DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION - an equation containing at least one derivative or which contain

differentials.
Examples:
Order
1

Degree
1

Type
ODE

ODE

ODE

2 y 2
2 y
(
)
+
4
=3
4. x 2
x y

PDE

5. fyy +fxy=1

PDE

ODE

d3 y 2
dy
(
)
=
+4
3
7. d x
dx

ODE

ODE

8.

dy
d3 y
=
+4
3
dx
dx

9.

dy
=cos xtan y
dx

ODE

1.

dy
2
=26 x +x
dx

' '' 2
'' 3
' 5
2
2. ( y ) +( y ) +( y ) =x

3.

d 3 y dy 3
( ) =x+ 3
d x 3 dx

d3 y 2 3 d3 y
(
6. d x 3 ) = d x 3 +1

CLASSIFICATION BY ORDER AND DEGREE

1. Order of Differential Equation
- the order of the highest-ordered derivative in the equation.
2. Degree of Differential Equation
- the power of exponent of the highest ordered derivative in the equation

TYPE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Ordinary Differential Equation

- involves one or more dependent variable with one or single independent

variable.
2. Partial Differential Equation
- involves two or more independent variable and therefore contains partial
derivatives.

CLASSIFICATION AS LINEAR OR NON - LINEAR

1. Linear - conditions are:
a. The dependent variable y (or x) and all its derivatives must be of degree 1.
b. There's no product of y (or x) and the derivative of y (or x).
c. There's no transcendental functions involving y (or x).
2. Non-Linear - equation that is not linear.
Examples:
Linearity
Linear

DV
x,y

IV
y,x

Order
1

Degree
1

Type
ODE

dy
=95 x + y 2
2. dx

NL

x,y

y,x

ODE

''
' 2
2
3. y +( y ) =x +3 y

NL

x,y

y,x

ODE

d3 y
dy
4. d x 3 x dx = y

Linear in y

x,y

y,x

ODE

2 y 5
y
(
5. x 2 ) =10 x

NL

x,y

y,x

PDE

d 2 y 3 d2 y
6. d x 2 = d x2 +1

NL

x,y

y,x

ODE

4
7. 2 y( W )xx Wy=x y

NL

x,y

PDE

NL

x,y

y,x

ODE

Linear in y

x,y

y,x

ODE

1.

xdy + ydx=0

'' 3
8. ( x+ 2 y ) 3 =( y )
x
9. dy + ( xye ) dx=0

NL

10. dy + ( 2 xycos y ) dx=0

x,y

y,x

ODE

DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

- a solution of DE defines a function such that when substituted into the DE reduces the
equation into an identity.
Two Kinds of Constant
a. Absolute Constant- has fixed value
b. Arbitrary Constant - with unknown value

I.

Conditions are:
a. the no. of arbitrary constants are equal to the order of the DE
b. consistent with the DE
c. free from derivatives or differentials

II.

Solutions can be distinguished as explicit or implicit.

Examples:
Explicit
y=a x 3 +b x 2+ cx +d
y=C e 4 x +C2 e4 x
y=cos ( 4 x +2)

III.

Implicit
2

x + y =r

a y 2 +by +ct=0
y 4 ( 1+9 e6 x ) =C6

Types of Solution of an ODE

A. General Solution (Complete/Primitive)
- contains a no. of arbitrary constants equal to the order of DE.
- constitute a family of solution (family of curves)
Example:
2

x =c y

is the GS of 2 ydx3 xdy=0

B. Particular Solution
- obtained from the GS by specifying the values of the arbitrary constants, they
free from arbitrary constants.
Example:
if C = 9. then from the GS:

x 2=C y 3

C. Singular Solution
- can't be obtained from the GS whatever values are assigned to the arbitrary
constant.
Example:
GS:

1
y= x 2 +C
; for any value of C, the trivial solution y=0 can't be obtained,
8

thus y=0 is a singular solution.

D. Trivial Solution
- solution of an ODE that is identically zero, that is, y = 0

IV.

To prove that the algebraic equation is a solution of DE.

a. AE (differentiation) DE
b. BE (integration) AE

V.

Algebraic Equation with Arbitrary Constants

a. differentiate the AE n times.
b. the corresponding DE is of order.

Examples:

x 2=c y3

1.) Verify if

Proof: if

is a solution of 2 ydx3 ydy=0 .

x2
c=
, then
y3

x =c y

2 x =c ( 3 y 2 y ' )
2x=

x2 ( 2 ' )
3y y
3
y

2x=

x ( ')
3y
y

2 y=

x2 ( ' )
3y
x

2 y=3 x

( dydx )

2 ydx3 xdy=0

1.) Prove that

y=( x+ c) ex

is a solution of

y ' + y=e

y=( x +c ) ex

Proof:

y ' =( x+ c ) (ex ) + ex
y ' =( x+ c ) (ex )+ex
y ' = y+ex
y ' + y=ex
2.) Show that AE

y= A sin 3 x+ 3 cos 3 x

y= A sin 3 x+ 3 cos 3 x

Proof:

is a solution of the DE

y ' ' +9 y=0 .

