Batas Pambansa Bilang 68 Shares of capital stock issued without par value shall be deemed fully

paid and non-assessable and the holder of such shares shall not be liable
to the corporation or to its creditors in respect thereto: Provided; That
THE CORPORATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
shares without par value may not be issued for a consideration less than
the value of five (P5.00) pesos per share: Provided, further, That the
Be it enacted by the Batasang Pambansa in session assembled: entire consideration received by the corporation for its no-par value
shares shall be treated as capital and shall not be available for
distribution as dividends.
TITLE I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS A corporation may, furthermore, classify its shares for the purpose of
insuring compliance with constitutional or legal requirements.
Section 1. Title of the Code. – This Code shall be known as "The
Corporation Code of the Philippines." (n) Except as otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation and stated
in the certificate of stock, each share shall be equal in all respects to every
other share.
Section 2. Corporation defined. – A corporation is an artificial being
created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the
powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident Where the articles of incorporation provide for non-voting shares in the
to its existence. (2) cases allowed by this Code, the holders of such shares shall nevertheless
be entitled to vote on the following matters:
Section 3. Classes of corporations. – Corporations formed or organized
under this Code may be stock or non-stock corporations. Corporations 1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
which have capital stock divided into shares and are authorized to
distribute to the holders of such shares dividends or allotments of the
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
surplus profits on the basis of the shares held are stock corporations. All
other corporations are non-stock corporations. (3a)
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition
of all or substantially all of the corporate property;
Section 4. Corporations created by special laws or charters. – Corporations
created by special laws or charters shall be governed primarily by the
provisions of the special law or charter creating them or applicable to 4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
them, supplemented by the provisions of this Code, insofar as they are
applicable. (n)
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;

Section 5. Corporators and incorporators, stockholders and members. –

6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another
Corporators are those who compose a corporation, whether as
corporation or other corporations;
stockholders or as members. Incorporators are those stockholders or
members mentioned in the articles of incorporation as originally forming
and composing the corporation and who are signatories thereof. 7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or
business in accordance with this Code; and
Corporators in a stock corporation are called stockholders or
shareholders. Corporators in a non-stock corporation are called 8. Dissolution of the corporation.
members. (4a)
Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph, the vote
Section 6. Classification of shares. – The shares of stock of stock necessary to approve a particular corporate act as provided in this Code
corporations may be divided into classes or series of shares, or both, any shall be deemed to refer only to stocks with voting rights. (5a)
of which classes or series of shares may have such rights, privileges or
restrictions as may be stated in the articles of incorporation: Provided,
Section 7. Founders’ shares. – Founders’ shares classified as such in the
That no share may be deprived of voting rights except those classified
articles of incorporation may be given certain rights and privileges not
and issued as "preferred" or "redeemable" shares, unless otherwise
enjoyed by the owners of other stocks, provided that where the exclusive
provided in this Code: Provided, further, That there shall always be a
right to vote and be voted for in the election of directors is granted, it
class or series of shares which have complete voting rights. Any or all of
must be for a limited period not to exceed five (5) years subject to the
the shares or series of shares may have a par value or have no par value
approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The five-year
as may be provided for in the articles of incorporation: Provided,
period shall commence from the date of the aforesaid approval by the
however, That banks, trust companies, insurance companies, public
Securities and Exchange Commission. (n)
utilities, and building and loan associations shall not be permitted to
issue no-par value shares of stock.
Section 8. Redeemable shares. – Redeemable shares may be issued by the
corporation when expressly so provided in the articles of incorporation.
Preferred shares of stock issued by any corporation may be given
They may be purchased or taken up by the corporation upon the
preference in the distribution of the assets of the corporation in case of
expiration of a fixed period, regardless of the existence of unrestricted
liquidation and in the distribution of dividends, or such other preferences
retained earnings in the books of the corporation, and upon such other
as may be stated in the articles of incorporation which are not violative of
terms and conditions as may be stated in the articles of incorporation,
the provisions of this Code: Provided, That preferred shares of stock may
which terms and conditions must also be stated in the certificate of stock
be issued only with a stated par value. The board of directors, where
representing said shares. (n)
authorized in the articles of incorporation, may fix the terms and
conditions of preferred shares of stock or any series thereof: Provided,
That such terms and conditions shall be effective upon the filing of a Section 9. Treasury shares. – Treasury shares are shares of stock which
certificate thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission. have been issued and fully paid for, but subsequently reacquired by the
issuing corporation by purchase, redemption, donation or through some

1
other lawful means. Such shares may again be disposed of for a 6. The number of directors or trustees, which shall not be less
reasonable price fixed by the board of directors. (n) than five (5) nor more than fifteen (15);

TITLE II 7. The names, nationalities and residences of persons who shall

INCORPORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF PRIVATE CORPORATIONS act as directors or trustees until the first regular directors or
trustees are duly elected and qualified in accordance with this
Code;
Section 10. Number and qualifications of incorporators. – Any number of
natural persons not less than five (5) but not more than fifteen (15), all of
legal age and a majority of whom are residents of the Philippines, may 8. If it be a stock corporation, the amount of its authorized
form a private corporation for any lawful purpose or purposes. Each of capital stock in lawful money of the Philippines, the number of
the incorporators of s stock corporation must own or be a subscriber to at shares into which it is divided, and in case the share are par
least one (1) share of the capital stock of the corporation. (6a) value shares, the par value of each, the names, nationalities and
residences of the original subscribers, and the amount
subscribed and paid by each on his subscription, and if some or
Section 11. Corporate term. – A corporation shall exist for a period not
all of the shares are without par value, such fact must be
exceeding fifty (50) years from the date of incorporation unless sooner
stated;
dissolved or unless said period is extended. The corporate term as
originally stated in the articles of incorporation may be extended for
periods not exceeding fifty (50) years in any single instance by an 9. If it be a non-stock corporation, the amount of its capital, the
amendment of the articles of incorporation, in accordance with this Code; names, nationalities and residences of the contributors and the
Provided, That no extension can be made earlier than five (5) years prior amount contributed by each; and
to the original or subsequent expiry date(s) unless there are justifiable
reasons for an earlier extension as may be determined by the Securities
10. Such other matters as are not inconsistent with law and
and Exchange Commission. (6)
which the incorporators may deem necessary and convenient.

Section 12. Minimum capital stock required of stock corporations. – Stock

The Securities and Exchange Commission shall not accept the articles of
corporations incorporated under this Code shall not be required to have
incorporation of any stock corporation unless accompanied by a sworn
any minimum authorized capital stock except as otherwise specifically
statement of the Treasurer elected by the subscribers showing that at
provided for by special law, and subject to the provisions of the following
least twenty-five (25%) percent of the authorized capital stock of the
section.
corporation has been subscribed, and at least twenty-five (25%) of the
total subscription has been fully paid to him in actual cash and/or in
Section 13. Amount of capital stock to be subscribed and paid for the property the fair valuation of which is equal to at least twenty-five (25%)
purposes of incorporation. – At least twenty-five percent (25%) of the percent of the said subscription, such paid-up capital being not less than
authorized capital stock as stated in the articles of incorporation must be five thousand (P5,000.00) pesos.
subscribed at the time of incorporation, and at least twenty-five (25%)
per cent of the total subscription must be paid upon subscription, the
Section 15. Forms of Articles of Incorporation. – Unless otherwise
balance to be payable on a date or dates fixed in the contract of
prescribed by special law, articles of incorporation of all domestic
subscription without need of call, or in the absence of a fixed date or
corporations shall comply substantially with the following form:
dates, upon call for payment by the board of directors: Provided,
however, That in no case shall the paid-up capital be less than five
Thousand (P5,000.00) pesos. (n) ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
OF
Section 14. Contents of the articles of incorporation. – All corporations
organized under this code shall file with the Securities and Exchange __________________________
Commission articles of incorporation in any of the official languages duly (Name of Corporation)
signed and acknowledged by all of the incorporators, containing
substantially the following matters, except as otherwise prescribed by
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
this Code or by special law:

The undersigned incorporators, all of legal age and a majority of whom

1. The name of the corporation;
are residents of the Philippines, have this day voluntarily agreed to form a
(stock) (non-stock) corporation under the laws of the Republic of the
2. The specific purpose or purposes for which the corporation Philippines;
is being incorporated. Where a corporation has more than one
stated purpose, the articles of incorporation shall state which
AND WE HEREBY CERTIFY:
is the primary purpose and which is/are the secondary
purpose or purposes: Provided, That a non-stock corporation
may not include a purpose which would change or contradict FIRST: That the name of said corporation shall be "_____________________,
its nature as such; INC. or CORPORATION";

3. The place where the principal office of the corporation is to SECOND: That the purpose or purposes for which such corporation is
be located, which must be within the Philippines; incorporated are: (If there is more than one purpose, indicate primary
and secondary purposes);
4. The term for which the corporation is to exist;
THIRD: That the principal office of the corporation is located in the
City/Municipality of ________________________, Province of
5. The names, nationalities and residences of the
_______________________, Philippines;
incorporators;

2
 FOURTH: That the term for which said corporation is to exist is NINTH: That the above-named subscribers have paid at least twenty-five
_____________ years from and after the date of issuance of the certificate of (25%) percent of the total subscription as follows:
incorporation;

Name of Amount Subscribed Total

FIFTH: That the names, nationalities and residences of the incorporators Paid-In
of the corporation are as follows:
___________________ ___________________
NATIONALITY RESIDENCE ___________________ ___________________
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
_ ___________________ ___________________
(Modify Nos. 8 and 9 if shares are with no par value. In case the
_ ___________________ ___________________ corporation is non-stock, Nos. 7, 8 and 9 of the above articles may be
modified accordingly, and it is sufficient if the articles state the amount of
capital or money contributed or donated by specified persons, stating the
SIXTH: That the number of directors or trustees of the corporation shall
names, nationalities and residences of the contributors or donors and the
be _______; and the names, nationalities and residences of the first
respective amount given by each.)
directors or trustees of the corporation are as follows:

TENTH: That _____________________ has been elected by the subscribers as

NATIONALITY RESIDENCE Treasurer of the Corporation to act as such until his successor is duly
elected and qualified in accordance with the by-laws, and that as such
_ ___________________ ___________________ Treasurer, he has been authorized to receive for and in the name and for
the benefit of the corporation, all subscription (or fees) or contributions
_ ___________________ ___________________
or donations paid or given by the subscribers or members.
_ ___________________ ___________________
ELEVENTH: (Corporations which will engage in any business or activity
_ ___________________ ___________________ reserved for Filipino citizens shall provide the following):
_ ___________________ ___________________
"No transfer of stock or interest which shall reduce the ownership of
Filipino citizens to less than the required percentage of the capital stock
SEVENTH: That the authorized capital stock of the corporation is as provided by existing laws shall be allowed or permitted to be recorded
______________________ (P___________) PESOS in lawful money of the in the proper books of the corporation and this restriction shall be
Philippines, divided into __________ shares with the par value of indicated in all stock certificates issued by the corporation."
____________________ (P_____________) Pesos per share.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we have hereunto signed these Articles of

(In case all the share are without par value): Incorporation, this __________ day of ________________, 19 ______ in the
City/Municipality of ____________________, Province of ________________________,
That the capital stock of the corporation is ______________ shares without Republic of the Philippines.
par value. (In case some shares have par value and some are without par
value): That the capital stock of said corporation consists of _____________
shares of which ______________ shares are of the par value of _________________ ___________________
(P____________) PESOS each, and of which _________________ shares are ___________________
without par value.

EIGHTH: That at least twenty five (25%) per cent of the authorized ________________________________
capital stock above stated has been subscribed as follows:
(Names and signatures of the incorporators)
of Nationality No. of Shares Amount
Subscribed SIGNED IN THE PRESENCE OF:
Subscribed

_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

___________________
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

(Notarial Acknowledgment)
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
TREASURER’S AFFIDAVIT
_ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

_ ___________________ ___________________ REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES)

___________________

CITY/MUNICIPALITY OF ) S.S.

3
PROVINCE OF ) articles or amendment. The following are grounds for such rejection or
disapproval:
I, ____________________, being duly sworn, depose and say:
1. That the articles of incorporation or any amendment thereto
is not substantially in accordance with the form prescribed
That I have been elected by the subscribers of the corporation as
herein;
Treasurer thereof, to act as such until my successor has been duly elected
and qualified in accordance with the by-laws of the corporation, and that
as such Treasurer, I hereby certify under oath that at least 25% of the 2. That the purpose or purposes of the corporation are patently
authorized capital stock of the corporation has been subscribed and at unconstitutional, illegal, immoral, or contrary to government
least 25% of the total subscription has been paid, and received by me, in rules and regulations;
cash or property, in the amount of not less than P5,000.00, in accordance
with the Corporation Code.
3. That the Treasurer’s Affidavit concerning the amount of
capital stock subscribed and/or paid is false;
____________________
4. That the percentage of ownership of the capital stock to be
(Signature of Treasurer) owned by citizens of the Philippines has not been complied
with as required by existing laws or the Constitution.
SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me, a Notary Public, for and in the
City/Municipality of___________________Province of _____________________, this No articles of incorporation or amendment to articles of incorporation of
_______ day of ___________, 19 _____; by __________________ with Res. Cert. No. banks, banking and quasi-banking institutions, building and loan
___________ issued at _______________________ on ____________, 19 ______ associations, trust companies and other financial intermediaries,
insurance companies, public utilities, educational institutions, and other
corporations governed by special laws shall be accepted or approved by
NOTARY PUBLIC
the Commission unless accompanied by a favorable recommendation of
the appropriate government agency to the effect that such articles or
My commission expires on _________, 19 _____ amendment is in accordance with law. (n)

Doc. No. _________; Section 18. Corporate name. – No corporate name may be allowed by the
Securities and Exchange Commission if the proposed name is identical or
deceptively or confusingly similar to that of any existing corporation or to
Page No. _________;
any other name already protected by law or is patently deceptive,
confusing or contrary to existing laws. When a change in the corporate
Book No. ________; name is approved, the Commission shall issue an amended certificate of
incorporation under the amended name. (n)
Series of 19____ (7a)
Section 19. Commencement of corporate existence. – A private
corporation formed or organized under this Code commences to have
Section 16. Amendment of Articles of Incorporation. – Unless otherwise
corporate existence and juridical personality and is deemed incorporated
prescribed by this Code or by special law, and for legitimate purposes,
from the date the Securities and Exchange Commission issues a certificate
any provision or matter stated in the articles of incorporation may be
of incorporation under its official seal; and thereupon the incorporators,
amended by a majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and the
stockholders/members and their successors shall constitute a body
vote or written assent of the stockholders representing at least two-
politic and corporate under the name stated in the articles of
thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, without prejudice to the
incorporation for the period of time mentioned therein, unless said
appraisal right of dissenting stockholders in accordance with the
period is extended or the corporation is sooner dissolved in accordance
provisions of this Code, or the vote or written assent of at least two-thirds
with law. (n)
(2/3) of the members if it be a non-stock corporation.

