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LECTURE 1.
Stress and Strain

Axial Loading (con.)
1
Contents
Saint-Venants Principle
Poissons Ratio
Stress Concentration: Hole
Generalized Hookes Law
Stress Concentration: Fillet
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Example 2.12
Shearing Strain
Elastoplastic Materials
Example 2.10
Plastic Deformations
Relation Among E, v, and G
Residual Stresses
Sample Problem 2.5
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
Composite Materials
Sample Problems 1-11
Reference: Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. & John T. DeWolf,
"Mechanics of materials" 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2005. (Textbook).
10/26/2011
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial
loading:
x
E
y z 0
The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the
other directions. Assuming that the
material is isotropic (no directional
dependence),
y z 0
3
Poissons Ratio (con.)
Poissons ratio is defined as
y
z
lateral strain
axial strain
x
x
4
Generalized Hookes Law

For an element subjected to multi-axial
loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components
may be determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
With these restrictions:
x y z
y
z
x
E
y z
E
x y
E
z
E
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
e 1 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 1 x y z
x y z
1 2
x y z
E
dilatation (change in volume per unit volum e)
For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

e p
k
31 2
p
E
k
E
bulk modulus
31 2
Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0 12
6
Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a
shear stress will deform into a
rhomboid. The corresponding
shear strain is quantified in
terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
xy f xy
Shearing Strain (con.)

A plot of shear stress vs. shear
strain is similar to the previous
plots of normal stress vs. normal
strain except that the strength
values are approximately half.
For small strains,
xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity

or shear modulus.
8
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
A rectangular block of material with

modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 1.0 mm. under the
action of the force, determine a) the
average shearing strain in the material,
and b) the force P exerted on the plate.
Apply Hookes law for shearing stress

and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
Use the definition of shearing stress to

find the force P.
Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
xy tan xy
1 mm
50 mm
xy 0.020 rad
Apply Hookes law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
xy G xy 630MPa0.020 rad 12.6MPa
Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P xy A 12.6 106 Pa 0.2m0.062m 156.2 103 N
P 156.2 kN
10
Relation Among E, v, and G

An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as in the

bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
1
2G
11
Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 225 mm is scribed on
an unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t =
18 mm. Forces acting in the plane of the plate
later cause normal stresses x = 84 MPa and z
= 140 MPa.
For E = 70 GPa and v = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.
12
SOLUTION:
Apply the generalized Hookes Law to Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
B A x d 0.533 103 mm/mm 225mm
strain.
x
x
E
y z
E
1
1
84
M
Pa
140
M
Pa
3
70 10 M Pa
3
0.533 10 3 mm/mm
y z
E
E
E
1.067 10 3 mm/mm
x y
E
E
E
1.600 10 3 mm/mm
B A 0.12mm
C D z d 1.600 103 mm/mm 225mm

C D 0.36mm
t y t 1.067 103 mm/mm 18mm
t 0.0192mm
Find the change in volume

e x y z 1.067 10 3 mm 3 /mm 3
V eV 1.067 103 380 380 18mm 3
V 2733mm3
13
Composite Materials
Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed from lamina

of fibers of graphite, glass, or polymers embedded in a resin
matrix.
Normal stresses and strains are related by Hookes Law but

with directionally dependent moduli of elasticity,
14
Composite Materials (con.)

x
Ex
x
Ey
y
y
z
Ez
z
Transverse contractions are related by directionally dependent

values of Poissons ratio, e.g.,
xy
y
z
xz
x
x
Materials with directionally dependent mechanical properties

are anisotropic.
15
Saint-Venants Principle
Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
Concentrated loads result in large
stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
Stress and strain distributions

become uniform at a relatively short
distance from the load application
points.
16
Saint-Venants Principle (con.)
Saint-Venants Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed independent of the
mode of load application except in the immediate vicinity
of load application points.
17
Stress Concentration: Hole
Discontinuities of cross
section may result in high
localized or concentrated
stresses.
max
K
ave
18
Stress Concentration: Fillet
19
Stress Concentration: Hole and Fillet
20
Example 2.12
SOLUTION:
Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a
flat steel bar consisting of two
portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide,
connected by fillets of radius r = 8
mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.
Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
Apply the definition of normal stress to
find the allowable load.
21
Determine the geometric ratios and

find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm
1.50
d 40 mm
r
8 mm
0.20
d 40 mm
K 1.82
Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
ave
(b) Flat bars with fillets
max
K
165MPa
90.7 MPa
1.82
Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P A ave 40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa
36.3 103 N
P 36.3 kN
22
Elastoplastic Materials
Previous analyses based on assumption of
linear stress-strain relationship, i.e.,
stresses below the yield stress
Assumption is good for brittle material
which rupture without yielding
If the yield stress of ductile materials is
exceeded, then plastic deformations occur
Analysis of plastic deformations is
simplified by assuming an idealized
elastoplastic material
Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress
23
Plastic Deformations
A Elastic deformation while maximum