'

y =3 A cos 3 x9 sin 3 x
y ' ' =9 A sin 3 x27 cos 3 x
y ' ' =9 ( A sin 3 x+ 3 cos 3 x )
y ' ' =9 y
''

y +9 y =0
y=2( e2 x cos x2 sin x) is a solution of

2.) Verify if

y ' ' + y=10 e 2 x .

y=2 ( e 2 x cos x2 sin x )

Proof:

y ' =2 ( 2 e2 x +sin x2 cos x )

y ' ' =2 ( 4 e 2 x +cos x +2 sin x )
''

2x

y + y=10 e

but:

x
8 e +2 cos x+ 4 sin

x
2x
2 e 2 cos x4 sin

2x

10 e2 x =10 e2 x
3.) Show that

x=2 t+c

x=2 t+C , let t =

Proof:

x=2

y 3
C

y=ct+3 is a solution of 2( y ' )2xy =3 y .

y 3
C

+C

Cx=2 y 6+C
6

and

'

C=2 y

2 y' x=2 y6+2 ( y '2 )

2( y ' )2xy =3 y

4.) Prove that the DE:

x y ' =x 2 + y

x y ' =x 2 + y , but

Proof:

y'=

dy
dx

dy
=x 2+ y
dx

xdy ydy
=x 2 dx
2
x

xdy ydy
= dx
2
x

y
=x +c
x
y=x 2 +c

is a solution of the AE:

y=x 2 +cx .

ORIGIN OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

I.

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Given: GS of DE
Solution: Differentiate the given GS
- As many as there are arbitrary constants until a DE free from arbitrary constant is
obtained 3 Techniques or Method:
A. Algebraic Elimination
- may use of elimination by addition or subtraction of elimination by substitution.
Example:
1.)

y=C 1+ C2 +C 3 e3 x

Solution:

y ' =3C 3 e3 x - Equation 1

y ' ' =9 C3 e3 x - Equation 2
'' '

3 x

y =27 C3 e

-Equation 3

Equate Equation 1 and 2:

3 x

3( ' ' =9 C 3 e

y
''
3 x
) 3 y =27 C 3 e

y ' ' ' =27 C3 e3 x y ' '' =27 C 3 e3 x

''

' ''

3 y + y =0
2.)

y=C 1 cos 3 x +C 2 sin 3 x

Solution:

'

y =3C 1 sin 3 x +3 C2 cos 3 x

''

y =9 C 1 cos 3 x9C 2 sin3 x

y ' ' =9 ( C 1 cos 3 x +C 2 sin 3 x )

y ' ' =9 y
y ' ' +9 y =0

B. Eliminant Method
- may use of discriminant of matrices.
Recall: System of Equation
Example:
1.)

y=C 1 e2 x +C 2 e 3 x

Solution:

y ' =2 C1 e2 x +3 C 2 e3 x
y ' ' =4 C 1 e 2 x +9 C 2 e 3 x

[ ]
1 1
2 3
4 9

y
y ' =0
''
y

( 3 y '' + 4 y ' +18 y ) ( 12 y+ 9 y ' +2 y ' ' ) =0

y ' ' 5 y ' +6 y=0
2.)

y= A x 4 + B x3

'
3
2
Solution: ( y =4 A x +3 B x ) x
''

( y =12 A x + 6 Bx) x

1 1
y
4 3 x y ' =0
2 ''
12 6 x y

( 3 x 2 y ' ' +12 x y ' +24 y ) ( 36 y +6 x y ' +4 x2 y '' ) =0

2

''

'

- x y +6 x y 12 y =0
C. Isolation of Equation
Example:
3
2
1.) C y =3 x + y

Solution: C=

3 x2 + y
y3

0=

y 3 ( 6 x+ y ' ) ( 3 x 2+ y )( 3 y 2 y ' )
6
y

y 2 (6 xy2 y y' 9 x2 y ' )=0

6 xy

dy
( 2 y +9 x 2 )=0
dx

6 xydx( 2 y +9 x 2 ) dy=0
2.)

x 2+( yk)2 =r 2

Solution: 2 x +2 ( yk ) y '=0
'

'

x+ y y k y =0
x + y y'
k=
y'

y ' ( 1+ y y ' ' + y ' y ' )( x + y y ' ) y ' '

0=
' 2
(y )
3

y ' + ( y ' ) x y ' ' =0

II.

