Josephus 3

JOSEPHUS
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
H. ST . J . THA CKE RAY, M.A.

HON. D.D. OXFORD, HON. D.D. DURHAM
IN NINE VOLUMES
III
THE JEWISH WAR, BOOKS IV-VII
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

MCMLVI
HISTORY OF THE JEWISH WAR

AGAINST THE ROMANS
BOOK IV
(i. 1) Such Galilaeans as after the fall of Jotapata Most of

still remained in revolt from Rome now, on the reduc- û^jlrenders
tion of Tarichaeae, surrendered ; and the Romans places stiii
received the submission of all the fortresses and

towns except Gischala and the force which liad
occupied Mount Tabor. Gamala ^ was also in league
with these rebels, a city situated on the other side
of the lake, opposite Tarichaeae. Gamala formed
part of the territory allotted to Agrippa, like Sogane
and Seleucia ^ ; Gamala and Sogane were both in
Gaulanitis, the latter belonging to what is known as
Upper, the former to Lower, Gaulan ; Seleucia was
near the lake Semechonitis.^ That lake is thirty
furlongs in breadth and sixty in length ; but its
* Sogane (in Gaulan, unidentified ; distinct from S. in

Galilee) and Seleucia {Selukiyeh, N.E. of Bethsaida Julias)
are mentioned together in Vita 187, B. ii. 574, as places
fortified by Josephus.
" Baheiret el IliihJi, the little lake N. of Gennesaret ; B.

iii. 515. Its length as here given (60 " stades " = nearly
7 miles) must include part of the northern marshes ; the
dimensions on the modern map are 4 miles by 3 (at its
broadest part).
VOL. Ill A 2 3
JOSEPHUS
bcareLueL d' avrris to. eXrj /ê'xP^ i\d(f)vrjs^ )(âjpLov

TO, T dXXa Tpv(f)epov /cat TTrjyds exovros, at
Tp(f>OVGaL TOV fJLLKpOV KaXoVfXCVOV lopdaVOV^ VTTO
Tov TTj? XP^'^î^ ôog veojp TrpoTTepLTTovGL TO) fieydXcp.
4 Tovs fJLv ovv 771 HojydvTjs Kai HeXevKelas^ vtto*

TTjV apx'TjV rrj? drroGrdaeajs heîals AyptTrrra?
TTpoarjydyero, TdfiaXa S' ov 7TpoaXojpL TreTTOiBvla
.") rfj hvGxojpia rrXeov rcbv Îcor air draw, rpax^s

yap avx'f'i'^' dcf)* viprjXov Kararelvajv opovs p-eGov
7raLpL revovra, p-qKTjverai S' eV rris VTrepox'^S
LS rovpTrpoGdev eKKXivcov ogov KaTomv, oj?
LKdL,G6aL Kap.rjXa) to Gx^jp-o., Trap" tjv ojpopiaGTaL,
TO rpavov Trjg KXrjGecos ovk eâKpLôvvrujv tcup
^j iTTLXojpLOJV. Kara TrXevpd" pkv h'q /cat rrpoGcoTroi'

LS (^dpayyas d^drov? TTepLGXi-^^TaL, to /car
ovpdv S' oXiyov dva(f)vyi ra? hvGxojpcas, odev
aTTrjpTTjraL rod opovg- /cat tovto h emKapGia

TTapaKoipavre? rdopoj bvGârov ol emx(-opLoi /car-
7 GKvaGav. rrpo? opOlcp Sc ri] XayovL dedoprjpevat TTeTTVKvojvTo SeLvo)? err dAArÂats- at ot/ciat,
Kp-i-jpi'LLopevri re r) ttoXl? ioLKvla Karerpexî^ ft?
5 iaVTTjV (1770 TT]S O^VTTjTOS . /Cat 77^0? p.GrjpL^piaV
pev e/cAtvev, o vonos S' avrrjg oxOog et? aTreipov

vipO avareivojv a/cpa ttjs TToXecog rjv, aretxi-GTos
^ Aai'-qs Reland ; cf. A. viii. 226.
* PA (as in A. vii. 210+) : 'lopddvrjv the rest.
^ Xiese : ^tti 1w,6.vr)v k. "ZeXevKeiav mss.
* L : ewl PA : irapa the rest.
^ A Lat. : TrXevpai' the rest.
Xiese : rf/j mss.
Probably Khurbet Dufna, a little S. of Dan (Laish), thtsuurce of one tributary of the Jordan.
JEWISH WAR. IV. 3-8
marshes extend as far as Daphne,"^ a delightful spot

uith springs which feed the so-called httle Jordan,
Ijcneath the temple of the golden cow,^ and speed
it on its way to the greater river.*' Now Sogane and
Seleucia had quite early in the revolt been induced
Ijy Agrippa to come to terms ; but Gamala refused Gamala
to surrender, relying even more confidently than of."^"^ ^'^^
Jotapata upon the natural difficulties of its position.
From a lofty mountain there descends a rugged spur
rising in the middle to a hump, the declivity from
the summit of which is of the same length before as
behind, so that in form the ridge resembles a camel ;
whence it derives its name, the natives pronouncing
the sharp sound of that word inaccurately .'^ Its sides
and face are cleft all round by inaccessible ravines, but
at the tail end, where it hangs on to the mountain,
it is somewhat easier of approach ; but this quarter
also the inhabitants, by cutting a trench across it,
had rendered difficult of access. The houses were
built against the steep mountain flank and astonishingly huddled together, one on top of the other, and
this perpendicular site gave the city the appearance

of being suspended in air and falling headlong upon
itself. It faced south, and its southern eminence,
rising to an immense height, formed the citadel ;
"* One of the two golden calves erected by Jeroboam at

Dan and Bethel respectively (1 Kings xii. 29, Jos. A. viii.
226).
" The eastern stream descending from Caesarea Philippi,

Banias.
<* i.e. they slurred the sharp (lit. "clear") K into r,

calling it Gamala, not Kamala. The remark is made purely
from the Greek point of view ; " camel " both in Hebrew
{Gdmdl) and in Aramaic {Gamld') has initial G.
JOSEPHUS
ISy Se V7T*^ avTTJs^ Kp'qfivos els rrjv âdvTdrrjp

Karareivcov (jxipayya- rrrjyr] 8' evro? rod relxov?,
i<f>* T]v TO aorv KareXrjyev.
9 (2) OvTCos ovuav (fivaet hvaixrixo.vov*' ttjv ttoXlv

TL)(iCcov 6 ÎcfjarjTTO? iiTOL'qGev o)(ypojrlpav vtto-
10 POjJLOLS T Kal hiOjpV^LV. OL 8 V avrfj (f)V(JL pLV
rod )(ajpLov dappaXeojrepoi tojv Kara T'r]v 'Icura-
TTOLTrjV TjGaV, TToXv 8' iXoLTTOVS pLa)(îpiOl , Kal TOJ
roTTcp TreTTOidoTes ovhe TrXelova? vireXapLâvov

TTeTrX-qpcoro yap rj rroXtg Sua ttjv oxvpor-qra
GVjKJivyovTOjv' TTapo Kal rots vn AyptTTTra TrpoTTEfK^delcnv IttI TTjV TToXiopKLav a.VTeZ-)(v iirl
p.rjvas eTTrd.
11 (3) Oi)G7TaoLav6s S' dpa? aTTO rrjs ' ApLpLaOovs ,

evda rrpo rrj^ Tt/SeptaSos" iGrparoTreSevKeL- pieOeppLrjvevopLevq S' Âppiadovs deppid Xeyour av,
GTL ydp ev avri] Trrjyrj deppLOJV vbarojv rrpos
aKEGLv 7Ti,Tr]SeLCov' d(f)LKVLraL npos TTjv TdpaXav.
12 Kal rraGav pcev /cu/cAtacracrât (j)vXaKfj ttjv ttoXlv

ovx olos re rjv ovtojs hiaKeLp.evrjV , npog 8e rols
SwaroLs (f)povpovs Kadl.Gr'qGi Kai to VTrepKeipievov
13 opos KaraXapL^dveTat . TeLX^Gapievcov 8e coGirep

eOos rdjv TaypLdTa>v vrrep avrov GrpaTOTreoa
Xojpidrajv TJpxero /car' ovpdv, /cat to puev Kar
dvaToXds avTOj /xepo?, fl'^^P o avcoraroj ttjs
TToXeojs TTvpyos rjv, exov to TrepLTTTOv Kal hcKarov
rdypLa, to TriixrrTov 8e <ra> /card pLeGrjv iêipyd-
1 ins. PAL.
* Niese : virkp mss., irepi Destinon perhaps rightly {cf. 74).

^ avrrjv L.
* 5'''a-/xaxov C and perhaps Lat.
^ Destinon : e<p' ov mss. The text of the next line is

unrertain : I follow Niese, who inserts the bracketed rd.
JEWISH WAR, IV 8-13
below this an unwalled precipice descended to the

deepest of the ravines. There was a spring \\ithin
the walls at the confines of the town.
(2) This city, which nature had rendered so impregnable. Josephus had fortified with walls ^ and
secured still further by mines and trenches. Its
occupants felt greater confidence in the nature of
their site than did those of Jotapata. though far
inferior to them in the number of combatants :
indeed such trust had they in their position that
they would admit no more. For the citv was packed
with fugitives owing to the strength of its defences,
which had enabled it to hold out for seven months
against the force ^ previously sent by Agrippa to
besiege it.
(3) Aêspasian now broke up the camp which he Vespasian

had pitclied in front of Tiberia: at Ammathus ^ (this Q^nffia^
name may be interpreted as " wârm baths," being
derived from a spring of warm water within the city
possessing curative properties) and proceeded to
Gamala. Finding the complete investment of a city
in such a situation impossible, he posted sentries

wherever this was practicable and occupied the mountain that overhung it. The legions having, according
to custom, fortified their camps on these heights,
Vespasian commenced the erection of earthworks at
the tail end ; those on the east of the ridge, over
against the point where stood the highest tower in
the town, were raised by the fifteenth legion, those
opposite the centre of the city were undertaken by
" B. ii. .37 1-.
" Under Aequus Modius, Vîta 114.
* IJntnmam, between Tiberias (X.) and Tarichaeae (S.j ;

cf. B. iii. 462, and for the warm baths A. xviii. 36.
JOSEPHUS
êro TTjv ttoXlv, rag Se hto'jpvyas ayerrX-qpov Kai
14 ra? (bdpayyas ro heKarov. Kav rovroj TrpoaeXdovra
Tols TL)(Giv AypLTTTTav Tov jâGiXia Kol Trepl

TTapahooeaJS rots (f)aTOjaL Treipojpievov BiaXeyeadai
^dXXeL rL TOW ucêvhov-qTwy Kara tov Seîov
15 dyKOJva Xidoj. Kai 6 fxev vtto tow OLKetojv So-ttov

7TpiG)(drj, 'PojpLalovs S eTTiqyeLpev els ttjv
TToXiopKLav opyrj T Trepl tov fâGiXeojs Kal jrepi
16 G(j)6w avTow decs' o'u yap aTToXeiijjeiv wpôTTiTOs

VTTepôXrjV KaT* dXXo4)vXojv Kal TToXefxlojv tovs
TTpos 6fJL6(i>vXov Kal Tojv (JV\Lêp6vTO}V avTols
GVjijSovXov ovTOJS aypiojOevras.
17 (4-) Y^vvTeXeadevTow ovv tow )(a)fidrajv daTTOV

TrXijOei xîpojv Kal tow TrpaTTOjievojv edet Trpoorjyov
18 Tas fXTjyâvds. ol he rrepl tov XapT^ra Kal 'It-jGTjTTOV,^ OVTOL yo.p TjGav TOW KaTa TTjV ttoXlv
hvvaTOJTaTOi, Kaiirep KaTaTTerrX'qyoTas tovs 6rrXiras TdrTOVGLV^ erreLSrj fiexpt' ttoXXov irpos ttjv
TToXiopKLav drdeÊLV ov^ vrreXdfiâvov, uSart Kal
19 Tots dXXoLs eLTriheiois l-L'f] biapKovpLevoL. rrapaKpoTrjGavTes S ofiojs iîjyayov Ittl to Telôs,
Kai TTpos oXiyov pLev aTT-qpLVvavTO tovs rrpoGayovTas
Tas p.r])(avds, (SaXXopLevoL Se rots' KaTarreXTLKols
Kai TOLs TzeTpoôXoLS dvexojpovv eis ttjv ttoXlv.
20 Acat TTpoGayayovres^ ol 'Poj/iatot Tpiôdev tovs

Kptovs hiaGeiovGi pLev to Telxos, vrrep de tojv
epei(hOevTOJV elGx^6p.evoi pLerd ttoXXov GaXmyyojv
rjxov Kal KTVTTOV TOW ottXojv avTOL T e7TaXaXdt,ovTes
21 avvepprjyvvvTO tols Kara ttjv ttoXlv. ol be Teojs

p.ev Kara Tas TTpojTas elGohovs evLGrdp-evoi
TTpoGOjrepoj x^-^p^l'^ eKwXvov Kal Kaprepojs tovs
^ lilxnjv L^ ; cf. 66. * M : Trpoadyovres the rest.
JEWISH WAR, IV. 13-21
the fifth, while the tenth legion was employed in

filling up the trenches ^ and ravines. During these
operations King Agrippa, who had approached the Agrippa
ramparts and was endeavouring to parley \vith the
defenders about capitulation, was struck on the right
elbow with a stone by one of the slingers. He was
at once surrounded by his troops, but the Romans
were thus stimulated to press the siege alike by

resentment on the king's behalf and by concern for
themselves. con\inced that men who could so savagely
attack a fellow-countryman, while advising them for
their welfare, would shrink from no excess of cruelty
towards aliens and enemies.
(4) With such a multitude of hands accustomed to Romans

the task, the earthworks were rapidly completed oamaia
and the engines brought into position. Chares and Y''^,
^ ^ 1 1 -I disastrous
Joseph, the most prominent leaders m the town, results.

drew up their troops, though the men were dispirited
by the thought that they could not long withstand
a siege owing to a deficiency of water and other
necessaries. Their generals, however, encouraged
them and led them out to the ramparts, where for
a while they kept at bay those who were bringing
up the engines, but the fire of the catapults and
stone-projectors drove them back into the to\\'n.
The Romans then applying the battering-rams at
three different quarters broke through the wall, and
pouring through the breach with loud trumpet-blasts,
clash of arms, and the soldiers' battle-cries, engaged
the defenders of the to%vn. The latter, when the

first Romans entered, for a time held their ground,
arrested their further advance and stubbornly re-
Previously dug by Josephus, 9.
JOSEPHUS
22 'Pojf.iaLovs avelpyov ^ta^d/ieiôt 8e vno ttoXXcov

Kal TravTodev rpeTTovrat npos to. vtprjXa rrjs
TToXeOJS Kal 7TpOGKi/JLVOLS TOtS" TToXefJLLOLS $
V7TOGTpo(l)rjs imTTeaovTes ovvcodovv et? to Karavres

Kal rf] GrevorrjTL Kai SfCTpôjpta dXiôfxevovg av-
23 ripovv. OL 8e /LtT^re rovs Kara Kopv(f)riv apvvaadaL

SwdfievoL fJLrjre hieKiraUtv rcov G(f)eTepajv Trpocroj
^LaCopLevojv eVt rag ot/cta? tojv TToXepLLCov, Trpoo-
24 yetot yap rjaav, av(j)evyov . at Se rax^cv? Kanqpet,TTOvro TrXrjpovpievaL Kal to ^dpo ixr] OTeyovaau,
KaTGL Se TToXXds /Xttt TCUt' V7T aVTTJS^ 7TGOVGa
26 Kal rrdXiv eKelvau Tag vtt avTas. tovto irXeiGTOvs

hL(f)deLp T(ji)v 'PajfjLalojP' vtto yap dfx'qxo.vias
KaiToi GVvitâvovGas opowTes iTTeTrrihcov rat?
GTeyat?, Kal ttoXXoI fxev KaT)(OJvvvvTO toZs
epeLTTLOis, rroXXol 8 V7TO(j)vyovTes P-^P''f 'T^v
GOJjJLaTO? KaTeXafJiBdl'Ol'TO , TtXeLGTOVS S O KOVLOpTOS
26 dyxojv dvrjpL. Gvvepyiav deov tovto TafiaXei?

vTTeXdfJLâvov Kal Trjg KaTa Gcpds afxeXovvTes
^Xd^TjS i7TKLVT0, TTpoS T TOL TEyq TOVS TToXepLLOVS
dva)6ovvTs [Kal rot]^ KaToXiGOdvovTas ev oêcrt

Tolg GTvajTTols Kal del tov TTLTTTOVTa? VTTepdev
27 ^dXXovTs eKTLvov. Kal rd piev ipeLTna x^ppdbcov

TTAea i)v^ avTolg, GlSrjpov 8e Trapelxov ol tojv
TroXepiiojv vKpor TrapaGTrwvTes ydp Ta tojv
TTeGovTOjv ii-^^f] KaTa TCOV hvGOavaTOJVTCOV^ Xpa)VTO.
28 TToXXol 8' diTO TTLTTTovTCov rjSrj Ta)v Scu/xdrcDV G<f)ds
^ V*: the other mss. have avr-qv, ai'roFs, or ai'TQv.
* p.epeL Dindorf with one ms.
^ Bracketed by Niese: the text is doubtful and the Lat.

suggests that some words have fallen out.
* TrXe'a î'] ir\ri6os L Lat.