P ave A max
stress is less than yield stress
K
PY
Y A
K
Maximum stress is equal to the yield

stress at the maximum elastic
loading
At loadings above the maximum
elastic load, a region of plastic
deformations develop near the hole
As the loading increases, the plastic

PU Y A
region expands until the section is at
a uniform stress equal to the yield
K PY
stress
24
Residual Stresses
When a single structural element is loaded uniformly beyond
its yield stress and then unloaded, it is permanently deformed
but all stresses disappear. This is not the general result.
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after loading and
unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different plastic
deformations
Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or
cooling of structures or structural elements
25
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

A cylindrical rod is placed inside a tube
of the same length. The ends of the rod
and tube are attached to a rigid support
on one side and a rigid plate on the
other. The load on the rod-tube
assembly is increased from zero to 25
kN and decreased back to zero.
a) draw a load-deflection diagram
for the rod-tube assembly
b) determine the maximum
elongation
c) determine the permanent set
d) calculate the residual stresses in
the rod and tube.
26
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

a) Draw a load-deflection diagram for the rod-tube
assembly
Pr Y r Y Ar 250 106 Pa 48 106 m 2 12 kN

r Y
250 106 Pa
r Y r Y L
750 mm
L
9
Er
210 10 Pa
0.89mm
Pt Y t Y At 310 106 Pa 62 10-6 m 2 19.2 kN

t Y
310 106 Pa
t Y t Y L
750 mm
L
9
Et
105 10 Pa
2.21mm
P Pr Pt
r t
27
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

b,c) determine the maximum elongation and
permanent set
At a load of P = 25 kN, the rod has reached the plastic range
while the tube is still in the elastic range
Pr Pr Y 12 kN
Pt P Pr 25 12 kN 13 kN
Pt
13 kN
210 M Pa
At 62 10-6 m 2
210 106 Pa
t t L L
750 mm
Et
105 109 Pa
max t 1.5mm
The rod-tube assembly unloads along a line parallel to 0Yr

19.2 kN
21.6 kN mm slope
0.89mm
P
25 kN
max
1.16mm
m
21.6 kN mm
p 0.34mm
p max 1.5 1.16mm
m
28
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

Calculate the residual stresses in the rod and tube.
Calculate the reverse stresses in the rod and tube caused
by unloading and add them to the maximum stresses.
1.16mm
1.55 10 3 mm mm
750 mm
r Er 1.55 10 3 210 GPa 325.5 M Pa
t Et 1.55 10 3 105 Gpa 162.75 M Pa

residual,r r r 250 325.5 M Pa 75.5 M Pa
residual,t t t 210 162.75 M Pa 47.25 M Pa
29
Example Problem 1
Determine the normal strain in the members AB and CB of the

pin-connected plane structure shown in Fig. 1 if point B moves
leftward 3 mm, after load P is applied. Assumption: Axial
deformation is uniform throughout the length of each member.
Fig. 1
30
Solution of Example Problem 1
31
Example Problem 2
When loaded, the 400 mm by 400 mm square plate of Fig. 2
deforms into a shape in which diagonal BD elongates 0.2 mm and
diagonal AC contracts 0.4 mm while they remain perpendicular and
side AD remains horizontal. Calculate the average strain components
in the xy plane.
Fig. 2
32
33
Example Problem 3
The handbrakes on a bicycle consist of two blocks of hard rubber

attached to the frame of the bike, which press against the wheel
during stopping (Fig. 3a). Assuming that a force P causes a
parabolic deflection (x = ky2 ) of the rubber when the brakes are
applied (Fig. 3b), determine the shearing strain in the rubber.
Fig. 3
34
Solutions of Example Problem 3
35
Example Problem 4
The stress-strain curves for a structural steel bar are shown in Fig. 4. Note that,
the entire diagram and its initial portion are plotted using a strain scale N and an
enlarged strain scale M in the figure, respectively. Determine:
(a) The strains at yield point and fracture of the material.
(b) The % elongation of the bar for a 50-mm gage length.
Fig. 4
36
37
Example Problem 5
A 10 mm by 10 mm square ABCD is drawn on a member prior to
loading. After loading, the square becomes the rhombus shown in
Fig. 5. Determine:
(a) The modulus of elasticity.
(b) Poisson's ratio.
Fig. 5
38
39
Example Problem 6
Figure 6 shows a steel block subjected to an axial compression load