FAMILY OF CURVES
- an equation involving a parameter as well as one f the coordinate in a plane may
represent a family of curves.
Parameter - a constant, usually denoted by a letter, but unlike the arbitrary constant, it is
not to be eliminated.
Example:
1.) Find the DE of the given family of SL through (5,3).
Solution:

y y 1=m ( xx 1 )
y3=m ( x5 )
m=

y3
x5

( x5 ) y ' ( y3 )=0
( x5 ) dy( y 3 ) dx=0
2.) Find the DE of the family of SL with slope and y-intercept equal.
Solution:

y=mx +b , but m=b

y=mx +m

m=

y
x+1

( x+1 ) y ' y =0
( x+1 ) dy ydx=0

3.) Find the DE of the family of circles with center at (5,-1).

2
2
2
Solution: ( xh ) + ( yk ) =r

( x5 )2 + ( y +1 )2=r 2
2 ( x5 )+ 2 ( y +1 ) y '=0

( x5 ) dx + ( y+ 1 ) dy =0
4.) Obtain the DE of the family of circles with center on x-axis.
2

Solution: ( xh ) + ( yk ) =r

( xh )2 + ( y0 )2=r 2
2 ( xh ) +2 y y ' =0
''

' 2

1+ y y +( y ) =0
5.) Find the DE of the family of cardioids r = a (1 - sin ) where a is the AC.
Solution: r = a (1 - sin )

Let

x=r ; y=

x=a ( 1sin y )
a=

x
(1sin y )

( 1sin y )x (cos y ) y ' =0

( 1sin y ) dx + x ( cos y ) dy=0

( 1sin ) dx +r cos d=0
6.) Find the DE of the family of parabolas having their vertices at the origin and there foci on the
x-axis.

Solution:

y =4 ax
4 a=

y2
x

x ( 2 y y ' ) y 2=0
1
[ y ( 2 x y ' y )=0 ]
y
2 xdy ydx=0

7.) Obtain the DE of the family of parabolas with vertex on the x-axis, with x-axis parallel to the
y-axis, and with distance from focus to vertex fixed as "a".
2
Solution: ( yk ) =4 a ( xh ) ; V(h,0)

( y0)2=4 a ( xh)
2 y y ' =4 a ( 10 )
y y' =2a
ydy=2 adx

8.) Obtain the DE of the Family of parabolas with axis parallel to x-axis.
2

Solution: ( yk ) =4 a ( xh )
2 ( yk ) y ' =4 a ( 10 )

( yk ) y ' =2 a
2

y y' ' k y ' ' + ( y ' ) =0

' 2

''

y y +( y )
k=
''
y
2

3 y ' ( y ' ' ) ( y ' ) y ' ' ' =0

'' 2

'

'' '

3( y ) y y =0
9.) Find the DE of the family of SL with algebraic sum of intercepts fixed as k.
Solution:

x y
+ =1
, where a+b=k
a b
x
y
+ =1
kb b
1
( kb
) ( x )+( 1b ) ( y )=1
1
y'
+ =0
kb b
b=

k y '
1 y '

x
y
+
=1
'
'
ky
k y
k+
'
'
1 y 1 y

x ( 1 y ' )
y ( 1 y ' )

=1
kk y ' +ky '
k y'
x y ' ( 1 y ' ) y ( 1 y' ) =k y '
I.

Variable Separable
General Form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
Standard From: f(x)dx+g(y)dy = 0

Steps:
-

Reduce the general formula of the equation to standard form.

Integrate both sides of the standard equation, thus, the General Solution (GS) is:
f(x)dx + g(y)dy = C (Where C is the constant of integration.)

Examples:
1.)

dy
dx

= 80xy

Solution: dy = 80xydx
80 xydx dy=0
y

80xdx -

dy
y

(General Form)

= 0 (Standard Form)

x
80 ( 2 - lny = C
40 x

- lny = C (General Solution)

Or
40 x

- lny + lnC= 0

Or
y
2
40 x ln c

=0

2
2.) (xy + x)dx + 2 x ydy = 0

Solution:

x ( y +1 ) dx+2 x 2 y dy=0
( y +1 ) ( x 2 )

(General Form)

dx
2 ydy
+
= 0 (Standard Form)
x
y +1

ln x+ 2 1

1
dy=C
y +1

ln x+ 2 y 2 ln ( y +1 ) =C
Or
ln x+ 2 y ln ( y +1 )2=C
3.)

6 x 5 ( 1+ y 2 ) dx=dy
6 x 5 ( 1+ y 2 ) dxdy=0
2
1+ y

Solution:

(General Form)

dy

6 x 5 dx 1+ y 2 = 0
6

(Standard Form)

x6
tan 1 y+C=0
6

( )

x 6tan1 y +C=0 (General Solution)

4.)

tan ydy=sin xdx

Solution:

sin3 xdx tan2 ydy = 0

(Standard form)

x
x
sec

y 1
2

dy = 0

sin dx
sin2

x
x
sin dxtan y + y=C

1cos 2

xdx
sin tan y + y=C

x
cos 2
xdx
sin

Let u = cosx

du = -sinxdx
3

cos x
cos x+
tan y + y =C
3
3 cos x +cos 3 x 3 tan y +3 y=3 c

II.

Homogenous Differential Equations.

Standard Form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0, where M(x.y) and N(x,y) are homogenous of same
degree.
Note: A funtion f(x,y) is homogenous if (rx,ry) = r

f(x,y), replacing rx and ry w/ x and y.

Example: Test for Homogenity

f (x , y) =

1.)

x 2+5 xy

f ( rx , ry ) = ( rx )2+ 5 ( rx )( ry )
f ( rx , ry )=r 2 x 2+5 r 2 xy
2
2
f ( rx , ry )=r (x +5 xy)

Homogeneous of 2nd degree; r

2.)

,where n is degree

f ( x , y ) =x3 9 x 2 y
f ( rx , ry )=r 3 x 39 r 3 x 2 y
r 3 (x 39 x 2 y )
Homogeneous of 3rd degree

3.)

f ( x , y ) = yxtany
f ( rx , ry )=ry ( rx ) (rtany)
ryr 2 xt any
r ( yrxtany)

Not homogeneous
Steps:
1.) Choose the simpler term for dy or dx

2.) Let y=vx or x=vy if the given ODE is homogenous of the same degree
3.) Take the differentials:
dy = vdy + xdv or dx = vdy + ydv
4.) Substitute in the given ODE
5.) Reduce the equation to a form solvable by variable separable
6.) Express the general solution in terms of the original variable of the given ODE
7.) Solve for the particular solution of any given conditions
Examples:
1.)

2
2
xydx( x +3 y ) dy=0 (Homo of 2nd degree)

Solution:

Let x=vy ; dx =vdy + ydv

[ ( vy ) ( y ) ] ( vdy + ydv )[ ( vy )2+ 3 y 2 ] dy =0

2

v y dy + v y dvv y dy3 y dy=0

v y3 dv3 y 2 dy
=0( VS)
3
y
2

vdv

3 y dy
=0
y3

vdv3
2

v
3lny=C
2
v 26lny=C but v =

x
y

dy
=0
y

x
y

x 26 y 2 lny=C y 3
2.)

( x 2+ 6 y 2) dx 2 xydy =0 ; y ( x )=2 (Homo of 2nd degree)

y=vx ; dy=vdx + xdv

Solution: Let

[ x 2+3 ( xv )2 ] dx[ 2 x ( vx ) ]( vdx + xdv)

2

2 2

x dx +3 x v dx[2 x v dx +2 x vdv ]
x 2 dx +3 x 2 v2 dx2 x 2 v 2 dx2 x 3 vdv
x 2 dx + x 2 v 2 dx2 x 3 vdv

x 2 ( 1+ v 2 ) dx2 x 3 vdv
( 1+ v 2 ) (x 3)

dx
2v

dv= 0
2
x
(1+v )

lnx2

vdv
=C ; u=1+ v 2 ; du=2 vdv
2
1+ v

lnxln ( 1+ v 2 )=lnC
x

ln 1+v

=e lnC

x
y
=C ; but v=
2
x
1+ v

x
y 2
1+( )
x

=C

x3
=C
x2 + y2
III.

Exact Differential Equation

Standard Form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
General Solution: P(x,y) = 0
Steps:
Check if the equation is exact:
M
N
=
y x=k x y=k

Integrate equation partially with respect to x (or y) holding y (or x) as constant:

F
=M (x , y )
x y=k

or

F
=N (x , y)
y x=k

dF=M ( x , y ) dx

or

dF=N ( x , y ) dy

F=f ( x , y ) +T ( y )

or

F=f ( x , y ) +T (x)

Differentiate equation partially with respect to y (or x) holding x (or y) as constant:

F
=
[f ( x , y ) +T ( y ) ]
Y y

or

Integrate T(y) or T(x) to obtain T(y) or T(x):

Substitute in to obtain the General Solution
Examples:
1.)

( 4 x3 y 32 xy ) d x + ( 3 x 4 y 2x 2 ) dy=0

F
= [f ( x , y ) +T ( x ) ]
X x

M
=4 x 3 y 3 2 xy
y x=k

Solution:

N
=3 x 4 y 2x 2
x y=k

4 x (3 y )2 x

12 x y 2 x

F
=M (x , y )
x y=k

dF y=k = (4 x3 y 32 xy)dx
x4
x2
)2 y ( )+T ( y)
4
2

F=x 4 y 3x 2 y +T ( y)
F
4 3 2
=
[ x y x y +T ( y ) ]
y x=k y

3y
( 2)x 2+T ' ( y )
3 x 4 y 2x 2=x 4

T ' ( y)

T ( y) =C
4

F=x y x y +C
Method 2:

12 x y 2 x

Method 1:

F=4 y 3 (

4x
2
( 3) y 2 x
3

Check for exactness:

F
=N (x , y)
y x=k

dF x=k= (3 x 4 y 2x 2) dy
F=3 x 4 (

y
)x 2 ( y)+T ( x)
3

F=x 4 y 3x 2 y +T ( x)
F
4 3 2
= [x y x y +T ( x ) ]
x y=k x

4x
3
( 3) y (2 x) y +T ' ( x )
4 x 3 y 32 xy=

T ' ( x)

T (x ) =C
F=x 4 y 3x 2 y +C
Method 3:

( 4 x3 y 32 xy ) dx+ (3 x 4 y 2x 2 )dy
x=0

y=k

4 y3

x4
x2
2 y
+C=0
4
2

( ) ( )
3

x y x y +C=0
Method 4:

( 4 x3 y 32 xy ) dx+ (3 x 4 y 2x 2 )dy
x=k

y=0

3 x4

y3
x 2 ( y ) +C=0
3

( )

x 4 y 3x 2 y +C=0
2.)

( 2 x3 xy 22 y+ 3 ) dx( x 2 y +2 x ) dy=0
M
3
2
=2 x xy 2 y +3
y x=k

Solution:

N
2
=x y 2 x
x y=k

x ( 2 y )2

y (2 x )2

2 xy2

2 xy2

Method 1:

dF y=k= (2 x3 xy 22 y+ 3) dx
F=

x4 x2 y2

2 xy +3 x +T ( y )
2
2

F
x4 x2 y2
=
[
2 xy +3 x+ T ( y )]
y x=k y 2
2
2

2
x y2 x = x y2 x ( 1 ) +T ' ( y)

T ' ( y)
T ( y) =C

Check for exactness:

F=x 4( xy)2 4 xy +6 x +C

Method 2:

dF x=k= (x 2 y 2 x )dy
F=

x 2 y 2
2 xy+ T (x )
2

F
x 2 y 2
= [
2 xy +T (x )]
x y=k x
2
3

2 x xy 2 y +3=xy 2 y+T '( x )

2 x3 +3

T ' ( x)

T (x ) =

x
+3 x+ C
2

F=x ( xy) 4 xy +6 x +C
Method 3:
2 x 3xy 22 y +3

()dx ( x 2 y+ 2 x ) dy
x=0

y=k

x4 x2 y2

2 xy +3 x+C=0
2
2
x 4( xy )24 xy +6 x +C=0
Method 4:

2 x xy 2 y +3

()dx ( x 2 y+ 2 x ) dy
x=k

y=0

x4 x2 y2

2 xy +3 x+C=0
2
2
x 4( xy )24 xy +6 x +C=0

3.)

( 2 xytan ( y ) ) dx + ( x 2x sec2 y ) dy=0

M
=2 xytan ( y )
y x=k

Solution:

N
2
2
=x x sec y
x y=k

2 xsec 2 y

2 xsec 2 y

Method 1:

dF y=k= (2 xytan ( y ) )dx

F=x 2 yxtan ( y )+ T ( y )
F
2
=
[ x y xtan( y )+T ( y)]
y x=k y
x 2x sec 2 y =

x 2 ( 1 )x sec 2 y +T '( y)

T ' ( y ) = 0
T ( y )=C
F=x 2 yxtan ( y )+ C
Method 2:

Check for exactness

 dF x=k= ( x 2x sec2 y)dy

F=x 2 yxtan ( y )+ T (x )
F

= [x 2 yxtan( y )+T ( x )]
x y=k x
2 xy tan ( y )=2 xytan ( y ) +T ' ( x )

T ' ( x )= 0
T ( x )=C
F=x 2 yxtan ( y )+ C
Method 3:
2 xytan ( y )

()dx ( x 2x sec 2 y ) dy
x=0

y=k

x 2 yxtan ( y )+ C=0
Method 4:
2 xytan ( y )

()dx ( x 2x sec 2 y ) dy
x=k

y=0

x 2 yxtan ( y )+ C=0

IV.

Integrable Combination
2
1.) xdy + ydx=3 x dx
d ( xy )= 3 x 2 dx

Solution:

x
xy=3
3
xy=3

xyx 3 +c=0
2.) y(2xy + 1) dx xdy
2 xy 3 dx+ ydxxdy=0
2
Solution:
y
2 xdx +

ydxxdy
=0
2
y

2 xdx+ d

( xy )=0

( )

x
x
+ =c
2
y

2 x
x + =c
y

x 2 y + x +cy=0

3.)

x 2 y 2 ( ydx+ xdy ) +
2

dx
=0
x

Solution : ( x 2 y 2 ) d ( xy ) +

dx
=0
x

( xy )2 d ( xy ) +

dx
=0
x

let u=xy
du=xdy+ ydx=d ( xy )

u2 du+

dx
=0
x

u3
+lnx+C=0
3
u3 +3 lnx+C=0
(xy)3 +3 lnx +C=0
3

x y +3 lnx+c=0
V.