ov<^davarovvT(j}v PA.
10
pulsed them ; then, overpowered by numbers pouring

in on all sides, they fled to the upper parts of the
town, where, rounding upon the pursuing enemy,
they thrust them down the slopes and slew them
while impeded by the narrowness and difficulties of
the ground. The Romans, unable either to repel the
enemy above them or to force their way back through
their comrades pressing forward behind, took refuge
on the roofs of the enemy's houses, which came close
to the ground." These, being crowded with soldiers
and unequal to the weight, soon fell in ; one house
in its fall brought do^^^l several others beneath it
and these again carried away those lower doAîi,

This disaster was the ruin of multitudes of Romans ;
for, having nowhere to turn, although they saw the
houses subsiding, they continued to leap on to the
roofs. Many were buried by the ruins, many in
trying to escape from under them were pinned dowTD
by some portion of their persons, and still more died
of suffocation from the dust. Seeing in this the
interposition of divine pro\'idence, the men of Gamala
pressed their attack regardless of their own casualties;
they forced the enemy, stumbling in the steep alleys,
up on to the roofs and with a continual fire from
above slew any who fell. The debris supphed them
with boulders in abundance and the enemy's dead
with blades ; for they wTested the swords from the
fallen and used them to dispatch any still struggling
in death. Many flung themselves from the houses
when in the act of collapsing and died from the fall.
" The " perpendicular " nature of the site (such as that of
Clovelly or Koi'ca di Papa) has to be remembered, 7: the
roof at the end hiirher up the slope woukl be vpodyeLos, while
its other end would be well above the ground.
11
JOSEPHUS
29 auTOTj? /SaAAorre? edviquKov. rjv 8' o?)Se rpaTrevrojv

Tj cf)vyTj padio?' Kara yap ayvoiav row ohojv Kai
TTaxvTTjra rod KOVLoprov /i,7]8e dXX-qXovs TnyLVcLcTKOvreg aveiXovvro Kai Trept (7(f)ds .7ti7ttov.
30 (5) 01 fiev ovv jjloXi? evpiaKovres ras iôSovs
31 avexojpViGav eK rrjs TToXeojs' OveGTraaiavos 8'

del TrpoGjievoji' roZs TTOvovfJLevois, SeLvov yap n
TTados avTOv elafjet KarepeLTTOiJievqv opowra irepi
TO) Grparo) ttjv ttoXlv, iv X-qOrj rod KaO^ avrov
dacfiaXovs yevop-evos XavQavei Kara puKpov avcordroj TTJs TToXeojg TrpoeXdcov, evda fjLeaoL? eyKaraXeLTreraL rots" klvSvvols /xer oXr/ojv TravreXaJS'
32 ovbe yap 6 Tral? avro) Titos rore (jvp,7Tapfjv,

rrji'LKavTa Trpog MouKtavov els Hvplav dTrearaX-
33 p.evos. TpaTTrjvaL fiev ovv ovkIt^^ dcrâAe? ovre

TTpcTTOV rjyrjGaro, p.vqoOels Se row airo veorrjTOs
avTO) 7T7Tov'qpLi'OJV Kai rrjs iSta? aper-qs, ojairep
evdovs yevojievos, GvvaGTntî p.ev rovs ap. avro)
34 rd re Gcopara Kai rag rravoTrXias, ii'V(f)LGTaTaL

Se Kara Kopvchrjv eTTippiovra tov rroXepLOV Kai
ovre dvSpojv ttXtÔos ovre êXojv VTTOTTrrjâs
CTTepêve, P-^XP'- 8at/xdytov ro uapaGT-qpia rrjs
ipvx'qs ovvvoijaavres ol TToXepaoL rals oppLals
35 ivedoGav. drovojrepov 8e TrpoGKeip-evajv avros

VTiO rroha dvexcop^t,, vojra p.rj heLKvvs ews efcu
36 rod retxovs iyevero. TrXeiGroi pLv ovv 'PcopLaicov

Kara ravrrjv erreoov rr]v p,dxT]V, iv ols 6 SeicaSdpx'TjS AWovrLOs, dvqp ov p,6vov 6(f> '^s CTrecre
vapardêcos , dXXd Travraxov Kai rrporepov yevvaioraros (j)avels Kai rrXelGra KaKa ^Xovhaiovs
^ FAL : ovT the rest.

12
Even those who fled found flight no easy matter ;

since through their ignorance of the roads and the
dense clouds of dust they failed to recognize their
comrades and in their bewilderment fell foul of each

other.
(5) Thus, with difficulty discovering the outlets, vespasians

these fugitives beat a retreat from the to\vn. Mean- position,
while \"espasian, always keeping close to his distressed
troops, being deeply affected by the sight of the city
falling in ruins about his army, had, forgetful of his
own safetv, gradually and unconsciously advanced to
the highest quarters of the to\\Ti. Here he found himself left in the thick of danger ^\^th a mere handful
of followers : even his son Titus was not with him
on this occasion, having been just sent off to S^Tia
to Mucianus." Thinking it now neither safe nor
honourable to turn, and mindful of the hardships
which he had borne from his youth and his innate
valour, he. like one inspired, linked his comrades
together, with shields enveloping both body and
armour, and stemmed the tide of war that streamed
upon him from above ; and so, undaunted by the
multitude either of men or missiles, he stood his
ground, until the enemy, impressed by such supernatural intrepiditv, relaxed their ardour. Being now
less hard pressed, he retreated step by step, not
turning his back until he was outside the walls. In
this engagement multitudes of Romans fell, including
the decurion Aebutius, a man who had shown the

utmost gallantry and inflicted the severest losses on
the Jews, not only in the action in which he perished,
" Governor {legatus) of Syria, and subsequently one of the

strongest supporters of \'espasian's claims to the empire.
13
JOSEPHUS
37 ipyacrdfievog. iKarovrdpx'r]? Se '^'S, YdXXos 6v6fjLariy fierd GrpaTiojroJv deara 7reptcr;>(6êts" v rfj
38 rapaxfj Karedv fiev et? tlvos olklcv, tow 8 iv avrfj

hiaXaXoTjVTOJv Trapa oelirvov oaa Kara row Pafialojv Tj rrepl uchojv 6 drjfJLOs iôvXevero KaraKPoaadfievo?, rjv 6 airos t fcat ot cruv avTco
^vpoL, vvKTOjp eVavtcrrarat xrat Travra? aTToacfidâs
IJLera row GrparLOjrojv eig rovg Poj/ât'ou? Sta-
39 (6) OveaTTaaiavos advpLovaav ttjv arpariav

dyvotq} Trratcr/xarcoy /cat Stort recu? ovhapov
T-qXcKavTrj Gvp.(j)opa Kexpfivro, ro ye p-qv rrXeov
alhovpivovs eVt ro) top orparrjyov p.ovov rols
40 KLvhvvoL? iyKaraXLTTelv, TrapepydelrOy irepi /xev

rod KaO^ avTOv VTToareXXofxevos , ojs prjSe rrjv
^PXW pepcjieGdai doKOLT], delv be rd KOLvd
Xeyojv dvhpeiojs (j>epeLV, ttjv rod TToXepov d>vGLV
ivvoovvras, ws ovhapov to viKav avaLpcurl
TTepiyiveraL, TraXipTTOvs S tj tvxt] TrapiGrarai}
41 TOGavrag pevroi pLvpiddas lovbalojv dveXovras

avTOvs oXlyrjv rep haipôvi hehojKevai avpLôXr^v.
42 elvai S' ojGTrep dTreipoKdXojv ro Xiav irraipeGOaL

rals evpayiais, ovrojg dvavdpow ro KaTarTrrjGGeiv
ev rols TTraiGpaGLV "oêla yap ev ap.(j)orepois
rj pLeraôXrj, KaKelvos dpiGros 6 Kav rols evrvxT]p,aGLV vqSojv, Iva pievrj Kal 8t' evOvpaas dva-
^ Destinon : avola yi^s. {ff. Vita 1^1 for similar confusion) :

evvoia, ' at the thought of," Bos.
* TraXifj-TTois kt\. Niese (and so apparently the first hand

of L) : dawava S ij tvxv t"' 'f'^' irapiaTaTai, PAM^ : i] ydp
TToKlinrovi rvxv TrepuffraraL VPiCM^.
^ Aebutius had skirmishes with Josephus in Galilee early
in the war. Vita 115-120, and as " a man of marked energy
but on all previous occasions.*^ One centurion. named

Gallus, being cut off with ten of his men in the fray,
crept into a private house, where he a Syrian like
his companions overheard the inmates discussing at
supper the citizens' plans of attack on the Romans
and of self-defence ; during the night he arose and
fell upon them, slew them all, and ^\ith his men
made his way safely back to the Roman camp.
(6) Vespasian, seeing his army despondent o%\ing Vespasian

to their ignorance of reverses and because they had us troo^ps.
nowhere so far met Mith such a disaster, and still
more ashamed of themselves for leaving their general
to face danger alone, proceeded to console them.
Refraining from any mention of himself, for fear of
appearing to cast the slightest reflection upon them,
he said that they ought manfully to bear misfortunes
which were common to all, reflecting on the nature
of war, which never grants a bloodless victory, and

how Fortune flits back again to one's side.^ "After
all," he continued, " you have slain myriads of
Jews, but yourselves have paid but a trifling
contribution to the deity .<^ As it is a mark
of vulgarity to be over-elated by success, so is it
unmanly to be downcast in adversity : for the transition from one to the other is rapid, and the best
soldier is he who meets good fortune with sobriety,
to the end that he may still remain cheerful when
and ability " was selected for special duty at the outset of
the siege of Jotapata, B. iii. 144.
* The rare word TraXt'uTrois ("with returning foot" or

" retrograde ") occurs, together with another word, dvavwoKXTosy
only attested elsewhere in Jos. A. xv. 208, in an epigram of
Meleager of Gadara {Anth. Pal. v. 163), from which
Josephns or his awepyos not improbably borrowed it.
* i.e. the god of war (or Fortune), who demands blood.
15
JOSEPHUS
43 TTaXaicDV ra acfyaXfiara . ra /xeWot cru/xêî^/coTa

vvv ovT ixaXa KLG 9 ivTCOv rjjiojv^ ovre rrapa Tr)v
row lovSaLOJV dperr]v yeyovev, aAAd KaKeivois rod
TrXeoveKrrJGai /cat rod StafxapreXv rjfxlv alriov rj
44 hvG-)((jjpLa. Kad^ rjv dv^ rt? VfMOJV fx^LifjaLro rrj?

op/JLTJs ro drafiUvrov dva(f)vy6vr(jov yap errl rd
vip-qXd ra)V TToXefilajv avrovs VTroareXXeiv ixprjVy
Kat fi7] Kara Kopv(j)riv tcrrajLteVot? roZs klvSvvols
7T<jdaL, Kparovvras Se tt)? Karco rroXecos Kar*
oXiyov rrpoKaXeLcrdai rovs dva(j>evyovras Îs dG(f)aXrj
/cat opaiav ixd)(rjv. vvvl he dKparo)? inl rrjv
45 VLK-qv iTTCLyoixevoL rT] dcrâAetas' rj/JLeX-qaare. ro S'

arrepiGKeTTrov ev TToXefxco /cat rrj? opiir^s fJLavLOjSes
01) TTpos VcoiiaiojVy ol rravra ipLTreipia /cat rdêi
Karopdovfxev, dXXd âpâpLKov, /cat cp /xdAtcrra
46 lovSaloL Kparovvrai. XPV 'ôivvv inl rrjv avrcov

aperrjv dvaSpafielv /cat dvpLOvadai pLoXXov 7)
47 irpoaaOvpielv rep Trap' d^lav TrratCT/xart. r-qv S'

apLcrrrjv eKaoro? e/c rrj? tSia? ;\;etpds" eTrit^-qreircxi
Trapafivdlav ovrco ydp roZs re dTToXcoXooL n-
48 pLOjprjGecrde /cat rovs aveXovrag ap.vveZa9e. Treipd(jofMai S' yco, Kaddrrep vvv, errl nda-qs fidx^qs
npodyeiv re vjjlojv el? rovs TToXepiiovs Koi reXevralos aTTO)(cop.lv.''
49 (7) p.ev ovv roiavra Xeycxjv rr]v orpandv

aveXdpLâvev y rots Se TajiaXevGLV rrpds oXiyov
fiev dapprJGau rw KaropdcoijLan TrapeGrr] Trapa-
50 Xoyojs re Gvp^âvn /cat fieydXaJS, Xoyit,6p.evoL S*

VGrepov d(l)r)prJG9aL G(f)ds avrovs /cat Se^tas"
eXmSas, ro re fXTj SvvaG9aL hiacjyevyeiv iwoovvres,
^ L Lat. : iûiiz/ the rest.

L : dyai' the rest : 7' ciy Destinon.
16
contending ^^dth reverses. What has now happened,

to be sure, is attributable neither to any weakness
on our part nor to the valour of the Jews ; the one
cause of their superiority and of our failure was

the difficulty of the ground. In view of that, fault
might be found Mith your inordinate ardour ; for
when the enemy fled to the higher ground, you
should have restrained yourselves and not by pursuit
exposed yourselves to the perils impending over your
heads. Instead, having mastered the lower town,
you should gradually have lured the fugitives to a
safe combat on firm ground ; whereas, through your
intemperate eagerness for victory, you neglected your
own safety. But incautiousness in war and mad
impetuosity are alien to us Romans, who owe all our
success to skill and discipline : they are a barbarian
fault and one to which the Jews mainly owe their
defeats. It behoves us therefore to fall back upon
our native valour and to be moved rather to ^^Tath
than to despondency by this unworthy reverse. But
the best consolation should be sought by each man
in his ovm right hand : for so you will avenge the
dead and punish those who slew them. For my part,
it shall be my endeavour, as in this so in every
engagement, to face the enemy at your head and
to be the last to retire."
(7) By such words as these he reanimated his

troops. The people of Gamala, on their side, derived
a momentary confidence from their unlooked for and

signal success ; but when they subsequently reflected
that they had deprived themselves of all hope of
terms, and thought of the impossibility of escape (for
17
JOSEPHUS
rjoT] yap eTTeXnre raTTLT-qheia, SetvcDs' rjdvfiovv /cat
"'I rats' ijjvxo.'^? ava7T7TT0JK(jav . ov (jlt^v et? to
8vvo.t6v rjjjieXovv ocorripiaSi dAAa kol to. rrap-
apprj)(dVTa^ rod rLxov? ol yevvaioraroi kol to.
fievovra 7rpL(T)(6vT icjivXauaov ol XolttoL tcuv Se
"'- 'PojpLaLOJV 77 Lppojvvvvrojv^ ra )(OJiiaTa Kai ttoXlv
7TLpojiievojv TrpoolôXfjg ol 770XX0L dtedtSpacr/cov
eK TTjg TToXeojs Kara re hvo^drow (jyapayyajv ,
fjTrep ovK KLvro (hvXaKai, koI Sia rwv V770v6fjLOJV.
'>-^ OGOL ye iiTjV hiei rod Xrjcf}6rjvaL 77apfievov, [iv]
ivBela SiechOeLpovTO- Travra-xôOev yap rpo(f)rj rots
IxaxeoOaL SvvapLevoLs GVVTjd potter o.
54 (8) Kat 01 fikv iv roiovroi? rrdOeoL hieKaprlpovv,

OvG7TaGLav6s he rrdpepyov erTOLelro rrjs TToXtopKias
rovs ro Ira^vpiov KareiXrjcfôrag opog, 6 eon
55 rov pieydXov rreSlov Kal HKvBorroXeoJS [leoov ov

TO fiev vipog 677t rpidKovra Grahiovs dviGêi,
fjLoXtg rrpoGârov Kara to rrpoGdpKTLOv KXljia,
TTeoLov 6 eorlv rj Kopv(i)'q UTahicov e^ Kal lkogl,
56 77dv rereiy^Lcrpievov. rjyeipe e tooovtop ovra rov

rrepipoXov 6 Îojgtj770 ev reaoapdKovra 'qp-epais
T7J re clXXt] X'^P''^l'yo'^H-^ô? ^^T) KdrojOev Kal
voaTL' Kai yap rols eVotVots" pLOVov tjv opL^pLov.
ol TToXXov ovv rrXyjOov? eVt rovrov avvecXeypievov'
^ Herwerden : 7repipp/;xê>'Ta mss.
^ i7rLX0Ji"îvT(j}i' MVRC.
^ TToW^s o!'u Tr\r]6uos eirl rod tottov avveiXey/j.^vrjs Niese.

avoiding the double hiatus.
" 9.
^' If " the Great Plain " means here, as usual, the plain of
Esdraelon, the description above is inaccurate, as Mt. Tabor
lies well to the X. of a line drawn through that plain, and its
18
JEWISH WAR. IV. 50-57
their supplies had already failed them), they became

sorely dejected and lost heart. Nevertheless, thev
did not neglect to take what precautions they could
to protect themselves : the bravest guarded the
breaches, the rest manned what still remained of the
wall. But when the Romans proceeded to strengthen
their earthworks and to attempt a fresh assault, the
people began to run from the to\\Ti, down trackless
ravines, where no sentries were posted, or through

the underground passages " ; while all who staved
behind from fear of being caught were perishing
from hunger, as every quarter had been ransacked
for pro\'isions for those capable of bearing arms.
(8) \\'hile the people of Gamala under such straits Diversion

were still holding out, \"espasian undertook, as a jft*.' xa'^bor ;
minor diversion from the siege, the reduction of the success of
occupants of Mount Tabor. This lies midway between the Great Plain and Scythopolis,^ and rises to
a height of thirty furlongs,*' being almost inaccessible
on its northern face ; the summit is a table -land
twenty-six furlongs ^ long, entirely surrounded by a
wall. This extensive rampart was erected in forty
days by Josephus,^ who was supplied from below
Nnth all materials, including water, the inhabitants
depending solely on rain. To this spot, on which a
vast multitude had assembled, \'espasian dispatched
continuation, the valley of Jezreel, to Scythopolis. If the

plain of Asochis (described as " the great plain in which my ^
quarters lay " in Vita 207) is meant, the description is
approximately correct.
* These fiffures are absurdiv inaccurate : the summit is
only 1843 feet above the Plain of Esdraelon (1312 ft. from
the base), the platform on the summit is 3000 ft. long and
1300 ft. at its greatest breadth {EncycL Bibl. s.v.).
^ Tabor is mentioned in a list of places fortified bv him in

Vita 188.
JOSEPHUS
0vG7TaaLaV0 UXcIKlSoV GVV LTTTTeVOlV eâKOOLOlS
58 7Tix7Ti. rovrcp TO fxev rrpoGâiveiv ayi'q-âvov tjv,

iXTTihi Se he^LOJv koL TvapaKXijaei} npos elpijvrjv
.59 rovg ttoXXovs TrpoeKoXelro.^ KarrjeGav 8e avremôvXevovres' o re yap UXo-klSos tu/xiAet Trpadrepov OTrovhdt,iov avrovs eV roj rrebioj Xa/êlv,
KaKelvoL KarrjGav cos TreiOopievoi hrjdev, iv
60 a(j>vXaKTW TTpouTreocoGLV. iviKa ijlvtol to ITAaKihov TTavovpyov apâfjievcov yap tojv lovhatcov
ixdy^-qs (f>vyr]v VTroKpiverai Kai hicoKovras eXKvaas
IttI ttoXv tov rrehiov rovg l7T7Tls CTnorpeêL,
rpeipdp.evos 8e 7tXlgtov? [jlV avrcov avatpet,
TO he XoiTTOv TrXrjdog VTTorefxopLevos eipyet rrjs
61 dvoSov. Kal ol fxev to iTa^vptov KaTaXiTTovTe?