Section 20. De facto corporations. – The due incorporation of any

The original and amended articles together shall contain all provisions
corporation claiming in good faith to be a corporation under this Code,
required by law to be set out in the articles of incorporation. Such articles,
and its right to exercise corporate powers, shall not be inquired into
as amended shall be indicated by underscoring the change or changes
collaterally in any private suit to which such corporation may be a party.
made, and a copy thereof duly certified under oath by the corporate
Such inquiry may be made by the Solicitor General in a quo warranto
secretary and a majority of the directors or trustees stating the fact that
proceeding. (n)
said amendment or amendments have been duly approved by the
required vote of the stockholders or members, shall be submitted to the
Securities and Exchange Commission. Section 21. Corporation by estoppel. – All persons who assume to act as a
corporation knowing it to be without authority to do so shall be liable as
general partners for all debts, liabilities and damages incurred or arising
The amendments shall take effect upon their approval by the Securities
as a result thereof: Provided, however, That when any such ostensible
and Exchange Commission or from the date of filing with the said
corporation is sued on any transaction entered by it as a corporation or
Commission if not acted upon within six (6) months from the date of
on any tort committed by it as such, it shall not be allowed to use as a
filing for a cause not attributable to the corporation.
defense its lack of corporate personality.

Section 17. Grounds when articles of incorporation or amendment may be

On who assumes an obligation to an ostensible corporation as such,
rejected or disapproved. – The Securities and Exchange Commission may
cannot resist performance thereof on the ground that there was in fact no
reject the articles of incorporation or disapprove any amendment thereto
corporation. (n)
if the same is not in compliance with the requirements of this Code:
Provided, That the Commission shall give the incorporators a reasonable
time within which to correct or modify the objectionable portions of the

4
Section 22. Effects on non-use of corporate charter and continuous Section 25. Corporate officers, quorum. – Immediately after their election,
inoperation of a corporation. – If a corporation does not formally organize the directors of a corporation must formally organize by the election of a
and commence the transaction of its business or the construction of its president, who shall be a director, a treasurer who may or may not be a
works within two (2) years from the date of its incorporation, its director, a secretary who shall be a resident and citizen of the Philippines,
corporate powers cease and the corporation shall be deemed dissolved. and such other officers as may be provided for in the by-laws. Any two (2)
However, if a corporation has commenced the transaction of its business or more positions may be held concurrently by the same person, except
but subsequently becomes continuously inoperative for a period of at that no one shall act as president and secretary or as president and
least five (5) years, the same shall be a ground for the suspension or treasurer at the same time.
revocation of its corporate franchise or certificate of incorporation. (19a)
The directors or trustees and officers to be elected shall perform the
This provision shall not apply if the failure to organize, commence the duties enjoined on them by law and the by-laws of the corporation.
transaction of its businesses or the construction of its works, or to Unless the articles of incorporation or the by-laws provide for a greater
continuously operate is due to causes beyond the control of the majority, a majority of the number of directors or trustees as fixed in the
corporation as may be determined by the Securities and Exchange articles of incorporation shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
Commission. corporate business, and every decision of at least a majority of the
directors or trustees present at a meeting at which there is a quorum
shall be valid as a corporate act, except for the election of officers which
TITLE III
shall require the vote of a majority of all the members of the board.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS/TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS

Directors or trustees cannot attend or vote by proxy at board meetings.

Section 23. The board of directors or trustees. – Unless otherwise
(33a)
provided in this Code, the corporate powers of all corporations formed
under this Code shall be exercised, all business conducted and all
property of such corporations controlled and held by the board of Section 26. Report of election of directors, trustees and officers. – Within
directors or trustees to be elected from among the holders of stocks, or thirty (30) days after the election of the directors, trustees and officers of
where there is no stock, from among the members of the corporation, the corporation, the secretary, or any other officer of the corporation,
who shall hold office for one (1) year until their successors are elected shall submit to the Securities and Exchange Commission, the names,
and qualified. (28a) nationalities and residences of the directors, trustees, and officers
elected. Should a director, trustee or officer die, resign or in any manner
cease to hold office, his heirs in case of his death, the secretary, or any
Every director must own at least one (1) share of the capital stock of the
other officer of the corporation, or the director, trustee or officer himself,
corporation of which he is a director, which share shall stand in his name
shall immediately report such fact to the Securities and Exchange
on the books of the corporation. Any director who ceases to be the owner
Commission. (n)
of at least one (1) share of the capital stock of the corporation of which he
is a director shall thereby cease to be a director. Trustees of non-stock
corporations must be members thereof. A majority of the directors or Section 27. Disqualification of directors, trustees or officers. – No person
trustees of all corporations organized under this Code must be residents convicted by final judgment of an offense punishable by imprisonment for
of the Philippines. a period exceeding six (6) years, or a violation of this Code committed
within five (5) years prior to the date of his election or appointment, shall
qualify as a director, trustee or officer of any corporation. (n)
Section 24. Election of directors or trustees. – At all elections of directors
or trustees, there must be present, either in person or by representative
authorized to act by written proxy, the owners of a majority of the Section 28. Removal of directors or trustees. – Any director or trustee of a
outstanding capital stock, or if there be no capital stock, a majority of the corporation may be removed from office by a vote of the stockholders
members entitled to vote. The election must be by ballot if requested by holding or representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
any voting stockholder or member. In stock corporations, every capital stock, or if the corporation be a non-stock corporation, by a vote of
stockholder entitled to vote shall have the right to vote in person or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members entitled to vote: Provided, That
proxy the number of shares of stock standing, at the time fixed in the by- such removal shall take place either at a regular meeting of the
laws, in his own name on the stock books of the corporation, or where the corporation or at a special meeting called for the purpose, and in either
by-laws are silent, at the time of the election; and said stockholder may case, after previous notice to stockholders or members of the corporation
vote such number of shares for as many persons as there are directors to of the intention to propose such removal at the meeting. A special
be elected or he may cumulate said shares and give one candidate as meeting of the stockholders or members of a corporation for the purpose
many votes as the number of directors to be elected multiplied by the of removal of directors or trustees, or any of them, must be called by the
number of his shares shall equal, or he may distribute them on the same secretary on order of the president or on the written demand of the
principle among as many candidates as he shall see fit: Provided, That the stockholders representing or holding at least a majority of the
total number of votes cast by him shall not exceed the number of shares outstanding capital stock, or, if it be a non-stock corporation, on the
owned by him as shown in the books of the corporation multiplied by the written demand of a majority of the members entitled to vote. Should the
whole number of directors to be elected: Provided, however, That no secretary fail or refuse to call the special meeting upon such demand or
delinquent stock shall be voted. Unless otherwise provided in the articles fail or refuse to give the notice, or if there is no secretary, the call for the
of incorporation or in the by-laws, members of corporations which have meeting may be addressed directly to the stockholders or members by
no capital stock may cast as many votes as there are trustees to be elected any stockholder or member of the corporation signing the demand.
but may not cast more than one vote for one candidate. Candidates Notice of the time and place of such meeting, as well as of the intention to
receiving the highest number of votes shall be declared elected. Any propose such removal, must be given by publication or by written notice
meeting of the stockholders or members called for an election may prescribed in this Code. Removal may be with or without cause: Provided,
adjourn from day to day or from time to time but not sine die or That removal without cause may not be used to deprive minority
indefinitely if, for any reason, no election is held, or if there are not stockholders or members of the right of representation to which they
present or represented by proxy, at the meeting, the owners of a majority may be entitled under Section 24 of this Code. (n)
of the outstanding capital stock, or if there be no capital stock, a majority
of the members entitled to vote. (31a)
Section 29. Vacancies in the office of director or trustee. – Any vacancy
occurring in the board of directors or trustees other than by removal by
the stockholders or members or by expiration of term, may be filled by

5
the vote of at least a majority of the remaining directors or trustees, if still Section 33. Contracts between corporations with interlocking directors. –
constituting a quorum; otherwise, said vacancies must be filled by the Except in cases of fraud, and provided the contract is fair and reasonable
stockholders in a regular or special meeting called for that purpose. A under the circumstances, a contract between two or more corporations
director or trustee so elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected only or the having interlocking directors shall not be invalidated on that ground
unexpired term of his predecessor in office. alone: Provided, That if the interest of the interlocking director in one
corporation is substantial and his interest in the other corporation or
corporations is merely nominal, he shall be subject to the provisions of
Any directorship or trusteeship to be filled by reason of an increase in the
the preceding section insofar as the latter corporation or corporations are
number of directors or trustees shall be filled only by an election at a
concerned.
regular or at a special meeting of stockholders or members duly called for
the purpose, or in the same meeting authorizing the increase of directors
or trustees if so stated in the notice of the meeting. (n) Stockholdings exceeding twenty (20%) percent of the outstanding capital
stock shall be considered substantial for purposes of interlocking
directors. (n)
Section 30. Compensation of directors. – In the absence of any provision
in the by-laws fixing their compensation, the directors shall not receive
any compensation, as such directors, except for reasonable per diems: Section 34. Disloyalty of a director. – Where a director, by virtue of his
Provided, however, That any such compensation other than per diems office, acquires for himself a business opportunity which should belong to
may be granted to directors by the vote of the stockholders representing the corporation, thereby obtaining profits to the prejudice of such
at least a majority of the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special corporation, he must account to the latter for all such profits by refunding
stockholders’ meeting. In no case shall the total yearly compensation of the same, unless his act has been ratified by a vote of the stockholders
directors, as such directors, exceed ten (10%) percent of the net income owning or representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
before income tax of the corporation during the preceding year. (n) capital stock. This provision shall be applicable, notwithstanding the fact
that the director risked his own funds in the venture. (n)
Section 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. - Directors or
trustees who willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently Section 35. Executive committee. – The by-laws of a corporation may
unlawful acts of the corporation or who are guilty of gross negligence or create an executive committee, composed of not less than three members
bad faith in directing the affairs of the corporation or acquire any of the board, to be appointed by the board. Said committee may act, by
personal or pecuniary interest in conflict with their duty as such directors majority vote of all its members, on such specific matters within the
or trustees shall be liable jointly and severally for all damages resulting competence of the board, as may be delegated to it in the by-laws or on a
therefrom suffered by the corporation, its stockholders or members and majority vote of the board, except with respect to: (1) approval of any
other persons. action for which shareholders’ approval is also required; (2) the filing of
vacancies in the board; (3) the amendment or repeal of by-laws or the
adoption of new by-laws; (4) the amendment or repeal of any resolution
When a director, trustee or officer attempts to acquire or acquire, in
of the board which by its express terms is not so amendable or
violation of his duty, any interest adverse to the corporation in respect of
repealable; and (5) a distribution of cash dividends to the shareholders.
any matter which has been reposed in him in confidence, as to which
equity imposes a disability upon him to deal in his own behalf, he shall be
liable as a trustee for the corporation and must account for the profits TITLE IV
which otherwise would have accrued to the corporation. (n) POWERS OF CORPORATIONS

Section 32. Dealings of directors, trustees or officers with the Section 36. Corporate powers and capacity. – Every corporation
corporation. – A contract of the corporation with one or more of its incorporated under this Code has the power and capacity:
directors or trustees or officers is voidable, at the option of such
corporation, unless all the following conditions are present:
1. To sue and be sued in its corporate name;

1. That the presence of such director or trustee in the board

2. Of succession by its corporate name for the period of time
meeting in which the contract was approved was not necessary
stated in the articles of incorporation and the certificate of
to constitute a quorum for such meeting;
incorporation;

2. That the vote of such director or trustee was not necessary

3. To adopt and use a corporate seal;
for the approval of the contract;

4. To amend its articles of incorporation in accordance with the

3. That the contract is fair and reasonable under the
provisions of this Code;
circumstances; and

5. To adopt by-laws, not contrary to law, morals, or public

4. That in case of an officer, the contract has been previously
policy, and to amend or repeal the same in accordance with
authorized by the board of directors.
this Code;

Where any of the first two conditions set forth in the preceding
6. In case of stock corporations, to issue or sell stocks to
paragraph is absent, in the case of a contract with a director or
subscribers and to sell stocks to subscribers and to sell
trustee, such contract may be ratified by the vote of the
treasury stocks in accordance with the provisions of this Code;
stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
and to admit members to the corporation if it be a non-stock
outstanding capital stock or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
corporation;
members in a meeting called for the purpose: Provided, That
full disclosure of the adverse interest of the directors or
trustees involved is made at such meeting: Provided, however, 7. To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease,
That the contract is fair and reasonable under the pledge, mortgage and otherwise deal with such real and
circumstances. (n) personal property, including securities and bonds of other

6
 corporations, as the transaction of the lawful business of the capital stock or number of shares of no-par stock allotted to
corporation may reasonably and necessarily require, subject to each stock-holder if such increase is for the purpose of making
the limitations prescribed by law and the Constitution; effective stock dividend therefor authorized;

8. To enter into merger or consolidation with other (4) Any bonded indebtedness to be incurred, created or
corporations as provided in this Code; increased;

9. To make reasonable donations, including those for the public (5) The actual indebtedness of the corporation on the day of
welfare or for hospital, charitable, cultural, scientific, civic, or the meeting;
similar purposes: Provided, That no corporation, domestic or
foreign, shall give donations in aid of any political party or
(6) The amount of stock represented at the meeting; and
candidate or for purposes of partisan political activity;

(7) The vote authorizing the increase or diminution of the

10. To establish pension, retirement, and other plans for the
capital stock, or the incurring, creating or increasing of any
benefit of its directors, trustees, officers and employees; and
bonded indebtedness.