Homogenous Leading to Exact

Standard Form:

M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy=0

(Homogeneous)

Steps:
a. Check if the given ODE is a Homogeneous ODE.
1
=
Mx+ Ny 0 ; = Integrating factor
b. Let
Mx+ Ny ; where
to the given ODE
d. Check for exactness; ( )(ODE) = EXACT

c. Multiply

e. Proceed as in solving for exact ODE

f. Solve for the PS if there is a given condition
Examples:
1.)

xydx( x 2 +2 y 2) dy =0 (Homo of 2nd degree)

Solution:

1
( xy ) x + (x 22 y ) y

1
2
3
x y x y2 y

1
2 y3

xydx( x 2 +2 y 2) dy =0 (

1
)
3
2y

x
x 2 +2 y
dx
+
dy=0
2
3
2y
2y

M x x
=
=
y 2 y 2 y3

N x 2+ 2 y x
=
= 3
3
x
2y
y

M
x
N
x 2+2 y
y=k 2 dx+
x=0
dy
x
y
2y
2 y3
1 x 2
x2
1
+

dy + dy
2
3
y
2y 2
2y

( )

x 2
+ ln ( y )+C=0
2
4y
VI.

Determination of Integrating Factor

(For Non-Exact Ordinary Differential Equation)
Standard Form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
Steps:
a) Check for exactness of the given O.D.E.

(ODE IS EXACT)

b) If the ODE is not exact, then

let

M N

y x

c) Multiply with
1
=f (x)
N

1
M

or

or

1
N

to obtain f(x) of g(y), that is:

1
=g( y )
M

* if not

, then use
N

1
,
vice
M

versa
d) Obtain the integrating factor ()

= e

f ( x ) dx

= e

g ( y ) dy

or

e) Multiply with the given O.D.E.

f) Check for exactness
g) If exact, proceed as solving for exact O.D.E.
(O.D.E.) = Exact D.E.
Examples:
1.)

y ( 2 x + y 3 ) dxx ( 2 x y3 ) dy =0

Solution:

M
3
=2 x +4 y
y x=k

* O.D.E. is not exact

=

2 x + 4 y 3(4 x+ y 3 )

6 x+ 3 y 3

3 (2 x + y3)

N
3
=4 x+ y
x y=k

Check for exactness

2 x+ y
3
( y )( 3)3 ( 2 x+ y )
1
1
=
M

2 x y
1
(x)( 3)3 ( 2 x + y 3 )

=
N
1

= f (x,y)

g (y)

3
y

[should only be f (x)]

= e

dy
3
y

3 ln (y)
= e

y3

1
[ y ( 2 x + y 3 ) dxx ( 2 x y 3 ) dy =0 ]
3
y

( 2 x y2 + y ) dx( 2 x 2 y3x ) dy=0

Check for exactness again

M
2
=2 x y + y
y x=k
3
= 4 x y +1

N
2 3
=(2 x y x)
x y=k
3
= 4 x y +1

* O.D.E. is exact

( 2 x y + y ) dx (2 x2 y3x)dy=0
2

x=0

y=k

x + xy + cy =0

2.)

( x 3 y 3 +1 ) dx + ( x 4 y 2 ) dy=0
M
3 2
=3 x y
y x=k

Solution:

N
3 2
=4 x y
x y=k

O.D.E. is not exact

3

3 x y 4 x y

3 2
= x y

=
N

1
(x 3 y 2 )
2
x y
4

1
x

dx
1
x

= e

ln ( x)
= e

x1

x1 [( x 3 y 3+1 ) dx + ( x 4 y 2 ) dy=0]

( x 2 y 3 + x1 ) dx+ ( x3 y 2 ) dy=0
Check for exactness again
M
2 3
1
=x y + x
y x=k
2 2
= 3x y

O.D.E. is exact

N
3 2
=x y
x y=k
2 2
= 3x y

Check for exactness

x
( 3 y ) dy=0
2

( x y + x ) dx
1

x=0

y=k

x 3 y 3 +3 l n ( x ) +C=0
VII.

Linear Differential Equation

dx
+ yP ( x )=Q ( x )
(Linear in y)
dy

Standard Form:

General Form:
Where

y= Q ( x ) dx +C

=e P ( x ) dx

OR
dx
+ xP ( y )=Q ( y )
(Linear in x)
dy

Standard Form:

General Form:
Where

x= Q ( y ) dy+C

=e P ( y )dy

RECALL: Conditions in Linearity:

a. The variable y(or x) and all its derivatives must be of degree one.
b. There is no product of y(or x) and its derivatives
c. There is no transcendental functions involving y(or x)
Examples:
1.

