To prove the maximum power transfer theorem, we
and set the result to zero. We obtain
differentiate p in Eq.(1) with respect to
(

2 (

)2

=0

(
(

)3

(2)
(3)

This implies that

=0

(4)

So, maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance is equals the
Thevenins resistance as seen from the load. For AC analysis
=
.(
)
The maximum power is obtained by substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (1), for

Steps to verify maximum power transfer theorem:

Step 1: Remove load from the circuit.
Step 2: Calculate/Measure the Thevenin voltage across load terminal.

(5)

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Step 3: Calculate/Measure the Thevenin Resistance seen from load by replacing the independent sources by
their internal resistances.
Step 4: Calculate/Measure maximum power as given by Eq. (5).
Circuit diagram:
Problem 1.

Find the value of RLD for maximum power transfer and also find the maximum power.
Problem 2.

(a) What value ofZL will absorb a maximum average power?

(b) What is the value of this maximum power?

Problem 3.

Determine the value of the resistor so that the maximum power can be delivered to it?.

Results:
Observation:

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Software Engineering Laboratory
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
TITLE: Simulation of Gauss Elimination Method
OBJECTIVE: To solve a set of linear simultaneous equations using Gauss-Elimination method using
Matlab or C.
APPARATUS/SYSTEM SPECIFICATION:<Given system specification>
THEORY: Most of the electrical engineering problems are comprised of complex linear equations which
includes large number of variables, hence, it is important to have fast, efficient and accurate numerical
algorithms.
Gauss-Elimination method employs elementary row operation to a system of linear equations in which the
coefficients have been arranged in matrix form, to convert the system to an upper triangular form. Once the
coefficients matrix in the upper triangular form is found, back-substitution method is used to find a solution
for the set of equations.
GIVEN INFORMATION/ DATA:
System of linear equations:

In general:

2x z 4

aa x a x
11

x y 2z 6

12

aa x a x

........ a1k x k u1

....... a 2 k x k u 2

aa x a x

...... a kk x k u k

21

2x y z 7

22

.
.
k1

k2

PROCEDURE/ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Enter the system of linear equations in augmented matrix form:
a 11

A a 21
.

a k 1

a
a

12
22

k2

...
...
.
...

a
a

1k
2k

kk

u
u
1

u k

STEP 2:Conversion of the system to an upper triangular matrix form:

a) Start iteration count i=1and repeat the steps b to d for i=1 to k-1.
b) Define

mi

a
a

mi

; m i 1 to k.

ii

c) Apply row transformation

mn

d) Increment i.
STEP 3: Using back substitution
a) Matrix will now be in the form:

mn

b mi Ain ; m i 1 to k, n=1 to k+1.

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A11

0
A
.

b) Get

v
A

A
A

12
22

.
0

...
...
.
...

A
A

1k
2k

kk

vm

mn

n m 1

OBSERVATION/RESULT: the obtained solutions are

.
.
Xk=

v k

(A x )
; m= k-1 to 1
A

STEP 4: Display solutions

kk

mm

X2=

c) Get other solutions,

X1=

v
v

EE -1214

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6
TITLE: Simulation of Eulers Method
OBJECTIVE: To solve a differential equation with Eulers Method
APPARATUS/ SYSTEM SPECIFICATION:
THEORY: Eulers Method is one of the methods for generating numerical solutions of differential
equations. It is the first numerical method to solve as it is relatively simple method. Eulers method is based
on approximating the graph of a solution y(x) with a sequence of tangent line approximations computed
sequentially, in steps.
The Steps in Eulers Method
Part I (Preliminaries)
1. Get the differential equation into derivative formula form
dy
f ( x, y )
dx

(1)

2. Set x0 and y0 equal to the x and y values of the initial data.

3. Pick a distance
x for the step size, a positive integer N for the maximum number of steps, and a
maximum value desired for x, xmax . These quantities should be chosen so that
xmax x0 N
x

(2)

4. Write out the equations

xk 1 xk
x
yk 1 yk
x. f ( xk , yk )

(3)

Part II of Eulers Method (Iterative Computations)

1. Compute x1 and y1 using equation set (3) with k = 0 and the values of x0 and y0 from the initial data.
2. Compute x2 and y2 using equation set (4) with k = 1 and the values of x1 and y1 from the previous step.
And so on
PROBLEM 1:
dy
2( x 1) and the point (1,0) is a point on the curve, find an equation in the form y = f(x) and use
dx
it to evaluate f(3).