11. To exercise such other powers as may be essential or

Any increase or decrease in the capital stock or the incurring,
necessary to carry out its purpose or purposes as stated in the
creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness shall
articles of incorporation. (13a)
require prior approval of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Section 37. Power to extend or shorten corporate term. – A private
corporation may extend or shorten its term as stated in the articles of
One of the duplicate certificates shall be kept on file in the
incorporation when approved by a majority vote of the board of directors
office of the corporation and the other shall be filed with the
or trustees and ratified at a meeting by the stockholders representing at
Securities and Exchange Commission and attached to the
least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or by at least two-
original articles of incorporation. From and after approval by
thirds (2/3) of the members in case of non-stock corporations. Written
the Securities and Exchange Commission and the issuance by
notice of the proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting
the Commission of its certificate of filing, the capital stock shall
shall be addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of
stand increased or decreased and the incurring, creating or
residence as shown on the books of the corporation and deposited to the
increasing of any bonded indebtedness authorized, as the
addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or served personally:
certificate of filing may declare: Provided, That the Securities
Provided, That in case of extension of corporate term, any dissenting
and Exchange Commission shall not accept for filing any
stockholder may exercise his appraisal right under the conditions
certificate of increase of capital stock unless accompanied by
provided in this code. (n)
the sworn statement of the treasurer of the corporation
lawfully holding office at the time of the filing of the certificate,
Section 38. Power to increase or decrease capital stock; incur, create or showing that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of such
increase bonded indebtedness. – No corporation shall increase or decrease increased capital stock has been subscribed and that at least
its capital stock or incur, create or increase any bonded indebtedness twenty-five (25%) percent of the amount subscribed has been
unless approved by a majority vote of the board of directors and, at a paid either in actual cash to the corporation or that there has
stockholder’s meeting duly called for the purpose, two-thirds (2/3) of the been transferred to the corporation property the valuation of
outstanding capital stock shall favor the increase or diminution of the which is equal to twenty-five (25%) percent of the
capital stock, or the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded subscription: Provided, further, That no decrease of the capital
indebtedness. Written notice of the proposed increase or diminution of stock shall be approved by the Commission if its effect shall
the capital stock or of the incurring, creating, or increasing of any bonded prejudice the rights of corporate creditors.
indebtedness and of the time and place of the stockholder’s meeting at
which the proposed increase or diminution of the capital stock or the
Non-stock corporations may incur or create bonded
incurring or increasing of any bonded indebtedness is to be considered,
indebtedness, or increase the same, with the approval by a
must be addressed to each stockholder at his place of residence as shown
majority vote of the board of trustees and of at least two-thirds
on the books of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in the
(2/3) of the members in a meeting duly called for the purpose.
post office with postage prepaid, or served personally.

Bonds issued by a corporation shall be registered with the

A certificate in duplicate must be signed by a majority of the directors of
Securities and Exchange Commission, which shall have the
the corporation and countersigned by the chairman and the secretary of
authority to determine the sufficiency of the terms thereof.
the stockholders’ meeting, setting forth:
(17a)

(1) That the requirements of this section have been complied

Section 39. Power to deny pre-emptive right. – All stockholders of a stock
with;
corporation shall enjoy pre-emptive right to subscribe to all issues or
disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their respective
(2) The amount of the increase or diminution of the capital shareholdings, unless such right is denied by the articles of incorporation
stock; or an amendment thereto: Provided, That such pre-emptive right shall
not extend to shares to be issued in compliance with laws requiring stock
offerings or minimum stock ownership by the public; or to shares to be
(3) If an increase of the capital stock, the amount of capital
issued in good faith with the approval of the stockholders representing
stock or number of shares of no-par stock thereof actually
two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, in exchange for
subscribed, the names, nationalities and residences of the
property needed for corporate purposes or in payment of a previously
persons subscribing, the amount of capital stock or number of
contracted debt.
no-par stock subscribed by each, and the amount paid by each
on his subscription in cash or property, or the amount of

7
Section 40. Sale or other disposition of assets. – Subject to the provisions the members in the case of non-stock corporations, at a stockholder’s or
of existing laws on illegal combinations and monopolies, a corporation member’s meeting duly called for the purpose. Written notice of the
may, by a majority vote of its board of directors or trustees, sell, lease, proposed investment and the time and place of the meeting shall be
exchange, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of residence as
of its property and assets, including its goodwill, upon such terms and shown on the books of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in
conditions and for such consideration, which may be money, stocks, the post office with postage prepaid, or served personally: Provided, That
bonds or other instruments for the payment of money or other property any dissenting stockholder shall have appraisal right as provided in this
or consideration, as its board of directors or trustees may deem Code: Provided, however, That where the investment by the corporation
expedient, when authorized by the vote of the stockholders representing is reasonably necessary to accomplish its primary purpose as stated in
at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or in case of the articles of incorporation, the approval of the stockholders or
non-stock corporation, by the vote of at least to two-thirds (2/3) of the members shall not be necessary. (17 1/2a)
members, in a stockholder’s or member’s meeting duly called for the
purpose. Written notice of the proposed action and of the time and place
Section 43. Power to declare dividends. - The board of directors of a stock
of the meeting shall be addressed to each stockholder or member at his
corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained
place of residence as shown on the books of the corporation and
earnings which shall be payable in cash, in property, or in stock to all
deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or
stockholders on the basis of outstanding stock held by them: Provided,
served personally: Provided, That any dissenting stockholder may
That any cash dividends due on delinquent stock shall first be applied to
exercise his appraisal right under the conditions provided in this Code.
the unpaid balance on the subscription plus costs and expenses, while
stock dividends shall be withheld from the delinquent stockholder until
A sale or other disposition shall be deemed to cover substantially all the his unpaid subscription is fully paid: Provided, further, That no stock
corporate property and assets if thereby the corporation would be dividend shall be issued without the approval of stockholders
rendered incapable of continuing the business or accomplishing the representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
purpose for which it was incorporated. stock at a regular or special meeting duly called for the purpose. (16a)

After such authorization or approval by the stockholders or members, the Stock corporations are prohibited from retaining surplus profits in excess
board of directors or trustees may, nevertheless, in its discretion, of one hundred (100%) percent of their paid-in capital stock, except: (1)
abandon such sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition when justified by definite corporate expansion projects or programs
of property and assets, subject to the rights of third parties under any approved by the board of directors; or (2) when the corporation is
contract relating thereto, without further action or approval by the prohibited under any loan agreement with any financial institution or
stockholders or members. creditor, whether local or foreign, from declaring dividends without
its/his consent, and such consent has not yet been secured; or (3) when it
can be clearly shown that such retention is necessary under special
Nothing in this section is intended to restrict the power of any
circumstances obtaining in the corporation, such as when there is need
corporation, without the authorization by the stockholders or members,
for special reserve for probable contingencies. (n)
to sell, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of any of
its property and assets if the same is necessary in the usual and regular
course of business of said corporation or if the proceeds of the sale or Section 44. Power to enter into management contract. – No corporation
other disposition of such property and assets be appropriated for the shall conclude a management contract with another corporation unless
conduct of its remaining business. such contract shall have been approved by the board of directors and by
stockholders owning at least the majority of the outstanding capital stock,
or by at least a majority of the members in the case of a non-stock
In non-stock corporations where there are no members with voting
corporation, of both the managing and the managed corporation, at a
rights, the vote of at least a majority of the trustees in office will be
meeting duly called for the purpose: Provided, That (1) where a
sufficient authorization for the corporation to enter into any transaction
stockholder or stockholders representing the same interest of both the
authorized by this section.
managing and the managed corporations own or control more than one-
third (1/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote of the
Section 41. Power to acquire own shares. – A stock corporation shall have managing corporation; or (2) where a majority of the members of the
the power to purchase or acquire its own shares for a legitimate board of directors of the managing corporation also constitute a majority
corporate purpose or purposes, including but not limited to the following of the members of the board of directors of the managed corporation,
cases: Provided, That the corporation has unrestricted retained earnings then the management contract must be approved by the stockholders of
in its books to cover the shares to be purchased or acquired: the managed corporation owning at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total
outstanding capital stock entitled to vote, or by at least two-thirds (2/3)
of the members in the case of a non-stock corporation. No management
1. To eliminate fractional shares arising out of stock dividends;
contract shall be entered into for a period longer than five years for any
one term.
2. To collect or compromise an indebtedness to the
corporation, arising out of unpaid subscription, in a
The provisions of the next preceding paragraph shall apply to any
delinquency sale, and to purchase delinquent shares sold
contract whereby a corporation undertakes to manage or operate all or
during said sale; and
substantially all of the business of another corporation, whether such
contracts are called service contracts, operating agreements or
3. To pay dissenting or withdrawing stockholders entitled to otherwise: Provided, however, That such service contracts or operating
payment for their shares under the provisions of this Code. (a) agreements which relate to the exploration, development, exploitation or
utilization of natural resources may be entered into for such periods as
may be provided by the pertinent laws or regulations. (n)
Section 42. Power to invest corporate funds in another corporation or
business or for any other purpose. – Subject to the provisions of this Code,
a private corporation may invest its funds in any other corporation or Section 45. Ultra vires acts of corporations. – No corporation under this
business or for any purpose other than the primary purpose for which it Code shall possess or exercise any corporate powers except those
was organized when approved by a majority of the board of directors or conferred by this Code or by its articles of incorporation and except such
trustees and ratified by the stockholders representing at least two-thirds as are necessary or incidental to the exercise of the powers so conferred.
(2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or by at least two thirds (2/3) of (n)

8
TITLE V 9. In the case of stock corporations, the manner of issuing stock
BY LAWS certificates; and

Section 46. Adoption of by-laws. – Every corporation formed under this 10. Such other matters as may be necessary for the proper or
Code must, within one (1) month after receipt of official notice of the convenient transaction of its corporate business and affairs.
issuance of its certificate of incorporation by the Securities and Exchange (21a)
Commission, adopt a code of by-laws for its government not inconsistent
with this Code. For the adoption of by-laws by the corporation the
Section 48. Amendments to by-laws. – The board of directors or trustees,
affirmative vote of the stockholders representing at least a majority of the
by a majority vote thereof, and the owners of at least a majority of the
outstanding capital stock, or of at least a majority of the members in case
outstanding capital stock, or at least a majority of the members of a non-
of non-stock corporations, shall be necessary. The by-laws shall be signed
stock corporation, at a regular or special meeting duly called for the
by the stockholders or members voting for them and shall be kept in the
purpose, may amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new by-laws. The
principal office of the corporation, subject to the inspection of the
owners of two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or two-thirds
stockholders or members during office hours. A copy thereof, duly
(2/3) of the members in a non-stock corporation may delegate to the
certified to by a majority of the directors or trustees countersigned by the
board of directors or trustees the power to amend or repeal any by-laws
secretary of the corporation, shall be filed with the Securities and
or adopt new by-laws: Provided, That any power delegated to the board
Exchange Commission which shall be attached to the original articles of
of directors or trustees to amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new by-
incorporation.
laws shall be considered as revoked whenever stockholders owning or
representing a majority of the outstanding capital stock or a majority of
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, by-laws may the members in non-stock corporations, shall so vote at a regular or
be adopted and filed prior to incorporation; in such case, such by-laws special meeting.
shall be approved and signed by all the incorporators and submitted to
the Securities and Exchange Commission, together with the articles of
Whenever any amendment or new by-laws are adopted, such amendment
incorporation.
or new by-laws shall be attached to the original by-laws in the office of
the corporation, and a copy thereof, duly certified under oath by the
In all cases, by-laws shall be effective only upon the issuance by the corporate secretary and a majority of the directors or trustees, shall be
Securities and Exchange Commission of a certification that the by-laws filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission the same to be
are not inconsistent with this Code. attached to the original articles of incorporation and original by-laws.

The Securities and Exchange Commission shall not accept for filing the The amended or new by-laws shall only be effective upon the issuance by
by-laws or any amendment thereto of any bank, banking institution, the Securities and Exchange Commission of a certification that the same
building and loan association, trust company, insurance company, public are not inconsistent with this Code. (22a and 23a)
utility, educational institution or other special corporations governed by
special laws, unless accompanied by a certificate of the appropriate
TITLE VI
government agency to the effect that such by-laws or amendments are in
MEETINGS
accordance with law. (20a)

Section 49. Kinds of meetings. – Meetings of directors, trustees,

Section 47. Contents of by-laws. – Subject to the provisions of the
stockholders, or members may be regular or special. (n)
Constitution, this Code, other special laws, and the articles of
incorporation, a private corporation may provide in its by-laws for:
Section 50. Regular and special meetings of stockholders or members. -
Regular meetings of stockholders or members shall be held annually on a
1. The time, place and manner of calling and conducting
date fixed in the by-laws, or if not so fixed, on any date in April of every
regular or special meetings of the directors or trustees;
year as determined by the board of directors or trustees: Provided, That
written notice of regular meetings shall be sent to all stockholders or
2. The time and manner of calling and conducting regular or members of record at least two (2) weeks prior to the meeting, unless a
special meetings of the stockholders or members; different period is required by the by-laws.

3. The required quorum in meetings of stockholders or Special meetings of stockholders or members shall be held at any time
members and the manner of voting therein; deemed necessary or as provided in the by-laws: Provided, however, That
at least one (1) week written notice shall be sent to all stockholders or
members, unless otherwise provided in the by-laws.
4. The form for proxies of stockholders and members and the
manner of voting them;
Notice of any meeting may be waived, expressly or impliedly, by any
stockholder or member.
5. The qualifications, duties and compensation of directors or
trustees, officers and employees;
Whenever, for any cause, there is no person authorized to call a meeting,
the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon petition of a stockholder
6. The time for holding the annual election of directors of
or member on a showing of good cause therefor, may issue an order to
trustees and the mode or manner of giving notice thereof;
the petitioning stockholder or member directing him to call a meeting of
the corporation by giving proper notice required by this Code or by the
7. The manner of election or appointment and the term of by-laws. The petitioning stockholder or member shall preside thereat
office of all officers other than directors or trustees; until at least a majority of the stockholders or members present have
chosen one of their number as presiding officer. (24, 26)
8. The penalties for violation of the by-laws;
Section 51. Place and time of meetings of stockholders of members. –
Stockholder’s or member’s meetings, whether regular or special, shall be

9
held in the city or municipality where the principal office of the provided in the proxy, it shall be valid only for the meeting for which it is
corporation is located, and if practicable in the principal office of the intended. No proxy shall be valid and effective for a period longer than
corporation: Provided, That Metro Manila shall, for purposes of this five (5) years at any one time. (n)
section, be considered a city or municipality.
Section 59. Voting trusts. – One or more stockholders of a stock
Notice of meetings shall be in writing, and the time and place thereof corporation may create a voting trust for the purpose of conferring upon
stated therein. a trustee or trustees the right to vote and other rights pertaining to the
shares for a period not exceeding five (5) years at any time: Provided,
That in the case of a voting trust specifically required as a condition in a
All proceedings had and any business transacted at any meeting of the
loan agreement, said voting trust may be for a period exceeding five (5)
stockholders or members, if within the powers or authority of the
years but shall automatically expire upon full payment of the loan. A
corporation, shall be valid even if the meeting be improperly held or
voting trust agreement must be in writing and notarized, and shall specify
called, provided all the stockholders or members of the corporation are
the terms and conditions thereof. A certified copy of such agreement shall
present or duly represented at the meeting. (24 and 25)
be filed with the corporation and with the Securities and Exchange
Commission; otherwise, said agreement is ineffective and unenforceable.
Section 52. Quorum in meetings. – Unless otherwise provided for in this The certificate or certificates of stock covered by the voting trust
Code or in the by-laws, a quorum shall consist of the stockholders agreement shall be cancelled and new ones shall be issued in the name of
representing a majority of the outstanding capital stock or a majority of the trustee or trustees stating that they are issued pursuant to said
the members in the case of non-stock corporations. (n) agreement. In the books of the corporation, it shall be noted that the
transfer in the name of the trustee or trustees is made pursuant to said
voting trust agreement.
Section 53. Regular and special meetings of directors or trustees. –
Regular meetings of the board of directors or trustees of every
corporation shall be held monthly, unless the by-laws provide otherwise. The trustee or trustees shall execute and deliver to the transferors voting
trust certificates, which shall be transferable in the same manner and
with the same effect as certificates of stock.
Special meetings of the board of directors or trustees may be held at any
time upon the call of the president or as provided in the by-laws.
The voting trust agreement filed with the corporation shall be subject to
examination by any stockholder of the corporation in the same manner as
Meetings of directors or trustees of corporations may be held anywhere
any other corporate book or record: Provided, That both the transferor
in or outside of the Philippines, unless the by-laws provide otherwise.
and the trustee or trustees may exercise the right of inspection of all
Notice of regular or special meetings stating the date, time and place of
corporate books and records in accordance with the provisions of this
the meeting must be sent to every director or trustee at least one (1) day
Code.
prior to the scheduled meeting, unless otherwise provided by the by-
laws. A director or trustee may waive this requirement, either expressly
or impliedly. (n) Any other stockholder may transfer his shares to the same trustee or
trustees upon the terms and conditions stated in the voting trust
agreement, and thereupon shall be bound by all the provisions of said
Section 54. Who shall preside at meetings. – The president shall preside at
agreement.
all meetings of the directors or trustee as well as of the stockholders or
members, unless the by-laws provide otherwise. (n)
No voting trust agreement shall be entered into for the purpose of
circumventing the law against monopolies and illegal combinations in
Section 55. Right to vote of pledgors, mortgagors, and administrators. – In
restraint of trade or used for purposes of fraud.
case of pledged or mortgaged shares in stock corporations, the pledgor or
mortgagor shall have the right to attend and vote at meetings of
stockholders, unless the pledgee or mortgagee is expressly given by the Unless expressly renewed, all rights granted in a voting trust agreement
pledgor or mortgagor such right in writing which is recorded on the shall automatically expire at the end of the agreed period, and the voting
appropriate corporate books. (n) trust certificates as well as the certificates of stock in the name of the
trustee or trustees shall thereby be deemed cancelled and new
certificates of stock shall be reissued in the name of the transferors.
Executors, administrators, receivers, and other legal representatives duly
appointed by the court may attend and vote in behalf of the stockholders
or members without need of any written proxy. (27a) The voting trustee or trustees may vote by proxy unless the agreement
provides otherwise. (36a)
Section 56. Voting in case of joint ownership of stock. – In case of shares of
stock owned jointly by two or more persons, in order to vote the same, TITLE VII
the consent of all the co-owners shall be necessary, unless there is a STOCKS AND STOCKHOLDERS
written proxy, signed by all the co-owners, authorizing one or some of
them or any other person to vote such share or shares: Provided, That
Section 60. Subscription contract. – Any contract for the acquisition of
when the shares are owned in an "and/or" capacity by the holders
unissued stock in an existing corporation or a corporation still to be
thereof, any one of the joint owners can vote said shares or appoint a
formed shall be deemed a subscription within the meaning of this Title,
proxy therefor. (n)
notwithstanding the fact that the parties refer to it as a purchase or some
other contract. (n)
Section 57. Voting right for treasury shares. – Treasury shares shall have
no voting right as long as such shares remain in the Treasury. (n)
Section 61. Pre-incorporation subscription. – A subscription for shares of
stock of a corporation still to be formed shall be irrevocable for a period
Section 58. Proxies. – Stockholders and members may vote in person or of at least six (6) months from the date of subscription, unless all of the
by proxy in all meetings of stockholders or members. Proxies shall in other subscribers consent to the revocation, or unless the incorporation
writing, signed by the stockholder or member and filed before the of said corporation fails to materialize within said period or within a
scheduled meeting with the corporate secretary. Unless otherwise longer period as may be stipulated in the contract of subscription:

10
Provided, That no pre-incorporation subscription may be revoked after Section 64. Issuance of stock certificates. – No certificate of stock shall be
the submission of the articles of incorporation to the Securities and issued to a subscriber until the full amount of his subscription together
Exchange Commission. (n) with interest and expenses (in case of delinquent shares), if any is due,
has been paid. (37)
Section 62. Consideration for stocks. – Stocks shall not be issued for a
consideration less than the par or issued price thereof. Consideration for Section 65. Liability of directors for watered stocks. – Any director or
the issuance of stock may be any or a combination of any two or more of officer of a corporation consenting to the issuance of stocks for a
the following: consideration less than its par or issued value or for a consideration in
any form other than cash, valued in excess of its fair value, or who, having
knowledge thereof, does not forthwith express his objection in writing
1. Actual cash paid to the corporation;
and file the same with the corporate secretary, shall be solidarily, liable
with the stockholder concerned to the corporation and its creditors for
2. Property, tangible or intangible, actually received by the the difference between the fair value received at the time of issuance of
corporation and necessary or convenient for its use and lawful the stock and the par or issued value of the same. (n)
purposes at a fair valuation equal to the par or issued value of
the stock issued;
Section 66. Interest on unpaid subscriptions. – Subscribers for stock shall
pay to the corporation interest on all unpaid subscriptions from the date
3. Labor performed for or services actually rendered to the of subscription, if so required by, and at the rate of interest fixed in the
corporation; by-laws. If no rate of interest is fixed in the by-laws, such rate shall be
deemed to be the legal rate. (37)
4. Previously incurred indebtedness of the corporation;
Section 67. Payment of balance of subscription. – Subject to the provisions
of the contract of subscription, the board of directors of any stock
5. Amounts transferred from unrestricted retained earnings to
corporation may at any time declare due and payable to the corporation
stated capital; and
unpaid subscriptions to the capital stock and may collect the same or
such percentage thereof, in either case with accrued interest, if any, as it
6. Outstanding shares exchanged for stocks in the event of may deem necessary.
reclassification or conversion.
Payment of any unpaid subscription or any percentage thereof, together
Where the consideration is other than actual cash, or consists with the interest accrued, if any, shall be made on the date specified in the
of intangible property such as patents of copyrights, the contract of subscription or on the date stated in the call made by the
valuation thereof shall initially be determined by the board. Failure to pay on such date shall render the entire balance due and
incorporators or the board of directors, subject to approval by payable and shall make the stockholder liable for interest at the legal rate
the Securities and Exchange Commission. on such balance, unless a different rate of interest is provided in the by-
laws, computed from such date until full payment. If within thirty (30)
days from the said date no payment is made, all stocks covered by said
Shares of stock shall not be issued in exchange for promissory
subscription shall thereupon become delinquent and shall be subject to
notes or future service.
sale as hereinafter provided, unless the board of directors orders
otherwise. (38)
The same considerations provided for in this section, insofar as
they may be applicable, may be used for the issuance of bonds
Section 68. Delinquency sale. – The board of directors may, by resolution,
by the corporation.
order the sale of delinquent stock and shall specifically state the amount
due on each subscription plus all accrued interest, and the date, time and
The issued price of no-par value shares may be fixed in the place of the sale which shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more
articles of incorporation or by the board of directors pursuant than sixty (60) days from the date the stocks become delinquent.
to authority conferred upon it by the articles of incorporation
or the by-laws, or in the absence thereof, by the stockholders
Notice of said sale, with a copy of the resolution, shall be sent to every
representing at least a majority of the outstanding capital stock
delinquent stockholder either personally or by registered mail. The same
at a meeting duly called for the purpose. (5 and 16)
shall furthermore be published once a week for two (2) consecutive
weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the province or city where
Section 63. Certificate of stock and transfer of shares. – The capital stock the principal office of the corporation is located.
of stock corporations shall be divided into shares for which certificates
signed by the president or vice president, countersigned by the secretary
Unless the delinquent stockholder pays to the corporation, on or before
or assistant secretary, and sealed with the seal of the corporation shall be
the date specified for the sale of the delinquent stock, the balance due on
issued in accordance with the by-laws. Shares of stock so issued are
his subscription, plus accrued interest, costs of advertisement and
personal property and may be transferred by delivery of the certificate or
expenses of sale, or unless the board of directors otherwise orders, said
certificates indorsed by the owner or his attorney-in-fact or other person
delinquent stock shall be sold at public auction to such bidder who shall
legally authorized to make the transfer. No transfer, however, shall be
offer to pay the full amount of the balance on the subscription together
valid, except as between the parties, until the transfer is recorded in the
with accrued interest, costs of advertisement and expenses of sale, for the
books of the corporation showing the names of the parties to the
smallest number of shares or fraction of a share. The stock so purchased
transaction, the date of the transfer, the number of the certificate or
shall be transferred to such purchaser in the books of the corporation and
certificates and the number of shares transferred.
a certificate for such stock shall be issued in his favor. The remaining
shares, if any, shall be credited in favor of the delinquent stockholder who
No shares of stock against which the corporation holds any unpaid claim shall likewise be entitled to the issuance of a certificate of stock covering
shall be transferable in the books of the corporation. (35) such shares.

11
Should there be no bidder at the public auction who offers to pay the full such amount and in such form and with such sureties as may
amount of the balance on the subscription together with accrued interest, be satisfactory to the board of directors, in which case a new
costs of advertisement and expenses of sale, for the smallest number of certificate may be issued even before the expiration of the one
shares or fraction of a share, the corporation may, subject to the (1) year period provided herein: Provided, That if a contest has
provisions of this Code, bid for the same, and the total amount due shall been presented to said corporation or if an action is pending in
be credited as paid in full in the books of the corporation. Title to all the court regarding the ownership of said certificate of stock which
shares of stock covered by the subscription shall be vested in the has been lost, stolen or destroyed, the issuance of the new
corporation as treasury shares and may be disposed of by said certificate of stock in lieu thereof shall be suspended until the
corporation in accordance with the provisions of this Code. (39a-46a) final decision by the court regarding the ownership of said
certificate of stock which has been lost, stolen or destroyed.
Section 69. When sale may be questioned. – No action to recover
delinquent stock sold can be sustained upon the ground of irregularity or Except in case of fraud, bad faith, or negligence on the part of
defect in the notice of sale, or in the sale itself of the delinquent stock, the corporation and its officers, no action may be brought
unless the party seeking to maintain such action first pays or tenders to against any corporation which shall have issued certificate of
the party holding the stock the sum for which the same was sold, with stock in lieu of those lost, stolen or destroyed pursuant to the
interest from the date of sale at the legal rate; and no such action shall be procedure above-described. (R.A. 201a)
maintained unless it is commenced by the filing of a complaint within six
(6) months from the date of sale. (47a)
TITLE VIII
CORPORATE BOOKS AND RECORDS
Section 70. Court action to recover unpaid subscription. – Nothing in this
Code shall prevent the corporation from collecting by action in a court of
Section 74. Books to be kept; stock transfer agent. – Every corporation
proper jurisdiction the amount due on any unpaid subscription, with
shall keep and carefully preserve at its principal office a record of all
accrued interest, costs and expenses. (49a)
business transactions and minutes of all meetings of stockholders or
members, or of the board of directors or trustees, in which shall be set
Section 71. Effect of delinquency. – No delinquent stock shall be voted for forth in detail the time and place of holding the meeting, how authorized,
or be entitled to vote or to representation at any stockholder’s meeting, the notice given, whether the meeting was regular or special, if special its
nor shall the holder thereof be entitled to any of the rights of a object, those present and absent, and every act done or ordered done at
stockholder except the right to dividends in accordance with the the meeting. Upon the demand of any director, trustee, stockholder or
provisions of this Code, until and unless he pays the amount due on his member, the time when any director, trustee, stockholder or member
subscription with accrued interest, and the costs and expenses of entered or left the meeting must be noted in the minutes; and on a similar
advertisement, if any. (50a) demand, the yeas and nays must be taken on any motion or proposition,
and a record thereof carefully made. The protest of any director, trustee,
stockholder or member on any action or proposed action must be
Section 72. Rights of unpaid shares. – Holders of subscribed shares not
recorded in full on his demand.
fully paid which are not delinquent shall have all the rights of a
stockholder. (n)
The records of all business transactions of the corporation and the
minutes of any meetings shall be open to inspection by any director,
Section 73. Lost or destroyed certificates. – The following procedure shall
trustee, stockholder or member of the corporation at reasonable hours on
be followed for the issuance by a corporation of new certificates of stock
business days and he may demand, in writing, for a copy of excerpts from
in lieu of those which have been lost, stolen or destroyed:
said records or minutes, at his expense.