( dxdy )+3 xxy +2=0

(Linear in x)

dx 3 xxy 2
+
+ =0
dy
y
y

Solution:

dx
3 x y 2
+x
=
dy
y
y

P ( y )=

(STANDARD FORM)

3 y
2
; d ( y )=
y
y

3 y y dy

=e

dy
3 dy
y

=e

=e3 ln ( y ) y

e ln ( y ) e (y )= y 3 ey

x y 3 e y =

( 2y ) ( y e

3 y

) dy +C (GENERAL FORM)

x y3
2 y
=2 y e dy +C
ey
x y3
y 2
y
y
=2 (e y 2 y e 2 e ) +C
y
e
x y 3=2 y 2+ 4 y + 4+C e y
VIII.

Bernoullis Equation
Std. Form:

dy
+ yP ( x )= y n Q(x)
dx

Where: u=e

( 1n) P ( x ) dx

General Formula:
Or

n 0,1

;Q ( x )=k ; F ( x)

y 1n u=(1n) Q ( x ) udx +C

Std. Form:

dx
+ xP ( y )=x n Q( y )
dy

Where: u=e

( 1n) P ( y ) dy

General Formula:

n 0,1

; Q ( y )=k ; F ( x)

1n

u=(1n) Q ( x ) udx +C

Example:
1.)

y ( 6 y 2x1 ) dx +2 xdy =0

Solution:

1
( y ( 6 y 2 x1 ) dx+ 2 xdy=0)
2 xdx
dy 6 y 3xy y
+
=0
dx
2x
dy 6 y 3 xy y
+
+
=0
dx 2 x
2x
dy xy y 3 y 3
+
=
dx
2x
x
dy
x1
3
+ y(
)= y 3 ( )
dx
2x
x
P ( x )=

u=e

x1
3
; Q ( x )=
; n=3 ; 1n=13=2
2x
x

( 1n ) P ( x ) dx

dx
2( x1
2x )

u=e

dx
( x +1
x )

u=e

dx+ dxx

u=e

u=e

x+lnx

u=e e
u=xe

lnx

General Formula:
2

y xe =2 (
x

3
x
)( xe )dx +C
x

y xe =6 (e )dx +C
2

xe x
=6 e x +C
2
y
xe x =6 y 2 e x + y 2 C
x

xe 6 y e y C=0

IX.

Coefficient in Linear in Two Variables

Standard form:
Where:

a1 x
b1 y +c 1 dx+ ( a2 x +b 2 y +c 2 ) dy=0
+

a1 , b1 , c1 , a2 , b2 ,c 2 constants

Method of solution
a1 x

+ b1 y +c 1=0 L1 =M (x , y)

a2 x+ b2 y + c2 =0 L2=N ( x , y)
a1 b 1
L1 intercepts at L2 at P(h , k)
a2 b 2

Case 1: If

Then, Let

x=u+h ; dx =du

y=v+ k ; dy=dv

Where h and k can be obtained from the values of x and y whenever the z lines are equated.
Substitute in the given ODE to form a homogeneous DE introduce a new variable, say w. let
u = wv
a1 b 1
= L1 / L2
a2 b 2

Case 2: If

Then, Let

u=a1 x +b 1 yu=a2 x+ b2 y

du=a1 d +b1 dydu=a 2 dx +b 2 dy

(Whichever simpler). Substitute in the given ODE to form an equation solvable by variable
separable.
Examples:
1.) ( x+ y+1 ) dx + ( 2 x+2 y +1 ) dy=0
a1 1 b 1 1 a1 b1 1 1
=
= = = (use case2)
a2 2 b 2 2 a2 b2 2 2

Solution:

Let u=x + y x =u y

du=dx +dy dx=dudy ( substitute )

( +

u y
[ 2 ( u y )+ 2 y +1 ) ] dy =0

y+1 ] ( dudy )+

( u+1 ) ( dudy )+ ( 2u+1 ) dy=0

( u+1 ) du( u+ 1 ) dy + ( 2 u ) dy + ( dy )=0
( u+1 ) duudy dy +2udy + dy=0
( u+1 ) du+udy=0 VS
( u+ 1 ) du+ udy
=0
u

(u+1)
du+ dy= 0
u

u+lnu+ y+ c=0 ; but u=x+ y

x+ y+ ln ( x+ y ) + y +C=0
x+ 2 y + ln ( x + y ) +C=0
2.)

