A2 How Do You Do Ferroxyl
A2 How Do You Do Ferroxyl
A2 How Do You Do Ferroxyl
ADVANCED
CHEMISTRY
A2
TECHNICIANS MANUAL
This manual has been prepared by
Chris Peel
Chief Technician
City & Islington College
Annette Road
London
N7 6EX
Tel: 020 7609 8401
&
Tracy Lambert
Chief Technician
Royal Forest of Dean College
Five Acres Campus
Berry Hill
Coleford
Gloucestershire
GL16 7JT
Tel: 01594 838468
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the following for their help in production of the Technicians Manual.
The science staff at both colleges for allowing us time to test activities, and for their
comments about them; also for allowing us time to write and edit the manual, and to
take time out for moderating meetings.
We would also like to thank Gwen Pilling from the Science Education Group at
University of York, for proof reading and comments, and Sandra Wilmott, the Project
Secretary at the University of York, for publicising the Manual in the SAC
Newsletters.
We also thank CLEAPSS for the excellent safety information, which has been used
in the production of both the Technicians and Students Safety Sheets.
Thanks also to all the technicians over the pasts few years, who have attended the
Technicians Workshops at University of York, and who have made comments and
suggestions about the Manual.
Also the Manual could not have been produced without Androulla Gwillim, technician
at City & Islington College, who worked through the early draft manuals, correcting
technical faults and checking recipes, and for the enormous task of photocopying,
collating, laminating and the binding of the materials.
Chris Peel
Tracy Lambert
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quantities in Requirements
The quantities given in the requirements are per student or group of students.
The bulk quantities given for preparing solutions may need to be adjusted to the
needs of individual establishments, depending on the number of students or groups
of students per experiment
Suppliers
Some information on suppliers for particular items is given in the Advance Warning
and Technicians Sheets. This information however may go out of date. Updated
information on suppliers can be found on the Salters website at,
www.york.ac.uk/org/seg/salters/chemistry or, www.salterschem.org.uk.
Also on this site is a direct link to a discussion forum for Salters technicians, with
simple instructions on how to register.
Contents
WM 2
WM 3
WM 5.1
WM 6
DP 2.1
DP 2.2
EP 2.1
EP 2.2
EP 2.5
EP 6.1
EP 6.3
E P6.4
SS 1.1
SS 1.2
SS 3.1
SS 3.2
SS 3.3
SS 3.4
SS 5.1
SS 5.2
SS 5.3
2
4
WHATS IN A MEDICINE
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
EXTRACTION OF SALICYLIC ACID
CHEMISTRY OF THE -OH GROUP IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS
A PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN
AN ASPIRIN ASSAY
YOUR NOTES
7
8
9
11
14
16
18
DESIGNER POYMERS
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
MAKING NYLON
TAKING NYLON APART
YOUR NOTES
19
20
21
23
25
ENGINEERING PROTEINS
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
INVESTIGATING AMINES AND AMINO ACIDS
WHATS IN ASPARTAME?
A TESTING SMELL
TESTING FOR GLUCOSE
EFFECT OF ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE
RATE OF A REACTION
USING THE IODINE CLOCK METHOD TO FIND THE ORDER OF A
REACTION
YOUR NOTES
THE STEEL STORY
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
HOW MUCH MANGANESE IN A PAPER CLIP?
A REDOX TITRATION
A SIMPLE REDOX REACTION
SIMPLE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
MORE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
HOW DOES IRON RUST?
INVESTIGATING THE OXIDATION STATES OF VANADIUM
HOW DO TRANSITION META:L IONS ACT AS A CATALYST?
LOOKING AT TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES
YOUR NOTES
Cont ......
26
27
28
30
32
33
35
37
39
40
41
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
AA 2.1
AA 2.3
AA 2.4
AA 2.5
AA 3.1
AA 4.2
CD 1
CD 3
CD 5
CD 6
CD 7.1
CD 7.2
O 1.1
O 1.2
O 3.1
O 3.2
O 4.1
O 4.2
MD 1.1
MD 5.1
ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
HOW DOES TEMPERATURE AFFECT THE RATE OF A REACTION?
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
INVESTIGATING ION EXCHANGE
THE pH, BUFFERING CAPACITY AND LIME REQUIREMENT OF SOIL
WHAT IS THE NITROGEN CONTENTS OF SOILS?
PARTITION EQUILIBRIUM
YOUR NOTES
61
62
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
COLOUR BY DESIGN
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
CHANGING COLOURS CHEMICALLY
SEEING COLOURS
COMPARING HYDROCARBONS
MAKING AZO DYES
DYEING WITH A DIRECT DYE AND A REACTIVE DYE
DIFFERENT DYES FOR DIFFERENT FIBRES
YOUR NOTES
76
77
78
83
85
88
90
92
94
THE OCEANS
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A SOLVENT AND
SUBSTANCES DISSOLVING IN IT?
WHAT CHANGES OCCUR WHEN AN IONIC SOLID DISSOLVES?
THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF VAPORISATION OF WATER
WHAT CRYSTALS FORM WHEN A SOLUTION IS COOLED?
FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT WEAK ACIDS
INVESTIGATING SOME BUFFER SOLUTIONS
YOUR NOTES
99
101
102
104
106
108
MEDICINES BY DESIGN
Advanced Warning
Chemicals List
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
MAKING AND TESTING A PENICILLIN
YOUR NOTES
109
110
111
113
118
95
96
97
WHAT'S IN A MEDICINE
Advance warning
Activity
Item(s)
WM2
Oil of wintergreen
Quantities Essential
per expt.
or
Optional
2g
E
Available from chemists shops,
or from chemical suppliers as
methyl salicylate
e.g. Aldrich, Cat. No. M8050-4
1 per expt
Notes
Concs.