of 400 kN. After loading, if dimensions b and L are changed to
40.02 and 199.7 mm, respectively, calculate:
(a) Poisson's ratio.
(b) The modulus of elasticity.
(c) The final value of the dimension a.
(d) The shear modulus of elasticity.
Given: a = 60 mm, b = 40 mm, L = 200 mm
Figure 6
40
41
Example Problem 7
A short cylindrical rod of ASTMA36 structural steel,

having an original diameter of do and length Lo is placed
in a compression machine and squeezed until its length
becomes Lf . Determine the new diameter of the rod.
Given: do = 30 mm, Lo = 50 mm, Lf = 49.7 mm, v = 0.3
42
43
Example Problem 8
The cast-iron pipe shown in Fig. 8 is under an axial compressive

load P. Determine:
(a) The change in length L.
(b) The change in diameter D .
(c) The change in thickness t .
Given: D = 130 mm, t = 15 mm, L = 0.5 m, P = 200 kN, E = 70
GPa, v = 0.3. Assumption: Buckling does not occur.
Fig. 8
44
45
Example Problem 9
The aluminum rod, 50 mm in diameter and 1.2 m in

length, of a hydraulic ram is subjected to the maximum
axial loads of 200 kN. What are the largest diameter
and the largest volume of the rod during service? Given:
E = 70 GPa, v = 0.3.
46
47
Example Problem 10
A 20-mm-diameter bar is subjected to tensile loading. The increase
in length resulting from the load of 50 kN is 0.2 mm for an initial
length of 100 mm. Determine:
(a) The conventional and true strains.
(b) The modulus of elasticity.
48
49
Example Problem 11
The rectangular concrete block shown in Fig. 11 is subjected to
loads that have the resultants Px = 100 kN, Py = 150 kN, and Pz =
50 KN. Calculate:
(a) Changes in lengths of the block.
(b) The value of a single force system of compressive forces
applied only on the y faces that would produce the same
deflection as do the initial forces. Given: E = 24 GPa, v = 0.2
Fig. 11
50
51
Solution of Example of Problem 11 (con.)
52
53

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LECTURE 1.

Stress and Strain

The elongation in the x-direction is

Poissons Ratio (con.)

Poissons ratio is defined as

Generalized Hookes Law

With these restrictions:

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

dilatation (change in volume per unit volum e)

For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

Shearing Strain (con.)

where G is the modulus of rigidity

A rectangular block of material with

Apply Hookes law for shearing stress

Use the definition of shearing stress to

Determine the average angular deformation

Apply Hookes law for shearing stress and

Use the definition of shearing stress to find

P xy A 12.6 106 Pa 0.2m0.062m 156.2 103 N

Relation Among E, v, and G

If the cubic element is oriented as in the

Sample Problem 2.5

C D z d 1.600 103 mm/mm 225mm

t y t 1.067 103 mm/mm 18mm

Find the change in volume

Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed from lamina

Normal stresses and strains are related by Hookes Law but

Composite Materials (con.)

Transverse contractions are related by directionally dependent

Materials with directionally dependent mechanical properties

Stress and strain distributions

Saint-Venants Principle (con.)

Stress Concentration: Hole

Stress Concentration: Fillet

Stress Concentration: Hole and Fillet

Find the allowable average normal

Determine the geometric ratios and

Find the allowable average normal

Apply the definition of normal stress

A Elastic deformation while maximum

Maximum stress is equal to the yield

As the loading increases, the plastic

Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

Pr Y r Y Ar 250 106 Pa 48 106 m 2 12 kN

Pt Y t Y At 310 106 Pa 62 10-6 m 2 19.2 kN

Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

The rod-tube assembly unloads along a line parallel to 0Yr

Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

r Er 1.55 10 3 210 GPa 325.5 M Pa

t Et 1.55 10 3 105 Gpa 162.75 M Pa

residual,t t t 210 162.75 M Pa 47.25 M Pa

Determine the normal strain in the members AB and CB of the

Solution of Example Problem 1

Solution of Example Problem 2

The handbrakes on a bicycle consist of two blocks of hard rubber

Solutions of Example Problem 3

Solution of Example Problem 4