Chemical Engineering Science 120 (2014) 112116

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chemical Engineering Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ces

Unication of EMMS and TFM: structure-dependent analysis of mass,

momentum and energy conservation
Feifei Song a,b, Wei Wang a,n, Kun Hong a, Jinghai Li a
a
b

State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

H I G H L I G H T S

A structure-dependent energy analysis of the gassolid uidization is presented.

The structure-dependent analysis unies the TFM and EMMS.

The scale-dependency of the EMMS stability condition deserves further efforts.

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Available online 10 September 2014

The two-uid model (TFM) has been widely applied in simulation of various multiphase ow systems. In
particular, for ne-particle circulating uidization, the drag force plays a critical role whereas the classic
drag models based on empirical correlations of homogeneous uidization are found inadequate.
Therefore, various approaches have been proposed in recent years to account for the effects of mesoscale structure on the drag force, in which the energy-minimization multi-scale model (EMMS) has
received rapidly growing applications.
However, the relationship between the TFM and EMMS has not been claried to enable their
combination. To solve this problem, we present a structure-dependent analysis of mass, momentum
and energy conservation equations. This analysis is rooted in the structure-dependent multi-uid model
(SFM), which details the composition of drag forces and energy consumptions and their relationships with
consideration of meso-structures. With assumption of homogeneous structures, it reduces to the TFM
equations; for steady-state systems with structures, it restores the force balance equations, equal pressure
drop relation and energy relationship of the EMMS. In future, the scale dependence of this analysis
deserves more efforts to understand the applicability of the EMMS stability condition on different scales.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
EMMS
TFM
CFD
Meso-scale
Fluidization
Structure-dependent analysis

1. Introduction
The meso-scale structures play an important role in characterizing
gassolid uidized system (Agrawal et al., 2001; Li and Kwauk, 1994).
In continuous change with respect to time and space, they may
manifest the dilute and dense phases, alternately, which can be
described by certain bi-modal distribution in terms of bubbleemulsion or broth-cluster ow patterns depending on the operating
conditions and material properties (Cui et al., 2000; Hartge et al., 1988;
Li and Kwauk, 1994, 2001; Li et al., 1998; Lin et al., 2001; Ren et al.,
2001). The meso-scale structures have signicant effect on the ow,
heat and mass transfer and reaction rate of the uidized systems,
whereas a classical continuum method, such as the two-uid model

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 8254 4837; fax: +86 6255 8065.
E-mail addresses: wangwei@ipe.ac.cn, chesacas@gmail.com (W. Wang).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.057
0009-2509/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(TFM), does not include explicitly the parameters for meso-scale

structures (Gidaspow, 1994). Therefore, more and more efforts in recent
years have been devoted to the research on how to include the effects
of these unresolved, meso-scale structures in computational uid
dynamics (CFD) simulations. (Agrawal et al., 2001; Dong et al., 2008;
Igci et al., 2008; Li and Kwauk, 1994; O'brien and Syamlal, 1993; Wang
and Li, 2007; Yang et al., 2003; Zhang and VanderHeyden, 2002).
Generally, these efforts can be classied into two directions, reecting
the controversial viewpoints: Whether there are sub-grid structures that
cannot be resolved by the TFM even with high grid resolution? (Agrawal
et al., 2001; Lu et al., 2009; Syamlal and Pannala, 2011; Wang et al.,
2010). High resolution simulations of gas-particle ows via two-uid
models are found to be able to yield ne structures at length scales as
small as 10 particle diameters (Agrawal et al., 2001), but some argued
that these ne structures are not real features of gas-particle ows and
the TFM is hence an inadequate manifestation of the continuum

F. Song et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 120 (2014) 112116

description of the gas-particle ow (Lu et al., 2009; Sundaresan, 2011).

Thus, if the answer to the above question is negative, considering the
formidable cost of such high resolution simulation, one could, in
principle, extract constitutive models for two-uid models through
highly resolved simulations of kinetic theory based model equations in
periodic domains (Andrews et al., 2005; Igci et al., 2008; Parmentier et
al., 2012; Schneiderbauer and Pirker, 2013). If the answer is positive,
however, one should appeal to fully resolved simulation methods, such
as direct numerical simulations (DNS) (Dijkhuizen et al., 2010; Xiong et
al., 2012), which are expected to be the nal and best solutions but are
restricted by their high demand in computational resources. Thus they
are applied only in small-scale practice over periodic domains to
extract structure-dependent closures for higher level simulations.
Alternatively, one could explore new models with consideration of
meso-scale structures. The energy-minimization multi-scale model
(EMMS) and its follow-ups provide exactly the latter efforts in looking
for alternative models for continuum description with meso-scale
structures (Li and Kwauk, 1994; Wang and Li, 2007; Yang et al.,
2003; Hong et al., 2012).
Bear in mind the bi-modal distribution in gassolid uidization, we
know that the ow behaviors of the gas (solid) in the dilute and dense
phases are quite different, and then their conservation equations should
be set up differently. From the EMMS principle (Li and Kwauk, 1994; Li
and Huang, 2014), the steady state of gassolid ow is determined by
the alternate appearance between the dense state dominated by min
and the dilute state dominated by Wst min. If averaged, this mechanism will be distorted and blurred out. Based on this idea, Hong et al.
(2012) proposed the structure-dependent multi-uid model (SFM), in
which four sets of conservation equations were derived for gas and
solid in both the dilute and dense phases, respectively. As shown by
Hong et al. (2012), when particles can be well described by an average
value, or, the local equilibrium is satised, the SFM equations reduce to
the TFM; if the dilute-dense two-phase structures are set for steady
state, the SFM reverts to the mass and force balance equations of the
EMMS (Li and Kwauk, 1994). Thus, both the TFM and the hydrodynamic
part of the EMMS can be viewed as a specic case of the more
generalized SFM, or, the SFM unies the TFM with the EMMS in terms
of the mass and momentum conservation equations.
Furthermore, the EMMS distinguishes itself from the other hydrodynamic models with its stability condition, which is presumed
according to the principle of compromise in competition (Li and
Kwauk, 1994; Li and Huang, 2014), in terms of the minimization of
energy consumption for suspending and transporting particles for a
uidized bed. Thus, to better understand the EMMS and its relationship
with the TFM and SFM, it is necessary to analyze the energy consumption and dissipation with respect to the dilute-dense bi-modal structure.
As the structure-dependent analysis of the mass and momentum
equations has been detailed in our previous work (Hong et al., 2012;
2013), in this article, we will mainly focus on the structure-dependent
energy analysis, aiming to show the composition of energy consumptions and compare it with the stability condition of the EMMS.
The following energy analysis is rooted in the SFM conservation
equations. First, we analyze the composition of energy consumption and energy relationships in gassolid uidized beds using the
SFM. Then, the results under steady state are compared with the
EMMS, highlighting the physical meaning of the energy terms
dened in the EMMS. Finally, the scale-dependency of the stability
condition of the EMMS is discussed.

113

dense-phase gas and dense-phase solid, among which there are

mass and momentum exchanges. First, we use the SFM to analyze
the composition of energy consumption and energy relationships
of the gas phase, whose conservation equations can be written as
follows using model A(Gidaspow, 1994):
Continuity equation for the dense-phase gas:

f c g U f c g uc g :
t

Momentum equation for the dense-phase gas:

f c g uc U f c g uc uc  f c p U f c f c g g f Fc g uig :
t
2

Continuity equation for the dilute-phase gas:

1  f f g  U 1  f f g uf   g :
t

Momentum equation for the dilute-phase gas:

1  f f g uf  U 1  f f g uf uf   1  f f p U 1  f f 
t
1  f f g g  1  f Ff  Fi  g uig :

where, g , f , c , f , uc and uf stand for the gas density, the volume

fraction of the dense phase, the void fraction in the dense phase,
the void fraction in the dilute phase, gas velocity in the dense
phase and gas velocity in the dilute phase, respectively; Fc , Ff and
Fi represent the gassolid drag per unit volume of the corresponding phase; uig and g represent the interfacial gas velocity and the
rate of mass exchange between the dilute and dense phases per
unit volume. The gas pressures in the dense and dilute phases are
assumed equal to each other. Detailed denitions and expressions
can be found in Hong et al. (2012).
As a denition, the acceleration of phase k reads
ak 

Duk uk

uk Uuk :
Dt
t

So combining Eqs. (1), (3) and (5), the left hand side (LHS) of
Eqs. (2) and (4) can be rewritten as

f c g uc Uf c g uc uc f c g ac g uc ;
t

1  f f g uf  U 1  f f g uf uf  1  f f g af  g uf :
t

Substituting Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eqs. (2) and (4), we get
f c g ac  f c p Uf c f c g g  f Fc g uig  uc

1  f f g af  1  f f p U 1  f f  1  f f g g
 1  f Ff  Fi  g uig  uf

The energy conservation of the entire gas phase can be

obtained as a dot product of the momentum equations and
relevant velocities. Then, Eq: 8 U uc Eq: 9 Uuf gives
f c g uc Uac 1  f f g uf U af
 f c uc 1  f f uf  U p
g f c uc 1  f f uf  Ug
f Uf c U uc U 1  f f  U uf g
 f Fc U uc 1  f Ff U uf Fi U uf 

2. Energy analysis with SFM

g uig uc Uuc  g uig uf U uf :

10

2.1. Energy conservation of the gas phase

If we dene the kinetic energy of the gas phase per unit volume
as follows:

In Hong et al. (2012), the gassolid ow in any control volume

is divided into four parts: dilute-phase gas, dilute-phase solid,

1
1
Ek;g f c g uc U uc 1  f f g uf U uf :
2
2

11

114

F. Song et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 120 (2014) 112116

f pc p g f Fc Fi p uip :

Then the rate of change of Ek;g is

DEk;g
Duf
Duc
f c g uc U
1  f f g uf U
W k;g
Dt
Dt
Dt
f c g uc Uac 1  f f g uf U af :

Continuity equation for the dilute-phase solid:

12

So the LHS of Eq. (10) stands for the rate of change of the
kinetic energy of the gas per unit volume. Further,
f c uc 1  f f uf f Uc 1 f Uf Ug ;

13

then the rst term of the right hand side (RHS) of Eq. (10) reduces to
f c uc 1  f f uf  U p  Ug U p;

14

which stands for the net power of the gas pressure exerted on unit
volume, i.e., W T;g .
The second term of the RHS of Eq. (10) can be expressed as
g f c uc 1  f f uf  U g g U Ug U g;

15

which means the variation rate of gas gravity potential per unit
volume.
The third term of the RHS of Eq. (10) is related to the viscous
force. It can be divided into the power done by viscous force, W ;g ,
and the power dissipated, that is,
U f c Uuc U1  f f  Uuf Uf c Uuc 1  f f Uuf 
 f c : uc 1  f f : uf 
W ;g  f c : uc 1  f f : uf 

16

The fourth term of the RHS of Eq. (10) is related to the

structure-dependent drag forces, which can be further divided
into the rate of energy consumption for suspending particles per
unit volume, W s , and that for transporting particles per unit
volume, W t , both of which are driven by the drag forces, that is,
W st W s W t f Fc U uc 1  f Ff Uuf Fi Uuf ;

17

where
W s f Fc Uuslip;c 1  f Ff U uslip;f Fi Uuslip;f ;

18

W t f Fc Uupc 1  f Ff Uupf Fi U upc :

19

The last term of the RHS of Eq. (10) stands for the rate of energy
dissipation related to gas exchange between the dilute and dense
phases. Combining it with the energy dissipation terms related to
the viscous force, we get the rate of entire energy dissipation of
the gas phase, W d;g . So the energy equation of the SFM for gas
solid uidization, Eq. (10), can be rewritten as follows:
W T;g W ;g W k;g  g Ug U g W st W d;g ;

20

W T;g  p U Ug :

21

W ;g U f c Uuc 1 f f Uuf 

22

W d;g f c : uc 1  f f : uf 
23

2.2. Energy conservation of the solid phase

The conservation equations of the solid phase are similar to
those of the gas phase, as follows:
Continuity equation for the dense-phase solid:

f pc p Uf pc p upc p :
t
Momentum equation for the dense-phase solid:

f pc p upc U f pc p upc upc  ppc  f pc p Uf pc

t

1  f pf p  U 1  f pf p upf   p :
t

26

Momentum equation for the dilute-phase solid:

1  f pf p upf  U 1  f pf p upf upf   ppf  1  f pf p

t
27
U 1  f pf  1  f pf p g 1 f Ff  p uip :
Likewise one may analyze the composition of energy consumption and energy relationships of the solid phase, and get the
energy equation for the solid phase, as follows:
W T;p W sp;p W ;p W t W k;p  p Up U g W d;p

28

where, W sp;p stands for the power of the solid pressure exerted on
unit volume, which reads
W sp;p  ppc U upc  ppf Uupf :

29

And denitions of the variables in Eq. (28) are all similar with
those dened in the gas phase, except that the parameters of the
gas phase should be replaced with corresponding solid parameters. In detail, those variables can be calculated from
W T;p  p U Up

30

W ;p Uf pc U upc 1  f pf U upf 

31

W k;p f pc p upc U apc 1 f pf p upf U apf

32

W d;p f pc : upc 1  f pf : upf 

 p uip  upc Uupc p uip  upf Uupf

33

From Eq. (28), it can be seen that the solid pressure does have
some effects on the energy consumption and dissipation, which
explains in part why the solid pressure affects the state of the
system as shown in the literature of Liu et al. (2014). And it should
be noted that, by comparing Eq. (20) and Eq. (28), W t assumes two
different roles, for the gas phase it is a rate of energy consumption,
while for the solid phase it is a power exerted by the gas phase.
With Eqs. (32) and (33), we can also see that, if the solid particles
are carried by the gas uniformly, then the variation of the kinetic
energy of solids and the energy dissipation due to particle collision
is negligible. Considering the contributions of W T;p , W sp;p and W ;p
which are also much smaller than the power consumption for
transporting particles, W t , we can further reduce Eq. (28) to
W t  p Up U g;

where

 g uig  uc Uuc g uig  uf Uuf

25

34

which reverts to the simplied denition of W t in the original

EMMS model (Li and Kwauk, 1994).
Furthermore, combining the energy conservation equations
for both gas and solid phases, we get the total energy balance
equation
W T;g W T;p W sp;p W ;g W ;p W k;g W k;p  g Ug p Up U g
W d;g W d;p W s
35
That means the LHS, the total power input per unit volume,
which is generated by the pressure gradient, viscous stress and
solid pressure, is consumed to change the kinetic energy (the rst
two terms on the RHS) and the gravity potential (the third term) of
both gas and solid phases, besides the last three terms in bracket
which are dissipated into heat.

24
3. Analysis and discussion
In this part, we will compare the energy consumption and
dissipation terms derived from the SFM with those of the EMMS

F. Song et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 120 (2014) 112116

model, and further discuss the applicability of the stability condition of the EMMS model on different scales.
3.1. Restoration to pressure drop balance equation of EMMS
As in the case of the EMMS model, if one models a system
under steady state, then the drag force, gravity and gas pressure
have dominant effects on the behavior of the system, whereas the
other factors, such as acceleration, stress and mass exchanges can
be neglected. Thus Eq. (8) reduces to
f Fc  f c p f c g g

36

1  f Ff Fi  1  f f p 1  f f g g

37

Combining Eqs. (36) and (37) gives

Fc =c Ff =f

Fi =f
1f

38

Considering the difference of drag forces between model A and

model B (Gidaspow, 1994), the drag force in model A is approximately times the drag force in model B, so Eq. (38) can be viewed
equivalent to the pressure drop balance equation in the EMMS
model (Li and Kwauk, 1994).
3.2. Restoration to energy terms in EMMS
Starting from the energy conservation equation of the gas
phase, we may restore the energy balance dened in the
EMMS model. Note that Fc is dened in the whole dense phase,
while uc applies only in the gas part of the dense phase, then, for
the averaged energy consumption for suspending and transporting
particles in any grid
R
Fc Uuc dV
;
39
Fc Uuc Fc U uc c R
c dV
where
(
0;

1;

particle phase
gas phase

40

And Ff Uuf and Fi U uf can be treated in a similar way. Thus Eq.

(17) can be rewritten as follows:
W st f Fc U uc 1  f Ff U uf Fi U uf
R
R
R
Fi U uf f dV
Ff U uf f dV
c Fc U uc c dV
R
1 f f R
R
f
c dV
f dV
dV
R
R
R
uc c dV
uf f dV
uf f dV
1 f Ff U Rf
Fi U R
f Fc U Rc
dV
c
f dV
dV
f Fc U Uc 1  f Ff UUf 1 f Fi U Uf ;

41

which is the same as that dened in the EMMS model. For a riser
exemplied in Li and Kwauk (1994), if it is operated under steady
state, then the kinetic energy of gas is constant. Further we neglect
the wall friction, and then the viscous force does no work to the
whole system, so
W k;g 0

42

W ;g 0

43

For a steady-state system, the pressure gradient is approximately equal to the buoyant gravity of particles, then for a typical
ow state (say, g 0:894, p 0:106, g 1:2 and p 930),
g U g g g g
g g
1:2  9:8
 0:01

W T;g
p p p  g g 0:106  930  1:2  9:8

Thus, compared with W T;g , the power of gas gravity potential is

negligible. Using the force balance equations for particles in the
dense and dilute phases in the traditional EMMS model (Li and
Kwauk, 1994), we can see that the drag forces for different phases
have the same magnitude as pk p g g (k f, c), so W st has the
same magnitude as W T;g . Then compared with W T;g , W st and W d;g ,
the other terms in Eq. (20) are negligible, and Eq. (20) reduces to
W T;g W st W d;g ;

44

45

If we rewrite Eq. (45) with respect to unit mass of particles by

dividing it with pp, we get
NT;g Nst Nd;g ;

Also, Eq. (9) can be simplied as

115

46

which is the same as the energy partition in the EMMS model.

As discussed in Wang et al. (2011), to reect the bilateral
coupling on the meso-scale modeling, certain trans-scale criterion
such as the stability condition in EMMS should be needed to
untangle the correlation among the micro-, meso- and macroscales. The analysis of energy consumption and dissipation in local
space (say, a computational grid) of a uidized bed is hence very
important to understand the variation and the scale-dependent
constraint of meso-scale structures. It may shed light for us to
search for a generalized EMMS model whose structure parameters
are correlated with meso-scale energy consumption or dissipation
terms. And the steady-state results of it may revert to the original
EMMS formulations. Some researchers have tried to directly use
certain stability condition to determine the ow structures within
a computational grid (Shuai et al., 2014; Shuai et al., 2011) or
rewrite the force balance model by introducing inter-particle
forces within clusters or agglomerates (Tebianian et al., 2014).
However, Li et al. (2004) and Zhang et al. (2005) have pointed out
that the stability condition dened in the EMMS model applies
only to macro and meso states, not to micro motion. For a given set
of operating conditions, the gas velocity and solid ux are
constant. In the original EMMS model, the global state of a
uidized bed under steady state can thus be determined with a
set of conservation equations and a stability condition. The latter
can be obtained by applying the principle of compromise in
competition (Li and Huang, 2014). That is, the energy consumption for suspending and transporting particles per unit mass of
particles has a tendency to reach its minimum value, through a
compromise between the minimum tendency of the voidage and
that of the energy consumption for suspending and transporting
particles per unit volume (Ge and Li, 2002). That extremum
stability condition is reasonable because the ow behavior has
steady-state values at the reactor level. However, at a local point,
such as in a CFD grid, both gas and solid velocities are in dynamic
variation around their mean values, which, as shown in Eqs. (17)
and (23), will cause Wst and Wd,g uctuating around their average
values. So whether Nst and Nd,g can assume their extreme tendencies at local points is questionable. In other words, the dilutedense structure always exists and hence the SFM and its energy
analysis apply in any control volume, whereas the extremum
tendency exists only on the meso- or larger scales. If one tends
to close the SFM directly with the EMMS stability condition, the
grid size should be large enough to satisfy such requirement
(Li et al., 2004). More efforts are required to understand the scale
dependence of such stability condition in a uidized bed.

4. Conclusion
A structure-dependent analysis of mass, momentum and
energy conservation is presented for gassolid uidization system.
The composition of energy consumptions in the SFM and its
relationship with the EMMS are discussed. Starting from the

116

F. Song et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 120 (2014) 112116

SFM conservation equations, this analysis can restore the equal

pressure drop relation and energy relationship of the EMMS
model, which provides insight into the physical meanings and
expressions of the variables in the EMMS model. In general, this
work aims to clarify the relationship among the EMMS, TFM and
SFM. Quantitative simulation and validation against experimental
data are hence not included, as there are lots of such comparisons
in the literature (say, Benyahia, 2012; Hong et al., 2013; Jiradilok et
al., 2006; Lu et al., 2009). In future work, the scale dependence of
the comprehensive equation of energy conservation deserves
more analysis to understand the applicability of a possibly generalized form of the EMMS stability condition.
Nomenclature
a
Ek
f
F
g
N
p
u
uslip
U
ui
W

acceleration, m/s2
kinetic energy per unit volume, J/m3
volume fraction of dense phase
drag force per unit volume, N/m3
gravitational acceleration, m/s2
rate of energy changing per unit mass, W/kg
pressure, Pa
real velocity, m/s
slip velocity, m/s
supercial velocity, m/s
interface velocity, m/s
power per unit volume, W/m3

Greek letters

mass exchange, kg/(m3s)

voidage
density, kg/m3
stress tensor, Pa

Subscripts
c
d
f
g
i
k
p
pc
pf
s
sp
t

dense-phase gas
energy dissipation
dilute-phase gas
gas-phase
interphase
kinetic energy
solid-phase
dense-phase solid
dilute-phase solid
particle suspending
solid pressure
particle transporting
viscous force

Acknowledgments
This work is nancially supported by the Ministry of Science
and Technology of the People's Republic of China under Grant no.
2012CB215003, by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant nos. 91334204 and 21176240, and by Chinese
Academy of Sciences under Grant no. XDA07080100.
References
Agrawal, K., Loezos, P.N., Syamlal, M., Sundaresan, S., 2001. The role of meso-scale
structures in rapid gassolid ows. J. Fluid Mech. 445, 151185.