2-hydroxybenzoic acid
(salicylic acid)
10 g
Sat. solution Few drops
in ethanol
Few drops
1 crystal
3
Few drops
Few drops
2-Methylpropan-2-ol
Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid)
Aspirin tablets
Butan-1-ol
Butan-2-ol
Chromatography solvent;cyclohexane
ethyl ethanoate
conc. ethanoic acid
Conc. hydrochloric acid
Ethanoic acid
2M
Conc.
Ethanoic anhydride
Ethanol
Iron(III) chloride
Methanol
Neutral iron(III) chloride
Oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate)
Phenol
Sat. solution
in water
Phenolphthalein indicator
Potassium dichromate(VI)
0.1M
Potassium manganate(VII)
0.2M
Propan-1-ol
Sodium carbonate
0.5M
Sodium hydroxide
0.100M
2M
Sulphuric acid
2M
Conc.
Notes
20 cm3
10 cm3
1 drop
Few drops
20 cm3
10 cm3
10 cm3
75 cm3
Few g
5 cm3
Few drops
2g
20 cm3
Few drops
2 cm3
50 cm3
Few drops
200 cm3
100 cm3
25 cm3
5 cm3
Few drops
Dispensing oil of
wintergreen
Hazard
Risks
Harmful
Dispensing
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid
Preparation of
2M sodium
hydroxide
Harmful to
environment
Corrosive
Preparation of a
solution of
salicylic acid in
ethanol &
dispensing
ethanol
Salicylic acid
Harmful
Ethanol
Corrosive
Solid & 2M
soln.
Control measures
Highly
flammable
Preparation of
chromatography
solvent
Cyclohexane
Risk of fire.
Wear eye protection
Keep away from sources of ignition.
Highly
flammable
Harmful to
environment
Ethyl
ethanoate
Highly
flammable
Conc.
ethanoic acid
Corrosive
10
Labelled A
A saturated solution in water labelled B
Labelled C
Labelled D
Notes
11
Dispensing
ethanol and
universal
indicator soln.
(contains
ethanol)
Dispensing
phenol
Hazard
Ethanol
Highly
flammable
Toxic
Dispensing
concentrated
ethanoic acid
and making 2M
ethanoic acid
Conc.
ethanoic acid
Risks
Dispensing solid
iron(III) chloride
Irritant
Salicylic acid
Harmful
Solid
Harmful by inhalation, in
contact with skin and if
swallowed. Irritating to eyes
respiratory system and skin.
Irritant
Preparing 0.1M
solution of
potassium
dichromate(VI)
Corrosive
2M ethanoic
acid
Dispensing 2hydroxybenzoic
acid (salicylic
acid)
Control measures
Solid and
soln
Toxic
Irritant
Dispensing
methanol
Harmful to
environment
Methanol is toxic by
inhalation, if swallowed and by
skin absorption.
Risk of fire.
Highly
flammable
Toxic
Cont...
12
Operation
Dispensing
concentrated
sulphuric acid and
making 2M
sulphuric acid
Hazard
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
2M
sulphuric
acid
Preparation of
0.5M sodium
carbonate solution
Corrosive
Solid
Risks
Irritant
Dispensing
butan-1-ol
Dispensing
Propan-1-ol &
propan-2-ol
Harmful
Highly
flammable
Dispensing 2methylpropan-2-ol
Harmful
Highly
flammable
Control measures
A full face shield should be worn.
Gloves should be worn.
The conc. acid should be added very slowly to the
distilled water, with constant stirring, cooling the
beaker in a large vessel of cold water.
Never add water conc. to acid
Harmful
Notes
13
Notes
14
Dispensing 2hydroxybenzoic
acid (salicylic
acid)
Hazard
Salicylic
acid
Risks
Harmful by inhalation, in
contact with skin and if
swallowed. Irritating to eyes
respiratory system and skin.
Harmful
Dispensing
ethanoic
anhydride
Corrosive
Dispensing
concentrated
sulphuric acid
Dispensing
concentrated
ethanoic acid
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
Conc.
ethanoic
acid
Preparing
neutral iron(III)
chloride
Solid
Corrosive
Dispensing
aspirin (acetyl
salicylic acid)
Control measures
Irritant
1M ammonia
Low hazard
Notes
15
Notes
16
Dispensing 95%
ethanol and
phenolphthalein
indicator
solution
(contains
ethanol)
Preparing 0.1M
sodium
hydroxide
solution
Hazard
Ethanol
Risks
Highly
flammable
Solid
Corrosive
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Avoid inhaling fumes. Use in a fume cupboard
and away from sources of ignition.
Notes
17
18
DESIGNER POLYMERS
Advance warning
The following items are needed for activities in this unit and may not be already in
your school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities Essential
per expt.
or
Optional
DP 2.1
Decanedioyl dichloride 5%
solution in cyclohexane
1 cm3
1,6-Diaminohexane 5% in
0.5M sodium carbonate
1 cm3
2g
DP 2.2
Notes
19
Must be nylon-6,6
NOT (nylon-6)
Concs.
1, 6-Diaminohexane
5% in 0.5M 1 cm3
sodium
carbonate
5% in
1 cm3
cyclohexane
2g
Sat. solution 20 cm3
2M
5 cm3
30%
35 cm3
Decanedioyl dichloride
Nylon-6,6 granules
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphuric acid
Notes
20
Notes
21
Preparation of
5% solution of
decanedioyl
dichloride
Hazard
Decanedioyl
dichloride
Corrosive
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves. Use in a fume
cupboard away from sources of ignition
Highly
flammable
Cyclohexane
Risk of fire
Wear eye protection. Keep away from
sources of ignition
Highly
flammable
Preparation of
5% solution of
1,6diaminohexane
Harmful to
environment
1,6Diaminohexane
Irritating to eyes.
Unpleasant fumes.
Irritant
Solid sodium
carbonate
Irritant
Notes
22
Notes
23
Preparation of
a solution of
30% sulphuric
acid
Hazard
Concentrated
sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
30%
sulphuric
acid
Preparation of
2M sodium
hydroxide
Corrosive
Solid sodium
hydroxide
Corrosive
2M sodium
hydroxide
Risks
Corrosive
Notes
24
Control measures
Wear a full-face shield.
Gloves should be worn.
The conc. acid should be added very slowly to the
distilled water, with constant stirring, cooling the
beaker in a large vessel of cold water. Never add
water to the conc. acid
25
ENGINEERING PROTEINS
Advance warning
The following items needed for activities in this unit may not be already in your
school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities
per expt.
Essential
or
Optional
EP2.2
Canderel tablets
(aspartame)
1-3
Small
amounts for
chromatography
1/
Caraway seeds
20
1 metre
30
EP6.1
ClinistixTM or Diastix TM
glucose test strips
5-10
EP6.4
Potassium
peroxodisulphate(VI)
(K2S2O8)
0.1 g
EP2.5
EP2.7
piece
Notes
26
Hydrogen peroxide
Ninhydrin solution
Phenylalanine
Potassium iodide
Potassium peroxodisulphate(VI)
Samples of any sugars
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium thiosulphate
Starch
Universal indicator paper
Yeast suspension
Conc.
0.01M
0.1M
0.02M
0.01M
4M
2M
1M
5 vol.
0.5% in
butan-1-ol
0.01M
1M
0.0400M
2M
1M
0.01M
0.0100M
1%
1.25%
Notes
27
Notes
28
Hazard
Risks
Highly
flammable
Dispensing
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid and
making 0.01M
hydrochloric
acid
Preparing
solutions of
sodium
hydroxide
Irritant
Concentrated
acid
Corrosive
2M solution
Dispensing
ethanoyl
chloride
Solid
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Corrosive
Corrosive
Preparing a
0.1M solution
of copper(II)
sulphate
Corrosive
Solid
Control measures
Highly
flammable
Notes
29
EP2.2 WHAT'
S IN ASPARTAME?
Requirements
Aspartame 1-3 tablets. e.g. Canderel
Hydrochloric acid 4M 25 cm3- Add 344 cm3 of the conc. acid to
600 cm3 dist. water. Make up to 1 dm3 with
dist. water
Hydrochloric acid 2M 25 cm3- Dilute some of the 4M acid by half
Hydrochloric acid 1M 25 cm3- Dilute some of the 2M acid by half
Butan-1-ol 20 cm3
Glacial ethanoic acid 4 cm3
Aspartic acid solution 0.01M A few cm3 for chromatography- Dissolve
1.33 g of the solid in dist. water. Make up to
1 dm3 with dist. water
Phenylalanine solution 0.01M A few cm3 for chromatography- Dissolve
1.65 g of the acid in dist. water. Make up to 1
dm3 with dist. water
Ninhydrin reagent 0.5% Dissolve 0.5 g of ninhydrin in
butan-1-ol. Make up to 100 cm3 with
butan-1-ol, and pour into a spray bottle
Pestle and mortar
Separating funnel
25 cm3 measuring cylinder
10 cm3 measuring cylinder
Apparatus for reflux e.g. jointed glassware kits
Anti-bump granules
250 cm3 beaker
Hair dryer
Apparatus for paper chromatography e.g. Chromatography paper, tall jars or
beakers with lids, capillary tubes
30
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make
4M, 2M, & 1M
Hazard
Conc acid
Corrosive
Risks
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Irritant
Flammable
Dispensing
concentrated
ethanoic acid
Harmful
Corrosive
4M, 2M,1M
hydrochloric
acid
Dispensing
butan-1-ol
Control measures
Irritant
Preparing and
dispensing
ninhydrin
reagent
Flammable
Ninhydrin
solid
Harmful
Ninhydrin
reagent and
butan-1-ol
Harmful
Highly
flammable
Notes
31
Notes
32
Notes
33
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make
1M acid
Hazard
Conc acid
Corrosive
Risks
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Irritant
Solid & 1M
soln.
Corrosive
1M
hydrochloric
acid
Preparation of
1M sodium
hydroxide
Control measures
Notes
34
Notes
35
Hazard
Risks
Corrosive
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves.
Notes
36
Notes
37
Preparation of
0.0400M solution
of potassium
peroxodisulphate
(VI)
Hazard
Solid
Oxidiser
Risks
Irritant
Solution
Control measures
Harmful if swallowed
Harmful
Notes
38
39
Item(s)
Quantities Essential
per expt
or
Optional
SS1.1
Potassium iodate(VII)
(periodate) KIO4
0.5 g
Colorimeter
SS1.2
Spinach/spinach beet or
rhubarb leaves
SS5.1
Ammonium vanadate(V)
(metavanadate) NH4VO3
15 g (5 g
if using
rhubarb
leaves)
0.25 g
SS5.2
2.5 g
Cobalt(II) chloride
Nickel(II) chloride
0.25 g
1g
E
E
SS5.3
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
0.5 g
acid disodium salt (Na2H2edta)
Notes
40
Concs.
Ammonia solution
Conc.
2M
Ammonium vanadate(V)
Cobalt(II) chloride
Copper strips
Copper(II) sulphate
EDTA di sodium salt
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Iron filings
Iron nails
Iron(II) ammonium sulphate
Iron(II) sulphate
Iron(III) chloride
Mild steel strips
Nickel chloride
Nitric(V) acid
Phosphoric(V) acid
Potassium bromide
Potassium chloride
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
Potassium iodate(VII) (periodate)
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate(V)
Potassium manganate(VII)
Potassium sodium 2,3dihydroxybutanedioate (tartrate) or
Rochelle salt
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulphite
Sodium thiosulphate
Sulphuric acid
Zinc foil
Zinc powder
Zinc strips
Zinc sulphate
5 cm3
20 cm3
0.25 g
0.25 g
1
1M
150 cm3
0.1M
5 cm3
Conc.
2 cm3
2M
2 cm3
20 vol
20 cm3
1g
3
0.1M
2 cm3
1M
50 cm3
1M
4 cm3
3
1g
2M
100 cm3
10 cm3
1M
50 cm3
1M
50 cm3
For ferroxyl 0.5g
5%
10 cm3
1M
50 cm3
0.05 M
2 cm3
Sat.
50 cm3
solution
Few grams
0.01M
150 cm3
0.02M
10 cm3
2.5 g
For ferroxyl 5 g
2M
215 cm3
1g
0.1M
2 cm3
Conc.
5 cm3
1M
350 cm3
Small piece
1>2 g
1
1M
70 cm3
41
42
Dilution of
concentrated
nitric acid to
2M
Hazard
Conc nitric
acid
Corrosive
Risks
Oxidiser
2M nitric acid
Dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric acid
to 1M
Corrosive
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
1M sulphuric
acid
Preparation of
a 5% solution
of potassium
iodate(VII)
Irritant
Solid
Harmful
Irritant
Dispensing
solid
potassium
manganate
(VII)
Oxidiser
Solid
Harmful
Irritant
Control measures
A full face shield should be worn.
Pour out, and dilute in a fume cupboard, adding
the concentrated acid slowly to distilled water.
Gloves should be worn. Spillages on the
skin should be washed with lots of soap and
water, but may still cause the skin to turn brown
and peel off.
Oxidiser
Dispensing
phosphoric
(V) acid
Harmful to
environment
Corrosive to skin
Safety goggles must be worn
Corrosive
43
Notes
44
Hazard
Dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric to 1M
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
1M
sulphuric
acid
Preparing
potassium
manganate(VII)
solution 0.010M
Irritant
Solid
Oxidiser
Harmful
Risks
Control measures
A full face shield should be worn.
Gloves should be worn.
The conc. acid should be added very slowly to the
distilled water, with constant stirring, cooling the
beaker in a large vessel of cold water. Never add
water to conc.acid
solid.
Harmful to
environment
Preparing and
disposing of
rhubarb leaves
Notes
45
Notes
46
Preparing 1M
copper(II)
sulphate
Hazard
Solid & IM
soln.
Risks
Dispensing
zinc powder
Flammable
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Control measures
Notes
47
Notes
48
Preparing 1M
copper(II)
sulphate
Hazard
Solid & IM
soln.
Risks
Preparing 1M
iron(II)
sulphate
solution
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Solid
Control measures
Harmful
Solution
Preparing a
saturated
solution of
potassium
nitrate(V) (for
salt bridges)
Harmful
Oxidiser
Notes
49
Notes
50
Preparing 1M
copper(II)
sulphate
Hazard
Solid & IM
soln.
Risks
Preparing a
saturated
solution of
potassium
nitrate(V) (for
salt bridges)
Preparing
solutions of
potassium
iodide,
bromide and
chloride
Oxidiser
Low hazard
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Control measures
Notes
51
52
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make 2M
Hazard
Ethanol
Highly flammable
Conc. acid
Corrosive
Risks
2M hydrochloric
acid
Preparing a
solution of 2M
sodium
hydroxide
Irritant
Solid
Corrosive
2M solution
Preparation of
ferroxyl indicator
Corrosive
Potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III)
Low Hazard
Phenolphthalein
indicator
solution
(contains
ethanol)
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Avoid inhaling fumes. Use in a fume cupboard
and away from sources of ignition.
Wear a face shield.
Dispense the concentrated acid in a fume
cupboard. Dilute the conc. acid in a fume
cupboard by adding the acid to water
Take great care when opening bottles of the conc.
acid on hot days
Phenolphthalein
indicator
Highly flammable
Notes
53
Notes
54
Hazard
Risks
Toxic
Dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric acid
to make 1M
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
1M sulphuric
acid
Dispensing zinc
powder
Preparation of a
0.02M solution
of potassium
manganate(VII)
Irritant
Flammable
Solid
Oxidiser
Harmful
Dispensing
sodium sulphite
Preparing
solutions of
potassium
iodide, iron(II)
ammonium
sulphate,
sodium
thiosulphate
Harmful to
environment
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves. Avoid skin contact
and inhaling dust.