1. The registered owner of a certificate of stock in a

Any officer or agent of the corporation who shall refuse to allow any
corporation or his legal representative shall file with the
director, trustees, stockholder or member of the corporation to examine
corporation an affidavit in triplicate setting forth, if possible,
and copy excerpts from its records or minutes, in accordance with the
the circumstances as to how the certificate was lost, stolen or
provisions of this Code, shall be liable to such director, trustee,
destroyed, the number of shares represented by such
stockholder or member for damages, and in addition, shall be guilty of an
certificate, the serial number of the certificate and the name of
offense which shall be punishable under Section 144 of this Code:
the corporation which issued the same. He shall also submit
Provided, That if such refusal is made pursuant to a resolution or order of
such other information and evidence which he may deem
the board of directors or trustees, the liability under this section for such
necessary;
action shall be imposed upon the directors or trustees who voted for such
refusal: and Provided, further, That it shall be a defense to any action
2. After verifying the affidavit and other information and under this section that the person demanding to examine and copy
evidence with the books of the corporation, said corporation excerpts from the corporation’s records and minutes has improperly used
shall publish a notice in a newspaper of general circulation any information secured through any prior examination of the records or
published in the place where the corporation has its principal minutes of such corporation or of any other corporation, or was not
office, once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks at the acting in good faith or for a legitimate purpose in making his demand.
expense of the registered owner of the certificate of stock
which has been lost, stolen or destroyed. The notice shall state
Stock corporations must also keep a book to be known as the "stock and
the name of said corporation, the name of the registered owner
transfer book", in which must be kept a record of all stocks in the names
and the serial number of said certificate, and the number of
of the stockholders alphabetically arranged; the installments paid and
shares represented by such certificate, and that after the
unpaid on all stock for which subscription has been made, and the date of
expiration of one (1) year from the date of the last publication,
payment of any installment; a statement of every alienation, sale or
if no contest has been presented to said corporation regarding
transfer of stock made, the date thereof, and by and to whom made; and
said certificate of stock, the right to make such contest shall be
such other entries as the by-laws may prescribe. The stock and transfer
barred and said corporation shall cancel in its books the
book shall be kept in the principal office of the corporation or in the office
certificate of stock which has been lost, stolen or destroyed and
of its stock transfer agent and shall be open for inspection by any director
issue in lieu thereof new certificate of stock, unless the
or stockholder of the corporation at reasonable hours on business days.
registered owner files a bond or other security in lieu thereof
as may be required, effective for a period of one (1) year, for

12
No stock transfer agent or one engaged principally in the business of stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding
registering transfers of stocks in behalf of a stock corporation shall be capital stock of each corporation in the case of stock corporations or at
allowed to operate in the Philippines unless he secures a license from the least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in the case of non-stock
Securities and Exchange Commission and pays a fee as may be fixed by corporations shall be necessary for the approval of such plan. Any
the Commission, which shall be renewable annually: Provided, That a dissenting stockholder in stock corporations may exercise his appraisal
stock corporation is not precluded from performing or making transfer of right in accordance with the Code: Provided, That if after the approval by
its own stocks, in which case all the rules and regulations imposed on the stockholders of such plan, the board of directors decides to abandon
stock transfer agents, except the payment of a license fee herein provided, the plan, the appraisal right shall be extinguished.
shall be applicable. (51a and 32a; P.B. No. 268.)
Any amendment to the plan of merger or consolidation may be made,
Section 75. Right to financial statements. – Within ten (10) days from provided such amendment is approved by majority vote of the respective
receipt of a written request of any stockholder or member, the boards of directors or trustees of all the constituent corporations and
corporation shall furnish to him its most recent financial statement, ratified by the affirmative vote of stockholders representing at least two-
which shall include a balance sheet as of the end of the last taxable year thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or of two-thirds (2/3) of the
and a profit or loss statement for said taxable year, showing in reasonable members of each of the constituent corporations. Such plan, together
detail its assets and liabilities and the result of its operations. with any amendment, shall be considered as the agreement of merger or
consolidation. (n)
At the regular meeting of stockholders or members, the board of
directors or trustees shall present to such stockholders or members a Section 78. Articles of merger or consolidation. – After the approval by
financial report of the operations of the corporation for the preceding the stockholders or members as required by the preceding section,
year, which shall include financial statements, duly signed and certified articles of merger or articles of consolidation shall be executed by each of
by an independent certified public accountant. the constituent corporations, to be signed by the president or vice-
president and certified by the secretary or assistant secretary of each
corporation setting forth:
However, if the paid-up capital of the corporation is less than P50,000.00,
the financial statements may be certified under oath by the treasurer or
any responsible officer of the corporation. (n) 1. The plan of the merger or the plan of consolidation;

TITLE IX 2. As to stock corporations, the number of shares outstanding,

MERGER AND CONSOLIDATION or in the case of non-stock corporations, the number of
members; and
Section 76. Plan or merger of consolidation. – Two or more corporations
may merge into a single corporation which shall be one of the constituent 3. As to each corporation, the number of shares or members
corporations or may consolidate into a new single corporation which voting for and against such plan, respectively. (n)
shall be the consolidated corporation.
Section 79. Effectivity of merger or consolidation. – The articles of
The board of directors or trustees of each corporation, party to the merger or of consolidation, signed and certified as herein above required,
merger or consolidation, shall approve a plan of merger or consolidation shall be submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission in
setting forth the following: quadruplicate for its approval: Provided, That in the case of merger or
consolidation of banks or banking institutions, building and loan
associations, trust companies, insurance companies, public utilities,
1. The names of the corporations proposing to merge or
educational institutions and other special corporations governed by
consolidate, hereinafter referred to as the constituent
special laws, the favorable recommendation of the appropriate
corporations;
government agency shall first be obtained. If the Commission is satisfied
that the merger or consolidation of the corporations concerned is not
2. The terms of the merger or consolidation and the mode of inconsistent with the provisions of this Code and existing laws, it shall
carrying the same into effect; issue a certificate of merger or of consolidation, at which time the merger
or consolidation shall be effective.
3. A statement of the changes, if any, in the articles of
incorporation of the surviving corporation in case of merger; If, upon investigation, the Securities and Exchange Commission has
and, with respect to the consolidated corporation in case of reason to believe that the proposed merger or consolidation is contrary
consolidation, all the statements required to be set forth in the to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Code or existing laws, it shall
articles of incorporation for corporations organized under this set a hearing to give the corporations concerned the opportunity to be
Code; and heard. Written notice of the date, time and place of hearing shall be given
to each constituent corporation at least two (2) weeks before said
hearing. The Commission shall thereafter proceed as provided in this
4. Such other provisions with respect to the proposed merger
Code. (n)
or consolidation as are deemed necessary or desirable. (n)

Section 80. Effects of merger or consolidation. – The merger or

Section 77. Stockholder’s or member’s approval. – Upon approval by
consolidation shall have the following effects:
majority vote of each of the board of directors or trustees of the
constituent corporations of the plan of merger or consolidation, the same
shall be submitted for approval by the stockholders or members of each 1. The constituent corporations shall become a single
of such corporations at separate corporate meetings duly called for the corporation which, in case of merger, shall be the surviving
purpose. Notice of such meetings shall be given to all stockholders or corporation designated in the plan of merger; and, in case of
members of the respective corporations, at least two (2) weeks prior to consolidation, shall be the consolidated corporation designated
the date of the meeting, either personally or by registered mail. Said in the plan of consolidation;
notice shall state the purpose of the meeting and shall include a copy or a
summary of the plan of merger or consolidation. The affirmative vote of

13
 2. The separate existence of the constituent corporations shall determined and appraised by three (3) disinterested persons, one of
cease, except that of the surviving or the consolidated whom shall be named by the stockholder, another by the corporation, and
corporation; the third by the two thus chosen. The findings of the majority of the
appraisers shall be final, and their award shall be paid by the corporation
within thirty (30) days after such award is made: Provided, That no
3. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall possess
payment shall be made to any dissenting stockholder unless the
all the rights, privileges, immunities and powers and shall be
corporation has unrestricted retained earnings in its books to cover such
subject to all the duties and liabilities of a corporation
payment: and Provided, further, That upon payment by the corporation of
organized under this Code;
the agreed or awarded price, the stockholder shall forthwith transfer his
shares to the corporation. (n)
4. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall
thereupon and thereafter possess all the rights, privileges,
Section 83. Effect of demand and termination of right. – From the time of
immunities and franchises of each of the constituent
demand for payment of the fair value of a stockholder’s shares until
corporations; and all property, real or personal, and all
either the abandonment of the corporate action involved or the purchase
receivables due on whatever account, including subscriptions
of the said shares by the corporation, all rights accruing to such shares,
to shares and other choses in action, and all and every other
including voting and dividend rights, shall be suspended in accordance
interest of, or belonging to, or due to each constituent
with the provisions of this Code, except the right of such stockholder to
corporation, shall be deemed transferred to and vested in such
receive payment of the fair value thereof: Provided, That if the dissenting
surviving or consolidated corporation without further act or
stockholder is not paid the value of his shares within 30 days after the
deed; and
award, his voting and dividend rights shall immediately be restored. (n)

5. The surviving or consolidated corporation shall be

Section 84. When right to payment ceases. – No demand for payment
responsible and liable for all the liabilities and obligations of
under this Title may be withdrawn unless the corporation consents
each of the constituent corporations in the same manner as if
thereto. If, however, such demand for payment is withdrawn with the
such surviving or consolidated corporation had itself incurred
consent of the corporation, or if the proposed corporate action is
such liabilities or obligations; and any pending claim, action or
abandoned or rescinded by the corporation or disapproved by the
proceeding brought by or against any of such constituent
Securities and Exchange Commission where such approval is necessary,
corporations may be prosecuted by or against the surviving or
or if the Securities and Exchange Commission determines that such
consolidated corporation. The rights of creditors or liens upon
stockholder is not entitled to the appraisal right, then the right of said
the property of any of such constituent corporations shall not
stockholder to be paid the fair value of his shares shall cease, his status as
be impaired by such merger or consolidation. (n)
a stockholder shall thereupon be restored, and all dividend distributions
which would have accrued on his shares shall be paid to him. (n)
TITLE X
APPRAISAL RIGHT
Section 85. Who bears costs of appraisal. – The costs and expenses of
appraisal shall be borne by the corporation, unless the fair value
Section 81. Instances of appraisal right. – Any stockholder of a ascertained by the appraisers is approximately the same as the price
corporation shall have the right to dissent and demand payment of the which the corporation may have offered to pay the stockholder, in which
fair value of his shares in the following instances: case they shall be borne by the latter. In the case of an action to recover
such fair value, all costs and expenses shall be assessed against the
corporation, unless the refusal of the stockholder to receive payment was
1. In case any amendment to the articles of incorporation has
unjustified. (n)
the effect of changing or restricting the rights of any
stockholder or class of shares, or of authorizing preferences in
any respect superior to those of outstanding shares of any Section 86. Notation on certificates; rights of transferee. – Within ten (10)
class, or of extending or shortening the term of corporate days after demanding payment for his shares, a dissenting stockholder
existence; shall submit the certificates of stock representing his shares to the
corporation for notation thereon that such shares are dissenting shares.
His failure to do so shall, at the option of the corporation, terminate his
2. In case of sale, lease, exchange, transfer, mortgage, pledge or
rights under this Title. If shares represented by the certificates bearing
other disposition of all or substantially all of the corporate
such notation are transferred, and the certificates consequently cancelled,
property and assets as provided in the Code; and
the rights of the transferor as a dissenting stockholder under this Title
shall cease and the transferee shall have all the rights of a regular
3. In case of merger or consolidation. (n) stockholder; and all dividend distributions which would have accrued on
such shares shall be paid to the transferee. (n)
Section 82. How right is exercised. – The appraisal right may be exercised
by any stockholder who shall have voted against the proposed corporate TITLE XI
action, by making a written demand on the corporation within thirty (30) NON-STOCK CORPORATIONS
days after the date on which the vote was taken for payment of the fair
value of his shares: Provided, That failure to make the demand within
Section 87. Definition. – For the purposes of this Code, a non-stock
such period shall be deemed a waiver of the appraisal right. If the
corporation is one where no part of its income is distributable as
proposed corporate action is implemented or affected, the corporation
dividends to its members, trustees, or officers, subject to the provisions of
shall pay to such stockholder, upon surrender of the certificate or
this Code on dissolution: Provided, That any profit which a non-stock
certificates of stock representing his shares, the fair value thereof as of
corporation may obtain as an incident to its operations shall, whenever
the day prior to the date on which the vote was taken, excluding any
necessary or proper, be used for the furtherance of the purpose or
appreciation or depreciation in anticipation of such corporate action.
purposes for which the corporation was organized, subject to the
provisions of this Title.
If within a period of sixty (60) days from the date the corporate action
was approved by the stockholders, the withdrawing stockholder and the
corporation cannot agree on the fair value of the shares, it shall be

