Lab Manual 1

DSP
Lab 01
Lab Title: INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB.
Objective:
In this Matlab lab, you will learn:

Get familiar with the interface of matlab.
Basic arithmetic operators.
Matlab variables
Matrix manipulation
Tool Used:
Matlab.
Description:
Matlab (stands for Matrix Laboratory) It integrates computation, visualization,

and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions
are expressed in familiar mathematical notation
Examples:
Matrix computations and linear algebra
Solving nonlinear equations
Numerical solution of differential equations
Mathematical optimization
Statistics and data analysis
Signal processing
Modelling of dynamical systems
Solving partial differential equations
Simulation of engineering systems
Strengths of MATLAB
MATLAB is relatively easy to learn.

MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix
operations.
MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language.
MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix.
MATLAB Desktop
Fig 1.1
Desktop Tools
1. Command Window
Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.
Fig 1.2
2. Command History:
Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command
History. In the Command History, you can view previously run statements, and copy and
execute selected statements.
3. Workspace Browser:
The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built
up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory.
Fig 1.3
4. Array Editor:
Double-click a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Array Editor

Use the Array Editor to view and edit a visual representation of one- or twodimensional numeric arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the
workspace.
Fig 1.4
5. Current Directory Browser:
It lists all the files that are available in current directory.
Fig 1.5
Reserved Words:
Reserved Words List:

for
function
switch continue
catch global
end
else if
else
persistent
if
case
try
break
while
otherwise
This list is returned as an output of the iskeyword function. For example,

>> iskeyword(case)
ans =
1
(else 0 will be displayed)
The function isvarname(MCS) work in the same manner.
Matlab will report an error if you try to use a reserved word as variable.
Basic Arithmetic Operations:

Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Symbol
+
*
/ or \
Example
3 + 22
54.4 16.5
3.14 * 6
10/2 or 2\10
Expressions are evaluated from left to right, with precedence;

Exponentiation > Multiplication & Division > Addition & Subtraction.
Variables Naming Rule:
The first character MUST be alphabetic followed by any number of letters, digits,
or underscore.
The variable names are case sensitive.
Blanks are NOT allowed in a variable name.
Variable names can contain up to 63 characters.
Punctuation characters are not allowed, because many of them have special
meanings in Matlab.
Matlab Special Variables:

ans
Default variable name for results
pi
Value of
inf
infinity
NaN
Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j
i = j = -1
realmin
The smallest usable positive real number
realmax
The largest usable positive real number
Examples:
>>a=2
a=
2
>> 2*pi
ans =
6.2832
Types of Variables:
Type
Examples
Integer
1362,-5656
Real
12.33,-56.3
Complex
X=12.2 3.2i (i = sqrt(-1))
Complex numbers in MATLAB are represented in rectangular form.
To separate real & imaginary part
H = real(X)
K= imag(X)
Conversion between polar & rectangular
C1= 1-2i
Magnitude: mag_c1 = abs(C1)

Angle: angle_c1 = angle(C1)
Note that angle is in radians
Usefull Matlab Commands:

Who
Whos
clear all
clear x y
Clc
close all
List known variables

List known variables plus their size
Clear all variables from work space
Clear variables x and y from work space
Clear the command window only and not any variable
closes all open figures
Extras:
Using up-arrow key allow user to recall most recently used commands
Another trick is to use a letter prior using up-arrow
Other MATLAB symbols:

,
%
;
separate statements and data

start comment which ends at end of line
(1)
suppress output
(2)
used as a row separator in a matrix
specify range
:
MATLAB Matrices:
MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes a matrix can be
thought of as an array, in fact, that is how it is stored.
Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one row OR one column.
Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column.
A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the commas AND
semicolons):
matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]
matrix =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Row Vector:
A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row vector can be created in
MATLAB as follows (note the commas):
rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]
rowvec =
12 14 63
Row vector can also defined in a following way:

rowvec = 2 : 2 : 10;
rowvec =
2 4 6 8 10
Column Vector:
A matrix with only one column is called a column vector. A column vector can be
created in MATLAB as follows (note the semicolons):
colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]
colvec =
13
45
-2
Extracting a Sub-Matrix:
A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a smaller matrix by

specifying the names of both matrices and the rows and columns to extract. The
syntax is:
sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;
where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows and c1 and c2 specify the
beginning and ending columns to be extracted to make the new matrix.
A column vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a

matrix below:
matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
matrix =
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
Here we extract the column 2 of matrix and

make a column vector:
col_two =matrix( 1:3 ,2: 2)
col_two = 2
5
8
A row vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix

below:
matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
matrix =
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
Here we extract row 2 of matrix and make a row

vector. Note that 2:2 specifies the 2nd row and
1:3 specifies columns of 2nd row.
rowvec =matrix(2 : 2 , 1 : 3)
rowvec =
4
5 6
Concatenation:
New matrices may be formed out of old ones
Suppose we have:
a = [1 2; 3 4]
a=12
34
Input
output
[a , a, a]
ans = 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
[a ; a; a]
ans = 1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
[a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a']
ans = 1 2 0 0
3 4 0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 2 4
Scalar Matrix Addition & Subtraction:

a=3;
b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
c= b+a
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9
% Add a to each element of b
Scalar - Matrix Multiplication:

a=3;
b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a
c=
3
12
6 9
15 18
Other matrices Operations:

Let a=[1 4 3;4 2 6 ;7 8 9]
det(a) : Find the determinent of a matrix.
ans = 48
inv(a) : Find the inverse of matrix.
ans =
-0.6250 -0.2500 0.3750

0.1250 -0.2500 0.1250
0.3750 0.4167 -0.2917
a : Find the transpose of a matrix.
ans =
1 4 7
4 2 8
3 6 9
min(a) :Return a row vector containing the minimum element from each column.
ans =1 2 3
min(min(a)): Return the smallest element in matrix:

ans = 1
max(a) : Return a row vector containing the maximum element from each
column.
ans =7 8 9
max(max(a)): Return the max element from matrix:

ans = 9
a.^2 :Bitwise calculate the square of each element of matrix:

ans =
1 16 9
16 4 36
49 64 81
sum (a) : treats the columns of a as vectors, returning a row vector of the sums
of each column.
ans = 12 14 18
sum(sum(a)): Calculate the sum of all the elements in the matrix.
ans = 44
size (a) : gives the number or rows and the number of columns:
>> [r c] = size(a)
r=3 c=3
Let a =[ 4 5 6] , length(a) finds the number of elements in row vector.
Bitwise Multiplication of Two Vectors:
Let a=[1 2 3] ; b=[4 5 6];
a.*b :Bitwise multiply the each element of vector a and b:

ans =
4
10
18
Matrix Division:
MATLAB has several options for matrix division. You can right divide and left
divide.
Right Division: use the slash character
A/ B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
A*inv (B)
Left Division: use the backslash character
A\ B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
inv (A)*B
Matrix of Zeros:
Syntax : zeros array
Format : zeros(N), zeros(M,N)

Description:
This function is used to produce an array of zeros, defined by the
arguments.
(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.
(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.
Example;
>> zeros(2)
ans =
0
0
>> zeros(1,2)
ans =
0
0
Matrix of Ones:
Syntax : ones array

Format : ones(N), ones(M,N)
Description:
This function is used to produce an array of ones, defined by the
arguments.
(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.
(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.
Example;
>> ones(2)
>> ones(1,2)
ans =
ans =
1
1
1
1
1
1
Identity Matrix:
Syntax : identity matrix