A full face shield should be worn.
Gloves should be worn.
The conc. acid should be added very slowly to the
distilled water, with constant stirring, cooling the
beaker in a large vessel of cold water.
Never add water to concentrated acid
solid.
Harmful
Minimal
hazards
Notes
55
Notes
56
Hazard
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Irritant
Toxic if swallowed. May cause
skin sensitisation
Dispensing
cobalt(II)
chloride
Toxic
Harmful to
environment
Notes
57
3
3
Ammonia solution 2M 20 cm - In a fume cupboard add 115 cm 3of 880
Notes
58
Dispensing
solid nickel(II)
chloride
Hazard
Risks
Harmful
Dispensing
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid
Preparing 2M
sodium
hydroxide
Corrosive
Dispensing
the
concentrated
ammonia
solution and
preparation of
2M ammonia
solution
Preparing 1M
copper(II)
sulphate
Concentrated
ammonia
Corrosive
Harmful to
environment
Solid & IM
soln.
Preparing 1M
iron(II)
sulphate
solution
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Solid &
solution
Control measures
Harmful
Preparing a
1 M solution of
iron(III)
chloride
Solid
Irritant
Notes
59
60
ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE
Advance warning
The following items needed for activities in this unit may not already be in your
school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities Essential
per expt
or
Optional
AA2.3
Small
E
amounts of
each
AA2.4
5g
5g
AA2.5
50 g
AA3.1
Boric acid
0.1 g
Devarda's alloy
0.5 g
Notes
61
Concs.
Aluminium sulphate
Boric acid
Calcium hydroxide
Cyclohexane
Devarda's alloy
Dilute solutions of salts containing
coloured positive ions and others
containing coloured negative ions
0.1M
1%
0.0100M
5 cm3
5 cm3
240 cm3
4 cm3
0.5 g
5 cm3
Iodine
Magnesium oxide
pH indicator (e.g. 1:1 mixture of
Methyl Red & Bromocresol Green)
Phenolphthalein indicator
Potassium chloride
Potassium iodide
Potassium peroxodisulphate(VI)
Samples of; quartz, sand, talc, mica,
unexpanded vermiculite, clay
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium thiosulphate
Starch
Sulphuric acid
Dilute so
that the
colour is
faint (e.g.
0.05 M)
0.1% in
ethanol
2M
0.2M
0.01M
0.05M
0.100M
0.01M
1%
0.00500M
Notes
62
2 crystals
0.5 g
Few drops
Few drops
200 cm3
35 cm3
35 cm3
Small amounts to look at
5 cm3
3g
50 cm3
20 cm3
10 cm3
100 cm3
Notes
63
Preparation of 0.01M
solution of potassium
peroxodisulphate(VI)
Hazard
Solid
Oxidiser
Risks
Irritant
Solution
Control measures
Harmful if swallowed
Harmful
Notes
64
Notes
65
Preparation of
0.1M solution
of aluminium
sulphate
Hazard
Low hazard
Risks
Notes
66
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Notes
67
Hazard
Solid
Corrosive
Dispensing
universal
indicator soln.
(contains
ethanol)
Dispensing
phenolphthalein
indicator
solution
(contains
ethanol)
Preparing
copper(II)
sulphate
Ethanol
Highly
flammable
Ethanol
Highly
flammable
Solid
Harmful
Risks
Control measures
Wear safety goggles
Wear protective gloves. Add solid slowly to
water with constant stirring
Wear eye protection
Avoid inhaling fumes. Use in a fume cupboard
and away from sources of ignition.
Harmful to
environment
Preparation of a
solution of
potassium
manganate(VII)
Solid
Oxidiser
Harmful
Preparing 4M
sodium
hydroxide
Harmful to
environment
Solid & 4M
soln.
Corrosive
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make 4M
Conc acid
Corrosive
solid.
4M acid
Irritant
68
Notes
69
Preparation of
buffer
solutions
Hazard
Risks
Irritant
Preparation of
0.0100 M
calcium
hydroxide
solution
Solid
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves
Irritant
Notes
70
71
Hazard
Dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric acid
to make
0.005M
solution
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Dispensing
and preparing
indicator soln.
(contains
ethanol)
Ethanol
Corrosive
Risks
Highly
flammable
Control measures
A full face shield should be worn.
Gloves should be worn.
The conc. acid should be added very slowly to the
distilled water, with constant stirring, cooling the
beaker in a large vessel of cold water.
Never add water to concentrated acid
Notes
72
Notes
73
Hazard
Solid
Harmful
Dispensing
cyclohexane
Harmful to
environment
Risks
Harmful if breathed in or by
contact with skin. Causes
burns to skin if left for some
time. The vapour is
particularly dangerous to eyes.
Control measures
Safety goggles should be worn.
Gloves should be worn. Dispense in a
fume cupboard
Risk of fire.
Wear eye protection
Keep away from sources of ignition.