14
The provisions governing stock corporation, when pertinent, shall be meetings at any place even outside the place where the principal office of
applicable to non-stock corporations, except as may be covered by the corporation is located: Provided, That proper notice is sent to all
specific provisions of this Title. (n) members indicating the date, time and place of the meeting: and
Provided, further, That the place of meeting shall be within the
Philippines. (n)
Section 88. Purposes. – Non-stock corporations may be formed or
organized for charitable, religious, educational, professional, cultural,
fraternal, literary, scientific, social, civic service, or similar purposes, like CHAPTER III
trade, industry, agricultural and like chambers, or any combination DISTRIBUTION OF ASSETS IN NON-STOCK CORPORATIONS
thereof, subject to the special provisions of this Title governing particular
classes of non-stock corporations. (n)
Section 94. Rules of distribution. – In case dissolution of a non-stock
corporation in accordance with the provisions of this Code, its assets shall
CHAPTER I be applied and distributed as follows:
MEMBERS
1. All liabilities and obligations of the corporation shall be paid,
Section 89. Right to vote. – The right of the members of any class or satisfied and discharged, or adequate provision shall be made
classes to vote may be limited, broadened or denied to the extent therefore;
specified in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws. Unless so limited,
broadened or denied, each member, regardless of class, shall be entitled
2. Assets held by the corporation upon a condition requiring
to one vote.
return, transfer or conveyance, and which condition occurs by
reason of the dissolution, shall be returned, transferred or
Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, conveyed in accordance with such requirements;
a member may vote by proxy in accordance with the provisions of this
Code. (n)
3. Assets received and held by the corporation subject to
limitations permitting their use only for charitable, religious,
Voting by mail or other similar means by members of non-stock benevolent, educational or similar purposes, but not held upon
corporations may be authorized by the by-laws of non-stock corporations a condition requiring return, transfer or conveyance by reason
with the approval of, and under such conditions which may be prescribed of the dissolution, shall be transferred or conveyed to one or
by, the Securities and Exchange Commission. more corporations, societies or organizations engaged in
activities in the Philippines substantially similar to those of the
dissolving corporation according to a plan of distribution
Section 90. Non-transferability of membership. – Membership in a non-
adopted pursuant to this Chapter;
stock corporation and all rights arising therefrom are personal and non-
transferable, unless the articles of incorporation or the by-laws otherwise
provide. (n) 4. Assets other than those mentioned in the preceding
paragraphs, if any, shall be distributed in accordance with the
provisions of the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, to the
Section 91. Termination of membership. – Membership shall be
extent that the articles of incorporation or the by-laws,
terminated in the manner and for the causes provided in the articles of
determine the distributive rights of members, or any class or
incorporation or the by-laws. Termination of membership shall have the
classes of members, or provide for distribution; and
effect of extinguishing all rights of a member in the corporation or in its
property, unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or
the by-laws. (n) 5. In any other case, assets may be distributed to such persons,
societies, organizations or corporations, whether or not
organized for profit, as may be specified in a plan of
CHAPTER II
distribution adopted pursuant to this Chapter. (n)
TRUSTEES AND OFFICES

Section 95. Plan of distribution of assets. – A plan providing for the

Section 92. Election and term of trustees. – Unless otherwise provided in
distribution of assets, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Title,
the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, the board of trustees of non-
may be adopted by a non-stock corporation in the process of dissolution
stock corporations, which may be more than fifteen (15) in number as
in the following manner:
may be fixed in their articles of incorporation or by-laws, shall, as soon as
organized, so classify themselves that the term of office of one-third (1/3)
of their number shall expire every year; and subsequent elections of The board of trustees shall, by majority vote, adopt a resolution
trustees comprising one-third (1/3) of the board of trustees shall be held recommending a plan of distribution and directing the submission
annually and trustees so elected shall have a term of three (3) years. thereof to a vote at a regular or special meeting of members having voting
Trustees thereafter elected to fill vacancies occurring before the rights. Written notice setting forth the proposed plan of distribution or a
expiration of a particular term shall hold office only for the unexpired summary thereof and the date, time and place of such meeting shall be
period. given to each member entitled to vote, within the time and in the manner
provided in this Code for the giving of notice of meetings to members.
Such plan of distribution shall be adopted upon approval of at least two-
No person shall be elected as trustee unless he is a member of the
thirds (2/3) of the members having voting rights present or represented
corporation.
by proxy at such meeting. (n)

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws,

TITLE XII
officers of a non-stock corporation may be directly elected by the
CLOSE CORPORATIONS
members. (n)

Section 96. Definition and applicability of Title. - A close corporation,

Section 93. Place of meetings. – The by-laws may provide that the
within the meaning of this Code, is one whose articles of incorporation
members of a non-stock corporation may hold their regular or special
provide that: (1) All the corporation’s issued stock of all classes, exclusive

15
of treasury shares, shall be held of record by not more than a specified Section 99. Effects of issuance or transfer of stock in breach of qualifying
number of persons, not exceeding twenty (20); (2) all the issued stock of conditions. -
all classes shall be subject to one or more specified restrictions on
transfer permitted by this Title; and (3) The corporation shall not list in
1. If stock of a close corporation is issued or transferred to any
any stock exchange or make any public offering of any of its stock of any
person who is not entitled under any provision of the articles
class. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a corporation shall not be deemed a
of incorporation to be a holder of record of its stock, and if the
close corporation when at least two-thirds (2/3) of its voting stock or
certificate for such stock conspicuously shows the
voting rights is owned or controlled by another corporation which is not
qualifications of the persons entitled to be holders of record
a close corporation within the meaning of this Code.
thereof, such person is conclusively presumed to have notice of
the fact of his ineligibility to be a stockholder.
Any corporation may be incorporated as a close corporation, except
mining or oil companies, stock exchanges, banks, insurance companies,
2. If the articles of incorporation of a close corporation states
public utilities, educational institutions and corporations declared to be
the number of persons, not exceeding twenty (20), who are
vested with public interest in accordance with the provisions of this Code.
entitled to be holders of record of its stock, and if the certificate
for such stock conspicuously states such number, and if the
The provisions of this Title shall primarily govern close corporations: issuance or transfer of stock to any person would cause the
Provided, That the provisions of other Titles of this Code shall apply stock to be held by more than such number of persons, the
suppletorily except insofar as this Title otherwise provides. person to whom such stock is issued or transferred is
conclusively presumed to have notice of this fact.
Section 97. Articles of incorporation. – The articles of incorporation of a
close corporation may provide: 3. If a stock certificate of any close corporation conspicuously
shows a restriction on transfer of stock of the corporation, the
transferee of the stock is conclusively presumed to have notice
1. For a classification of shares or rights and the qualifications
of the fact that he has acquired stock in violation of the
for owning or holding the same and restrictions on their
restriction, if such acquisition violates the restriction.
transfers as may be stated therein, subject to the provisions of
the following section;
4. Whenever any person to whom stock of a close corporation
has been issued or transferred has, or is conclusively
2. For a classification of directors into one or more classes,
presumed under this section to have, notice either (a) that he is
each of whom may be voted for and elected solely by a
a person not eligible to be a holder of stock of the corporation,
particular class of stock; and
or (b) that transfer of stock to him would cause the stock of the
corporation to be held by more than the number of persons
3. For a greater quorum or voting requirements in meetings of permitted by its articles of incorporation to hold stock of the
stockholders or directors than those provided in this Code. corporation, or (c) that the transfer of stock is in violation of a
restriction on transfer of stock, the corporation may, at its
option, refuse to register the transfer of stock in the name of
The articles of incorporation of a close corporation may provide that the
the transferee.
business of the corporation shall be managed by the stockholders of the
corporation rather than by a board of directors. So long as this provision
continues in effect: 5. The provisions of subsection (4) shall not be applicable if the
transfer of stock, though contrary to subsections (1), (2) or (3),
has been consented to by all the stockholders of the close
1. No meeting of stockholders need be called to elect directors;
corporation, or if the close corporation has amended its
articles of incorporation in accordance with this Title.
2. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
stockholders of the corporation shall be deemed to be
6. The term "transfer", as used in this section, is not limited to a
directors for the purpose of applying the provisions of this
transfer for value.
Code; and

7. The provisions of this section shall not impair any right

3. The stockholders of the corporation shall be subject to all
which the transferee may have to rescind the transfer or to
liabilities of directors.
recover under any applicable warranty, express or implied.

The articles of incorporation may likewise provide that all officers or

Section 100. Agreements by stockholders. -
employees or that specified officers or employees shall be elected or
appointed by the stockholders, instead of by the board of directors.
1. Agreements by and among stockholders executed before the
formation and organization of a close corporation, signed by all
Section 98. Validity of restrictions on transfer of shares. – Restrictions on
stockholders, shall survive the incorporation of such
the right to transfer shares must appear in the articles of incorporation
corporation and shall continue to be valid and binding between
and in the by-laws as well as in the certificate of stock; otherwise, the
and among such stockholders, if such be their intent, to the
same shall not be binding on any purchaser thereof in good faith. Said
extent that such agreements are not inconsistent with the
restrictions shall not be more onerous than granting the existing
articles of incorporation, irrespective of where the provisions
stockholders or the corporation the option to purchase the shares of the
of such agreements are contained, except those required by
transferring stockholder with such reasonable terms, conditions or
this Title to be embodied in said articles of incorporation.
period stated therein. If upon the expiration of said period, the existing
stockholders or the corporation fails to exercise the option to purchase,
the transferring stockholder may sell his shares to any third person. 2. An agreement between two or more stockholders, if in
writing and signed by the parties thereto, may provide that in
exercising any voting rights, the shares held by them shall be

16
 voted as therein provided, or as they may agree, or as Section 104. Deadlocks. – Notwithstanding any contrary provision in the
determined in accordance with a procedure agreed upon by articles of incorporation or by-laws or agreement of stockholders of a
them. close corporation, if the directors or stockholders are so divided
respecting the management of the corporation’s business and affairs that
the votes required for any corporate action cannot be obtained, with the
3. No provision in any written agreement signed by the
consequence that the business and affairs of the corporation can no
stockholders, relating to any phase of the corporate affairs,
longer be conducted to the advantage of the stockholders generally, the
shall be invalidated as between the parties on the ground that
Securities and Exchange Commission, upon written petition by any
its effect is to make them partners among themselves.
stockholder, shall have the power to arbitrate the dispute. In the exercise
of such power, the Commission shall have authority to make such order
4. A written agreement among some or all of the stockholders as it deems appropriate, including an order: (1) cancelling or altering any
in a close corporation shall not be invalidated on the ground provision contained in the articles of incorporation, by-laws, or any
that it so relates to the conduct of the business and affairs of stockholder’s agreement; (2) cancelling, altering or enjoining any
the corporation as to restrict or interfere with the discretion or resolution or act of the corporation or its board of directors, stockholders,
powers of the board of directors: Provided, That such or officers; (3) directing or prohibiting any act of the corporation or its
agreement shall impose on the stockholders who are parties board of directors, stockholders, officers, or other persons party to the
thereto the liabilities for managerial acts imposed by this Code action; (4) requiring the purchase at their fair value of shares of any
on directors. stockholder, either by the corporation regardless of the availability of
unrestricted retained earnings in its books, or by the other stockholders;
(5) appointing a provisional director; (6) dissolving the corporation; or
5. To the extent that the stockholders are actively engaged in
(7) granting such other relief as the circumstances may warrant.
the management or operation of the business and affairs of a
close corporation, the stockholders shall be held to strict
fiduciary duties to each other and among themselves. Said A provisional director shall be an impartial person who is neither a
stockholders shall be personally liable for corporate torts stockholder nor a creditor of the corporation or of any subsidiary or
unless the corporation has obtained reasonably adequate affiliate of the corporation, and whose further qualifications, if any, may
liability insurance. be determined by the Commission. A provisional director is not a receiver
of the corporation and does not have the title and powers of a custodian
or receiver. A provisional director shall have all the rights and powers of
Section 101. When board meeting is unnecessary or improperly held. -
a duly elected director of the corporation, including the right to notice of
Unless the by-laws provide otherwise, any action by the directors of a
and to vote at meetings of directors, until such time as he shall be
close corporation without a meeting shall nevertheless be deemed valid
removed by order of the Commission or by all the stockholders. His
if:
compensation shall be determined by agreement between him and the
corporation subject to approval of the Commission, which may fix his
1. Before or after such action is taken, written consent thereto compensation in the absence of agreement or in the event of
is signed by all the directors; or disagreement between the provisional director and the corporation.

2. All the stockholders have actual or implied knowledge of the Section 105. Withdrawal of stockholder or dissolution of corporation. – In
action and make no prompt objection thereto in writing; or addition and without prejudice to other rights and remedies available to a
stockholder under this Title, any stockholder of a close corporation may,
for any reason, compel the said corporation to purchase his shares at
3. The directors are accustomed to take informal action with
their fair value, which shall not be less than their par or issued value,
the express or implied acquiescence of all the stockholders; or
when the corporation has sufficient assets in its books to cover its debts
and liabilities exclusive of capital stock: Provided, That any stockholder of
4. All the directors have express or implied knowledge of the a close corporation may, by written petition to the Securities and
action in question and none of them makes prompt objection Exchange Commission, compel the dissolution of such corporation
thereto in writing. whenever any of acts of the directors, officers or those in control of the
corporation is illegal, or fraudulent, or dishonest, or oppressive or
unfairly prejudicial to the corporation or any stockholder, or whenever
If a director’s meeting is held without proper call or notice, an action
corporate assets are being misapplied or wasted.
taken therein within the corporate powers is deemed ratified by a
director who failed to attend, unless he promptly files his written
objection with the secretary of the corporation after having knowledge TITLE XIII
thereof. SPECIAL CORPORATIONS
CHAPTER I - EDUCATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Section 102. Pre-emptive right in close corporations. – The pre-emptive
right of stockholders in close corporations shall extend to all stock to be Section 106. Incorporation. – Educational corporations shall be governed
issued, including reissuance of treasury shares, whether for money, by special laws and by the general provisions of this Code. (n)
property or personal services, or in payment of corporate debts, unless
the articles of incorporation provide otherwise.
Section 107. Pre-requisites to incorporation. – Except upon favorable
recommendation of the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Securities
Section 103. Amendment of articles of incorporation. – Any amendment to and Exchange Commission shall not accept or approve the articles of
the articles of incorporation which seeks to delete or remove any incorporation and by-laws of any educational institution. (168a)
provision required by this Title to be contained in the articles of
incorporation or to reduce a quorum or voting requirement stated in said
Section 108. Board of trustees. – Trustees of educational institutions
articles of incorporation shall not be valid or effective unless approved by
organized as non-stock corporations shall not be less than five (5) nor
the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
more than fifteen (15): Provided, however, That the number of trustees
stock, whether with or without voting rights, or of such greater
shall be in multiples of five (5).
proportion of shares as may be specifically provided in the articles of
incorporation for amending, deleting or removing any of the aforesaid
provisions, at a meeting duly called for the purpose.

