Forming Limit Diagram

Forming limit diagram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A forming limit diagram, also known as a forming limit curve, is used in sheet metal forming for
predicting forming behaviour of sheet metal.[1][2] The diagram attempts to provide a graphical
description of material failure tests, such as a punched dome test.
In order to determine whether a given region has failed, a mechanical test is performed. The
mechanical test is performed by placing a circular mark on the workpiece prior to deformation, and
then measuring the post-deformation ellipse that is generated from the action on this circle. By
repeating the mechanical test to generate a range of stress states, the formability limit diagram can
be generated as a line at which failure is onset (see also formability).
Contents
[hide]
1Description
2Modern determination
3Influence parameters
4M-K method
5Use of FLCs
6See also
7References
Description[edit]
Definition of the deformation axes in forming limit diagram measurement
The semi-axes of the ellipse formed in this circle allow for the measurement of relative strain in two
primary directions, known as the major and minor directions, which correspond to the major and
minor semi-axes of the ellipse. Under the assumption of path independent strain, the relative strains
will reach a critical value at which deformations occurs. Through repeated experimental
measurements, the shape of the curve can be obtained experimentally. Alternately, a formability limit
diagram can be generated by mapping the shape of a failure criterioninto the formability limit
domain. [3] However the diagram is obtained, the resultant diagram provides a tool for the
determination as to whether a given forming process will result in failure or not. Such information is
critical in the design of forming processes, and is therefore fundamental to the design of sheet metal
forming processes. Through the establishment of forming limit diagrams for range of alloys, the
forming process and alloy behaviour can be matched at the metalworking design time by the
process engineer.
Modern determination[edit]
With the availability and use of optical strain measurement system in combination with digital data
processing forming limit curves can be acquired in a more automatic and productive way compared
to the classic way as described above. This procedure has been standardized and is contained in an
ISO document (12004). [4]
In order to obtain a full forming limit curve, test pieces with different geometries are drawn by a
punch (e. g. with a diameter of 100 mm) until fracture occurs. Friction is almost zero by using a
complex tribo-system with foils and grease between sheet and tool. By use of an optical strain
measurement system spatial strain paths are evaluated immediately before failure of the test piece.
Using an interpolation method for the strain variation between the severely deformed and necked
area the limits of this area are computed by a sign change of the second derivative of the strain
distribution the major and minor strain values are obtained. Using an averaged value for several
cross-section evaluations and 3 test samples for the same geometry a strain pair (one point in the
forming limit diagram) as forming limit is identified.
It is recognized by some authors that the nature of fracture and formability is intrinsically nondeterministic, since large variations might be observed even within a single experimental campaign.
[5]
Therefore, the concepts of Forming Limit Bands and Forming Limit Maps have been introduced.
Probabilistic forming limit map
Influence parameters[edit]
Forming limit curves (FLC) for four steel sheet grades are displayed in the attached figure. All
forming limit curves have essentially the same shape. A minimum of the curve exists at the intercept
with the major strain axis or close thereby, the plane strain forming limit. With the definition of the
onset of local necking (e. g. membrane force reaches an extreme value) and the assumption of a
hardening law according to Hollomon ( = K n) it can be shown that the corresponding theoretical
plane strain forming limit is identical with the strain hardening coefficient, n. There is no thickness
effect. Taking into account the strain rate sensitivity of the material, which is obvious in steel, along
with the sheet thickness, the fact can be explained that practical forming limits, obtained by the use
of the above described method, lie well above theoretical forming limits. Thus the basic influence
parameters for the forming limits are, the strain hardening exponent, n, the initial sheet thickness,
t0 and the strain rate hardening coefficient, m. The lankford coefficient, r, which defines the
plasticanisotropy of the material, has two effects on the forming limit curve. On the left side there is
no influence except that the curve extends to larger values, on the right hand side increasing r
values reduce the forming limits.[6]
M-K method[edit]
There is a widely used method for computation of FLCs, introduced by Marciniak in 1967. It
assumes an inclined band in the investigated plane sheet piece with smaller thickness which
denotes an imperfection. With this model limit strains can be calculated numerically. The advantage
of this method is that any material model can be used and limits can also be obtained for
nonproportional forming. However there is one drawback. Calculated forming limits are sensitive to
the imperfection value. With the assumption of a strain rate sensitive material model realistic forming
limits may be obtained which lie above theoretical limit strains. Basically with this calculation method
smooth forming limit curves are generated for materials for which only one experimental value
exists. A good overview of state of the art about FLC calculation methods is given in the proceedings
of a conference held in Zurich in 2006 and the Numisheet conference in 2008. [7][8]
Use of FLCs[edit]
For many years forming limit curves have been used in order to assess the sheet material
formability. They have been applied in the design stage of tools using the finite element method as a
simulation tool which is widely used in a production environment...

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Forming limit diagram

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Definition of the deformation axes in forming limit diagram measurement

Probabilistic forming limit map

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