Highly
flammable
Harmful to
environment
Place residues into the correct wastes containers and not down sinks
Notes
74
75
COLOUR BY DESIGN
Advance warning
The following items needed for activities in this unit may not be already in your
school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities Essential
per expt
or
Optional
CD1
Ammonium vanadate(V)
(metavanadate) NH4VO3
0.1 g
E
O
Dry ice
CD5
CD6
CD7.1
CD7.2
Cyclohexane
2 cm3
Cyclohexene
2 cm3
Methyl benzoate
2.5 cm3
Phenylamine
1.5 cm3
Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate
(benzocaine)
2g
A few
crystals
Naphthalen-2-ol (-naphthol)
A few
crystals
10 g
Durazol Red 2B
0.2 g
0.3 g
Small
pieces to
dye
Acid Blue 40
0.4 g
Direct Red 23
0.2 g
Disperse Yellow 7
0.1 g
Chemical
Acidified ammonium vanadate(V)
Alkaline glucose
Ammonia solution
Bromine in cyclohexane
Bromine water
Butan-1-ol
Chromium(III) chloride
Potassium dichromate(VI)
Screened Methyl Orange
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexene
Durazol Red 2B
Dye mixture,- Acid Blue 40, Direct
Red 23, Disperse Yellow 7, citric acid
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (benzocaine)
Hydrochloric acid
Indicators : Methylene Blue,
phenolphthalein, universal,
fluorescein
Lead nitrate(V)
Methyl benzoate
Methylbenzene
Nitric(V) acid
Phenol, cresol, napthalen-2-ol
Phenylamine
Potassium chromate(VI)
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
Potassium iodide
Potassium manganate(VII)
Concs.
1%
2%
Conc.
2M
Sat. solt.
Sat. solt.
Any conc.
to see
colour
0.08%
1M
0.5M
Conc.
0.5M
0.005M
0.5 M
0.02M
1M
2M
1M
0.005M
Conc.
1M
77
78
Notes
79
Preparation of
alkaline
glucose
solution & 1M
sodium
hydroxide
soln.
Preparation &
dispensing all
indicator
solution
(contains
ethanol)
Preparation of
acidified
ammonium
vanadate(V)
solution
Preparing 1 M
sulphuric acid
Hazard
Sodium
hydroxide
solid & 1M
soln.
Corrosive
Ethanol
Highly
flammable
Solid and
solution
Risks
Control measures
Wear safety goggles
Wear protective gloves. Add solid slowly to
water with constant stirring
Toxic
See later in
table
Cont
80
Operation
Grinding and
dispensing
solid lead(V)
nitrate and
preparing
0.5M solution
Hazard
Toxic
Solid
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection.
dust.
Oxidiser
Preparation of
0.5M sodium
carbonate
solution
Preparation of
2M ammonia
solution
Harmful to
environment
Solid
Irritant
Concentrated
ammonia
Corrosive
Preparation of
0.1M
potassium or
ammonium
thiocyanate
Preparing a
0.5M solution
of potassium
chromate(VI)
Harmful to
environment
Harmful
Solid and
soln
Harmful by inhalation, if
swallowed and in contact with
skin. Contact with acids
produces a very toxic gas
Very toxic
Irritant
Preparation of
a solution of
nickel(II) salt
Harmful to
environment
Solid
Harmful
Preparing a
solution of
copper(II) salt
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
81
Operation
Preparing a
solution of
iron(III) salt
Hazard
Solid
Risks
Dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric acid
to make 1M
Control measures
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
1M sulphuric
acid
Irritant
Notes
82
Notes
83
Preparing a
solution of
copper(II)
sulphate
Preparing a
solution of
chromium(III)
chloride
Preparing a
solution of
potassium
dichromate(VI)
Hazard
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Solid and
soln
Irritant
Solid and
soln
Risks
Irritant
Ethanol
Toxic
Preparing &
dispensing
screened
Methyl Orange
indicator
solution
(contains
ethanol)
Control measures
Highly
flammable
Notes
84
85
Dispensing
cyclohexane &
cyclohexene
Hazard
Risks
Control measures
Risk of fire.
Highly
flammable
Dispensing
methylbenzene
Harmful to
environment
Highly
flammable
Preparation of
bromine water &
bromine in
cyclohexane
Harmful
Bromine
Corrosive
Very toxic
Harmful to
environment
Bromine
water
Corrosive
Cyclohexane
Dispensing
concentrated
ammonia
Very toxic
See above
Concentrated
ammonia
Corrosive
Harmful to
environment
Cont
86
Operation
Dispensing
concentrated
nitric acid
Hazard
Corrosive
Dispensing
concentrated
sulphuric acid &
dilution of
concentrated
sulphuric acid
to make 1M
Oxidiser
Conc.
Sulphuric
acid
Corrosive
1M sulphuric
acid
Dispensing solid
potassium
manganate(VII)
& preparation of
a 0.02 M
solution
Irritant
Solid
Oxidiser
Harmful
Dispensing
sodium
carbonate
solution
Preparing a 1M
solution of
sodium
disulphite(IV)
(metabisulphite)
Dispensing
methyl benzoate
Harmful to
environment
Risks
Irritant
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves. Dispense in a fume
cupboard. Keep away from combustible material
solid.
Harmful if swallowed.
Wear eye protection
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful by inhalation, if
swallowed and in contact
with skin
Notes
87
Notes
88
Hazard
Toxic
Harmful to
environment
Dispensing
ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
(benzocaine)
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make
1M acid
Dispensing
sodium nitrite
(nitrate(III) )
Risks
Harmful
Conc acid
Corrosive
1M acid
Irritant
Toxic
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Toxic if swallowed
Contact with combustible
material may cause fire.
Very toxic to aquatic
organisms
Control measures
Eye protection must be worn
Wear protective gloves to avoid skin
contact. Dispense in a fume cupboard. Avoid
breathing vapour
Oxidiser
Preparing 2M
sodium
hydroxide
Harmful to
environment
Solid & 2M
soln.