7tI 'lepoaoXvpLCov e<f>evyov^ ol 8' i7Ti\ojpLOL 7tlgtls
apOVT?, 7nAAOL7TL O aVTOV? VOOjpy TO T OpOS
Kal a(f)dg avTOVs YlXaKihoj Trapehouav.
62 (9) Twv ' 771 TTJg TapudXas ol TrapaôXojTepoL

pLev (f)vyovTes hteXdvOavov , ol S' dadevels Ste</)êt-
63 povTO XipLOj' TO pidxi^piov 8' dvTi)(êv ttj TToXiopKLa,

pLXpi' hevTepa Kal et/caSt pLT]v6s 'YTrepêpeTatov
TpeZs Twv diTO TOV TTepLTTTOV Kal SeKdTov TdypiaTOs
GTpaTiojTai TTepl ttjv iajdwqv (f)vXaKr]v vttoSwTes" TOV TTpovôvTa KaTa tovtovs Trvpyov vtt-
64 opvGGOVGLV rjGvxrj- rols 8' VTrep avTOV (f)vXa^Lv

ovTC TrpoGiovTCxjv aLGdr]GL, vv^ yap tjv, ovt npoGeXOovTOJV iyVTO. ol 8e GTpaTLcoTaL (jjeLSopievoL
^ L : 7rapaK\r](iws the rest.

' Destinon : TrpocreKaXeLTo mss.
" The tribune who had seen sendee in Gahlee before
Vespasian's arrival {Vita 213) and after {ib. 411, B. iii. 59,
20
Plaridus with six hundred horse. That officer,

finding the ascent of the mountain impracticable,
made peaceable overtures to the crowd, holding out
hopes of terms and exhorting them to avail themselves of the offer. They descended accordingly, but
with counter-designs of their own ; for while the
object of Placidus with his mild address was to
capture them in the plain, they came down ostensibly ^
in compliance Avith his proposal, but ^\'ith the real
intention of attacking him while off his guard. The
craft of Placidus, hoMever, won the day ; for when
the Jews opened hostilities he feigned flight and,
ha\ing drawn his pursuers far into the plain, suddenly
wheeled his cavalry round and routed them. Masses
of them were slain; the remainder he intercepted and
prevented from reascending the mountain. These
fugitives abandoning Mount Tabor made off to
Jerusalem ; the natives, under promise of protection,
and pressed by the failure of their water-supply,

surrendered the mountain and themselves to Placidus.
(9) At Gamala, while the more adventurous were Overthrow

stealthily escaping and the feebler folk dying of at Gamala
famine,^ the effective combatants continued to sustain the siege until the twenty-second of the month '. 9 NovHyperberetaeus, when three soldiers of the fifteenth J;?^^^ ^"
legion, about the time of the morning watch, crept
up to the base of a projecting tower opposite to
them and began secretly undermining it ; the sentries
on guard above failing, in the darkness, to detect
them either when approaching or after they had
reached it. These soldiers, ^\ith as little noise as
110, etc.), and who subsequentlv subdued Peraea {B. iv.

419 ff.).
* Resuming and partly repeating the narrative in 52 f.
21
JOSEPHUS
Tov ifiofhov '^Kat'l 7TVT Tovs KparaiOTaTovs fC65 KvXlcravTe? Xidovs viroTT-qhojcn . KaTepelneraL^ 8*
o TTvpyos iâi(l)vqs jJiera {xeyLGTOv ilj6(ôVy kol
cruyKaTaKprjiJLVLôvTaL /xey ol (f)vXaKs avroj, dopv^TjdlvTes Se ol Kara ras d'AAa? (f)vXaKa? 4)vyov'
Hf) Kal TToXAovs dLK7raULv ToXfiowras ol 'PcofialoL
Le(pULpaV, V OL? Kat lOJG-qTTOV TiS VTTCp TO
7rapeppriyp.evov tov TL)(ovg eKdiSpaGKovTa /SaAojv
67 avaipel. tow S' ava ttjv ttoXlv hiaueLuBivTajv
VTTO TOV IpOcjiOV hiahpOjlTj T TjV KaL TTTOa TToXXtj,
KadaTTep eiGTrerraLKorajv rravTOJV tow rroXepîajv.
68 v6a Kal 'Kaprj^- KaTaKeifievos Kat voG-qXevofievo?

eVActVct, TToXXa Tov^ deovs avv^pyqaavTos ls
69 ddvaTov tt] vogoj. PojpLaloi ye fxrjv pLepLvrjixevoL
TOV TTpOTepOV TTTaLGfiaTO? OVK LGâXXoV 005
70 TpiTTj Kol etVaSt tov Trpoeip-qfiivov firjvos (lO)

TtTO?/ TJdr] yap TraprfV, opyfj TrJ TrXTjyrjs y]v
Trap' avTOv irrXriyqGav arrovTa Pcoâtot, to)V

i7T7TOW imXiâs otaKOGLOVS, TTpos ols 7Teiovs, eiG-
71 ep^êrat ttjv ttoXlv tjgvx^- xal TrapeXBovTOs ol

fjLev (hvXaK alGdojievoi fxera ôijs ixojpovv eVt
TO. OTrXa, d-qXrjg be ttjs elGôXrjS Taxôj? Kal tol
eiGOJ yevojxevqs, ol p.kv aprrdôvTes ra TCKva Kat
yvvalKas irrLGvpopLevoL Trpos tt^v aKpav avecftevyov
juera kojkvtov Kal ôrjs, ol 5e tov Tltov vtt-
72 avTidCovTe'^ dhiaXeirrTOj? eTTLTTTov ogol Se anKOjXvd'qGav 7tI TTjV Kopvchrjv avahpapLLV vtt
dirrjXo.vias elg rds tow 'Poj/xatcov (ppovpdg iîTTLrov. drreLpog h tjv TravTaôv (jiOvevopLevojv 6
^ Niese : KaTrjpeirreTO or KaTappLirreTaL MS8.
2 'Id-avf L^ Lat. ; cf. 18.
^ TToXXa TOV Niese : iroWov mss.
22
possible, succeeded in rolling away the five chief

stones and then leapt back ; whereupon the tower
suddenly collapsed with a tremendous crash, carrying
the sentries headlong with it. The guards at the
other posts fled in alarm ; many who essayed to cut
their way out were killed by the Romans, and among
them Joseph, who was struck dead while making his
escape across the breach. The people throughout
the town, confounded by the crash, ran hither and
thither in great trepidation, beheving that the whole
of the enemy had burst in. At that same moment
Chares, who was bedridden and in the hands of
physicians, expired, terror largely contributing to the
fatal termination of his illness. The Romans, however, with the memory of their former disaster,
deferred their entry until the twenty-third of the
month.
(10) On that day Titus, who had now returned,^ leads to the
indignant at the reverse which the Romans had sus- ^Le town,
tained in his absence, selected two hundred cavalry
and a body of infantry, and quietly entered the
town. The guards, apprised of liis entry, flew ^\ith
shouts to arms. News of the incursion rapidly
spreading to the interior of the to^^n, some, snatching
up their children and dragging their \Wves after

them, fled with their wailing and weeping families
up to the citadel ; those who faced Titus were incessantly dropping ; while any who were debarred
from escape to the heights fell in their bewilderment
into the hands of the Roman sentries. On all sides
was heard the never ending moan of the dying, and
" From his visit to Mucianus in Syria, 32.
* + 5e Mss. : omit Dcstinon and Xiese (ed. min.).

* A numeral has perhaps dropped out.
23
JOSEPHUS
(TTOvog, Kal TO alfia Trdaav erreVAute Tr]V ttoXlv
73 Kara Trpavovs xôiievov. 77po? be rous" dva(f)evyovTas els r-qv aKpav irreôTJOeL OveurraGiavos
74 Trdaav etcrayayojv tt^v hvvafXLV. rjv 8' rj re Kopvcfirj

rravroOev TTrpojdr^5 Kal hvGâros , el? drreLpov
vijjos irr-qpfievr], Kal navraxoOev rov J ^ddovs^

Kareye/iev rrepLeLXrififievrj Kp-qfivols [/careVe/xiôv
75 T . ivravda rov? Trpoaâivovras ol 'louSatot

ToXs Te dXXoLs fjeXeGL Kal Trerpas KaraKvXivhovvres
iKO-Kovv avTol e St vipog rjoav dvae(f)LKTOL êXec.
76 yiverai he rrpog aTrajXeiav avrcvv dvTLKpvs OveXXa

SaLjxovLog^ T] rd fxev 'Vajpâicov ecpepev els avrovs
êX-q, rd 8 avrcov dveGrpe(f)ev Kal TrXdyta Trap-
77 euvpev. ovre Se rots VTTOKprjpLvoLs e(l)LGTaGOaL hid

TTjV /Stai' ehvvavro rod rrvevp.aros, jJLrjSev ehpalov
7 e)(ovre, ovre rovg rrpoGfjaivovras KaOopdv. iiravaâivovGL he ^PojfJLaloL, Kal TrepiGôvres ovs uev
afivvofievovs ecfydavov, ovg he )(elpas TrpoLGôvras'
erovov he rov Ovfiov avrol? errl Trdvras rj fjunjfirj
rd)v eTTL rrj Trpojrrjs elGôXrjs d7ToXwX6ra>v .
79 aTToyLvcoGKovres he rr)v Gwrripiav TravraxoOev ol

TToXXoL TTepLGôfievoL reKva Kal yvvacKas avrovs
re KareKp-qpiviôv eis rrjv <j)dpayya' âOvrdrrj h
80 avrrj Kard rrjV aKpav VTTcopvKro. Gvve^rj he rrjv

'PajfiaLotv opyrjV rrjs els eavrovs drrovolas rojv
aXovrcjv Trpaorepav (f)avrjvaL' rerpaKLG'xîXioL /xeV ye

vrro rovrojv eG<i)dy'qGav, ol he pu/javres eavrovs
81 VTTep 7TevraKLG)(LXiovs evpedrjGav. hieGOjQ-q he ttXtjv

hvo yvvaLKwv ovhels' ri^s OlXIttttov S' rjaav
^ TXrjdovs LP^M^, " crowded with people " : text doubtful:
? read irddovs, " fraught with tragedy." The words in

brackets appear to be a doublet of KariyefKy.
24
the whole city was deluged with blood pouring down

tlie slopes. To aid the attack on the fugitives in
the citadel ^"espasian now brought up his entire
force. The summit, all rock-strewn, difficult of access,
towering to an immense height, and surrounded with
precipices, everywhere ya^^Tled to depths below.''
Here the Jews worked havoc among the advancing
enemy with missiles of all kinds and rocks which
they rolled down upon them, being themselves from
their elevated position no easy mark for an arrow.

HoM'ever, to seal their ruin, a storm miraculously
arose which, blowing full in their faces, carried
against them the arrows of the Romans and checked
and deflected their ovm. Owing to the force of the
gale they could neither stand on the edge of the
precipices, having no firm foothold, nor see the
approaching enemy. The Romans mounted the crest
and quickly surrounded and slew them, some offering
resistance, others holding out their hands for quarter ;
but the recollection of those who fell in the first
assault whetted their fury against all. Despairing
of their hves and hemmed in on every side, multitudes plunged headlong with their wives and children
into the ravine which had been excavated ^ to a vast
depth beneath the citadel. Indeed, the rage of the
Romans was thus made to appear milder than the
frantic self-immolation of the vanquished, four thousand only being slain by the former, while those who
flung themselves over the chfF were found to exceed
five thousand. Not a soul escaped save two women ;
Literally " was full of depth " : see critical note.

* See 9.
25
JOSEPHUS
d8eA(/)7]S" dvyarepes avrai, avros S' o ^lXlttttos

laKLp.ov TLVog dvhpos eTTLG-qfiov, GTpaTap\rjGavTOs^
82 AypLTTTTO. TO) âcTtAct. hLeGojQ-qaav 8e ra? Trapa

T-qv dXojGLV opyas PcvfiaLcov XaOovGav rore yap
ouSe vrjLOjv i(j>eihovTOy ttoAAo. S' eKaGTore dpTrd-
83 ôrres" eGcêvbovajv aTTO rrjs aKpas. Tdp.aXa p.kv

lovvY ovTixJS idXoj rptrrj /cat etVaSt fJLrjvos 'Yrrep-
êperalov, rrjs drroGrdGeajs dpâ/xeVry? Vopmaiov

p,i]v6s reraprrj Kal et/cdSt.
*^ (ii. 1) MdvT^ Se rtcr;^^'^*^ TToXL)(yT] rrjs FaAtAata?
d;)(;eipajTOS" KareXeiTTero, rod jiev TrX-qdovs elprjVLKa
(f)povovvTOS, Kat yap -qGav to ttXIov yeojpyoL Kai
rat? aTTO tcov KapTTCJV eXLGiv aet TrpoGavexovres ,
7TapeLG(f)9apiJLvov S' avTols ovK oXiyov XrjGrpLKOv
rdyjxaros, cb nves /cat rod ttoXltlkov gvvv6govv.
85 ivqye 8e tovtovs et? t7]v drroGTaGiv Kal gvveKpoTCL \rjtov nvos vlos lojdwrjSt yorjs dvrjp /cat
TTOLKiXojraTOS TO rjQoSy TTpox^Lpos fxev iXTTLGaC
/xeydAa, Setvo? Se tcop iXTTLGdevTcov rrepLyeviGdaty
TTavTL T dw SrjXos dyarrdv rov rroXepLOV els
86 hvvaGTeias eTTideGLv. vtto tovtoj to GTaGLOjSe?

