37 Mouth, Pharynx and Respiratory Organs of the Chicken

Horny beaks - the projecting jaws of a bird, covered with a horny sheath
Oral Cavity - includes the lips, the inside lining of the lips and cheeks (bucca
l mucosa), the teeth, the gums, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of
the mouth below the tongue, and the bony roof of the mouth.
begin the process of digestion. The oral cavity receives food, chews and mixes i
t with saliva and then begins the swallowing process. The taste buds on the tong
ue provide the different sensations of taste.
Soft Palate - the fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth
. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallow
ing, and also for closing off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal
passage by diverting a portion of the excreted substance to the mouth.
Hard Palate - the bony front part of the palate.the bony front part of the palat
e. The hard palate is important for feeding and speech. Mammals with a defective
hard palate may die shortly after birth due to inability to suckle It is also i
nvolved in mastication in many species. The interaction between the tongue and t
he hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds
Palatal Fissure - dignified an oblique groove at the base of, and posterior to,
the inferior angle of the hiatus of the maxillary sinus, which receives the maxi
llary process of the palatine bone.
Internal Nares - The internal nares serve as a filter for the respiration system
, keeping particles from making it into the trachea and the lungs. In addition t
o cleaning out the air, the internal nares also provide warmth and moisture to t
he air as it makes its way to the lungs.
Tongue - the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, l
icking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech. The tongue is vital for
chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech.
Frenulum - a small fold or ridge of tissue that supports or checks the motion of
the part to which it is attached, in particular a fold of skin beneath the tong
ue, or between the lip and the gum.
Larynx - the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holdi
ng the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. It manipulates pi
tch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are essen
tial for phonation.
Pessulus - The pessulus is a delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and
ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of
birds.
Syrinx - the lower larynx or voice organ in birds, situated at or near the junct
ion of the trachea and bronchi and well developed in songbirds.
Bronchi - are the main passageway into the lungs.
38. Digestive System of the Chicken
Mouth - the opening in the lower part of the chicken face, surrounded by the lip
s, through which food is taken in and from which speech and other sounds are emi
tted.
Pharynx - The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is an organ found in vertebrates and i
nvertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across the specie
s. Also called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract tha
t receives the food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus,
which carries food to the stomach, and the trachea or windpipe, which carries a
ir to the lungs.
Esophagus - The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) wit
h the stomach. carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach.
Crop - A crop (sometimes also called a croup or a craw, or ingluvies) is a thinwalled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food pri
or to digestion
Stomach - the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food oc
curs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimen
tary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.
Proventriculus - The first part of a bird's stomach, where digestive enzymes are

mixed with food before it goes to the gizzard.

Gizzard - a part in the stomach of a bird in which food is broken down into smal
l pieces. specialized stomach constructed of thick muscular walls is used for gr
inding up food, often aided by particles of stone or grit. In certain insects an
d molluscs, the gizzard features chitinous plates or teeth. a thick-walled, musc
ular pouch in the lower stomach of many birds and reptiles that grinds food, oft
en with the aid of ingested stones or grit.
Mesogaster - The fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with the dorsal wall
of the abdominal cavity; the mesogastrium.
Duodenum - the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach,
leading to the jejunum.
Jejunum - the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.
Ileum - the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the ce
cum
Colic caecae - The caeca or ceca in a bird aids its digestive system. In some bi
rds one caecum has disappeared. The colic caeca are at the end of the small inte
stine. They store bacteria which are essential in the breakdown of cellulose
Large Intestine - The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestin
al tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while conv
erting digested food into feces.
Cloaca - the posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the intestina
l, reproductive, and urinary tracts of certain animal species.
Liver - a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in
many metabolic processes. filters and processes blood as it circulates through
the body. It metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, makes blood c
lotting proteins, and performs many other vital functions. The cells in the live
r contain proteins called enzymes that drive these chemical reactions.
Bile Duct - the duct that conveys bile from the liver and the gallbladder to the
duodenum.
Bile - Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the li
ver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestin
e.
Pancreas - It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel f
or the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function t
hat helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. sec
rete insulin and glucagon.
Spleen - an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cell
s in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system. Old red blood cells
are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored ther
e.
39. Digestive System of the Cat
Mouth - the opening in the lower part of the chicken face, surrounded by the lip
s, through which food is taken in and from which speech and other sounds are emi
tted.
Vestibule - any small bodily cavity or space at the entrance to a passage or can
al.
Lips - are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals. holding
food or to get it in the mouth. In addition, lips serve to close the mouth airti
ght shut, to hold food and drink inside, and to keep out unwanted objects.
Soft Palate - the fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth
. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallow
ing, and also for closing off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal
passage by diverting a portion of the excreted substance to the mouth.
Isthmus of Fauces - part of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth cavity, bo
unded superiorly by the soft palate, laterally by the palatoglossal arches, and
inferiorly by the tongue.
Palatine Tonsil - The tonsils play a role in protecting the body against respira
tory and gastrointestinal infections.
Tongue - the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, l

icking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech. The tongue is vital for
chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech.
Hyoid - a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue. It allows a wider
range of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal movements.
Filiform papillae - The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped projections on th
e tongue.
Fungiform papillae - They are found on the upper surface of the tongue, scattere
d amongst the filiform papillae but are mostly present on the tip and sides of t
he tongue.
Foliate papillae - The foliate papillae are involved in the sensations of taste
and have taste buds embedded in their surfaces. The foliate papillae are cluster
ed into two groups positioned on each side of the tongue, just in front of the V
of the vallate papillae.
Circumvallate - any of the usually 8 to 12 large papillae near the back of the t
ongue each of which is surrounded with a marginal sulcus and supplied with taste
buds responsive especially to bitter flavors
Pharynx - The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is an organ found in vertebrates and i
nvertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across the specie
s. Also called the throat, the pharynx is the portion of the digestive tract tha
t receives the food from your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the esophagus,
which carries food to the stomach, and the trachea or windpipe, which carries a
ir to the lungs.
Small intestine - the part of the intestine that runs between the stomach and th
e large intestine; the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum collectively.
Pancreas - It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel fo
r the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function th
at helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. secr
ete insulin and glucagon.
Esophagus - The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) wit
h the stomach. carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach.
Duodenum - the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach,
leading to the jejunum.
Jejunum - the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.
Ileum - the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the ce
cum
Large Intestine - The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestin
al tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while conv
erting digested food into feces.
Liver - a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in
many metabolic processes. filters and processes blood as it circulates through
the body. It metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, makes blood c
lotting proteins, and performs many other vital functions. The cells in the live
r contain proteins called enzymes that drive these chemical reactions.
Stomach - the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food oc
curs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimen
tary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.
Colon - The large intestine, also called the colon or the large bowel, is the la
st part of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here.
Lobes of Liver - a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, in
volved in many metabolic processes. filters and processes blood as it circulates
through the body. It metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, make
s blood clotting proteins, and performs many other vital functions. The cells in
the liver contain proteins called enzymes that drive these chemical reactions.
Rugae - refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an orga
n. Most commonly the term is applied to the internal surface of the stomach
Fundus - the part of a hollow organ (such as the uterus or the gallbladder) that
is farthest from the opening.
Greater Omentum - is a large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs d
own from the stomach.
Lesser Omentum - The lesser omentum (small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum; Latin

: omentum minus) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver t
o the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.
Fungiform papillae
as the name suggests, these are slightly mushroom-shaped if l
ooked at in longitudinal section. These are present mostly at the apex (tip) of
the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
Filiform papillae
these are thin, long papillae V -shaped cones that don t contain ta
ste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involv
ed in gustation. They are characterized by increased keratinization.
Foliate papillae these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the
roof of the mouth found on lateral margins. Innervated by facial nerve (anterior
papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).
Circumvallate papillae
there are only about 10 to 14 of these papillae on most p
eople, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. They are
arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the
tongue. They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner s glands, and are innervated
by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
40. Repiratory Organs of the Cat
Nasal Cavities - The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air filled space a
bove and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuat
ion of one of the two nostrils.
Nasopharynx - the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity ab
ove the soft palate.
Larynx - the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holdi
ng the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box. It manipulates pi
tch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are essen
tial for phonation.
Trachea - colloquially called windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx and
larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air
Bronchi - are the main passageway into the lungs.
Lungs - The lungs' main function is to help oxygen from the air we breathe enter
red blood cells. Red blood cells then carry oxygen around the body to be used i
n the cells found in our organs and tissues. The lungs also help the body to get
rid of CO2 gas when we breathe out.
Glottis - the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slitlike
opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contracti
on.
Epiglottis - a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed d
uring swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
Thyroid - a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating g
rowth and development through the rate of metabolism.
Cricoid - the ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx.
Arytenoids - either of the arytenoid cartilages.
Thymus - The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system
.