17
Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation on the by-laws, The articles of incorporation may include any other provision
the board of trustees of incorporated schools, colleges, or other not contrary to law for the regulation of the affairs of the
institutions of learning shall, as soon as organized, so classify themselves corporation. (n)
that the term of office of one-fifth (1/5) of their number shall expire every
year. Trustees thereafter elected to fill vacancies, occurring before the
Section 112. Submission of the articles of incorporation. – The articles of
expiration of a particular term, shall hold office only for the unexpired
incorporation must be verified, before filing, by affidavit or affirmation of
period. Trustees elected thereafter to fill vacancies caused by expiration
the chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder, as
of term shall hold office for five (5) years. A majority of the trustees shall
the case may be, and accompanied by a copy of the commission,
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The powers and
certificate of election or letter of appointment of such chief archbishop,
authority of trustees shall be defined in the by-laws.
bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder, duly certified to be
correct by any notary public.
For institutions organized as stock corporations, the number and term of
directors shall be governed by the provisions on stock corporations.
From and after the filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission of
(169a)
the said articles of incorporation, verified by affidavit or affirmation, and
accompanied by the documents mentioned in the preceding paragraph,
CHAPTER II such chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder
RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS shall become a corporation sole and all temporalities, estate and
properties of the religious denomination, sect or church theretofore
administered or managed by him as such chief archbishop, bishop, priest,
Section 109. Classes of religious corporations. – Religious corporations
minister, rabbi or presiding elder shall be held in trust by him as a
may be incorporated by one or more persons. Such corporations may be
corporation sole, for the use, purpose, behalf and sole benefit of his
classified into corporations sole and religious societies.
religious denomination, sect or church, including hospitals, schools,
colleges, orphan asylums, parsonages and cemeteries thereof. (n)
Religious corporations shall be governed by this Chapter and by the
general provisions on non-stock corporations insofar as they may be
Section 113. Acquisition and alienation of property. – Any corporation
applicable. (n)
sole may purchase and hold real estate and personal property for its
church, charitable, benevolent or educational purposes, and may receive
Section 110. Corporation sole. – For the purpose of administering and bequests or gifts for such purposes. Such corporation may sell or
managing, as trustee, the affairs, property and temporalities of any mortgage real property held by it by obtaining an order for that purpose
religious denomination, sect or church, a corporation sole may be formed from the Court of First Instance of the province where the property is
by the chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or other presiding situated upon proof made to the satisfaction of the court that notice of the
elder of such religious denomination, sect or church. (154a) application for leave to sell or mortgage has been given by publication or
otherwise in such manner and for such time as said court may have
directed, and that it is to the interest of the corporation that leave to sell
Section 111. Articles of incorporation. – In order to become a corporation
or mortgage should be granted. The application for leave to sell or
sole, the chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding
mortgage must be made by petition, duly verified, by the chief
elder of any religious denomination, sect or church must file with the
archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder acting as
Securities and Exchange Commission articles of incorporation setting
corporation sole, and may be opposed by any member of the religious
forth the following:
denomination, sect or church represented by the corporation sole:
Provided, That in cases where the rules, regulations and discipline of the
1. That he is the chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, religious denomination, sect or church, religious society or order
rabbi or presiding elder of his religious denomination, sect or concerned represented by such corporation sole regulate the method of
church and that he desires to become a corporation sole; acquiring, holding, selling and mortgaging real estate and personal
property, such rules, regulations and discipline shall control, and the
intervention of the courts shall not be necessary. (159a)
2. That the rules, regulations and discipline of his religious
denomination, sect or church are not inconsistent with his
becoming a corporation sole and do not forbid it; Section 114. Filling of vacancies. – The successors in office of any chief
archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi or presiding elder in a
corporation sole shall become the corporation sole on their accession to
3. That as such chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi
office and shall be permitted to transact business as such on the filing
or presiding elder, he is charged with the administration of the
with the Securities and Exchange Commission of a copy of their
temporalities and the management of the affairs, estate and
commission, certificate of election, or letters of appointment, duly
properties of his religious denomination, sect or church within
certified by any notary public.
his territorial jurisdiction, describing such territorial
jurisdiction;
During any vacancy in the office of chief archbishop, bishop, priest,
minister, rabbi or presiding elder of any religious denomination, sect or
4. The manner in which any vacancy occurring in the office of
church incorporated as a corporation sole, the person or persons
chief archbishop, bishop, priest, minister, rabbi of presiding
authorized and empowered by the rules, regulations or discipline of the
elder is required to be filled, according to the rules, regulations
religious denomination, sect or church represented by the corporation
or discipline of the religious denomination, sect or church to
sole to administer the temporalities and manage the affairs, estate and
which he belongs; and
properties of the corporation sole during the vacancy shall exercise all
the powers and authority of the corporation sole during such vacancy.
5. The place where the principal office of the corporation sole (158a)
is to be established and located, which place must be within
the Philippines.
Section 115. Dissolution. – A corporation sole may be dissolved and its
affairs settled voluntarily by submitting to the Securities and Exchange
Commission a verified declaration of dissolution.

18
The declaration of dissolution shall set forth: Section 117. Methods of dissolution. – A corporation formed or
organized under the provisions of this Code may be dissolved voluntarily
or involuntarily. (n)
1. The name of the corporation;

Section 118. Voluntary dissolution where no creditors are affected. – If

2. The reason for dissolution and winding up;
dissolution of a corporation does not prejudice the rights of any creditor
having a claim against it, the dissolution may be effected by majority vote
3. The authorization for the dissolution of the corporation by of the board of directors or trustees, and by a resolution duly adopted by
the particular religious denomination, sect or church; the affirmative vote of the stockholders owning at least two-thirds (2/3)
of the outstanding capital stock or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
members of a meeting to be held upon call of the directors or trustees
4. The names and addresses of the persons who are to
after publication of the notice of time, place and object of the meeting for
supervise the winding up of the affairs of the corporation.
three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper published in the place where
the principal office of said corporation is located; and if no newspaper is
Upon approval of such declaration of dissolution by the published in such place, then in a newspaper of general circulation in the
Securities and Exchange Commission, the corporation shall Philippines, after sending such notice to each stockholder or member
cease to carry on its operations except for the purpose of either by registered mail or by personal delivery at least thirty (30) days
winding up its affairs. (n) prior to said meeting. A copy of the resolution authorizing the dissolution
shall be certified by a majority of the board of directors or trustees and
countersigned by the secretary of the corporation. The Securities and
Section 116. Religious societies. – Any religious society or religious order,
Exchange Commission shall thereupon issue the certificate of dissolution.
or any diocese, synod, or district organization of any religious
(62a)
denomination, sect or church, unless forbidden by the constitution, rules,
regulations, or discipline of the religious denomination, sect or church of
which it is a part, or by competent authority, may, upon written consent Section 119. Voluntary dissolution where creditors are affected. – Where
and/or by an affirmative vote at a meeting called for the purpose of at the dissolution of a corporation may prejudice the rights of any creditor,
least two-thirds (2/3) of its membership, incorporate for the the petition for dissolution shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange
administration of its temporalities or for the management of its affairs, Commission. The petition shall be signed by a majority of its board of
properties and estate by filing with the Securities and Exchange directors or trustees or other officers having the management of its
Commission, articles of incorporation verified by the affidavit of the affairs, verified by its president or secretary or one of its directors or
presiding elder, secretary, or clerk or other member of such religious trustees, and shall set forth all claims and demands against it, and that its
society or religious order, or diocese, synod, or district organization of dissolution was resolved upon by the affirmative vote of the stockholders
the religious denomination, sect or church, setting forth the following: representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or
by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members at a meeting of its
stockholders or members called for that purpose.
1. That the religious society or religious order, or diocese,
synod, or district organization is a religious organization of a
religious denomination, sect or church; If the petition is sufficient in form and substance, the Commission shall,
by an order reciting the purpose of the petition, fix a date on or before
which objections thereto may be filed by any person, which date shall not
2. That at least two-thirds (2/3) of its membership have given
be less than thirty (30) days nor more than sixty (60) days after the entry
their written consent or have voted to incorporate, at a duly
of the order. Before such date, a copy of the order shall be published at
convened meeting of the body;
least once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
general circulation published in the municipality or city where the
3. That the incorporation of the religious society or religious principal office of the corporation is situated, or if there be no such
order, or diocese, synod, or district organization desiring to newspaper, then in a newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines,
incorporate is not forbidden by competent authority or by the and a similar copy shall be posted for three (3) consecutive weeks in
constitution, rules, regulations or discipline of the religious three (3) public places in such municipality or city.
denomination, sect, or church of which it forms a part;
Upon five (5) day’s notice, given after the date on which the right to file
4. That the religious society or religious order, or diocese, objections as fixed in the order has expired, the Commission shall
synod, or district organization desires to incorporate for the proceed to hear the petition and try any issue made by the objections
administration of its affairs, properties and estate; filed; and if no such objection is sufficient, and the material allegations of
the petition are true, it shall render judgment dissolving the corporation
and directing such disposition of its assets as justice requires, and may
5. The place where the principal office of the corporation is to
appoint a receiver to collect such assets and pay the debts of the
be established and located, which place must be within the
corporation. (Rule 104, RCa)
Philippines; and

Section 120. Dissolution by shortening corporate term. – A voluntary

6. The names, nationalities, and residences of the trustees
dissolution may be effected by amending the articles of incorporation to
elected by the religious society or religious order, or the
shorten the corporate term pursuant to the provisions of this Code. A
diocese, synod, or district organization to serve for the first
copy of the amended articles of incorporation shall be submitted to the
year or such other period as may be prescribed by the laws of
Securities and Exchange Commission in accordance with this Code. Upon
the religious society or religious order, or of the diocese, synod,
approval of the amended articles of incorporation of the expiration of the
or district organization, the board of trustees to be not less
shortened term, as the case may be, the corporation shall be deemed
than five (5) nor more than fifteen (15). (160a)
dissolved without any further proceedings, subject to the provisions of
this Code on liquidation. (n)
TITLE XIV
DISSOLUTION
Section 121. Involuntary dissolution. – A corporation may be dissolved by
the Securities and Exchange Commission upon filing of a verified

19
complaint and after proper notice and hearing on the grounds provided 3. The name and address of its resident agent authorized to
by existing laws, rules and regulations. (n) accept summons and process in all legal proceedings and,
pending the establishment of a local office, all notices affecting
the corporation;
Section 122. Corporate liquidation. – Every corporation whose charter
expires by its own limitation or is annulled by forfeiture or otherwise, or
whose corporate existence for other purposes is terminated in any other 4. The place in the Philippines where the corporation intends
manner, shall nevertheless be continued as a body corporate for three (3) to operate;
years after the time when it would have been so dissolved, for the
purpose of prosecuting and defending suits by or against it and enabling
5. The specific purpose or purposes which the corporation
it to settle and close its affairs, to dispose of and convey its property and
intends to pursue in the transaction of its business in the
to distribute its assets, but not for the purpose of continuing the business
Philippines: Provided, That said purpose or purposes are those
for which it was established.
specifically stated in the certificate of authority issued by the
appropriate government agency;
At any time during said three (3) years, the corporation is authorized and
empowered to convey all of its property to trustees for the benefit of
6. The names and addresses of the present directors and
stockholders, members, creditors, and other persons in interest. From
officers of the corporation;
and after any such conveyance by the corporation of its property in trust
for the benefit of its stockholders, members, creditors and others in
interest, all interest which the corporation had in the property 7. A statement of its authorized capital stock and the aggregate
terminates, the legal interest vests in the trustees, and the beneficial number of shares which the corporation has authority to issue,
interest in the stockholders, members, creditors or other persons in itemized by classes, par value of shares, shares without par
interest. value, and series, if any;

Upon the winding up of the corporate affairs, any asset distributable to 8. A statement of its outstanding capital stock and the
any creditor or stockholder or member who is unknown or cannot be aggregate number of shares which the corporation has issued,
found shall be escheated to the city or municipality where such assets are itemized by classes, par value of shares, shares without par
located. value, and series, if any;

Except by decrease of capital stock and as otherwise allowed by this 9. A statement of the amount actually paid in; and
Code, no corporation shall distribute any of its assets or property except
upon lawful dissolution and after payment of all its debts and liabilities.
10. Such additional information as may be necessary or
(77a, 89a, 16a)
appropriate in order to enable the Securities and Exchange
Commission to determine whether such corporation is entitled
TITLE XV to a license to transact business in the Philippines, and to
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS determine and assess the fees payable.

Section 123. Definition and rights of foreign corporations. – For the Attached to the application for license shall be a duly executed
purposes of this Code, a foreign corporation is one formed, organized or certificate under oath by the authorized official or officials of
existing under any laws other than those of the Philippines and whose the jurisdiction of its incorporation, attesting to the fact that
laws allow Filipino citizens and corporations to do business in its own the laws of the country or state of the applicant allow Filipino
country or state. It shall have the right to transact business in the citizens and corporations to do business therein, and that the
Philippines after it shall have obtained a license to transact business in applicant is an existing corporation in good standing. If such
this country in accordance with this Code and a certificate of authority certificate is in a foreign language, a translation thereof in
from the appropriate government agency. (n) English under oath of the translator shall be attached thereto.

