EEE221 Mid Solve

BRAC University
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Energy Conversion I (EEE221)
Spring - 2014
Marks: 60
Time: 1 hr 40 mins
Section-A
Answer any 2 questions of the following:
1. a) What is the basic operating principle of a transformer? What are the assumptions in
an ideal transformer those do not hold in case of a real transformer? Develop the
equivalent circuit of a real transformer considering those non-ideal factors.
[10]
b) A 60 kVA, 1200-120V, 60 Hz, single phase transformer is to be used on a 50 Hz
system, with the restriction that it must maintain the same maximum core flux.
Determine new voltage rating and new kVA rating.
[3+2]
Solution:
We know,
=
2
To keep the maximum core flux at the same value in spite of change in operating
frequency, applied voltage needs to be changed by the same factor.
,( )
=
,( )
5
,( ) = ,( ) = 1000
6
5
,( ) = ,( ) = 100
6
Current in the transformer windings should not exceed its rated value in normal
operating conditions, otherwise it will cause overheating. So the apparent power is to
be changed by the same factor.
( ) ,( ) ,( )
=
1
( )
,( ) ,( )
5
( ) = ( ) = 50
6
=
2. a) Show that, for a 2-winding transformer, (Req,pu)HS = (Req,pu)LS

Solution:
, 2
, =
2
,
( , )2
, =
=
= 2 ,
,
,
2
,
,
= 2
=
= ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
[5]
b) The following test data are obtained from short-circuit and open-circuit tests of a 50
kVA, 2400-600V, 60Hz transformer:
[6+2+2]
Voc=600V
Ioc=3.333A
Poc=485W
Vsc=76.4V
Isc=20.838A
Psc=755W
(i) Determine all the transformer model parameters using test data.
(ii) What will be the regulation if the transformer operates at rated load and 0.9
power factor lagging?
(iii) Calculate the transformers efficiency if it operates at 80% rated load and 0.9
power factor leading?
Solution:
Here , = , so the parameters obtained from the short circuit
test-data will be referred to High-side and those from obtained open circuit data will be
referred to Low-side.
, =
, =
, =
= 1.739
= 3.666
2 2 = 3.227
2
=
= 742.268
=
=
, =
= 0.808
2 2
= 185.553
Req,LS
jXeq,LS
ELS
VLS
= + , + ,
= +
1 , + ,
= , +
1 , + ,
,
= , +
1
1 2 , + , = 615.581.04
,
,
,
=
=
=
= 0.026 2.6%
+ +
= 2 , = 2 ,
2

0.8
=
= 0.9738 97.38%
+ + 0.8 + (0.8)2 +
3. a) What are the advantages of parallel operation of transformers? What are the
conditions need to be met for optimum parallel operation?

[5]
b) Two 2400-480V transformers are operated in parallel. Determine the percent of bank
current carried by each transformer. Calculate the maximum apparent power the bank
can supply without overloading any of the transformers.
[6+4]
Transformer
kVA
Nameplate Impedance
50
3.7%
75
4.1%
Solution:
, ()
, () 2
=
= 4.608
,
, ()
, () 2
=
= 3.072
,
() =
() =
, ()

, () + , ()
, , ()

, , () + , , ()
%
() =
()
()
100 , ()
100 , () +
100 , ()
()
() =
% , ()

% , () + % , ()
()
= 0.425
()
() =
% , ()

% , () + % , ()
= 0.575
()
, () =
, ()
= 104.167
, ()
,
=
= 156.25
, ()
() = ,
() = 245.1
() = ,
() = 271.74
() = 245.1
= () () = 117.648
Section-B
Answer any 2 questions of the following:
4. a) Prove that, if a two-winding transformer is re-connected as an autotransformer, its
apparent power rating advantage, = + ; where symbols have their usual
meaning.
Solution:
For a 2-winding transformer,
[5]
1
2
= 1 1 = 2 2
, =
, 2
If re-connected as an auto-transformer
1
= (1 + 2 )2 = ( + 1)2 2 = ( + 1)2
2
nd
See figure 3.5 (page 99 of 2 edition by Hubert) for reference
b) A 120V, 60Hz air-conditioner is to be operated in a remote area where the voltage
drop in the long transmission line results in a utilization voltage of 102V. Considering
two-part windings of 120V, 12V, and 16V determine
[10]
(i) required step-up voltage ratio for satisfactory performance
(ii) voltage ratio of a standard buck-boost transformer that most closely meets the
requirements of the load
(iii) voltage at the load with the buck-boost transformer installed
(iv) Sketch the appropriate connection diagram showing the input and output
terminals
Solution:
120
= 1.1765
102
:
120 + 12
120 + 16
= 1.1
= 1.133
120
120
120 + 24
120 + 32
= 1.2
= 1.267
120
120
=
= 1.2
,
= 1.2 102 = 122.4
Two 120V windings are to be connected in parallel and two 12V windings are to be
connected in series.
5. a) Show that, when a bank is operated as V V bank, apparent power of the

bank must be rerated by 3 to prevent overheating.
[10]
b) It is desirable to use two 2400-120V transformers in open-delta to supply a balanced
three-phase load that draws 50kW at 120V and 0.9 lagging power factor. Specify the
minimum power rating required for each transformer.
[5]
Solution:
=
50
=
= 55.556
0.9
= 3 = 3 1
Now,
1 =
= 32.075
3
6. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a 3-phase transformer over an

equivalent 3-phase bank composed of three single phase transformers?
[3]
b) If an ammeter with 5A rating is used to measure a 400A line current through a
current transformer, what should be the number of turns on the secondary side of the
CT?
[4]
Solution:

=

, = 1, = 400, = 5
= 80
c) Determine the value of magnetic flux that would be produced in the core where
currents i1 = 2.5 A and i2 = 1.0 A. Assume core depth = 10 cm.
[8]
= 1 1 + 2 2 = 1300
0.15
0.15
+ 0.5 +
4 = 2.6
2
2
= 500 /
From B-H curve
= 0.65
, = = 0.15 0.10 2 0.65 = 0.00975

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BRAC University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

2. a) Show that, for a 2-winding transformer, (Req,pu)HS = (Req,pu)LS

kVA, 2400-600V, 60Hz transformer:

conditions need to be met for optimum parallel operation?

apparent power rating advantage, = + ; where symbols have their usual

5. a) Show that, when a bank is operated as V V bank, apparent power of the

6. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a 3-phase transformer over an

From B-H curve

, = = 0.15 0.10 2 0.65 = 0.00975

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