( 2 xy y ) dx+ ( 4 x + y6 ) dy =0 ( eq . A )

Solution:

a1 2 b 1 1 2 1
=
=

( use case 1 )
a2 4 b 2 1 4 1
solve hk :equate L1L2
solve hk :equate L1L2
L1=2 x y=0
L2=4 x + y6=0
6 x=6
x =1=h
2 ( 1 ) y=0
2= y =k
Let x=u+h=u+1(eq . B) dx=du(eq . D)

y=v+ k v +2 ( eq .C ) dy =dv (eq . E)

substitute eq . B , C , D , Eeq . A
)

[ 2 ( u+ 1 )( v +2 ) ] du+ [ 4 ( u+1 ) + ( v +2 ) 6 ] dv=0

( 2u+ 2v2 ) du+ ( 4 u+4 +v +26 ) dv=0
( 2uv ) du+ ( 4 u+ v ) dv=0 ( homo of 1 st degree )
Let u=vw ; du=vdw+wdv

[ 2 ( vw ) v ] ( vdw+ wdv )+ [ 4 ( vw ) + v ] dv=0

2 v 2 wdwv 2 dw+ 2 v w2 dvvwdv+ 4 vwdv +vdv =0
v 2 ( 2u1 ) dw+ v ( 2 w 2+3 w+1 ) dv=0 ( VS )
v 2 ( 2 u1 ) dw+ v ( 2 w2 +3 w+ 1 ) dv=0
v 2 ( 2 w2 +3 w+ 1 )

( 2 w1 ) dw
dv
+ = 0
2
v
2 w 3 w+1
( 2 w1 ) dw
2

( 2 w +1 ) ( w+1)

dv
= 0(by fraction)
v

( 2 w1 ) dw
A
B
=
+
( 2 w +1 ) (w+1) 2 w+1 w +1
2 w1= A ( w+1 )+ B ( 2 w+1 )
2 w1= Aw + A +2 Bw +B

for w :2= A+ 2 B
k : (1+ A+ B )1
3=B an d A=4
4 dw

3 dw

2 w+1 + w+1 +

dv
= 0
v

2 ln ( 2 w+1 ) +3 ln ( w+1 ) +lnv=lnC

2

ln (2 w +1 ) + ln ( w+1 ) +lnv+lnC
3

ln

v(w+1 )
2
(2 w+1)

=e lnC
3

v (w+ 1)
u
=C ; but w= ; but u=x1, v= y2
2
v
( 2 w+ 1 )

x1
( y 2 )
+1
y 2
2

[( ) ]
x1
2
+1
y2

=C

( x+ y 3 )3
=C
( 2 x + y4 )2
( x+ y3 )3=C ( 2 x + y4 )2

X.

Simple Substitution
Standard Form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
Let u = f(x,y)

v = g(x,y)
General Form: f(x) dx +g(y)dy = 0
Steps:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

If a new variable is introduced, remove only one variable

If two new variables are introduced, remove both the original variable
Choose the simpler term for dx or dy
Form an equation solvable by variable separable
Express the general solution in terms of its original variables

Examples:
1.) 2dx + (2x + 3y)dy = 0
Solution: Let u =2x + 3y; du = 2dx + 3dy
2dx = du 3dy
2dx + udy = 0
du 3dy + udy = 0
du + (u-3) dy = 0
du

u3 dy= 0
ln(u-3) + y + C = 0
ln (2 x +3 y 3)+ y +C=0
2.) (2x + y + 6) dx + (2x + y) dy = 0
Solution: Let u = 2x + y; du = 2dx + dy
dy = du -2dx
(u + 6) dx + u(du - 2dx) = 0
(u + 6 2u) dx + udu = 0
(-u + 6)dx + udu = 0
udu

dx u6 = 0

x + y 6 ln(2 x + y 6)+C=0
3.)

x 2 y 3 ( xdy + ydx ) =( xy+ 1 ) dx

Solution: Let u = xy ; du = xdy + ydx

u
x

y=

x 2 y 3 du= (u+ 1 ) dx
3

u du (
u+1 ) dx=0
x
u3 du
u+1 xdx= 0
u
1
x2
( 2u+ 1
)du =C
u +1
2

2( xy )3 3 ( xy )2+6 ( xy ) 6 ln ( xy+ 1 )3 x 2+C=0

4.)

2 3
x y ( xdy + ydx ) =( xy+ 1 ) dy

Solution: Let u = xy ; du = xdy + ydx

x=

u
y

dy=

du ydx
x

x 2 y 3 ( du )=( u+ 1 ) dy
u
( 2 y) du( u+1 ) dy
=0
( u+1 ) ( y)

u du
dy
+ = 0
( u+ 1 )
y

( u1 ) du+

du
dy
+ = 0
u+1
y

u2
u+ ln ( u+1 ) +ln ( y )=C
2
(xy)2 2 xy +2 ln ( xy +1 ) +2 ln ( y )+C=0

5.)

x
xy ( xdy ydx )=( +1) dy
y

Solution: Let

u=

x
y ; du =

x=uy

ydx xdy
2
y

( u y 4 ) du+(u+1)dy
udu
dy
+ 4 = 0
( u+ 1 )
y

uln (u+ 1 )+

1
=C
3
3y

3 xy 2 +3 y 3 ln

( xy +1)+1+C y =0
3