Section 124. Application to existing foreign corporations. – Every foreign The application for a license to transact business in the
corporation which on the date of the effectivity of this Code is authorized Philippines shall likewise be accompanied by a statement
to do business in the Philippines under a license therefore issued to it, under oath of the president or any other person authorized by
shall continue to have such authority under the terms and condition of its the corporation, showing to the satisfaction of the Securities
license, subject to the provisions of this Code and other special laws. (n) and Exchange Commission and other governmental agency in
the proper cases that the applicant is solvent and in sound
financial condition, and setting forth the assets and liabilities of
Section 125. Application for a license. – A foreign corporation applying
the corporation as of the date not exceeding one (1) year
for a license to transact business in the Philippines shall submit to the
immediately prior to the filing of the application.
Securities and Exchange Commission a copy of its articles of
incorporation and by-laws, certified in accordance with law, and their
translation to an official language of the Philippines, if necessary. The Foreign banking, financial and insurance corporations shall, in
application shall be under oath and, unless already stated in its articles of addition to the above requirements, comply with the
incorporation, shall specifically set forth the following: provisions of existing laws applicable to them. In the case of all
other foreign corporations, no application for license to
transact business in the Philippines shall be accepted by the
1. The date and term of incorporation;
Securities and Exchange Commission without previous
authority from the appropriate government agency, whenever
2. The address, including the street number, of the principal required by law. (68a)
office of the corporation in the country or state of
incorporation;
Section 126. Issuance of a license. – If the Securities and Exchange
Commission is satisfied that the applicant has complied with all the
requirements of this Code and other special laws, rules and regulations,

20
the Commission shall issue a license to the applicant to transact business Commission a license to transact business in the Philippines, that if at any
in the Philippines for the purpose or purposes specified in such license. time said corporation shall cease to transact business in the Philippines,
Upon issuance of the license, such foreign corporation may commence to or shall be without any resident agent in the Philippines on whom any
transact business in the Philippines and continue to do so for as long as it summons or other legal processes may be served, then in any action or
retains its authority to act as a corporation under the laws of the country proceeding arising out of any business or transaction which occurred in
or state of its incorporation, unless such license is sooner surrendered, the Philippines, service of any summons or other legal process may be
revoked, suspended or annulled in accordance with this Code or other made upon the Securities and Exchange Commission and that such
special laws. service shall have the same force and effect as if made upon the duly-
authorized officers of the corporation at its home office."
Within sixty (60) days after the issuance of the license to transact
business in the Philippines, the license, except foreign banking or Whenever such service of summons or other process shall be made upon
insurance corporation, shall deposit with the Securities and Exchange the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commission shall, within
Commission for the benefit of present and future creditors of the licensee ten (10) days thereafter, transmit by mail a copy of such summons or
in the Philippines, securities satisfactory to the Securities and Exchange other legal process to the corporation at its home or principal office. The
Commission, consisting of bonds or other evidence of indebtedness of the sending of such copy by the Commission shall be necessary part of and
Government of the Philippines, its political subdivisions and shall complete such service. All expenses incurred by the Commission for
instrumentalities, or of government-owned or controlled corporations such service shall be paid in advance by the party at whose instance the
and entities, shares of stock in "registered enterprises" as this term is service is made.
defined in Republic Act No. 5186, shares of stock in domestic
corporations registered in the stock exchange, or shares of stock in
In case of a change of address of the resident agent, it shall be his or its
domestic insurance companies and banks, or any combination of these
duty to immediately notify in writing the Securities and Exchange
kinds of securities, with an actual market value of at least one hundred
Commission of the new address. (72a; and n)
thousand (P100,000.) pesos; Provided, however, That within six (6)
months after each fiscal year of the licensee, the Securities and Exchange
Commission shall require the licensee to deposit additional securities Section 129. Law applicable. – Any foreign corporation lawfully doing
equivalent in actual market value to two (2%) percent of the amount by business in the Philippines shall be bound by all laws, rules and
which the licensee’s gross income for that fiscal year exceeds five million regulations applicable to domestic corporations of the same class, except
(P5,000,000.00) pesos. The Securities and Exchange Commission shall such only as provide for the creation, formation, organization or
also require deposit of additional securities if the actual market value of dissolution of corporations or those which fix the relations, liabilities,
the securities on deposit has decreased by at least ten (10%) percent of responsibilities, or duties of stockholders, members, or officers of
their actual market value at the time they were deposited. The Securities corporations to each other or to the corporation. (73a)
and Exchange Commission may at its discretion release part of the
additional securities deposited with it if the gross income of the licensee
Section 130. Amendments to articles of incorporation or by-laws of
has decreased, or if the actual market value of the total securities on
foreign corporations. – Whenever the articles of incorporation or by-laws
deposit has increased, by more than ten (10%) percent of the actual
of a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in the Philippines
market value of the securities at the time they were deposited. The
are amended, such foreign corporation shall, within sixty (60) days after
Securities and Exchange Commission may, from time to time, allow the
the amendment becomes effective, file with the Securities and Exchange
licensee to substitute other securities for those already on deposit as long
Commission, and in the proper cases with the appropriate government
as the licensee is solvent. Such licensee shall be entitled to collect the
agency, a duly authenticated copy of the articles of incorporation or by-
interest or dividends on the securities deposited. In the event the licensee
laws, as amended, indicating clearly in capital letters or by underscoring
ceases to do business in the Philippines, the securities deposited as
the change or changes made, duly certified by the authorized official or
aforesaid shall be returned, upon the licensee’s application therefor and
officials of the country or state of incorporation. The filing thereof shall
upon proof to the satisfaction of the Securities and Exchange Commission
not of itself enlarge or alter the purpose or purposes for which such
that the licensee has no liability to Philippine residents, including the
corporation is authorized to transact business in the Philippines. (n)
Government of the Republic of the Philippines. (n)

Section 131. Amended license. – A foreign corporation authorized to

Section 127. Who may be a resident agent. – A resident agent may be
transact business in the Philippines shall obtain an amended license in
either an individual residing in the Philippines or a domestic corporation
the event it changes its corporate name, or desires to pursue in the
lawfully transacting business in the Philippines: Provided, That in the
Philippines other or additional purposes, by submitting an application
case of an individual, he must be of good moral character and of sound
therefor to the Securities and Exchange Commission, favorably endorsed
financial standing. (n)
by the appropriate government agency in the proper cases. (n)

Section 128. Resident agent; service of process. – The Securities and

Section 132. Merger or consolidation involving a foreign corporation
Exchange Commission shall require as a condition precedent to the
licensed in the Philippines. – One or more foreign corporations authorized
issuance of the license to transact business in the Philippines by any
to transact business in the Philippines may merge or consolidate with any
foreign corporation that such corporation file with the Securities and
domestic corporation or corporations if such is permitted under
Exchange Commission a written power of attorney designating some
Philippine laws and by the law of its incorporation: Provided, That the
person who must be a resident of the Philippines, on whom any summons
requirements on merger or consolidation as provided in this Code are
and other legal processes may be served in all actions or other legal
followed.
proceedings against such corporation, and consenting that service upon
such resident agent shall be admitted and held as valid as if served upon
the duly authorized officers of the foreign corporation at its home office. Whenever a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in the
Any such foreign corporation shall likewise execute and file with the Philippines shall be a party to a merger or consolidation in its home
Securities and Exchange Commission an agreement or stipulation, country or state as permitted by the law of its incorporation, such foreign
executed by the proper authorities of said corporation, in form and corporation shall, within sixty (60) days after such merger or
substance as follows: consolidation becomes effective, file with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, and in proper cases with the appropriate government
agency, a copy of the articles of merger or consolidation duly
"The (name of foreign corporation) does hereby stipulate and agree, in
authenticated by the proper official or officials of the country or state
consideration of its being granted by the Securities and Exchange
under the laws of which merger or consolidation was effected: Provided,

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however, That if the absorbed corporation is the foreign corporation filing a petition for withdrawal of license. No certificate of withdrawal
doing business in the Philippines, the latter shall at the same time file a shall be issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission unless all the
petition for withdrawal of its license in accordance with this Title. (n) following requirements are met;

Section 133. Doing business without a license. – No foreign corporation 1. All claims which have accrued in the Philippines have been
transacting business in the Philippines without a license, or its successors paid, compromised or settled;
or assigns, shall be permitted to maintain or intervene in any action, suit
or proceeding in any court or administrative agency of the Philippines;
2. All taxes, imposts, assessments, and penalties, if any, lawfully
but such corporation may be sued or proceeded against before Philippine
due to the Philippine Government or any of its agencies or
courts or administrative tribunals on any valid cause of action recognized
political subdivisions have been paid; and
under Philippine laws. (69a)

3. The petition for withdrawal of license has been published

Section 134. Revocation of license. – Without prejudice to other grounds
once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
provided by special laws, the license of a foreign corporation to transact
general circulation in the Philippines.
business in the Philippines may be revoked or suspended by the
Securities and Exchange Commission upon any of the following grounds:
TITLE XVI
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
1. Failure to file its annual report or pay any fees as required
by this Code;
Section 137. Outstanding capital stock defined. – The term "outstanding
capital stock", as used in this Code, means the total shares of stock issued
2. Failure to appoint and maintain a resident agent in the
under binding subscription agreements to subscribers or stockholders,
Philippines as required by this Title;
whether or not fully or partially paid, except treasury shares. (n)

3. Failure, after change of its resident agent or of his address, to

Section 138. Designation of governing boards. – The provisions of specific
submit to the Securities and Exchange Commission a statement
provisions of this Code to the contrary notwithstanding, non-stock or
of such change as required by this Title;
special corporations may, through their articles of incorporation or their
by-laws, designate their governing boards by any name other than as
4. Failure to submit to the Securities and Exchange board of trustees. (n)
Commission an authenticated copy of any amendment to its
articles of incorporation or by-laws or of any articles of merger
Section 139. Incorporation and other fees. – The Securities and Exchange
or consolidation within the time prescribed by this Title;
Commission is hereby authorized to collect and receive fees as authorized
by law or by rules and regulations promulgated by the
5. A misrepresentation of any material matter in any Commission.1âwphi1 (n)
application, report, affidavit or other document submitted by
such corporation pursuant to this Title;
Section 140. Stock ownership in certain corporations. – Pursuant to the
duties specified by Article XIV of the Constitution, the National Economic
6. Failure to pay any and all taxes, imposts, assessments or and Development Authority shall, from time to time, make a
penalties, if any, lawfully due to the Philippine Government or determination of whether the corporate vehicle has been used by any
any of its agencies or political subdivisions; corporation or by business or industry to frustrate the provisions thereof
or of applicable laws, and shall submit to the Batasang Pambansa,
whenever deemed necessary, a report of its findings, including
7. Transacting business in the Philippines outside of the
recommendations for their prevention or correction.
purpose or purposes for which such corporation is authorized
under its license;
Maximum limits may be set by the Batasang Pambansa for stockholdings
in corporations declared by it to be vested with a public interest pursuant
8. Transacting business in the Philippines as agent of or acting
to the provisions of this section, belonging to individuals or groups of
for and in behalf of any foreign corporation or entity not duly
individuals related to each other by consanguinity or affinity or by close
licensed to do business in the Philippines; or
business interests, or whenever it is necessary to achieve national
objectives, prevent illegal monopolies or combinations in restraint or
9. Any other ground as would render it unfit to transact trade, or to implement national economic policies declared in laws, rules
business in the Philippines. (n) and regulations designed to promote the general welfare and foster
economic development.
Section 135. Issuance of certificate of revocation. – Upon the revocation of
any such license to transact business in the Philippines, the Securities and In recommending to the Batasang Pambansa corporations, businesses or
Exchange Commission shall issue a corresponding certificate of industries to be declared vested with a public interest and in formulating
revocation, furnishing a copy thereof to the appropriate government proposals for limitations on stock ownership, the National Economic and
agency in the proper cases. Development Authority shall consider the type and nature of the
industry, the size of the enterprise, the economies of scale, the geographic
location, the extent of Filipino ownership, the labor intensity of the
The Securities and Exchange Commission shall also mail to the
activity, the export potential, as well as other factors which are germane
corporation at its registered office in the Philippines a notice of such
to the realization and promotion of business and industry.
revocation accompanied by a copy of the certificate of revocation. (n)

Section 141. Annual report or corporations. – Every corporation,

Section 136. Withdrawal of foreign corporations. – Subject to existing
domestic or foreign, lawfully doing business in the Philippines shall
laws and regulations, a foreign corporation licensed to transact business
submit to the Securities and Exchange Commission an annual report of its
in the Philippines may be allowed to withdraw from the Philippines by
operations, together with a financial statement of its assets and liabilities,

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certified by any independent certified public accountant in appropriate Approved, May 1, 1980
cases, covering the preceding fiscal year and such other requirements as
the Securities and Exchange Commission may require. Such report shall
be submitted within such period as may be prescribed by the Securities
and Exchange Commission. (n)

Section 142. Confidential nature of examination results. – All

interrogatories propounded by the Securities and Exchange Commission
and the answers thereto, as well as the results of any examination made
by the Commission or by any other official authorized by law to make an
examination of the operations, books and records of any corporation,
shall be kept strictly confidential, except insofar as the law may require
the same to be made public or where such interrogatories, answers or
results are necessary to be presented as evidence before any court. (n)

Section 143. Rule-making power of the Securities and Exchange

Commission. – The Securities and Exchange Commission shall have the
power and authority to implement the provisions of this Code, and to
promulgate rules and regulations reasonably necessary to enable it to
perform its duties hereunder, particularly in the prevention of fraud and
abuses on the part of the controlling stockholders, members, directors,
trustees or officers. (n)

Section 144. Violations of the Code. – Violations of any of the provisions

of this Code or its amendments not otherwise specifically penalized
therein shall be punished by a fine of not less than one thousand
(P1,000.00) pesos but not more than ten thousand (P10,000.00) pesos or
by imprisonment for not less than thirty (30) days but not more than five
(5) years, or both, in the discretion of the court. If the violation is
committed by a corporation, the same may, after notice and hearing, be
dissolved in appropriate proceedings before the Securities and Exchange
Commission: Provided, That such dissolution shall not preclude the
institution of appropriate action against the director, trustee or officer of
the corporation responsible for said violation: Provided, further, That
nothing in this section shall be construed to repeal the other causes for
dissolution of a corporation provided in this Code. (190 1/2 a)

Section 145. Amendment or repeal. – No right or remedy in favor of or

against any corporation, its stockholders, members, directors, trustees, or
officers, nor any liability incurred by any such corporation, stockholders,
members, directors, trustees, or officers, shall be removed or impaired
either by the subsequent dissolution of said corporation or by any
subsequent amendment or repeal of this Code or of any part thereof. (n)

Section 146. Repealing clause. – Except as expressly provided by this

Code, all laws or parts thereof inconsistent with any provision of this
Code shall be deemed repealed. (n)

Section 147. Separability of provisions. – Should any provision of this

Code or any part thereof be declared invalid or unconstitutional, the
other provisions, so far as they are separable, shall remain in force. (n)

Section 148. Applicability to existing corporations. – All corporations

lawfully existing and doing business in the Philippines on the date of the
effectivity of this Code and heretofore authorized, licensed or registered
by the Securities and Exchange Commission, shall be deemed to have
been authorized, licensed or registered under the provisions of this Code,
subject to the terms and conditions of its license, and shall be governed
by the provisions hereof: Provided, That if any such corporation is
affected by the new requirements of this Code, said corporation shall,
unless otherwise herein provided, be given a period of not more than two
(2) years from the effectivity of this Code within which to comply with the
same. (n)

Section 149. Effectivity. – This Code shall take effect immediately upon its
approval.

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