Andrews IV, A.T., Loezos, P.N., Sundaresan, S., 2005. Coarse-grid simulation of gasparticle ows in vertical risers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 60226037.
Benyahia, S., 2012. Analysis of model parameters affecting the pressure prole in a
circulating uidized bed. AIChE J. 58 (2), 427439.
Cui, H., Li, J., Kwauk, M., An, H., Chen, M., Ma, Z., Wu, G., 2000. Dynamic behaviors of
heterogeneous ow structure in gassolid uidization. Powder Technol. 112, 723.
Dijkhuizen, W., Roghair, I., Van Sint Annaland, M., Kuipers, J., 2010. DNS of gas bubbles
behaviour using an improved 3D front tracking modelDrag force on isolated
bubbles and comparison with experiments. Chem. Eng. Sci. 65, 14151426.
Dong, W., Wang, W., Li, J., 2008. A multiscale mass transfer model for gassolid riser
ows: part 1Sub-grid model and simple tests. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63, 27982810.
Gidaspow, D., 1994. Multiphase Flow and Fluidization: Continuum and Kinetic
Theory Descriptions, Academic Press, Boston.
Hartge, E., Rensner, D., Werther, J., 1988. Solids concentration and velocity patterns
in circulating uidized bedsCirculating Fluidized Bed Technology II165180.
Hong, K., Wang, W., Zhou, Q., Wang, J., Li, J., 2012. An EMMS-based multi-uid
model (EFM) for heterogeneous gassolid riser ows: Part I. Formulation of
structure-dependent conservation equations. Chem. Eng. Sci. 75, 376389.
Hong, K., Shi, Z., Wang, W., Li, J., 2013. A structure-dependent multi-uid model
(SFM) for heterogeneous gas-solid ow. Chem. Eng. Sci. 99, 191202.
Igci, Y., Andrews, A.T., Sundaresan, S., Pannala, S., O'Brien, T., 2008. Filtered twouid models for uidized gas-particle suspensions. AIChE J. 54, 14311448.
Jiradilok, V., Gidaspow, D., Damronglerd, S., Koves, W.J., Mosto, R., 2006. Kinetic
theory based CFD simulation of turbulent uidization of FCC particles in a riser.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 61 (17), 55445559.
Li, J., Huang, W., 2014. Towards Meso-Science: The Principle of Compromise in
Competition, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Li, J., Kwauk, M., 1994. Particle-Fluid Two-Phase Flow: The Energy-Minimization
Multi-Scale Method, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing.
Li, J., Kwauk, M., 2001. Multiscale nature of complex uid-particle systems. Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res. 40, 42274237.
Li, J., Wen, L., Ge, W., Cui, H., Ren, J., 1998. Dissipative structure in concurrent-up
gassolid ow. Chem. Eng. Sci. 53, 33673379.
Li, J., Zhang, J., Ge, W., Liu, X., 2004. Multi-scale methodology for complex systems.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 59, 16871700.
Lin, Q., Wei, F., Jin, Y., 2001. Transient density signal analysis and two-phase microstructure ow in gassolids uidization. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 21792189.
Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Liu, C., Wang, W., Li, J., 2014. Hydrodynamic modeling of gassolid
bubbling uidization based on Energy-Minimization Multiscale (EMMS) theory.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 28002810.
Lu, B., Wang, W., Li, J., 2009. Searching for a mesh-independent sub-grid model for
CFD simulation of gassolid riser ows. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64, 34373447.
O'brien, T., Syamlal, M., 1993. Particle cluster effects in the numerical simulation of
a circulating uidized bedCirculating Fluidized Bed Technology IV345350.
Parmentier, J.F., Simonin, O., Delsart, O., 2012. A functional subgrid drift velocity
model for ltered drag prediction in dense uidized bed. AIChE J. 58,
10841098.
Ren, J., Mao, Q., Li, J., Lin, W., 2001. Wavelet analysis of dynamic behavior in
uidized beds. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 981988.
Schneiderbauer, S., Pirker, S., 2013. Filtered and heterogeneitybased subgrid modications for gassolid drag and solid stresses in bubbling uidized beds. AIChE J.
Shuai, W., Guangbo, Z., Guodong, L., Huilin, L., Fixiang, Z., Tianyu, Z., 2014.
Hydrodynamics of gas-solids risers using cluster structure-dependent drag
model. Powder Technol.
Shuai, W., Huilin, L., Guodong, L., Zhiheng, S., Pengfei, X., Gidaspow, D., 2011.
Modeling of cluster structure-dependent drag with Eulerian approach for
circulating uidized beds. Powder Technol. 208, 98110.
Sundaresan, S., 2011. Reections on mathematical models and simulations of gasparticle ows. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on
Circulating Fluidized Beds and Fluidization Technology, Sunriver, Oregon, USA.
Syamlal, M., Pannala, S., 2011. Multiphase continuum formulation for gas-solids
reacting ows. (Engineering Science Reference). In: Pannala, S., Syamlal, M.,
OBrien, T.J. (Eds.), Computational Gas-Solids Flow and Reacting Systems:
Theory, Methods and Practice, IGI Global, Pennsylvania, pp. 165.
Tebianian, S., Motlagh, H.A., Vashisth, S., Cocco, R.A., Ellis, N., Hays, R., Karri, S.B.R.,
Grace, J.R., 2014. Extending the comparison of voidage measurement and
modeling techniques in uidized beds. In: Proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on Fluidized Bed Technology, Beijing, China
Wang, W., Li, J., 2007. Simulation of gassolid two-phase ow by a multi-scale CFD
approachof the EMMS model to the sub-grid level. Chem. Eng. Sci. 62, 208231.
Wang, W., Lu, B., Zhang, N., Shi, Z., Li, J., 2010. A review of multiscale CFD for gas
solid CFB modeling. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 36, 109118.
Wang, W., Ge, W., Yang, N., Li, J., 2011. Meso-scale modelingthe key to multi-scale
CFD simulation. In: Guy, B.M. (Ed.), Advances in Chemical Engineering. Elsevier,
New York, pp. 158.
Xiong, Q., Li, B., Zhou, G., Fang, X., Xu, J., Wang, J., He, X., Wang, X., Wang, L., Ge, W., 2012.
Large-scale DNS of gassolid ows on Mole-8.5. Chem. Eng. Sci. 71, 422430.
Yang, N., Wang, W., Ge, W., Li, J., 2003. CFD simulation of concurrent-up gassolid
ow in circulating uidized beds with structure-dependent drag coefcient.
Chem. Eng. J. 96, 7180.
Zhang, D.Z., VanderHeyden, W.B., 2002. The effects of mesoscale structures on the
macroscopic momentum equations for two-phase ows. Int. J. Multiph. Flow
28, 805822.
Zhang, J., Ge, W., Li, J., 2005. Simulation of heterogeneous structures and analysis of
energy consumption in particle-uid systems with pseudo-particle modeling.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 60 (11), 30913099.