Given

Part III of Eulers Method

Plot the graph x Vs f(x,y)

Results:
Discussion:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7
TITLE: Half wave rectifier using PSIM software.
Objectives: i) Find the rms value of output current and voltage
ii) Plot the output responses

Theory:
One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to convert AC
into DC. DC Power supply is the important element of any electronic equipment. This is because it provides
power to energize all electronic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers and so on. In electronic equipments, D.C.
Power supply is must. For example, we cant think of television, computer, radio, telephone and mobile as
well as measuring instruments like multi-meter etc. Without DC power supply. The reliability and
performance of the electronic system proper design of power supply is necessary. The first block of DC
power supply is rectifier. Rectifier may be defined as an electronic device used to convert ac voltage or
current into unidirectional voltage or current. Essentially rectifier needs unidirectional device. Diode has
unidirectional property hence suitable for rectifier. Rectifier broadly divided into two categories: Half wave
rectifier and full wave rectifier.
In half wave rectifier only half cycle of applied AC voltage is used. Another half cycle of AC voltage
(negative cycle) is not used. Only one diode is used which conducts during positive cycle. During positive
half cycle of the input voltage anode of the diode is positive compared with the cathode. Diode is in forward
bias and current passes through the diode and positive cycle develops across the load resistance RL. During
negative half cycle of input voltage, anode is negative with respected to cathode and diode is in reverse bias.
No current passes through the diode hence output voltage is zero.

V rms T

T
2

V m sin wt
0

I rms

2 V
m
2

=
dt =
2

0.5Vm

Vrms 0.5Vm

R
R

Steps to follow:
1) Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig.1.
2) Supply the alternating voltage source (VS) in the circuit.
3) Obtain the wave form of the load current (IL).
4) Repeat the process for different values of VS and load resistance RL.
Circuit Diagram:

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Fig.1
Results:
Table No. 1
Sl. No.

Vs

Calculated values
Irms

Vrms

Observed values
Irms

Vrms

Table No. 2
Sl. No.

RL

Calculated values
Irms

Observations:

Vrms

Observed values
Irms

Vrms

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8
TITLE: Full wave rectifier using PSIM software.
Objectives:i) Find the rms value of output current and voltage
ii) Plot the output responses
Theory:
One of the very important applications of diode is in DC power supply as a rectifier to convert AC
into DC. DC Power supply is the important element of any electronic equipment. This is because it provides
power to energize all electronic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers and so on. In electronic equipments, D.C.
Power supply is must. For example, we cant think of television, computer, radio, telephone and mobile as
well as measuring instruments like multi-meter etc. Without DC power supply. The reliability and
performance of the electronic system proper design of power supply is necessary. The first block of DC
power supply is rectifier. Rectifier may be defined as an electronic device used to convert ac voltage or
current into unidirectional voltage or current. Essentially rectifier needs unidirectional device. Diode has
unidirectional property hence suitable for rectifier. Rectifier broadly divided into two categories: Half wave
rectifier and full wave rectifier.
In full wave rectifier both half cycles of applied AC voltage are used. DiodeD1 will conduct during
positive cycle. During the negative half cycle diodeD2willconduct.
1

Vrms

T2
2
V
2
2

Vm sin wt dt m 0.707Vm
T
2
0

I rms

Vrms 0.707Vm

R
R

Steps to follow:
1) Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the Fig.1.
2) Supply the alternating voltage source (VS) in the circuit.
3) Obtain the wave form of the load current (IL).
4) Repeat the process for different values of VS and load resistance RL.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1

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Results:
Table. No. 1:
Sl. No.

Vs

Calculated values
Irms

Vrms

Observed values
Irms

Vrms

Table. No. 2:
Sl. No.

RL

Calculated values
Irms

Observations:

Vrms

Observed values
Irms

Vrms

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9
TITLE:Speed of DC machine with simulation approach.
Theory:The term speed control means intentional speed variation, carried out manually or automatically.
Natural speed changing due to load, is not included in the term speed control. D.C. motors are most
suitable for wide range of speed control and are therefore, indispensible for many adjustable speed drivers.
The speed of a D.C. motor is given by the equation=

where, K is the armature constant.

The speed of a shunt motor for a given load can be controlled by

Armature control.
o Control of the armature voltage keeping the constant.
o Control of resistance by a rheostat included in the armature circuit.
o This is used in small motors as it reduces the motor efficiency because of loss in the added
resistance.

Field control.
o Control of by adjusting field current, If while the armature voltage is held constant.
o The no load speed increases inversely with flux.

Circuit diagram:

Figure 1. Armature control for shunt motor

Figure 2. Field control for shunt motor

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Problem 1: A 220V shunt motor having an armature resistance of 0.25 carries an armature current
of 50A and runs at 600 rpm. If the flux is reduced by 10% by field regulator, find the speed assuming
load torque remains the same.
Problem 2: A 250V shunt motor on no load runs at 1000 rpm and takes 5A. The total armature and
shunt field resistance are 0.2 and 250 respectively. Calculate speed when it is loaded taking a
current of 50A.

Results:
Sl. No.

Ra

Speed

Sl. No.

Rf

Speed

Observations: