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    More Conditionals Nested Conditionals Switch Statements: ITP 165 - Fall 2015 Week 2, Lecture 2

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    Santiago Mejia
    This document discusses conditionals and control flow statements in C++, including if/else statements, else if statements, nested conditionals, and switch statements. It provides syntax examples and best practices for each statement. Key topics covered include proper use of braces, scopes, avoiding spaghetti code, handling float comparisons and tolerances, and common pitfalls to avoid like missing breaks in switch statements.

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    More Conditionals Nested Conditionals Switch Statements: ITP 165 - Fall 2015 Week 2, Lecture 2

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    Santiago Mejia
    26 views44 pages
    This document discusses conditionals and control flow statements in C++, including if/else statements, else if statements, nested conditionals, and switch statements. It provides syntax examples and best practices for each statement. Key topics covered include proper use of braces, scopes, avoiding spaghetti code, handling float comparisons and tolerances, and common pitfalls to avoid like missing breaks in switch statements.

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    This document discusses conditionals and control flow statements in C++, including if/else statements, else if statements, nested conditionals, and switch statements. It provides syntax examples and best practices for each statement. Key topics covered include proper use of braces, scopes, avoiding spaghetti code, handling float comparisons and tolerances, and common pitfalls to avoid like missing breaks in switch statements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views44 pages

    More Conditionals Nested Conditionals Switch Statements: ITP 165 - Fall 2015 Week 2, Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Santiago Mejia
    This document discusses conditionals and control flow statements in C++, including if/else statements, else if statements, nested conditionals, and switch statements. It provides syntax examples and best practices for each statement. Key topics covered include proper use of braces, scopes, avoiding spaghetti code, handling float comparisons and tolerances, and common pitfalls to avoid like missing breaks in switch statements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 44

    More Conditionals; Nested Conditionals;

    Switch Statements
    ITP 165 Fall 2015
    Week 2, Lecture 2

    Sample Program if with else


    #include <iostream>
    int main()
    {
    int x = 0;
    std::cout << "Enter a number:";
    std::cin >> x;
    if (x >= 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a negative number.";
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Sample Program if with else


    #include <iostream>
    int main()
    {
    int x = 0;
    std::cout << "Enter a number:";
    std::cin >> x;
    if (x >= 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a negative number.";
    }
    return 0;
    }

    If with else Syntax

    Required
    braces

    if (x > 0)
    {
    std::cout << "Stuff";
    }
    else
    else keyword
    {
    std::cout << "Other";
    }

    if part the
    same

    Any number of statements to


    execute if condition is false
    (Must be inside the braces!)

    If with else - Scoping


    int main()
    { // Scope for "main" begins
    int x = 0;
    if (x > 0)
    { // Scope for if begins

    } // Scope for if ends


    else
    { // Scope for else begins
    }

    // Scope for else ends

    return 0;
    // Scope for "main" ends

    Sample Program if, else if, else


    #include <iostream>
    int main()
    {
    int x = 0;
    std::cout << "Enter a number:";
    std::cin >> x;
    if (x == 0)
    {
    std::cout << "0 is neither positive nor negative.";
    }
    else if (x > 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a negative number.";
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Else if, more closely


    if (x == 0)
    {
    std::cout
    }
    else if (x >
    {
    std::cout
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout
    }

    << "0 is neither positive nor negative.";


    0)
    << "You entered a positive number.";

    << "You entered a negative number.";

    Else if, Cont'd


    else if must always occur immediately after an if or an
    else if
    Eg. this code is nonsensical:
    else if (x == 0)
    {
    std::cout << "0 is neither positive nor negative.";
    }
    if (x > 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }

    Else if, Cont'd


    An else if does not necessarily need to be followed by an else

    Eg. this is fine:


    if (x > 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }
    else if (x < 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a negative number.";
    }

    Else if, Cont'd


    You can have any number of else ifs in succession
    So this is fine:
    if (x > 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a positive number.";
    }
    else if (x < 0)
    {
    std::cout << "You entered a negative number.";
    }
    else if (x == 0)
    {
    std::cout << "0 is neither positive nor negative.";
    }