P TOL^ i LG)(aAoL? TeTaKTO , OL ovs Ta^ av /cat
TTpeGêvGdjievov rrepl TrapaboGeajs to S-qfiOTLKOv
V TToXeflLOV* pLOLpa TTJV PcopLaLOJV (f)ohoV e^8)(TO.
87 OvG7TaGLav6s be irrl pev tovtovs 1 trot' eKTrepîrei
* reTpapx/jiTauros PAL Lat.
* om. PA Lat.
^ rdxo. av L: tvxov the rest.
* conj. : TToXe/jLov mss. For the phrase ei> iroXe/xiov fxoipa

cf. Demosthenes 639.
* Vita 46, etc., B. ii. 421, 556, with note a on 2 above.
^ El-Jish, in the north of GaUlee.
26
these were nieces, on the mother's side, of PbiUp.

son of Jacimus, a distinguished man who had been
commander-in-chief to King Agrippa." They owed
their escape to their ha\'ing concealed themselves at
the time of the capture of the town ; for at that
moment the rage of the Romans was such that they
spared not even infants, but time after time snatched
up numbers of them and slung them from the citadel.
Thus on the twenty-third of the month Hyperbere- '- ^^ ^''^
taeus was Gamala taken, after a revolt which began
on the twenty-fourth of Gorpiaeus. c. 12 Oct.
(ii. 1) Only Gischala,* a small town in Galilee, Gischala

now remained unsubdued. The inhabitants were revoVAy^
inclined to peace, being mainly agricultural labourers, John,
whose whole attention was devoted to the prospects
of the crops ; but they had been afflicted by the
invasion of a numerous gang of brigands, from whom

some members of the community had caught the
contagion. These had been incited to rebel and
organized for the purpose by John, son of Le\i, a
charlatan of an extremely subtle character, always
ready to indulge great expectations and an adept in
realizing them ; all knew that he had set his heart
on war in order to attain supreme power.*' Under
him the malcontents of Gischala had ranged themselves and it was through their influence that the
townsfolk, who would otherwise probably have sent
deputies offering to surrender, now awaited the
Roman onset in an attitude of defiance. To meet ntus, sent
these rebels Vespasian dispatched Titus with a JfJscbaîa,
Cf. the character sketch of John in ii. 585 ff., with the
parallel there quoted from Sallust's description of Catiline ;
here Trot/ctXcoTaroj recalls " varius " of Salkist, and with the
last clause cf. " hunc . . . hibido maxuma invaserat rei
publicae capiundae " {De Cat. conj. 5).
VOL. m B 27
JOSEPHUS
avv )(l\lol? LTTTrevcnv, ro heKarov he rdyfia aTraipei

8S etV HkvOottoXlv. auro? 8e gvv hval rols Xolttols
eTTavrjXOev et? Katcrapetav, rod re avvexovs Kafidrov
hibov? dvarravGLV avrolg /cat St' evdrivlav rcjv
TToXeojv rd re Goj[iaTa Kal to irpoBvixov VTroOpeipetv
89 oloixevos irrl tov jieXXovras dyojvas' ov yap oAtyov avTO) rrovov ecopa Trepi rols lepoaoXvpLOLS
XeLTTOfxevov, are Srj âuiXeiov p.kv ovorjs Trjg
TToXeojs Kal TTpoavexovcnjs oXov rod eOvovs, ovppeovTOJV he els avrrjv row ear rod rroXepLOV hia-
90 hihpaGKov-ijjv. ro ye firjv (j)VGei <re>^ 6-xypov

avrrjs Kal Std KaraaKevrjv reiô^v dycoviav ov
TTjv rvôvGav eveiroiei' rd he (fjpovrjiJLara rwv
dvhpoJv Kal rd? roXjxas hvGpLera)(eLpLGrovg Kal
91 hlxa reixojv VTreXdpLâvev. hio hrj rovs orpaTLcora? Kaddrrep ddXrjrds TrpotjaKei rcov dyojvajv.
92 (2) TtVoj he TrpoGL7T7TaGafj.evaj rolg TLG^dXats

evTTeres {lev rjv eg ecpooov rrjv ttoAlv eAeiv, eLOcos
he^ el ftla X-qSOelr], htachdap-qGOfievov vtto rcov
GrparLOjrujv dvi&qv ro rrXrjdo?, tjv S' avro) Kopo?
rjh-q (jôvojv Kal hC oIktov ro TiXeov aKpcrajg
ovvaTToXXvi-Levov rols alriois,^ eôvXero fiaXXov
93 ojJLoXoylaLS TrapaGrrjGaGdaL rrjV ttoXlv. Kal h'q rod

relxovs dvhpojv Karayep-ovros, ol ro ttXeov rjGav
e.K rod hiecbdappLevov rdyp.aros, davp.dl,eiv e4>ri
TTpos avrovs, rivL TTeTTOiOores TrdG-qs eaXcoKVias
TToXeojs p-ovoi rd 'Poj/jLalajv orrXa p.evovGiv,
9^ eojpaKores pLev oxvpojrepas rroXXo) TToXeis vtto

fjLLav TTpoGôXrjv KarearpapLpLevas , ev dGcbaXela he
rcov Ihiojv KrripLdrojv drroXavovras ogol rats
'PwpiaLOjv he^Lals errLGrevGav, as Kal vdv irpo-
" ins. Bekker. * + to /htj alTi.ov M.
28
thousand horse ; the tenth legion he dismissed to

ScythopoHs. He himself with the two remaining
legions returned to Caesarea, to recruit them after
their incessant toil, and with the idea that the
abundance of city life would invigorate their bodies
and impart fresh alacrity for coming struggles. For

he foresaw that no light toil was in store for him
under the walls of Jerusalem, seeing that it was
not only the royal city and the capital of the whole
nation, but the rendezvous to which all fugitives had
flocked from the seat of war. The strength of its
defences, both natural and artificial, caused him
serious solicitude ; and he conjectured that the spirit
and daring of its defenders would, even without
walls, render their reduction a difficult task. He
accordingly trained his soldiers, like athletes, for the
fray.
(2) Titus, on riding up to Gischala, saw that the urges the

town might easily be carried by assault. But he i^^^b't^^^^^
knew that were it taken by storm a general massacre smrender.
of the population by his troops would ensue ; he was
already satiated with slaughter and pitied the masses
doomed along with the guilty to indiscriminate
destruction ; he therefore preferred to induce the
towTi to capitulate. Finding the ramparts crowded
with men, mainly of the corrupted gang, he told
them that he wondered on what they were relying
that, when every other city had fallen, they alone
stood out to face the Roman arms. They had seen
cities far stronger than their o^^^l overthro^^^l at the
first assault, but beheld in the secure enjoyment of

their possessions all who had trusted the pledges
proffered by Roman hands hands which he now
29
JOSEPHUS
TLVLV avToi? jiTjhev fJLVTjGLKaKOJv TTJ? ai^âSetas".
95 etvai yap dvyyvcooTOV eXevOepias IXrTiha, jxr^Keri
96 fievTOL TTjv iv Tols dSvvdroLS impLov-qv el yap ov

TTeLaOrjGOvrai Xoyois (j>iXav6p(I)7TOLs /cat Se^tat?
TTiareoj^, TTeipaaeiv avrovs aêihrj rd onXa, /cat
oGov ovSeTTOJ yvojGeadai^ TraitopLevov^ rdls 'PojpLalajv pLTjyâvrjpiaGiv to reZ-)(ôs, a> 7T7tol96ts
iTnSeLKWVTaL /xovot FaAtAatcDV, on elalv avdaSecs
aiXP-dXajTOL.
97 (3) Upos ravra rcov jLtcv h'qpLoriKOJV ov pLovov

ovK OLTTOKpLvea-OaL TLVL pLerijv, dAA' oi3S' eVt to
relxo? dva^rjvaL' TTpohieiXrjTTTO yap aTrav rol?
XrjGrpLKoZs, /cat (hvXaKes rcov ttvXcov rjoav, cu? /XTy
Ttye? rj TrpoeXOoiev iirl rd? GTTovSd? rj heâivro
98 rivas rcov IrrTTeojv els ttjv rroXiv. 6 S* ^lojdwrjs

avros re dyaTrdv ecfi-q rds TTpoKXrjuei? Kal rovg
99 aTTtCTTOWTas'^ rj Treioeiv tj avvavayKdaeiv heZv

pievroi rrjv r^ptepav avrov eKeivrjv, e^So/xas" ydp
rjv, xapLGaadai rcp^ 'lovSalcov vopLcv, /ca^* rjv
coGTTep orrXa Kcvelv avrols, ovrco Kal ro avv-
100 nOeGOai Trepi eLprjVTjs ddepirov. ovk dyvoelv he

ovhe 'PcopiaLovs, cLg dpyrj jrdvrcov avrols eGriv
rj rrjs e^SopidSo? rrepLoSos, ev re ro) Trapaâiveiv
avrrjv ov^ rjrrov dGeêlv rcov ^caGOevrcov rdv
101 ^laodpLevov. (jiepeiv 8' eKeLVco pLev ovhepiiav ^Xd^rjv

rd rrj? vrrepdeGecos, ri ydp dv ris ev vvKrl ôvXevGairo SpaGpLov rrXeov, eôv TrepiGrparorrehev-
102 Gavra rrapacfivXdâL; pLeya Se KepSo? avrols rd
^ AM : yfcjadrjcrea-dai. the rest.
^ L^, cf. Lat. ludura fore: Tneôfievov the rest,
^ aTretdovvTas P.
* +t2'u L.
SO
JEWISH WAR, IV. 94r-102
extended to them without a thought of vindictiveness

for their obstinacy If hopes of hberty were pardonable, there was no excuse for holding out under
impossible conditions. For, should they decline his
humane proposals and pledges of good faith, they
would experience the relentlessness of his arms and
learn all too soon that their walls were a mere
plaything for the Roman engines those walls on
the strengtli of which they alone of the Galilaeans
were displaying the obstinacy of prisoners.
(3) To this speech not one of the townsfolk had John of
Giscliala
an opportunity of replying, not being allowed even imposes

to mount the wall ; for it had all been already "P^ '^'^'''
occupied by the brigands, while sentries had been

posted at the gates to prevent either the exit of any
anxious to make terms or the admission of any of
the cavalry into the town. It was John who replied,
saying that for his part he acquiesced in the proposals and would either persuade or coerce refractory
opponents. Titus must, however (he said), in deference to the Je^vish law, allow them that day,
being the seventh, on which they were forbidden
alike to have resort to arms and to conclude a treaty
of peace. Even the Romans must be aware that
the recurrence of the seventh day brought them
repose from all labour ; and one who compelled
them to transgress that law was no less impious than
those who so acted under compulsion. To Titus the
delay could cause no injury ; for what plot could be
laid in a single night, except for flight, and that he
could guard against by camping round the city ? To
.SI
JOSEPHUS
fjL-qSev Trapaf^jjvai rcov narpLcov iOwv. 7Tpe7Ti^
Se TO) TTapa rrpoaSoKLav elpujvrjv âptô/xeVa> rolg
103 GOjtoixevoL? rrjpelv koI tovs vojjlov?. tolovtol?
00(I)L^TO TOV 1 LTOV , OV TOOOVTOV TT]? e/?0/XaSo?
Groxo-iojJLevogy ogov Tr\<; iavrov GOJTrjpcas' eScSoLKeL Se yKara\i-j(j)6rjvai^ 7TapaxpT]f^(^ ttjs TroAecos"
aXovurjs, v vvktI koI (j>vyr] ras iXTTiSa? excov rod
104 ^Lov. deov 8' Tjv epyov dpa rod aojtôvro^ rov
lojdvvrjv 7tI rov rcov 'lepoCToAv/xtrctjy^ oXedpov

ro /jlt] fjLovov TTeLaSrjvaL Tirov rfj GK-qipeL rrjg
vrrepOeaeojg, dXXa Kal rrjs TToXeco? TToppcorepco
105 GrparoTTeSevaaadai vpo? KvSacrots'" ixeaoyetos 8'

ecrrt Tvpiojv kco/jltj Kaprepd, hid filaovs del Kal
TToXepLov TaXiXaloLs, exovaa TrXrjdog re OLKrjropcvv
Kai rrjv oxvp6rr]ra rfjs npos to edvos Staôpd?
106 (4) Nu/CTOS" S' o ^lajdw-qs cLs ovhepLiav Trepl rfj

TToXei *Pa>fJLaLCov icjpa (f)vXaKrjv, rov Kaipdv dp7Taora[jLVOs, ov fiovov rov<i Trepl avrov onXiras
aXXd Kal row dpyorepojv avx^'ovs a/xa rals
107 yeveals avaXaôjv errl ^lepoooXvjJLOJV eêvye. /x;^pt

/xey ovv e'lKooi orahioav otov re "^v orvveâyayeiv
yvvaiKOJV Kal Traihiajv oxXov dvOpcorrcp Kara(TTTepxojJLevo) rot? VTrep aiXfÔLXojGLas Kai rov Crjv
(poÔL, TTepairepoj Se TrpoKoirrovros d-neXeLTTovro ,
108 Kai êival rcov ecofjLevojv rjaav oXocjiV poets' duov

yap eKaaro? rcov oLKeiojv eyivero rroppcorepco,
rocrovrov eyyvs vveXdpâvev elvai rcov TToXepnajv ,
Trapelvai re rjhrj rovs alxP'CiXajrLGOfJLevovs SoKovvres
^ irpeweiv Dindorf with Lat. decere ; but speeches tend

to drift into oratio recta at the close.
2 eyKaraXeKpdrjpai, " deserted," PA^LV^ Lat.
32
tliem there would be great gain in being spared any

transgression of their national customs. \Ioreover,
it would be becoming in the gracious bestower of an
unexpected peace to preserve the laws as well as the
Hves of his beneficiaries. By such language John

imposed on Titus ; for he was concerned not so much
for the seventh day as for his own safety, and, fearing
that he would be caught the instant the city was
taken, rested his hopes of Ufe on darkness and
fliffht. But after all it was bv the act of God. who
was preserving John to bring ruin upon Jerusalem,
that Titus was not only influenced by this pretext
for delay, but even pitched his camp farther from
the city, at Cydasa." This is a strong inland village
of the Tyrians, always at feud and strife with the
Galilaeans, having its large population and stout
defences as resources behind it in its quarrel with
the nation.
(4) At nightfall John, seeing no Roman guard John's flight

about the town, seized his opportunity and, accom- jemsaiem.
panied not only by his armed followers but by a
multitude of non-combatants with their families,
fled for Jerusalem. For the first twenty furlongs
he succeeded in dragging with him this mob of women
and children, goaded though he was by terror of
captivity and of his hfe ; but after that point as he
pushed on they were left behind, and dreadful were
their lamentations when thus deserted. For. the
farther each was removed from his friends, the nearer
did he fancy himself to his foes ; and believing that

their captors were already upon them they were
" Probably Kedesh Naphtali, called Kedasa or Kadasa in

ii. 459.
' P"ÂM : 'lepoaoXvfxiai^ the rest.
33
JOSEPHUS
iiTTO-qvrOy Kai rrpos rov aXXrjXwv K tov hpouov
lp6(f)OV i7TGTp(f)OVTO Kada7Tp TjOTj TTapOVTOJV OVS
109 (f)vyov' avohiai? r ivemrrrov ol 77oAAot, /cat Trepl

TTjv XOj(f)6pov Tj row (j)6av6vTcov kpts (Jvverpiêv
no Tovs TToXXovs. OLKrpos hk yvvaiKOJv Kau TTaihicov

oXedpos Tjv, Kai TLVs TTpos avaKXiqoeis dvhpojv
re Kai Gvyyevcov edapurjoav fxera kcukvtojv Ik'
111 revovaaL Trepipieveiv . aXX iviKa to lojdwov
TrapaKeXevGjJia 0(x>l,eiv eavrovs ipLôcovTOs Kai

KarachevyeLv evda Kai Trepl rcov aTToXeLTTOfievajv
djivvovvrai 'PcopLalovs dv dpTrayajGL. ro fiev
ovv rojv SiaSiSpaGKovrajv ttXtjOos cL? e/cacrro?
LG^vos ^^X^^ V '^dxov? eGKehaGTO.
112 (o) Tiros Se pLed" rjpLepav eirl rds GvvOrJKas irpos
113 ro relxos Traprjv. dvoiyec 8 avrqj rds TTvXas d

SrjpLOS, Kai pêrd rd)V yevewv rrpoeXOovres^ dvev(hrjpovv ojs evepyerrjv Kai (jjpovpds eXevdepojGavra
114 Tr)v ttoXlv iSrjXovv ydp a/xa rrjv rov 'lojdwov

(f)vyr)v Kai rrapeKdXovv cêtcraaât re avrd)V Kai
TTapeXOovra rovs VTToXeLTTopLevovs rojv veojrepi-
115 t,6vrcov KoXdGai. d Se rds tov S-qpLOV he'qGets

ev Sevrepcp Oepêvos pLolpav eTrepLne rcbv LTTTrewv
Tojdvv7]v hiojôvGav, ol rov p.ev ov KaraXapL^vovGLv, e(f>dr] ydp eus TepoGoXvpia SLa(f)vya)V,
rcov Se GvvaTTapdvrojv aTroKreivovGL puev els
iâKLGXi'Xiovs, yvvaia 8e Kai naiSia rpLGXi'Xicov
116 oXiyov drroheovra TrepteXaGavres dv-qyayov. d he
Tiros TjX^^'^*^ H-^^ ^"^^ '^^ H-V TTOLpo-XRVH''^ ripLcopTJ-
GaGdai rov lojdvvrjv rrjs aTrdrrjs, LKavdv he

aGToxTjGavrt rw dvpLcp TrapapLvdiov excov rd
ttXtjOos rdJv alxpLO-Xcorajv Kai rovs hLe(f)dappLevovs,
117 etCTTêt re avev(f>rjpLOvpievos els Tqv rrdXiv, Kai rots

34
panic-stricken and turned at every sound made by

their comrades in flight, under the impression that
their pursuers had overtaken them. Many strayed
off the track, and on the highway many were crushed
in the struggle to keep ahead. Piteous was the fate
of the women and children, some making bold to
call back their husbands or relatives and imploring
them \\'ith shrieks to wait for them. But John's
orders prevailed : " Save yourselves," he cried, " and
flee where you can have your revenge on the Romans
for any left behind, if they are caught." So this
crowd of fugitives straggled away, each putting out
the best strength and speed he had.
(5) Early next day Titus appeared before the Titus enters
walls to conclude the treaty. The gates were opened ^^"^ * *'
to him by the people, who came out ^^'ith their
wives and children and hailed him as benefactor
and the hberator of their town from bondasre ; for
they proceeded to tell him of John's flight and
besought him to spare them, and to enter the town
and punish the insurgents who remained. Titus,
regarding the citizens' petition as of secondary
importance, at once dispatched a squadron of cavalry
in pursuit of John. These failed to overtake him,
the fugitive making good his escape to Jerusalem,
but of his companions in flight they killed some six
thousand and rounded up and brought back nearly
three thousand women and children. Titus was
mortified at faihng to \'isit John's trickery ^\'ith
instant chastisement, but, with this host of prisoners
and the slain as a sufficient solace to his disappointed
resentment, he now entered the city amidst general
* Xiese : irpo<xe\d6vTes mss.