Format : eye (N), eye (M,N)
Description:
Create an NxN or MxN identity matrix (i.e., 1s on the diagonal elements
with all others equal to zero). (Usually the identity matrix is represented by the letter
I. Type
Example;
>> I=eye(3)
I=
100
010
001
EXERCISE:
Q.1 Run the MATLAB help desk by typing helpdesk. The help desk provides a
hypertext interface to the MATLAB documentation.
Q.2 Use MATLAB as a calculator. Try the following:
pi*pi - 10
sin(pi/4)
ans 2 %<--- "ans" holds the last result
Q.3 Do variable name assignment in MATLAB. Try the following:

x = sin( pi/5 );
cos( pi/5 ) %<--- assigned to what?
y = sqrt( 1 - x*x )
ans
Q.4 Complex numbers are natural in MATLAB. The basic operations are
supported. Try the following:
z = 3 + 4i, w = -3 + 4j
real(z), imag(z)
abs([z,w]) %<-- Vector constructor
conj(z+w)
angle(z)
exp( j*pi )
exp(j*[ pi/4, 0, -pi/4 ])
Q.5 Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain in
words what the following MATLAB code will produce.
jkl = 0 : 6
jkl = 2 : 4 : 17
jkl = 99 : -1 : 88
ttt = 2 : (1/9) : 4
tpi = pi * [ 0:0.1:2 ];
Q.6 Extracting and/or inserting numbers into a vector is very easy to do. Consider
the following definition of xx:
xx = [ zeros(1,3), linspace(0,1,5), ones(1,4) ]
xx(4:6)
size(xx)
length(xx)
xx(2:2:length(xx)
Explain the results echoed from the last four lines of the above code.
Q.7
Observe the result of the following assignments:

yy = xx; yy(4:6) = pi*(1:3)
Now write a statement that will take the vector xx defined in part (b) and replace the even
indexed elements (i.e., xx(2), xx(4), etc) with the constant . Use a vector replacement,
not a loop.
Q.8 Enter the following in MATLAB.

2
A=
6
3
,B=
4
1
6
6
2
Find AB, and A-1.

Q.9 writes the code of following.
1. Generate a 6x6 matrix A
2. Generate a 6x1 matrix z
3. Solve linear system of equations Ax=z
4. Compute determinant of matrix A
5. Extract a 4x4 matrix from the 6x6 matrix and 4x1 matrixes from 6x1
Lab performed on (date): ___________ Signature: ______________

Checked by: ________________________ Date: ______________
Marks Awarded: ____________
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DSP

In this Matlab lab, you will learn:

Matlab (stands for Matrix Laboratory) It integrates computation, visualization,

MATLAB is relatively easy to learn.

Double-click a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Array Editor

Reserved Words List:

This list is returned as an output of the iskeyword function. For example,

Basic Arithmetic Operations:

Expressions are evaluated from left to right, with precedence;

Variables Naming Rule:

Matlab Special Variables:

Magnitude: mag_c1 = abs(C1)

Usefull Matlab Commands:

List known variables

Other MATLAB symbols:

separate statements and data

Row vector can also defined in a following way:

A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a smaller matrix by

A column vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a

Here we extract the column 2 of matrix and

A row vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix

Here we extract row 2 of matrix and make a row

[a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a']

Scalar Matrix Addition & Subtraction:

% Add a to each element of b

Scalar - Matrix Multiplication:

Other matrices Operations:

-0.6250 -0.2500 0.3750

min(min(a)): Return the smallest element in matrix:

max(max(a)): Return the max element from matrix:

a.^2 :Bitwise calculate the square of each element of matrix:

a.*b :Bitwise multiply the each element of vector a and b:

Syntax : zeros array

Format : zeros(N), zeros(M,N)

Syntax : ones array

Syntax : identity matrix

Q.3 Do variable name assignment in MATLAB. Try the following:

Observe the result of the following assignments:

Q.8 Enter the following in MATLAB.

Find AB, and A-1.

Lab performed on (date): ___________ Signature: ______________

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Lab performed on (date): _ Signature: ____