    Else if, cont'd


    If you have an else, it must be after all of the else ifs
    if (x == 5)
    {
    std::cout << "x
    }
    else if (x == 10)
    {
    std::cout << "x
    }
    else if (x == 20)
    {
    std::cout << "x
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "x
    }

    equals 5.";

    equals 10.";

    equals 20.";

    is neither 5, 10, nor 20.";

    Else if, contd


    Else-if statements imply mutual exclusivity
    Only ONE of the statements will execute
    For example

    Else if, contd


    if (x > 10)
    {
    //...
    }
    else if (x > 5)
    {
    //...
    }
    else if (x > 0)
    {
    //...
    }
    else
    {
    //...
    }

    If x = 7, it
    satisfies these
    conditions

    Else if, contd


    if (x > 10)
    {
    //...
    }
    else if (x > 5)
    {
    //...
    }
    else if (x > 0)
    {
    //...
    }
    else
    {
    //...
    }

    Because of the
    else if, only
    the first condition
    is executed

    Nesting if statements
    Since an if statement is a type of statement, we can nest them.
    For example:
    int x = 50;
    if (x < 0)
    {
    if (x < -100)
    {
    std::cout << "X is really negative...";
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "X is a little negative...";
    }
    }

    Nested if statements, Contd


    In many cases, nested ifs can be equivalent to if-else if-else chains
    The previous slides code could be rewritten as:
    int x = 50;
    if (x < -100)
    {
    std::cout << "X is really negative...";
    }
    else if (x < 0)
    {
    std::cout << "X is a little negative...";
    }

    Nested if statements, Contd


    std::cout << "Enter 1 for drinks or 2 for food: ";
    int select = 0;
    std::cin >> select;
    if (select == 1)
    {
    std::cout << "Enter 1 for soft drink or 2 for alcohol: ";
    int drinkSelect = 0;
    std::cin >> drinkSelect;
    if (drinkSelect == 1)
    {
    // Soft Drink
    }
    else
    {
    // Alcohol
    }
    }
    else
    {
    // Similar code for food...
    }

    Spaghetti Code
    This term is used sometimes if you have lots of confusing
    conditionals and its really unclear which way the code flows

    So when deciding to nest or not nest if statements, you should


    think a moment about if the opposite approach would be clearer

    Many else if statements


    Suppose you had a menu that allows someone to select options 1
    through 4. One way to write this code is:
    if (select == 1)
    {
    // Option 1
    }
    else if (select == 2)
    {
    // Option 2
    }
    else if (select == 3)
    {
    // Option 3
    }
    else if (select == 4)
    {
    // Option 4
    }
    else
    {
    // Invalid option
    }

    Switch statement
    The previous slides code can be rewritten as a switch statement:
    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    // Option 1
    break;
    case 2:
    // Option 2
    break;
    case 3:
    // Option 3
    break;
    case 4:
    // Option 4
    break;
    default:
    // Invalid option
    break;
    }

    Switch statement syntax


    switch
    keyword

    Required
    open/close
    braces

    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    // Option 1
    break;
    default:
    // Invalid option
    break;
    }

    variable we are
    switching on
    (parenthesis
    required)

    Each option has


    a corresponding
    case block

    Switch statement syntax case block


    case
    keyword

    value
    corresponding
    to this case
    Required colon

    break followed
    by semi-colon
    (these are
    extremely
    important!!!)

    case 1:
    // Option 1
    break;
    Any number of statements to
    execute if this is the selected
    case.

    Default case
    The default case is whats executed if the variable was not equal to
    any of the other cases
    Generally, its a good practice to have a default case
    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    // Option 1
    break;
    default:
    // Invalid option
    break;
    }

    In this example,
    the default
    case is selected
    in the event that
    select != 1

    Default case, Contd


    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    // Option 1
    break;
    case 2:
    // Option 2
    break;
    case 3:
    // Option 3
    break;
    case 4:
    // Option 4
    break;
    default:
    // Invalid option
    break;
    }

    In this example, the


    default case is selected
    in the event that
    (select != 1 &&
    select != 2 &&
    select != 3 &&
    select != 4 )