Corrosive
Dispensing
phenol and
methylphenol
Toxic
Dispensing
napthalen-2-ol
Corrosive
Harmful
Clearing away
prepared azo
dyes
Toxic
Harmful to
environment
89
Notes
90
Operation
Weighing and
dissolving
Procion Red
MX5B &
Durazol Red
2B dyes
Hazard
Irritant
Dispensing
sodium
carbonate
Risks
Irritant
Irritant
Dispensing
washing
powder
Control measures
Notes
91
Notes
92
Preparation of
dye mixture
Hazard
Solid dyes
Risks
Irritant
Butan-1-ol
Harmful
Preparation of
butan-1-ol
chromatography
solvent
Control measures
Harmful
Notes
93
94
THE OCEANS
Advance warning
The following items needed for activities in this unit may not already be in your
school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities
per expt.
Essential
or
Optional
O1.2
33 g
O3.1
Notes
95
Concs.
Ammonia solution
Ammonium chloride
Anhydrous calcium chloride
Anhydrous iron(III) chloride
Anhydrous sodium chloride
Candle wax
Copper(II) sulphate
0.5M
0.5M
25 cm3
25 cm3
25 g
33 g
14 g
2g
4 cm3
Ethanoic acid
Glucose
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Methanoic acid
Methylbenzene
Nitric(V) acid
Potassium (or sodium) ethanoate
Potassium (or sodium) methanoate
Potassium hydroxide
Propanone
Sat.
solution
0.1M
0.03M
0.01M
0.003M
0.001M
0.5M
0.1M
0.03M
0.01M
0.003M
0.001M
0.5M
0.5M
0.0001M
0.5M
0.5M
0.5M
Notes
96
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
75 cm3
2g
12 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
50 cm3
15 cm3
25 cm3
100 cm3
50 cm3
75 cm3
25 cm3
15 cm3
12 cm3
Notes
97
Hazard
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Irritant
Dispensing
hexane
dust
Harmful
Dispensing
propanone
Harmful to
environment
Highly
flammable
Irritant
Notes
98
Notes
99
Dispensing
anhydrous
iron(III)
chloride
Hazard
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Irritant
Irritating to eyes skin and
respiratory system
dust
Irritant
dust
Notes
100
Notes
101
Notes
102
Preparing a
saturated
solution of
copper(II)
sulphate
Hazard
Harmful
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves.
Harmful to
environment
Notes
103
Solutions of ethanoic acid, the same 50 cm3 of each- Make up 0.1M by adding
concentrations as hydrochloric acid 5.7 cm3 of the glacial acid to dist. water.
Make up to 1 dm3 with dist. water. Dilute
portions of the 0.1M acid for the other
concentrations
Notes
104
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make
dilute solutions
Hazard
Conc acid
Corrosive
Risks
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Irritant
Conc.
ethanoic acid
2M acid
Dilution of
concentrated
ethanoic acid
to make dilute
solutions
Control measures
Corrosive
2M ethanoic
acid
Irritant
Notes
105
106
Hazard
Dilution of
concentrated
ethanoic acid
to make
0.5M acid
Conc.
ethanoic acid
Dilution of
concentrated
methanoic
acid to make
0.5M acid
Conc.
methanoic
acid
Risks
Corrosive
Diluting
concentrated
ammonia to
make 0.5M
solution
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make
0.5M acid
Solid
Harmful
Concentrated
ammonia
Corrosive
Harmful to
environment
Conc acid
Corrosive
Preparing
0.5 M solution
of potassium
or sodium
hydroxide
Dilution of
concentrated
nitric acid to
make dilute
solutions
Concentrated
acid
Corrosive
Corrosive
Corrosive
Preparation of
0.5M solution
of ammonium
chloride
Control measures
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Oxidiser
107
Notes on Oceans
108
MEDICINES BY DESIGN
Advance warning
The following items needed for activities in this unit may not be already in your
school or college and might take a little time to obtain
Activity
Item(s)
Quantities Essential
per expt.
or
Optional
MD5.1
6-Aminopenicillanic acid
(6APA)
1g
Available from;
GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontier
Science Park North, 3rd Avenue,
Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW
Tel; 01279 627565
They will supply free of charge
and collect any unused for
disposal. They recommend
using fresh each year.
Also available from; Aldrich
Chemical Co. Cat. No. A7090-9
Nutrient agar
Nutrient broth
Access to incubator
Access to autoclave or
pressure cooker for
sterilisation
E
E
Notes
109
Concs.
1M
0.1M
Sat.
solution
1M
2M
Notes
110
Notes
111
Preparing a
0.1M solution of
potassium
dichromate(VI)
Hazard
Solid and
soln
Risks
Control measures
Wear eye protection.
Wear protective gloves. Avoid all skin
contact. Any spillages should be washed off at
once
Toxic
Irritant
Preparing 2M
sulphuric acid
Harmful to
environment
Conc. acid
Corrosive
2M
sulphuric
acid
Dispensing
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol &
2-methylpropan2-ol
Dispensing
propanal
Corrosive
Highly
flammable
Harmful &
irritant
Highly
flammable
Dispensing
propanone
Irritant
Highly
flammable
Dispensing
Fehlings 1
(contains copper
sulphate)
Dispensing
Fehlings 2
(contains
sodium
hydroxide)
Irritant
Harmful if swallowed
Wear eye protection
Harmful
Harmful to
environment
Corrosive
112
1. Wash down the work area with a suitable disinfectant before and after use.
2. Wear gloves and lab. coat at all times.
3. Wash your hands well in hot soapy water before and after use. Make sure that skin cuts
are protected with effective waterproof dressings. Do not touch your face or other parts of
your body when using.