VOL. Ill B 2 35
JOSEPHUS
crrpariojTaLs oXcyov rod rL)(OVS TrapauTraaai kXevaag vojjlo) KaraXrjipeojgy arreiXai? jiaXXov rj
KoXaaei rovs rapdrrGovrag rrjv ttoXlv aveoreXXe'
118 TToXXovg yap dv Kal 8ta rd oiKela pLLG-q Kal Stacfiopdg Ihlas Ivhei^rxaOai rovg avainov^, el htaKpivoL Tovg Tt/xajptas" dîovg' dp.eivov S elvai
p.TOjpov ev (jiajjoj tov atrtov KaTO-XiTrelv rj riva
WJ row ovK dîojv avroj ovvaTToXelv rdv pLev yap lcjcos

Kav^ (joj4)povT](jai Seet KoXdaeajg, r'qv em roZs
TTapcpxi'iKOGL Gvyyvcopirjv aihovfxevov, abiopOojTOV
8 6 rrjV 77L rols TrapavaXcxjOeiGL ripLajpiav eivat,
120 (j)povpa p.VTOi rrjv ttoXlv rjocfâXLaaro, St rjs rovs

T vea>TepLtovTas ecjêêiv kgl rovg eupijvLKa
(fypovovvrag OappaXeojrepovg KaraXenpeLv eixeXXev.
TaXiXala p.ev [ovv \' ovtojs edXco Trdoa, voXXots
tSpojOL TTpoyvpLvdaacra 'PojpLalovg iirl rd 'lepo(joXvpia.
121 (iii. l) Yipd? he rrjv etcroSov rod ]a)awov 6 irds

hrjpLos iêKexvro, Kal Trepl eKo.orov rojv GvpL7T(êvy6rojv p.vplos opLiXo^ (JwiiSpoiaaevoi rds
122 e^LoBev cru/xcôpas" dv7TVv9dvovro . ron> Se rd pLv
dadpLa 6epp.dv ert K07Tr6p,vov ehrjXov rrjv dvayK-qv,

-qXatovevovro Be Kav KaKols, ov 776</>eL'yeVat
'PojpLalovs (f>doKOvreS) aXX r^Keiv rroXep-rjaovres
123 avrov< i^ do(f)aXovs' aXoylarcov ydp elvac /cat

dxp'TjGrajv irapaôXajs TrpoKLvhvveveiv Trepl TlcrxaXa
Kal TToXixÔiS daOevels, heov rd OTrXa Kal ras"
d/</xa? rapLLeveadai rfj p.-qrpoTToXei, Kal (JVpL(f)vXdG-
124 (leLV. evda St) rraped'qXovv rrjv dXojaiv rcov

TiG^dXajv, Kal rrjv Xeyopêv-qv evax'r}p.6va>s vtto-
^ Bekker : Kai mss. ^ P : om. the rest.
36
acclamations ; and. after directing his troops to pull

down a small portion of the wall in token of capture,
he proceeded to repress the disturbers of the city's
peace rather by threats than by punishment. For
lie feared that, should he attempt to pick out the
offenders who deserved chastisement, many from
private animosity and personal quarrels would accuse

the guiltless, and he thought it better to leave the
guilty in suspense and alarm than to involve any
innocent persons in their destruction ; since the
sinner might perhaps learn wisdom through fear of
punishment and respect for the pardon granted him
for past offences, whereas the death penalty unjustly
inflicted was irremediable. He secured the town,
however, by a garrison, calculated to check the rebels
and to give confidence to the peaceable citizens on
his departure. Galilee was thus now wholly subdued, -î Galilee
after affording the Romans a strenuous training for
the impending Jerusalem campaign.
(iii. 1) When John entered the capital, the whole Jerusalem :

population poured forth and each of the fugitives john of
was surrounded by a vast crowd, eagerly asking Gischaia.
what had befallen outside. The newcomers, though
their breath, still hot and gasping, betrayed their
recent stress, nevertheless blustered under their
misfortunes, declaring that they had not fled from
the Romans, but had come to fight them on safe
ground. " It would have been stupid and useless,"
they said, "recklessly to risk our lives for Gischala
and such defenceless Uttle towns, when we ought
to husband our arms and energies for the metropoHs
and combine to defend it." Then they casually

mentioned the fall of Gischala and their own
37
JOSRPHITS
125 X^PV^^^ avToJv ol 77oAAot hpaayiov ivevoovv. to?

yievTOi ra Trepc rov? aixixaXcoriadevTa? 'qKovaOr^,
(jvyxvcrt? ov [xerpia Kariax^ tov SrjfjLOv, Kal
[leydXa rrjg iavTCJv dXcvaeco? ovveXoyitôvro rd
126 TKp-qpia. lojaw-qq 8' iiTi fxev rois KaraXet(f)6l(7Lv^ -qrrov rjpvOpia, Trepuajv S' eKaarovg iirl tov
7ToX[iop ivrjyev rals eXrriuLv, rd puev 'Pcu/xatcuv
aadevrj KaraoKevdtojv , ttjv S' olKciav hvvapLiv
127 iâtpow, Kal KaTLpcovv6[iV0 rrj? rcov aTreipajv

ayvocas, chs ovS dv Trrepd Xafôvreg vrrepâZev
TTore PajfialoL to 'lepoaoXvfJLOjv Telôs ol nepl
TOLS TaXiXaLOJV Kcopbai? KaKOTraOovvTe? Kal rrpos
TOL KL TELX^GL KaTaTpLlpaVTS TO-S" fJLrjXO-vds
128 (2) TouTOt? TO TToXv fJLev Twv iêojv TrpocrSi'
d)9LprO Kal TTpOS^ TOV TToXefJiOV rjpTOy TCOV Se
aaj(f)povovvTOJV Kal yqpaiwv ovk tjv ootls ov ra

lieXXovTa TrpoopojiiVos co? rj^y] ttjs TroXecos
129 OLxo/JLevqs eTrivOei. 6 fiev ovv brj/xog rjv iv TOiavTrj

GvyxvaeL, rrpobieGTrj e to /card ttjv x^P^^'
130 TrXrjdog Trjs v 'lepoaoXvfJLOL? GTaaeajg. 6 fxev ydp

Tiro? 0.770 TiGxdXojv etV Katadpecav, OveGTraGiavos 6 0,770 Katcropetas' ct? *IdpiVLav Kal
"A^corov d^LKOjievos napLGTaTai re ourd?^ Kal
<f>povpovs iyKaTaGTTjGas VTreoTpeifse, ttoXv ttXtjOo^
7rayofXvos tojv iirl he^LO. TrpoGKexojprjKOTCov.
131 KLVLTo 8' iv eKaGTT) TToXeL Tapax'Tj Kal TToXejXO^

ep.(i)vXLOSy OGOv T drro 'PcopLaLcov dverrveov et?
^ A^L^ Lat. : KaraXtjcpOeiaiv the rest.

^ + fjêv Mss. ' C : aifrais the rest.
" 130, describing the movements of Titus and Vespasian,

comes in rather awkwardly, breaking the close connexion
between 129 and 131.
38
" retreat," as they decently called it, though most

of their hearers understood them to mean flight.
When, however, the story of the prisoners came out,
profound consternation took possession of the people,
who drew therefrom plain indications of their own
impending capture. But John, Httle abashed at John as
the desertion of his friends, went round the several âr-iLrty in
groups, instigating them to war by the hopes he J'^nisaiem.
raised, making out the Romans to be weak, extolling
their o\vn power, and ridiculing the ignorance of the
inexperienced ; even had they ^vings, he remarked,
the Romans would never surmount the walls of
Jerusalem, after having found such difficulty with
the villages of Galilee and worn out their engines
against their walls.
(2) By these harangues most of the youth were

seduced into his service and incited to war ; but of
the sober and elder men there was not one who did
not foresee the future and mourn for the city as if

it had already met its doom. Such was the confusion
prevailing among the citizens, but even before sedition
sedition appeared in Jerusalem, party strife had s^rife^jy
broken out in the country. For when Titus moved Judaea,
from Gischala to Caesarea, Vespasian proceeded
from Caesarea to Jamnia and Azotus, and, having
reduced those to^^TlS and garrisoned them, returned
with, a large multitude who had surrendered under
treaty .'^ Every city ^ was now agitated by tumult
and civil war, and the moment they had a respite
from the Romans they turned their hands against
" In this picture of the effects of sedition the historian

probably has in mind, as elsewhere, the famous reflections
of Thucydides (iii. 81-84) on revolution.
S9
JOSEPHUS
aXX-qXavg ra? x^^P^'^ 7rGTp(f)Ov . -qv 8e tojv
epojVTOJV TOV TToAe/XOU TTpOS TO'U? eTTiOvfJiOVVTaS
132 etprjvrj? ept? ;\;Âe7r?]. Kal Trpchrov fxev Iv oiVtat?
'r]7TTT0 TOW OflOVOOVVTOJV TTO-XaL TO (f)iX6veLKOV ,
erretTa ach-qvLaCovTeg dXXriXojv ol (j)iXraToi^ Kal

ovvLOjv CKaaros Trpo? rovs ra avra npoaipov-
133 piivovs rjhr] Kara ttXtjOos avTerdouovro . /cat

Grdcns jJ-ev rjv Travraxov, ro veajrepiLôv he Kal rwv
ottXojv iTTidv/jLovv i7TKpaTe(, veorrjTL Kal roXpLj]
134 yqpaLOJV /cat GOj(f)p6vajv. erpdrrovTo Se Trpdjrov

liev LS aprrayds eKauroi tojv 7n)(ajpiOJVy eTTCtra
avvracrcropevoL Kara Xoôvs 677t Xr)OTLav tojv
Kara ttjv x^P^^> ^S" wfJLor-qro? Kal TTapavojiia?
evKv avTois pLTjSev 'Pa)iJLaLOjv rovg opioc^vXovs
hia(f>epeLV Kal ttoXv rot? TTopSovjievoLS Kov<f)ordpav hoKeiv rrjv vtto PcojialoLg dXojoiv.
135 (3) Ot (f)povpoL he row TToXecov rd fiev okvoj tov

KaKOTTaOelVj rd he /xtcret tov eOvovg, ovhev rj fiLKpa
Trpocjrjfivvov rots' /ca/cou/xeVot?, P-^XP'' Kopco tojv
Kara ttjv xojpav dpTrayow adpocodevTes ol tojv
TTavTaxov cruvray/xarajr dpxi-XrjGTal Kal yevofievoL
TTOv-qpias orTLcjios el? ra 'lepoooXv/JLa Trapeicr-
136 (f>deLpovTaL, ttoXlv dcFTpaTT^yrjTov Kal TraTpco) fiev

eOei rrdv dapaTTjprjTOJS hexopievrjv to 6p6(j)vXov,
Tore d oloiievojv drrdvTOJv rovs emxeopievovs^
137 irdvTas citt' evvolas rjKeiv Gvp.p,dxov. o hr] Kai

hixo. TTJs GTdoeojs voTepov e^dTTTiaev ttjv ttoXlv
TrXijOec yap dxp'qGTOj Kal dpyo) TTpoeâvaXdtdrj
ra rots' fiaxûoLS hiapKelv hvvdjxeva, /cat Trpos"
^ + Xaoi Mss. : expunged in A.

* ^7ret(rxeo,;te'oi;s MC (similar variant in 307).
40
each other. Between the enthusiasts for war and

the friends of peace contention raged fiercely.
Beginning in the home this party rivahy first attacked
those who had long been bosom friends ; then the
nearest relations severed their connexions and joining those who shared their respective views ranged
themselves henceforth in opposite camps. Faction
reigned everywhere : and the revolutionary and

militant party overpowered by their youth and recklessness the old and prudent. The various cliques
began by pillaging their neighbours, then banding
together in companies they carried their depredations throughout the country ; insomuch that in
cruelty and lawlessness the sufferers found no difference between compatriots and Romans, indeed to
be captured by the latter seemed to the unfortunate
victims far the hghter fate.
(3) The garrisons of the towns, partly from irruption

reluctance to take risks, partly from their hatred brigands
of the nation, afforded little or no protection to (Zealots)
the distressed. In the end, satiated with their Jerusalem.
pillage of the country, the brigand chiefs of all
these scattered bands joined forces and, now merged
into one pack of villainy, stole into poor Jerusalem
a city under no commanding officer and one which,
according to hereditary custom, unguardedly
admitted all of Jewish blood, and the more readily
at that moment when it was universally believed
that all who were pouring into it came out of goodwill as its allies. Yet it was just this circumstance
which, irrespectively of the sedition, eventually
wTecked the city ; for suppUes which might have
sufficed for the combatants were squandered upon

a useless and idle mob, who brought upon themselves,
41
JOSEPHUS
Tcp TToXefJicp araoiv re eavroZs kol Xl/jlov eTnKarecTKevaaav.
138 (4) "AAAot re airo rrj? x^^P^^ Xrjarral napeXdovres els ttjv ttoXlv Kai rovg evSov TrpocrXaôvreg
XOiXeTTCxjrepovg ovSev en row heivojv Trapieaav
139 ol ye ov fiovov^ aprrayais Kat XajirohvaiaLS rrjv

roXjJiav e/jLerpovv, dXXa /cat lêxpt' (f)6va>v exojpovv,
ov vvKros 7) Xadpaiojs tj IttI rovs rvxovras , dAAa
(f)avepajg kol fied^ rjuepav Kal rojv eTTiG-qyiorarajv
140 KarapxofJievoi. Trpojrov jxev yap Avrlnav, avhpa

rod âGcXiKOV yevovg Kal rcov Kara rrjv ttoXlv
Suvara>rdra)v , cu? Kal rovs SrjpLocriovs d-qaavpovs
141 TTeTTLGrevaOaiy avXXaôvres elpâv errl rovrco
A-iqoviav nvd rcov eTTiGrjpiOJV Kal Hvd>dv vlov
Apeyerov ,' âaiXiKov S' tjv Kal rovrow ro yevos,

Trpos Se rovs Kara rrjv vojpav rrpovxeiv SoKovvras.
142 SeLVTj he KardTrX-q^Ls etxe rov Srjpiov, Kal Kaddrrep

KareiX-qpiuevqs rrjs rroXews rroXefXcp rrjv Ka9
avrov eKacrros acorr^pLav rjydTra.
143 (5) Tot? 8' ovK dexp'q rd Secrfxa rojv GVveiXrjyifjuevajv, ovSe d(j(j>aXes (povro ro fJ-exRf' ttoXXov
144 Svvarovs dvSpas ovro) (fivXdacreiv LKavovs /xev yap

eLvai Kal rovs oIkovs avrwv rrpos dfjLVvav ovk
oXtydvSpovs ovras, ov firjv dAAa Kal rov hrjpiov
erravaorrjaeGd ai rdxa KLvrjdevra rrpos Trjv rrapa-
145 vopaav. hoâv ovv dvatpetv avrovs, ^lojavvrjv riva

TTepLTTOVGLv rov l^ avrcov els (f)6vovs npoxî'porarov'
^ r read aopais.
* PA, cf. ' ?yeTov L, Rageti Lat. : Pa7(Pe7-)c6\oi', Pa7ouT7Xoi'

the rest.
** He, with two other relatives of Agrippa II, Saul and

Costobar, had sought through the king's influence to nip
42
in addition to the war, the miseries of sedition and

famine.
(4) Fresh brigands from the country entering the They arrest
city and joining the yet more formidable gang within, eminmvt^ ^^
abstained henceforth from no enormities. For, not citizens,
restricting their audacity to raids and highway robberies, they now proceeded to murders, committed
not under cover of night or clandestinely or on

ordinary folk, but openly, in broad daylight, and
with the most eminent citizens for their earliest
victims. The first was Antipas.** one of the royal
family and he carried such weight in the city that
he was entrusted wdth the charge of the public
treasury. Him they arrested and imprisoned, and
after him Levias, one of the nobles, and Syphas,

son of Aregetes both also of royal blood besides
other persons of high reputation throughout tlie
country. Dire panic now seized the people, and as
if the city had been captured by the enemy none
cherished any thought but that of his personal
security.
(5) The brigands, however, were not satisfied mth

having put their captives in irons, and considered it
unsafe thus to keep for long in custody influential
persons, with numerous families quite capable of
avenging them ; they feared, moreover, that the
people might be moved by their outrageous action
to rise against them. They accordingly decided to
kill their \-ictims and commissioned for this purpose
the most handy assassin among them, one John,
the Jewish revolt in the bud (ii. 418) ; later, he remained in

Jerusalem when the others fled (ii. 557).
43
JOSEPHUS
AopKfiSo? ovTos CKaXetro ttoIs Kara rrjv 67rt;)ôjptov

yXojGGav oj SeVa crvveXOovre? et? tt-jv etpKrrjv
^Lch-qpecg drroachdrrovuLV rovs GVveLX'qp.iiVov<; }
146 TTapavojiTjiiarL 8' eV^ r-qXiKovroj fi^ydXojs irreipevBovro^ Kal pocbaGLi'*- hiaX-)(SrjVo.i yap avTOVs
PajfiaLOLg TTpl apahoGeojg tojv 'lepouoXvjiojv,

Kai TTpohora? dvr^prjKevai rrfs KOLvrjg iXevOepias
(âGKov, KadoXov t' iTTTjXalovevovTo rolg toXjitjfiaatv ojs eTjepyerai Kal aojTrjp<; ttj^ TToXeojg
yeyevTjjjievoL.
147 (^6) ^vvefSrj e et? roaovrov rov p.ev drjpLOv

TaTTeLvorrjTog Kal SeoL'S", Klvov ' drrovoias
TTpoeXdelv, OJS eV avrol? elvai Kal ras" ;)(etpoToyia-
148 row ap)(LpOjv. o-Kvpa yovv rd yevrj TTOirjaavres,

^ chv Kara duaBoxd? ol dp^Lepels dTTeheiKWVTO,
KaOiGraGav dG'qpLov? Kal dyevels, Iv* XOLv
149 Gvvepyovs tojv aGe^rjfidrojv toZs ydp Trap dctav

7TLTVX0VGi T7]? di'ojrdroj ripLrjs vrraKoveiv rjv
150 avayKT] rolg rrapaGôvGL. GVveKpovov he Kat
Tovs eV reAei TTOLKiXaL? eTrivoLais Kal AoyoTTOttats",