    Switch Caveat #1
    switch only works on whole numbers
    This means that if you must select based on a double or string, you
    cant use a switch
    For example, this is not valid:
    double test;
    switch (test) // Error: Not a whole number
    {
    case 1.0:
    break;
    default:
    break;
    }

    Switch Caveat #2
    Switch only works in the instance where the condition is that the
    value equals a specific number
    If you need complex behavior like greater than 0 but less than
    100 you need to use if/else if statements

    Switch Caveat #3
    Dont forget the break after every case
    Otherwise, you will have weird, behavior
    For example, this is wrong:
    #include <iostream>
    int main()
    {
    int select = 0;
    std::cin >> select;
    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    std::cout << "Option 1" << std::endl;
    case 2:
    std::cout << "Option 2" << std::endl;
    default:
    std::cout << "Invalid option" << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Switch Caveat #3, Contd


    If we run the code on the previous slide

    ?!?!?!?!

    Switch Caveat #2 case fall-through


    switch (select)
    {
    case 1:
    std::cout << "Option 1" << std::endl;
    case 2:
    std::cout << "Option 2" << std::endl;
    default:
    std::cout << "Invalid option" << std::endl;
    }

    Case fall-through can be sort of useful


    There are some instances where taking advantage of the fallthrough might be useful

    But this is a more advanced use of switch statementsfor now


    just always put a break after each case!

    Switch Programming Hint


    Keep case-related calculations and statements inside each case

    Keep generic-case related calculations and statements outside of the


    switch
    Example:
    A program that has options for add, subtract, multiply, and divide using a
    switch.
    The user is to enter two numbers and then choose an operation.
    Regardless of their choice of operation, they still require two numbers
    Ask the user for the two numbers BEFORE the switch to save time on code writing.

    Note:
    Wont always work the first time around. You may have to play a little with it
    first to see what can be written outside.

    Notes on Conditionals
    You can compare text too
    int main()
    {
    std::string name = "Raymond";
    if (name == "Raymond")
    {
    std::cout << name << " is an awesome name bro.";
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << name << " is a lame name bro.";
    }

    std::cout << std::endl;


    return 0;
    }

    Notes on Conditionals
    We get

    Notes on Conditionals
    Dont forget, C++ is case-sensitive

    Notes on Conditionals
    If you want to satisfy two conditions at once, you can combine the
    conditions using a Boolean operator
    For example:

    0 X 10
    This is like saying X is greater than or equal to 0 AND X is less
    than or equal to 10
    ((X >= 0) && (X <= 10))

    Notes on Conditionals
    If we flip the range from the last slide, we get:
    X0
    X 10

    Our condition becomes: X less than or equal to 0 OR X greater


    than or equal to 10
    ((X <= 0) || (X >= 10))

    Notes on Conditionals
    Briefly mentioned order of operations for conditionals
    Operator

    Description

    < or <=

    Less than (or equal to)

    > or >=

    Greater than (or equal to)

    == or !=

    Equal to or Not equal to

    &

    Bitwise AND

    Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)

    Bitwise OR

    &&

    Logical AND

    ||

    Logical OR

    Notes on Conditionals
    Dont always rely on the order of operations to sort out which
    evaluation to do first
    Always make your conditionals explicitly clear

    Use parentheses!!!

    Float Comparison
    Remember when we said decimals are approximations?

    If we run this code


    int main()
    {
    double num1 = 1.9, num2 = 0.9;

    if ((num1 - num2) == 1.0)


    {
    std::cout << "TRUE" << std::endl;
    }
    else
    {
    std::cout << "FALSE" << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Float Comparison
    We get

    Float Comparison
    How do we deal with our minds being blown?
    If decimals are approximations, there is some wiggle-room we can
    play with

    Referred to as a tolerance
    Simply put:
    Tolerance is a percentage of a value such that

    Value Tolerance Value

    Tolerance
    Think of tolerance like a range
    The actual value is between the expected value minus the
    tolerance and the expected value plus the tolerance

    (eValue tol) aValue (eValue + tol)

    Tolerance
    Whats a good tolerance?
    It depends
    Generally, the smaller the better
    But how small is too small?

    Lab Practical #3

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