4. Do not open containers any wider and do not keep them open any longer than is
absolutely necessary.
5. Transfer micro-organisms as quickly as possible.
6. Do not breathe or cough over a Petri dish when the lid is raised.
7. Plates should be sealed with small pieces of adhesive tape along the diameter (see
Figure 2 on p. 333 Students Activity sheets), and not around the circumference. The plates
should remain sealed during subsequent examinations.
8. All cultures, plates, syringes and contaminated apparatus should be sterilised before
disposal or before being returned to stock.
Advanced preparation
The preparation of the broth culture of Bacillus subtilis takes 24 hours, so this
must be started the day before the practical session. The agar plates should be
poured immediately before the practical session if possible.
Bacillus subtilis
30 cm3 capacity
Inoculating loop
Access to incubator
Disposable sterile syringes
Access to pressure cooker
Or autoclave
Or roasting bags
113
2. Using a sterile syringe, transfer 2 cm3 of the broth culture into 20 cm3
sterilised dist. water in a screw cap bottle. (Each group needs 4 cm3 of the
diluted Bacillus subtilis broth culture.)
3. Make up the nutrient agar solution according to the directions given, and
sterilise in a pressure cooker or autoclave for 30 min. This can be done in bulk
or in a number of small bottles. (Agar only dissolves in water above 95 oC. It is
best to let the agar soak in dist. water first for about 15 mins. and then heat on a
water bath. Do not add solid agar to boiling water.)
Allow the agar solution to cool to about 48 oC before pouring. If the solution is
too hot, it will kill the bacteria. If it cools below 40 oC, it will solidify. It is a good
idea to have a water bath at about 45 oC to keep the bottles of agar solution at
the right temperature for pouring.
4. Using a sterile syringe, place 1 cm3 of the diluted Bacillus subtilis broth
culture into each sterile Petri dish on a level surface. Add 20 cm3 sterilised
nutrient agar solution to each and mix by swirling gently. (Alternatively it may be
more convenient to mix the Bacillus subtilis broth culture with the nutrient agar
in bottles before pouring.) Cover the plates and leave to set. Put the containers
from the agar immediately into a bowl of hot water.
N.B.
The Bacillus subtilis is incorporated in the agar in this way to give a uniform distribution of
bacteria. This makes it much easier to see any inhibition.
Notes
114
MD 5.1
Requirements
100 cm3 well-stoppered bottle Or conical flask
6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) 1.0 g- Fresh.- It can be stored for a
few months in a refrigerator, but fresh
should be obtained each year and old
stocks should be returned to supplier
for free disposal. (See advance
warning)
25 cm3 measuring cylinders 2
10 cm3 measuring cylinder
Sodium hydroxide solution 1M 5 cm3- Dissolve 4 g of the solid in dist.
water. Make up to 100 cm3 with dist.
water.
Dropping pipettes
Benzoyl chloride 0.5 cm3
Propanone 5 cm3
Test tubes
100 cm3 beakers 2
Ethyl ethanoate 15 cm3
Glass rod
pH meter and electrodes Or universal indicator paper
Agar plates impregnated with Bacillus subtilis 4- See advance prep
Cork borer (5-7 mm )
Ethanol For sterilisation
Beaker of disinfectant
Hydrochloric acid 1M 10 cm3- Add 8.6 cm3 of the conc. acid
to dist. water. Make up to
100 cm3 with dist. water
Saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution 25 cm3
50 cm3 separating funnel
115
Spatula
Adhesive tape
6-APA solution Few drops- Dissolve 0.13 g of the
solid in a solution of 0.15 g sodium
hydrogencarbonate in 250 cm3 dist.
water; take 10 cm3 of this and dilute
to 100 cm3 with dist water
Sodium benzoate solution Few drops- Dissolve 0.13 g of the
solid in 250 cm3 dist. water; take
10 cm3 of this and dilute to 100 cm3
with dist. water
Handling
cultures of
microorganisms
& nutrient
Dispensing
6-APA &
preparing
solution
Preparing 1M
sodium
hydroxide
Hazard
Risks
Biohazard
Solid & 1M
soln.
Corrosive
Dispensing
benzoyl chloride
Corrosive
Dispensing
propanone
Highly
flammable
Irritant
116
Control measures
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves
Observe sterile technique as given at beginning of
this expt. and as in CLEAPSS Handbook section
15.2
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves to avoid skin
contact. Dispense and prepare solution in a fume
cupboard to avoid inhaling dust
Wear safety goggles
Wear protective gloves. Add solid slowly to
water with constant stirring
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves to avoid skin
contact. Dispense in a fume cupboard to avoid
inhaling fumes
Wear eye protection
Wear protective gloves.
Use and dispense well away from naked flames in
a well ventilated area or fume cupboard
Dispensing ethyl
ethanoate
Highly
flammable
Irritant
Dispensing
ethanol
Dilution of
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid to make 1M
acid
Highly
flammable
Conc acid
Corrosive
1M acid
Concentrated hydrochloric
acid is corrosive and the
fumes irritate the eyes and
respiratory system
Irritant
Notes
117
118