Kaipov eavTol? iv rats rrpog dX)<rjXovs tojv kojXvovTojv SiXovetKLais TroiovpLevoL, p-expi^ tojv els dvOpojTTOVs vepefiXr]GdevTes dhiKrjpdTOJv errl to delov
fieTT^veyKav tt^v v^piv Kal pLefJuaGpLevois tols ttogl
TTaprjeGav els to dyiov.
^5^ (T) ^KavLGTafievov re avTols yjhrj tov TrXiqdovs,
^ fipyuevots LC Exc. and inarg-in of PAÎ.
^ fTTt CA^2' : Xiese (ed. rain.) omits.
^ Dindorf: a.Tre\j/vbovTo mss.
* 7rpo(pdcreLS dvewXarTOP PAM.
i.e. " Gazelle," in Aramaic Bar Tabitha (c/. Acts ix. 36) :
Dorcas was used also by Greeks as a woman's name ( Wetstein ).
44
JEWISH WAR, IV. 145 151
known in their native tongue as son of Dorcas ** :

he with ten others entered the gaol with drawn
swords and butchered the prisoners. For such a
monstrous crime they invented as monstrous an
excuse, declaring that their \dctims had conferred
with the Romans concerning the surrender of Jerusalem and had been slain as traitors to the liberty
of the state. In short, they boasted of their audacious
acts as though they had been the benefactors and
saviours of the city.
(6) In the end, to such abject prostration and

terror were the people reduced and to such heights
of madness rose these brigands, that they actually
took upon themselves the election to the high priesthood. Abrogating the claims of those families from
which in turn the high priests had always been
dra^\Tl,^ they appointed to that office ignoble and
low born indi\'iduals, in order to gain accomplices in
their impious crimes ; for persons who had undeservedly attained to the highest dignity were bound
to obey those who had conferred it. Moreover, by
various de\ ices and libellous statements, they brought
the official authorities into collision with each other,
finding their own opportunity in the bickerings of
those who should have kept them in check ; until,
glutted with the ^^Tongs which they had done to

men, they transferred their insolence to the Deity
and with polluted feet invaded the sanctuary.
(7) An insurrection of the populace was at length
* For this limitation of the high priesthood to a few

privileged famihes see Schiirer. O.J.V. (ed. 3) ii. 222. The
contents of this section are partly repeated in that which
follows ; a duplication perhaps indicating imperfect editorial
revision.
45
JOSEPHUS
vfjy yap 6 yepairaros:^ tojv apîepeow Kvavo^,

dvTjp ooj4)poveGraTos koI Taâ av Siacrojaag ttjv
ttoXlv, el ras tojv 7tlôvXojv ;êrpa? 6^(f)vyV, oi
Se Tov vcbv Tov deov ^povpLOV avrols Kai row
a770 TOV SrjiJLOv Tapa-)(0)v rroiovvrai Karaîvyrjv ,
152 KOI TvpaweZov tjv avrols to dytov. TrapeKipiaro

Se roLs Setvots" eipojveia, to twv evepyovjJLevojv
153 dXyeivorepov drrorreipajpievoi yap rrjs rov S-qfiov

KaraTrXrjêojs /cat T'qv avrojv SoKLfjLdl,ovrs lo-^yv
kXtjpojtovs 7TXLpr]Gav 7T0LLV Tovs ap^^tepet?
ovGTjs, OJS" (f)aiJiv, Kara yevos avrcov rrjs StaSoxrjS'
154 Tjv Se TTpoGXVH-^ 1^^^ '^V^ 7TLôXrjs^ edos dpxolov,

eTTeihrj /cat TrdXat KXrjpojr7]v e(/)aCTav etvat rrjv
dpx('^pojGvi''qv, TO 8* dXrjdes rov êâiorepov^
KardXvGis Kal rex^'Tj Trpog BwaGreiav rd? apxo-S
St avrojv KadiorafievoLs.
155 (8) Kat hr] fjLeraTTepupdiJLevoL fiiav rcov dpxleparLKCov ^vXtjv, ^^VLaxf^v /caAetrat, hieKXrjpovv
dpyîepia, Xayxdvei 8' diro rvx''!^ o fidXiGra
ScabeLâs avrojv rrjv rrapavofiLav, OavFt ns ovofxa,
vlog Y.ajjiovrjXov Kcvfir]? Ad)9ias, avrjp ov pLOVov
ovK ef dpxi-^pôjVy aAA' ouS' emordpLevos Gacfxjjg
156 rt TTor rjv dpxf-^poJGvvq hi aypoiKiav. aTro yovv

rrjs x^'^P^^ avroi' aKovra Gvpavres ojOTrep ettl
GKTjvijs dXXorplo) KareKOGpLOVV TTpOGOJ7TLO), TTjV
^ ye pair epos PAM.

* Xiese : eTrijiovXrjs aiss.
^ L^ : + vofiov the rest.
" For his murder and an encomium on his character see

S16-3-25. * Or " by families " ; see 148.
* The (pvXri (" clan ") is a subdivision of the Trarpia or

i<pT]ixepis (" course "). Josephus himself belonged to the
46
pending, instigated by Ananus. the senior of the insurrection

chief priests, a man of profound sanity, who might zealots
possibly have saved the city, had he escaped the ^âded by
conspirators' hands." At this threat these wretches
converted the temple of God into their fortress and The Zealots
refuge from any outbreak of popular violence, and temple ^^^
made the Holy Place the headquarters of their
tyranny. To these horrors was added a spice of and select
mockery more galling than their actions. For, to by'iot.^"*^^*
test the abject submission of the populace and make
trial of their own strength, they essayed to appoint
the high priests by lot, although, as we have stated,
the succession was hereditary.^ As pretext for this

scheme they adduced ancient custom, asserting that
in old days the high priesthood had been determined
by lot ; but in reality their action was the abrogation
of established practice and a trick to make themselves supreme by getting these appointments into
their own hands.
(8) They accordingly summoned one of the highpriestly clans,*' called Eniachin, and cast lots for a
high priest. By chance the lot fell to one who proved
a signal illustration of their depravity ; he was an
individual named Phanni, son of Samuel, of the
village of Aphthia,*^ a man who not only was not
descended from high priests, but was such a cIowti
that he scarcely knew what the high priesthood
meant. At any rate they dragged their reluctant
victim out of the country and, dressing him up for
his assumed part, as on the stage, put the sacred
first of the twenty-four priestly courses, and to the most

eminent of its constituent clans, Vita 2. The clan Eniachin
is mentioned here only : the suggestion of Lowth to read
t) 'la/ci/i for Evcdx'-i' {'EuiaKel/ui), comparing 1 Chron. xxiv. 12
(the course Jakim), is uncalled for. <* Site unknown.
4,7
JOSEPHUS
T ioO'fJTa TTepiTiOevTes rrjv lepav kol to ri Set
157 TTOLeZv eTTL Kaipov StSaCT/covre?. '^Xevrj 8* rfv

eKetvois /cat Traibia ro T'qXiKovrov daelSrjfxa, rolg
d'AAot? UpevdLv inLdeoJiievoLg noppcodev Tratôfivov Tov vopLov haKpvLV i7Tr]L Kal Kareurevov
Tiqv Tcjv Lepojv npLov KaraXvaiv.
158 (9) TavrT]v rrjv roXfjiav avrcbv ovk -qveyKev 6

SrjfjLos, aAA' a)G7Tp iirl rvpavvihos KaraXvoiv
159 iopfi-qvro Travreg- Acat yap ol irpovx^LV avrcov
hoKOVVT, YojpiojV T vloS ÎcOCTTJTTOV Kal 6
T afxaXiT^Xov Hvfiecov, TrapeKporovv ev re rals

KKXrj(7LaLg adpoovs Kal Acar' tStW TrepuovTes
eKaarov -qSr] ttote riaaGOai tov? XvpLeaJvas Trjg
eXevOeptag Kal KaQdpai twv yuaiôvajv to dyiov,
lt>('j OL re boKLpLcoTaTOL TLov ap)(Leplojv , YapdXa pikv
VLog IrjGovg Avdvov e "Avavog, rroXXd top

orjpop L vcoBeiav KaTOveihiCovTes iv rat? cruvoSots"
161 eiTiqyeipov rot? tîqXojTals' tovto yap avTovs

eKaXecrav cLs e-rr* dyadoZs iiriT'qhevpaGiv , dXX
ovx^^ /^rjXojcravTeg to. KaKiGTa tcov epycov [/cat]"^
VTrepâXXofievoL .
162 (lO) Kat h-q avveXdovTos tov ttXtjOovs els

eKKXrjOLav Kal TravTCov dyavaKTOvvTcov pkv irri
TTJ KaTaXrîpeL tcov dyiojv rats' Te dprrayals Kal
rots' 7T(f)OVVflVOLg , OVTTO) TTpO? TTjV dpVVaV
ojpprjfjLevajv to) 6vg7tl)(lptJtov, OTrep -qv, tovs
^rjXaj-ds VTToXapi^dveiv , /caraards' eV /xeaots' d
^ dW ovxi L Lat. : 6.Xkov% the rest. ^ om. PA Lat.
'^ Probably the Joseph, son of Gorion, who, along with

Ananus, was given supreme control in Jerusalem at the outbreak of war, ii. 563 ; the younger Gorion here mentioned
bears his grandfather's name.
48
JEWISH WAR, IV. 15(3-162
vestments upon him and instructed him how to act

in keeping with the occasion. To them this monstrous impiety was a subject for jesting and sport,
but the otlier priests, beholding from a distance this
mockery of their law, could not restrain their tears
and bemoaned the deo^radation of the sacred honours.
(9) This latest outrage was more than the people Popular
could stand, and as if for the overthrow of a despotism l-oased^ '
one and all were now roused. For their leaders of
outstanding reputation, such as Gorion.son of Joseph,**
and Symeon,^ son of Gamahel, by public addresses

to the whole assembly and by private visits to individuals, urged them to delay no longer to punish
these wreckers of liberty and purge the sanctuary of
its bloodstained polluters. Their efforts were supported by the most eminent of the high priests,
Jesus,^ son of Gamalas, and Ananus, son of Ananus,
who at their meetings vehemently upbraided the
people for their apathy and incited them against the
Zealots ; for so these miscreants called themselves,

as though they were zealous in the cause of virtue
and not for vice in its basest and most extravagant
form.
(10) And now, the populace being convened to a General

general assembly, when indignation was universally ^^^êech
expressed at the occupation of the sanctuary, at the of Ananus.
raids and murders, but no attempt at resistance had
yet been made, owing to a behef, not unfounded,

that the Zealots would prove difficult to dislodge,
* Probably identical with Simon, son of Gamaliel, of whom,

notwithstanding his opposition to Joscphus, the historian,
writes in the highest terms in Vita 190 If.
" Befriended Josephus, Vita 193, 201; for his death and
the historian's encomium upon him see 316 ff.
49
>1
josp:phus
Avavo^ Kal rroXXaKLg els rov vaov aTnhcov i/m163 nX'/jGag re rovs ocpdaXfiovs haKpvojv " rj KaXov
y ," elrrev, " rjv ifiol redvdvat Trplv eTTihelv rov
OLKOv rod Oeov TOcrovTOig dyeau KarayejiovTa /cat
rds" d^drov<; Kal dyias )(wpag ttogl fiLaucfiovajv
lt>4 orevo-xcopovfievas . aAAa 7TepLKLpLvos rrjv dp)(LpaTLKTjv eaOrjra Kai to rt/xtcorarov KaXovfievos rcJoi
Gâap.LOJv ovopLdrcDV, ^cD Kal (jicXoifjvxf^, p-'Tjh
VTTep rovp.ov yrjpojg VTropîvajv evKXerj ddvarov
Jet Se SeV [jlovos elpLL^ Kal KaOdirep iv iprjpLLO. rrji'
efiavrov ijjvxriv imhojGOJ piovrjv vrrep rov deov.
165 TL yap Kal Sel [,rjv eV Sry/xcu Gvp.(f)opa)V dvaia6r]TovvrL Kal Trap* 0I9 diroXajX^v rj tojv iv X^P^^
7ra6a)V dvTiXrjijjLs ; dpTraCôfievoi yovv dvexôde
Kai TVTTTopievoL GLajTrdre, Kai rols (f)OVvofJLVOLs
166 o'db imoTVL rig dva(i>avS6v. d) rrjg TTLKpds

rvpavvlhos. rl [Se] pieii(f)oixai tovs Tvpdvvovs ;
fJLTj yap ovK iTpd(f)TjGav i3^' vpLcJov Kal rfjs Vfierlpas
167 ave^LKaKLas ; firj yap ov^ vpLels TTepuhovres rov?
7Tpojrov ovvLGrapLevovs, eVt 8 I'-jGav oXlyoL,

TrXeiovs eTTOLTJaare rij GLCorrfj Kal Ka6oTrXLl,op.evcov
TjpepLovvres KaO^ iavrcov iTTcarpeipare rd drrXa,
168 Seov rd? Trpojrag avrdw imKOTrreLV oppidsy ore

Xoihopiais KaO-qTrrovro rdJv evyevcbv/' vpiels S'
afieXijcravres e0' dpTrayd? Trapoj^vvare rovs dXtrrjpuovs, Kai TTopdovpiivwv oIkojv Xoyos rjv ouSet?"
roiyapovv avrovg rjpjralôv rovs SeoTToras, Kal
avpop.evoL? oid fiearjg rrjs rroXeajs ovhel? 7njp.vvei'.
^ Destinon (Lat. nee . . quidem) : fxrjd' PAML : fjLtjKeri.

the rest.
^ ei oe del conj. : et del ur] PA : et Or] ixrj L : el d^ 6ri

the rest.
50
Ananus arose in tlie midst and, often gazing on the

Temple vriih eyes filled with tears, spoke as follows :
" Truly well had it been for me to have died ere
I had seen the house of God laden with such abominations and its unapproachable and hallowed places
crowded with the feet of murderers ! And yet I
who wear the high priest's vestments, who bear that
most honoured of venerated names, am alive and
clinging to life, instead of braving a death which
would shed lustre on my old age. If it must be
then, alone will I go and, as in utter desolation,
devote this single life of mine in the cause of
God. Why, indeed, should I live amongst a people
insensible to calamities, who have lost the will to
grapple with the troubles on their hands ? When
plundered you submit, when beaten you are silent,
nay over the murdered none dares audibly to groan !
What bitter tyranny ! Yes, but why blame I the
tjTants ? For have they not been fostered by you
and your forbearance ? Was it not you who by
allowing those first recruits to combine, when they
were yet but few, swelled their numbers by your
silence, and by your inaction when they were arming
drew those arms upon yourselves ? You should have
cut short their opening attacks when they were
assailing the nobles with abuse ; instead, by your
neghgence you incited the miscreants to rapine.
Then, when houses were pillaged, not a word was
said consequently they laid hands on their owners
as well ; and when these were dragged through the

midst of the city, none rose in their defence. They
' Destinon with Lat. : elfii mss.

* Destinon : (rvYyevuv mss.
51
JOSEPHUS
169 ol Kal h^Gôls fjKLGaPTO TOVS V(i> VfXOJV TTpO-
Sodevra?, ioj Xeyeiv ttogov? Kal TToSaTTOVS' dAA

aKaTaiTidrois aKpiroLs ouSets" iôijO-qae rots' SeSe-
170 fievoL?. riKoXovdov Tjv imheiv rovs avrovg (f)0vevojievovs. iTreldojxev Kal tovto, KaOdrrep i^
dyeXrjs Lôjcop dXoycov iXKoiievov rod KpanarevovTos det dufiaroSy ovbe (f)a>vqv tls a(f)rJKv,
171 ovx OTTCog KLvqc7 rrjv Seîdv. cbepere Sr] tolvvv,

(l>epeTe Trarovjieva ^Xerrovres Kai / ra ay La xrat
Trdvras vrrodivreg avTOL rols avoGLOtg rovs tujv
ToXfrripArajv âdfiovs pLTj âpvvecrde ttjv vrrepoxTj'^'
Kal yap vvv Trdvrojg dv errl iilt,ov TrpovKoipav,
172 et TL TOW dylajv KaraXvaai jielCov elôv. KeKparrjrat fjiev ovv to oxvpojTarov rrjs TrdAecos" XeyeaOoj
yap vvv TO Upov co aKpa ng iq (jipovpiov ky(OVTs
S' i7TiTTLX^Gfivrjv TvpavviBa rooavTTjV Kai Tovg
)(dpovs vrrkp Kopv(f)rjV j^XlirovTes , ri ôvXeveaOe
173 Kal TLCTL rag yvojpias TrpoGdaXTrere ; 'Paj/jLatovs

dpa 7TepiivelTe, tv^ TjfKjjv ôTjd-qcrojOL rote ayioLg;
^x^L fxev ovTOjg rd rrpdyiiara T'rj ttoXel, Kai rrpos
TOOOVTOV rJKOfjLv GviJL(f)opii)v , Iv^ rj/J-dg eXerjcraxjL
174 Kal TToXepLLOL;^ ovk iâvauT-qaeaOe , oj TXqjxoveGTaToi, Kal rrpog Tag rrX'qydg emGTpad>evTeg ^ o
Karri tojv drjplojv Gtlv Ihelv, Tovg TVTTTOVTag
diivveloSe ; ovk dvapLV/JGecOe tojv cdiajv eKaGTog
GVfjLOopojv, oL'd' d Trerrovdare irpo o(j)daXp.djv
defJLevoL Tag i/jv^dg eTr^ avTovg dijêre rrpog ttjv
^ ins. L^ Lat. : om. the rest.

^ Mark of interrogation substituted for full stop in m3s.
" 7nTeTeLxt<Tu^vr]v Tvpavvioa. : the phrase comes from

Tvpavvibo. . . . iv-Teixi<jt' v/xlv in the fourth Philippic attributed to Demosthenes (133).
52
next proceeded to inflict the indignity of bond*;; upon

those whom you had betrayed. The number and
nature of these I forbear to state, but though they were
unimpeached, uncondemned, not a man assisted them
in their bondage. The natural sequel \vas to watch
these same men massacred ; that spectacle also we
have witnessed, when as from a herd of dumb cattle
one prize ^^ctim after another was dragged to the
slaughter ; yet not a voice, much less a hand, was
raised. Bear then, yes bear, I say, this further sight
of the trampling of your sanctuary ; and, after yourselves laying each step of the ladder for the audacity
of these profane ^^Tetches to mount, do not grudge
them the attainment of the climax I Indeed by
now they would assuredly have proceeded to greater
heights, had aught greater than the sanctuary remained for them to overthrow.
" Well, they have mastered the strongest point in
the city for henceforth the Temple must be spoken

of as a mere citadel or fortress ; but with such a
tvrants' stronghold entrenched in your midst,*^ with
the spectacle of your foes above your heads, what
plans have you, what further cherished hopes console
vour minds ? Will you wait for the Romans to
succour our holy places ? Has the city come to such
a pass, are we reduced to such misery, that even
enemies must pity us ? Will you never rise, most
long-suffering of men, and turning to meet the lash,
as even the beast may be seen to turn, retaliate on
thom that smite vou ? Will vou not call to mind
each one of you his personal calamities and, holding
before your eyes all that you have undergone, whet
5S
JOSEPHUS
175 dfjLvvav; OLTToXcoXev dpa nap* v[jllv to rLfJLLcorarov

TOW rradoji' Kal <l>vGLK<jjrarov, eXevdepiag eTTcdvpLLa,
(J)lX6SovXol Se Kal (îXobeaTTOTOi yeydra/xey, ojGTTcp
EK TTpoyovcov TO VTTOTaaueoO at TrapaXaôvTes .
176 dAA' eKelvoi ye ttoXXovs Kal /xeyaAous" virep ttjs

avTOVopLLas iroXipiovs hiriveyKav Kal ovre ttjs
AlyvTTTLCov ovT TTfS Mt^Sojv hvvaGTelas rjTTÔrjGav
177 VTTep Tov pLTj TTOieZv TO KeXevofievov. Kal tl Set

TO. TOW TTpoyovojv Xiyeiv ; dXX 6 vvv rrpos 'Pa>fialovs TToXepLOs, ecu SteAeyx^^^ rroTepov XvaLTeXrjs
o)v Kal GvpL(f)opos 7] TOVvavTLOv , TLva S' ovv exi
178 7Tp6(l)auLV ; ov ttjv eXevdeplav ; etra tov? ttj?

0LK0vpLi'r] hearroTas pit] (fiepovTes twv 6pocf)vXow
179 Tvpdwojv dveôpLeda; KaiToi to pLev toIs eôjdev

u7TaKovLV aveveyKai tls olv et? Tqv drra^ rjTTT]uaaav TV)(^rjv, to Se toXs olklols lklv TTOvqpols
IgO dyevvojv ecrrt /cat rrpoaLpovpLevcov. eTreihr] he

drra^ ipLinjaOrjv 'PojpLaLOJV, ovk drroKpijipopLaL
TTpos vpds eLTTelv o /xeraû tcov Xoycov epLTrecrov
errecTTpeipe ttjv Stavotav, ort kclv aXcopLev vtt
eKeivoiSt drreiri Se 77 Trelpa tov Xoyov, ;âAe77C/jT6pov
ovdev Tradelv eôpêv Sv rjpLas Stareêt/cacrtv ovtol.
181 TTcbg S ov SaKpvojv d^Lov eKeivojv piev ev to) lepco

Kal dvaOrjp.aTa ^XerreLv, to)v he 6po(f)vXajv Ta
(jKvXa GecruXriKOTOjv Kal dveXovTOJV ttjv ttj?
pLTjTpoTToXeoJS evyeveiav , Kal 7Te<f)OvevpLevov dvhpa?
182 ajv dneoxovTO dv KaKeZvoL KpaTijoavTes ; Kal

'Poj/xatous' pLv pLTjheTTOTe virep^rjvaL tov dpov tcjv
54
your souls for revenge upon them ? Have you then

lost that most honourable, that most instinctive, of
passions the desire for liberty ? Have we fallen in
love with slavery, in love with our masters, as though
submission were a heritage from our forefathers ?
Nay, they sustained many a mighty struggle for
independence and yielded neither to Egyptian nor
to Median domination, in their determination to
refuse obedience to a conqueror's behests. But why
need I speak of the deeds of our forefathers ? We
are now at war with Rome ; I forbear to inquire
whether such war is profitable and expedient or
the reverse, but what is its pretext ? Is it not
Hberty ? If, then, we refuse to bow to the lords of

the inhabited world, are we to tolerate domestic
tyrants ? Yet subservience to the foreigner might
be attributed to fortune having once for all proved
too strong for us ; whereas to surrender to villains
of one's own country argues a base and deliberate
servility .
" Now that I have mentioned the Romans, I will

not conceal from you the thought which struck me
while I was speaking and turned my mind to them :
I mean that even should we fall beneath their arms
God forbid that those words should ever be our
lot I we can suffer no greater cruelty than what
these men have already inflicted upon us. Is it not
enough to bring tears to the eyes to see on the one
hand in our Temple courts the very votive offerings
of the Romans, on the other the spoils of our fellowcountrymen who have plundered and slain the
nobihty of the metropoUs, massacring men whom
even the Romans, if victorious, would have spared ?
Is it not lamentable, that, while the Romans never
55
JOSEPHUS
ê^rjXojv iirjbe rrapa^rjvai n rcov lepojv idcov,

TTechptKevaL de TToppajdev opcovras rov? tCjv aylojv
183 7TpL^6Xovy yewiqBevras^ de rcva? iv rfjhe rij

X^P^ ^<^^ Tpa<f)evTas vtto toIs rjiierepois edeoi
KOL 'louSatozj? KaXovjievovs ip^TTepirrareLV fiiaoLs
Tols dyloLg, depfxa^ ert rag )(eLpa ef 6p.o(f)vXajv
184 exovra? (f)6vojv ; elra n? oeBoiKev top e^cudev

rroXepLOV Kal rovg ev GvyKpiaeL ttoXXoj rwv oiKeicov
rjpuv pLerpLwrepovs; Kal yap av^ el ervp-ovs del
rolg rrpdypLaGL ra? /<Arycrets" e(f)appL6ie(v, rdxo. dv
evpoL ns 'PojpiaLovg pLev rjp.lv ê^'HOjrds rcuv
185 v6p.ojv', TToXepLLovs 6 rov5 evhov. oW on p.ev

eôjXeis ol eTTLôvXoi rrj? eXevOepias, Kal rrpos
d dehpdKauLv ovk dv rts" errLvoTjcreiev Slktjv aîav
Kar' avTOJV, ot/ât Trdvras rjKeiv TTeTTetcrpLevovs
o1.Ko9ev Kal npo rcov ep.6jv Xoyojv Trapoj^vvOai
iS6 ToIs" epyois err avrov?, a rreovdare. KaraTrXrjOuovrai S' Igojs ol ttoXXoI to re ttXtjOos avTOjv Kal
TTjV ToXpâv, eTL be Kai ttjv K tov tottov TrXeoveîav.
187 TavTa S' ojUTrep ovveoTi] hid ttjv vpieTepav dpLeXeiav, Kal rvv av^r^Q-qaeTai TrXeov VTrepdepLevajv
Kal ydp TO ttXtjOos avTols eTTLTpecheTai Kad
TjpLepav, TTavTOS rrorripov rrpos tov opioiovs avTO-
188 pLoXovvTOs, Kal TTjV ToA/xav iâTTTei p-expi vOv
pLTjdev ep-TTohiov, tco re tottco KaOvTrepdev ovTes
XpTjuaLVT^ dv^ Kal p.eTd TTapaGKevrfS, a.v TjpLel^
^ natos Lat. : ',ivr)OevTas Niese.
* om. df L.
^ Niese : xp^'^-'-^'^ 'siss,.
Or, if Tiav êSqKujv is neuter, " the limit of the unhallowed

(permitted ) ground." The reference is to the stone balustrade
{oyi(paK~o^) separating the inner temple from the outer
court, with its warning inscriptions in Greek and Latin,
5^
overstepped the limit fixed for the profane,'* never

violated one of our sacred usages, but beheld with
awe from afar the walls that enclose our sanctuary,
persons born in tliis very country, nurtured under
our institutions and calling themselves Jews should
freely perambulate our holy places, with hands yet
hot \dth the blood of their countrymen ? After that,
can any still dread the war with the foreigner and
foes who by comparison are far more lenient to us
than our own people ? Indeed, if one must nicelv fit
the phrase to the fact, it is the Romans who may well
be found to have been the upholders of our laws,
while their enemies were Avithin the walls.
** However, of the abandoned character of these

conspirators against liberty and that it would be
impossible to conceive any adequate punishment for
what they have done, I feel sure that you were all
convinced when you left your homes, and that before
this address of mine you were already driven to
exasperation against them by those misdeeds from
which you have suffered. Perhaps, however, most
of you are overawed by their numbers, their audacity,
and the further advantage which they derive from

their position. But, as these arose through your
supineness, so \vi]\ they now be increased, the longer
you delay. Indeed, their numbers are growing
daily, as every villain deserts to his hke ; their
audacity is fired by meeting so far vvith no obstruction ; and they will doubtless avail themselves of
their superior position, with the added benefit of
forbiddinff foreigners to pass under pain of death, v. 193 f.

While the ordinary Roman scrupulously observed the rule,
(ii. 841 Xeapolitanus pays his devotions " from the permitted
area "), conquerors such as Pompey, and even Titus himself,
penetrated to the Holy Place (Ap. ii. 82, B. i. 152, vi. 260).
57
JOSEPHUS
189 XP^'^^^ hojixev. TTLGTevaare 8 cos", eav rrpoaâivcofjiev evr' avrovg, eaovrat rfj avveio-qaeL
raneLVOTepoL, kol to TrXeoveKTrjixa rov vi/jovg 6
190 ?ôyL(7fJL6? (iTToXei. to-XO. to Oelov v/Sptcr/xeVov dva-
GTpeifjeL KaT avTCOv to. âXXofieva, kol toZs (J(f>TpoL SLa(f)9apTjaovTaL jSeAecrtv ol hvuaeêis. pôvov
191 6(f)9a)p.ep avTolg, kol KaToXeXvvTai. KaXov hi,

KOLV Trpoafi TLS KLvhvvos, dnodvrjGK^LV rrpos toIs
Upols TTvXojai Kal T-qv i/jvxrj^, ct /cat p,rj rrpo
TTaihwv T] yvvaiKCJV y dXX virkp tov deov Kai tcjv
192 dyiojv Trpoeadai. TTpoaT-qaopâL S' iyuj yvajpLT]
T KOL X^'^P^' '^^^ ^''^' ^''TT'tVota TL9 VpXv X^llpeL TTpOS
doc^dXeiav i^ rjp.cov ovt tov G<jop.aTO? oipeade

(fieihojievov."
193 (ll) To-UTOLS 6 "Avavos TrapaKpoTei to nX-qdos

irrl Tovs l,r]XojTds, ovk dyvoojv [xev cu? etev tJStj
SvaKaTaXvTOL rrXriOei re koI veoTTjTi /cat irapaGT-qixaTL ^vxrjs, to ttXIov he cruveihrjaei tow elpyaapêvow ov yap ivhojaeiv avTovs eis eoxo-Tov^
194 GvyyvcvpL-qv icf)^ ot? ehpaoav aTreXTTLGavTas^ opLOJS

he Trdv oTLOvv iraOelv TrporjpeiTO p^dXXov tj Trepuheiv
195 ei' TOiavTTj rd Trpdyp.aTa Gvyxvcrî^- to he ttXtjOos

dyeiv avTOVs eôa KaO^ coy Trape/cciAet, /cat npo-
KLvhvveveLv eKaoTOs rjv CTOLpLOTaTOS .
196 (12j 'Ev oGcp he 6 "Avavos /careAeye re /cat

GVveTaGGe tovs emTrjhecovs Trpos pLax'T^v, ol
LrjXojTal TTVvOavopievoL ttjv eTTix^Lp'qGiv, TraprJGav
yap OL dyyeXXovTe^ avTol<^ iravTa ra Trapa tov
hrjpiov, TTapo^vvovTai /ca/c tov cepov Trpou-qooji'Tes
dOpooL Te /cat /card Ad;!ôu? ovdevos eêidovTO tcov
^ Hudson with one ms. : iaxo-r-qv the rest.
58
preparation, if we give them time. But, believe me,

if we mount to the attack, conscience will humble
them and the advantage of superior height will be
neutralized by reflection. Maybe, the Deity, whom
they have outraged, will turn their missiles back upon
them,<* and their own weapons will bring destruction
upon the impious wTetches. Only let us face them
and their doom is sealed. And, if the venture has
its attendant risks, it were a noble end to die at the
sacred portals and to sacrifice our lives if not for

wives and children, yet for God and for the sanctuary.
But I ^^'ill support you both with head and hand :
there shall be no lack on my part of thought to
ensure your safety, nor shall you see me spare my
person."
(11) Thus did Ananus incite the populace against Ananus and
the Zealots. He knew full well how difficult their pêparSo'
extermination had already become throua-h their attack the
Zealots
numbers, vigour, and intrepidity, but above all
through their consciousness of their deeds ; since,
in despair of obtaining pardon for all they had done,
they would never give in to the end. Nevertheless,
he preferred to undergo any suffering rather than
allow affairs to remain in such confusion. The people
too now clamoured for him to lead them against the
foe whom he urged them to attack, each man fully
ready to brave the first danger.
(12) But while Ananus was enlisting and marshal- Fierce

Ung efficient recruits, the Zealots hearing of the pro- ^s^^^'^sjected attack for word was brought to them of all
the people's proceedings were furious, and dashed
out of the Temple, in regiments and smaller units,
" As at Gamala, 76.
* Destinon (c/. v. 3o-t) : iXiriaavras (or -es) 3iss.
VOL. Ill c 59
JOSEPHUS
197 npoarvyxoLVOVTOJp . adpoilêraL 8' vtt^ ^ Avdvov raXiu)? TO S-qiioTLKOv, TrX-qdeL /xev vnepexov, ottXols
8e Kal TO) fiTj GvyKeKporrjcrdaL Xeirrop-evov row
198 iC,'qXojTOjv . TO rrpoBvpLOV 8e Trap' eKarepoig av7rXrjpov ra XetTTovra, tojv ^xkv airo rrj? TToXeoJS
dveLXrj(l)6rojv opyrjv LGxvporepav rwv ottXojv, tojv
S' drro Tov Upov ToXp-av TravTOs TrXijdovg VTrep-
199 exovaav xrat ol pev aoLKT]TOV VTToXapL^dvovTes

avTols TTjV ttoXlv el piTj Tovs XrjOTas iKKoipeiap
avTTjS, ol iy-jXcjJTal 8 et /xt^ KpaTolev ovk gtli'
rjcTTLVos VGTeprjoeiv Tipaopias, Gvvepp'qyvvvTO^ UTpa-
200 Tr]yovpivoL Tolg TrddeGL, to p.v TrpojTov KaTa ttjv

ttoXlv Kal TTpo TOV Upov XldoLS ^dXXovTS dXXijXovs
Kal rroppcodev hiaKOVTitopevoiy KaTa 8e ras"
Tporrds OL KpaTovvTeg expoji^TO toIs ^LcjyeGL' Kal
TToXvg rjv eKaTepojv (j)ovos, rpau/xartat re eyivovTO
201 GVXÔL. Kal T0V pikv drro tov hiqpiov hieKopiitov

els Tas OLKias ol TrpoG-qKOVTes, 6 he ^X-qdelg tcov
^rjXcoTOJV elg to lepov avrjeL KaOaip-dGGwu to delov
eha(j)OS' Kal piovov dv tls elrroL to eKeivojv alpa
202 pidvac rd dyia. KaTa p.ev ovv Tas Gvp,ôXds

eKTpeôvTes del TrepirJGav ol XrjGTpiKoi, TedvpLcopLevoi 8' ol SrjpLOTLKol KaL rrXeiovs aei yivop-evoL,
KaKiCovTes TOVS evSLSovTas Kal pt.rj SihoPTes tols
TperropevoLS dvaxcop'^criv ol KaTonLV ^La^6f.iei'Oi,

ndv piev e7TLGTpe(f)0VGL to G(f)eTepov et? tovs
203 VTTevavTLOvs' KdKeivcov pVjKeT dvTexovTOjv tt] ^lo.,

KaTa pLLKpov 8' dvaxojpovPTOjp eLS to tepov gvv-
204 eLGTTLTTTovGLv ol TTepl TOV " Avavov . TOLS 8e /cara-
TtXtj^LS epTTLTTTeL GTepopeVOLS TOV rrpojTov TTepL-
ôXov, Kal KaTa(f)vy6vTes ets" to evooTepco Tax^cos
^ A} : + oe the rest.
60
and spared none who fell in their way. Ananus

promptly collected his citizen force, which, though
superior in numbers, in arms and through lack of
training was no match for the Zealots. Ardour,
however, supplied either party's deficiencies, those
from the city being armed with a fury more powerful
than weapons, those from the Temple with a reckless-
ness outweighing all numerical superiority ; the

former persuaded that the city would be uninhabitable by them unless the brigands were eradicated,
the Zealots that unless they were \ictorious no form
of punishment would be spared them. Thus, swayed
by their passions, they met in conflict. This opened
with a mutual discharge of stones from all parts of
the city and from the front of the Temple and a
long range javelin combat ; but, when either party
gave way, the victors employed their swords, and
there was great slaughter on both sides and multitudes were wounded. The injured civilians were
carried into the houses by their relatives, while any
Zealot who was struck climbed up into the Temple,
staining with his blood the sacred pavement ; and
it might be said that no blood but theirs defiled the
sanctuary. In these engagements the sallies of the
brigands proved invariably successful ; but the
populace, roused to fury and continually growing
in numbers, upbraiding those who gave way, while
those pressing forward in rear refused passage to
the fugitives, finally turned their whole force upon
their opponents. The latter no longer able to withstand this pressure gradually withdrew into the
Temple, Ananus and his men rushing in along ^\dth Ananus
them. Dismayed by the loss of the outer court, the ^^ter^coun
Zealots fled into the inner and instantly barred the
61
JOSEPHUS
205 drroKXeLOVGL ra? rrvXag. rep S' 'Amiôj TrpocrâXeh' fJLEV ovK iboKei rolg tepolg ttvXojglv,
d/\XciJS re k6.klv(jl>v âXXovrojv avujdev, ddeiitrov
8' j-jyelro, Kav Kparrjcrr], firj rrporjyvevKog elo-
206 ayayelv ro ttXtjQos' htriKX-qpajGag S* 6/c Trdvrojv elg

eâKLGyîXiovs orrXlras KaOLGTTjGLv errl rat? gtools
207 (hpovpovs' StehexovTO S dXXoL rovrovg, /cat Travrl

/jLev dvdyKTj Trapelvat Trpos rrjv (f)vXo.Kriv e/c TreptoSou,
TToXXol Se row iv d^LajjiaGiv ecjieOevreg vrro roiv
dpxîP hoKOvvrojv iiiGdovjievoi rrevLy^^porepovs dvd^
eavrojv em rrjV 4)povpdv enefJiTTOV.
208 (13) TiveraL de rovrois tto-glv oXedpov Trapainos

lojdvy-qg, ov (f)afJLV djro TiG^dXcvv SiaSpavat,
SoXtojrarog dvqp Kal hecvov epojra rvpawtSo? iv
rfj 4'^XfJ '!^^pi'4>^p^v, o? TToppojOev irreôvXeve rols
209 TTpayfiaGLV. kol hrj rore rd rod drjpLOV (^povelv

VTTOKpLVoiJLevo? GVpLTTepirjet fiev rqj 'Avdvcp ôvXevofievo/' gvv rol? Svvarols /xe^' rjfiepav /cat
vvKrojp iLovn rds (f)vXaKds, SirjyyeXXe 8e rd
aTTopp-qra rol I'qXojraLg, kgl rrdv GKefifia rod
drjfiov rrplv KaXojg ôvXevdrjvai rrapd rols ix^pols
210 iyivojGKero hC avrov. firj^âvdofievo? e ro firj

3t' voijjias iXOelv dpilrpois ixprJTO rals depaireiais els top re " Avavov /cat rovs rod S-qpiov
211 TTpoeGrcoras. e^^jpei S' el? rovvavnov avro) ro

(jaXorLfiov Sia yap rds dXoyovs /coAa/ceta? fxdXXov
VTTOjrrrevero , kol ro Travraxov rrapelvai {jltj KaXovjievov eiJL(f>aGLV rrpoSoGLag row drropp-qrajv 7TapeZ)(e.
^ -i- ixev PAVR. : + re Destiuon.
- 106 ff.
'" Cf. 85 with note. This passage again recalls Sallust's
62
gates. Ananus did not think fit to assail the sacred

portals, especially under the enemy's hail of missiles
from above, but considered it unla^^'ful, even were
he victorious, to introduce these crowds without
previous purification ; instead, he selected by lot
from the whole number six thousand armed men, aod , ^
whom he posted to guard the porticoes. These were the Zealots
to be reheved by others, and every man was bound ^^^^^
to fall in for sentry duty in rotation ; but many
persons of rank, with the permission of their superior
officers, hired some of the lower classes and sent
them to mount guard in their stead.
(13) The subsequent destruction of this entire John of

party was largely due to John, whose escape from ^g^tâitor
Gischala we have related.^ He was a man of extreme to Ananus,
cunning who carried in his breast a dire passion for
despotic power and had long been plotting against
the state. ^ At this juncture, feigning to side >\ith
the people, he would accompany Ananus on his
rounds, whether holding consultations with the
leaders by day or \'isiting the sentries by night, and
then divulge his secrets to the Zealots ; so that every

idea proposed by the people, even before it had been
thoroughly considered, was through his agency
known to their opponents. Seeking to escape
suspicion, he displayed unbounded serviHty to
Ananus and the heads of the popular party, but this
obsequiousness had the reverse effect ; for his
extravagant flatteries only brought more suspicion
upon him, and his ubiquitous and unin\'ited presence
produced the impression that he was betraying
portrait of Catiline: "animus audax, subdolus (parallel to

bo\i(JcTaTos here) . . hunc . . lubido maxuma invaserat rei
publicae capiundae."
63
JOSEPHUS
212 crvveojpcov fiev yap aladavofievovs airavra rov?

6x0 pov? TOW Trap' avrols ôvXevfidrajv, TTiSavcoTepos h ouSets" rjv Yujdvvov rrpos vrroipLa? tov
213 StayyeAAeti'. drroaKevaGaodai /xev ovv avrov ovk
Tjv fxihiov, ovra <t>^ Svvarov eK TTOv-qplas Kai

aAAoJS" 01) rojv darjiJiajv, VTreLcoGfJievov re ttoXXovs
Tojv GvvehpevovTOJV rol? oAot?/ eSoKei S avrov
214 OpKOlS TTLGTOJOaGdaL TTpOS CVVOiaV . a)fXVU 8 o
^lojdvvrjs iroiiJLOjg evvo-qaeLV re ro) hrjixco Kai p.'qTe

ôvXtjv Tiva jJLTJre rrpdîv Trpohojaeiv rols^ ex^pols,
arvyKaraXvaeLv Se rov? eTTLTLdejjLevovs Kai x^'-P^
215 Kai yvajpLTj. ol Se Trepl tov Kvavov TTiGTevoavTes

Tols dpKois rj8r] x^P'-'^ VTTOvoiag elg ra? cru/xôvXias avrov rrapeXd/jLâvov, Kai Srj Kai TrpeGêvTTjV eLGTrefiTTOVGL TTpos rovg ^'qXojrds irepi
hiaXvaeajv tjv yap avrols GTTOvhrj ro rrap avroZs
pLTj jjLidvaL TO lepov fjLTjSe Tiva twv oiJLO(f)vXajv ev
avTO) 7reGLV.
216 (14) '0 S* ojGTTep Tols trjXojraZs vrrep evvoias

ojjLOGas Kai ov Kar avTOjv, irapeXOdjv eiGw Kai
KaraGTas Îs fieGovs TToXXdKLS piev ecjyr] KLvSwevGau
St avTovs, Lva pi-qSev dyvorjGOJGi Tchv a7Topp7]Tajv,
oGa KaT^ avTwv ol Trepl tov "Avavov eôvXevGavro'
217 vvv he TOV p.eyiGTOV dvapptTTTelv Kivhvvov ovv

TTaGLv avTol?, el pLij TL? TTpoGyevoLTO ô^deta
218 SaupLovLos. ov yap en pieXXeiv "Avavov, aXXa

TTeiGavTa puev tov Stjijlov 7Te7TOpL<f)evaL TrpeGêis
TTpos OveGTTaGiavov, Iv^ iXddjv Kara rdxos Trapa-
^ ovra re Dindorf : 6vTa most MSS. : o^re VR.

2 oTrXois PAL2.
" Literally "girt about (or 'under') him many," cf. ii.
275 tbiov <jTl<po% vTeûjrr/j.ei'os " with his own band of followers
64
secrets. For it was observed that their enemies

were aware of all their plans, and there was no one
more open to the suspicion of disclosing them than
John. It was, however, no easy matter to shake off
one who had gained such influence through his
villainy, who was in any case a man of mark, and who
had won many followers among those who met in
council on the general weal ; it was therefore decided
to bind him over to loyalty by oath. John promptly is bound

swore that he would be true to the people, that he ?Jyaity
would betray neither counsel nor act to their foes,
and would assist both with his arm and his advice
in putting doAvn their assailants. Relying on these
oaths, Ananus and his party now admitted him without suspicion to their deliberations, and even went and sent as
so far as to send him as their delegate to the Zealots theîeaiotl
to arrange a treaty ; for they were anxious on their
side to preserve the Temple from pollution and that
none of their countrymen should fall within its walls.
(14) But John, as though he had given his oath of John incites
allegiance to the Zealots instead of against them, S^sS'Sd
went in and, standing in their midst, addressed them ft'o outside
as follows. " Often have I risked my life on your ânus.
behalf, to keep you fully informed of all the secret
schemes devised against you by Ananus and his
followers ; but now I am exposing myself to the
greatest of perils, in which you ^vill all be involved,
unless some providential aid intervene to avert it.
For Ananus, impatient of delay, has prevailed on the
people to send an embassy to Vespasian, inviting
grouped around him " ; a metaphorical use of the verb unattested elsewhere.
65
JOSEPHUS
XdBfj TTjV ttoXlv, ayveiav he TTaprjyyeXKevat, Kar

avTow els TTjv e^7]S" r)fJ-epav, Iv rj Kara BprioKeiav
elaeXOovres rj Kal /3tacra/êvot cru[JLiiLôjGLV avrols.
219 ovx opav he piixp^ rivos t) t7]v (fypovpav oIgovgiv

Tj TTapardôvrat irpos roGovrovg. TTpoGerldeL 8
COS avTos el(77T}jL(i)0eiq Kara, deov rrpovoiav ws
TTpeaêvrrjS virep^ hiaXvoeajv tov yap "Avavov
ravras avrols rrporeiveiv, orrojs avvrroTrrorepois^
220 eTTeXOrj. Selv otjv t) roj Xoyqj rod l,rjv rovs (f)povpovvras LKereveiv tj TToplLeaOai riva Trapa rcJijv
221 e^codev eTTLKovpiav rovs he OaXTTopievovs eXnihi

ovyyvojpLrjs el KparrjOelev, eTTiXeXrjudai rojv Ihlojv
roXfJLTjfidrojv rj vojiiCêiv djia roj jxeravoelv rovs
hehpaKoras evdecos ocêiXeiv hirjXXdxOai Kal rovs
222 nadovras. dXXd row jiev dhiKrjadvrow hid jiiuovs
TToXXdKis yiveaBaL Kal rrjv pêrapeXeiav , rols

dhiKTjdelGi he rds Spy as eV eôvuias ;)(aAe77ajTepas""
9,9^ icfiehpeveLv he ye eKeivois (jîXovs Kai avyyevels

row diToXojXorow Kal hijfJLOV roaovrov vrrep KaraXvoeojs vojxojv Kal hiKaorrjpiojv reOvjiojpievov,
OTTOV Kav fj ri jiepos to eXeovv, vtto TrXeiovos av
avro rod hiayavaKrovvros d(j}aviodrjvaL.
224 (iv. l) Toiavra fiev eTTOiKiXXev ddpoojs hehiGGopevoSy Kal rrjv eôjQev ôrjdeiav dvaSavhov jxev
ovK eddppei Xiyeiv, fjVLGoero he rovs Îhovpiaiovs'
Iva he Kal rovs rjyepovas row t^rjXojrojv Ihia
1 Trept p.
* L^ (Lat. nihil suspicantes) : droTrXoWpots PAL^ : dy)6ir\oLs

the rest.
* A specious statement, in view of his kno-vm reluctance to

allow his followers to enter the Temple without previous
purification ( 205).
''In the collocation of " laws and law-courts " we seem
66
him to come at once and take possession of the city.

To your further injury, he has announced a puritication ser\ice " for to-morrow, in order that his followers
may obtain admission here, either on the plea of
worship or by force of arms, and attack you hand to
hand. Nor do I see how you can long sustain either
the present siege or a contest with such a host of
opponents." He added that it was by the providence
of God that he had himself been deputed to negotiate
a treaty, as Ananus was offering them terms, only
to fall upon them when off their guard. " It behoves
you, therefore," he continued, " if you care for your
lives, either to sue for mercy from your besiegers,
or to procure some external aid. But any who
cherish hopes of being pardoned in the event of
defeat must either have forgotten their own daring
deeds, or suppose that the penitence of the perpetrators should be followed by the instant reconciliation of the victims. On the contrary, the very
repentance of vvTongdoers is often detested and the
resentment of the wronged is embittered by power.

Watching their opportunity to retaliate are the
friends and relatives of the slain and a whole host
of people infuriated at the dissolution of their laws
and law-courts.^ In such a crowd, even if some few
were moved to compassion, they would be crushed
by an indignant majority."
(iv. 1) Such was the embroidered tale he told to TheZeaiota

create a general scare ; what " external aid " was aid of the
intended he did not venture to say outright, but he idumaeans.
was hinting at the Idumaeans. But in order to
incense the personal feelings of the Zealots' leaders
to hear the historian's Greek assistant speaking ; cf. 258

and Vol. II. Introd. p. xiii.
VOL. Ill c2 63
JOSEPHUS
TTapo^vvT], Tov *'Avavov LS T (hiiorTjTa SUâXXc
225 ^'^^^ dTreLXelv Klvols iâipercos eXeyev. rjaav he
LAeaâpo? jxev vlos 1 lcovo?, os oi] Kai Tnuavojraros iSoKet raJv iv avrols vorJGai re rd heovra
Kol TO. voTjdevra rrpaâL, Tudyupias he rt? vlos
226 '' Xp.(f>iKdXXeL ,^ yevos eK row lepecov eKarepos. ovtol

TTpos rai? KOLvals rds tSta? Kad eavrwv aireiXas
aKovGavres, en 8' cos" ol Trepl rov "Avavov hvvaoreiav aurot? TrepLTTOLOvpievoL 'IPojpiaLovs eiriKaXolvTO, Koi yap tovto Îcjodw-qs TrpoaeiJjevoaTO,
pêxpi' TToXXov pLev -qTTopovvro, ri XP'^ Trpdrreiv ets"
227 o^vv ovTOJS Kaipov GVveojGpLevovs' TrapeuKevaodai

pLev yap rov brjpiov eTTixeipelv avrols ovk eis
p,aKpdv, avrojv be to gvvtojiov^ rrjs eTTLôXrjs^
VTrorerpLrjadaL rds eôjdev emKovplas' rrdvra yap
dv (jidrivai rraOelv rrplv kol TTvOeodaL rivd rchv cru/x-
228 p-dôji'. ehoê 8' 6p.ojs eTTiKaXeladaL rovs \oovpLOLOVs, Kal ypdifjavres emoroXriv ovvropôv, ojs
*' Avavos piev TTpohihoiri 'Pco/xatoiS" r-qv pLrjrpoTToXu'
eâTTarrjGas rov S-qpiov, avrol 8' virep rrjs eXev-
229 depias drroardvres ev roj lepoj (f)povpolvro, oXiyos

8' ert XP^'^'^^ avrols ^paêvoL ttjv aojrrjpLaVy ec
he pLTj ôrjdrjGovGLV eKelvoi Kara rdxos, avroi pcev
vrr* ^ Avdvoj re Kal rols exOpols, rj ttoXls 8 vtto

'PcopLaloLs'" (f>6dGeL yevop.evrj. rd he rroXXd rols
dyyeXois evereXXovro rrpos rovs dpxovras rcjv
230 ""Ihovpaiojv hiaXeyeodai. TTpoef^X-qO-qaav 8' eVi rrjv

dyyeXiav hvo row hpaGrripiojv dvhpojv, eiirelv t
- PAL Lat. : lUi^vos the rest.
2 PAL Lat. : (TvvTovoi- the rest.

* Niese : ^tti^SoiX-^s mss. ' 'Pwyuaôuj PL*.
68
as well, he accused Ananus of brutality, asserting

that his special threats were directed at thera.
These leaders were Eleazar, son of Gion,<^ the most
influential man of the party, from his ability both
in conceiving appropriate measures and in carrying
them into effect, and a certain Zacharias,^ son of
Amphicalleus, both being of priestly descent. They,
on hearing first the menaces against the whole
party and then those specially levelled at themselves,

and, moreover, how Ananus and his friends were
summoning the Romans in order to secure supreme
power for themselves this was another of John's
hbels were long in doubt what action they should
take, being so hard pressed for time ; since the
people were prepared to attack them ere long, and
the suddenness of the scheme cut short their chances
of aid from without, as all would be over before any
of their alhes even heard of their situation. They
decided, nevertheless, to summon the Idumaeans,
and drafted a letter concisely stating that Ananus
had imposed on the people and was proposing to
betray the capital to the Romans ; that they themselves ha\'ing revolted in the cause of freedom were
imprisoned in the Temple ; that a few hours would
now decide their fate, and that unless the Idumaeans
sent prompt relief, they would soon have succumbed
to Ananus and their foes, and the city be in possession of the Romans. The messengers were instructed
to communicate further details to the Idumaean
chiefs by word of mouth. Those selected for this
errand were tvvo active individuals, eloquent and
" Or, with the other reading, E. son of Simon, who plays
an important part elsewhere, ii. 564 f., v. 5 ff.
" Not mentioned again.
69
JOSEPHUS
LKavol KOL TT^luai TTepl TTpayfidrcov, to 8e toJtcmi'
231 XPV^''H'^^'^^P^^ > ^K^'^'i^'T^ TTohojv hiaêpovre'S' rovs

[lev yap ISovpiaLovg avroOev fjSeLaav TreiodrjuopLevovs, are dopyfâjSeg /cat draKTov edvog alei re
piereojpov rrpos ra Kivqpiara Kai pieraôXaZs xatpov,
77/30? oXiyqv re KoXaKeiav rwv Seopievcov ra onXa
Kivovp Kai KadaTTep ecg eoprrjv et? ra? Trapardêis
232 eveiyopLevov . ehet he rdôvs els rr^v dyyeXiav'

eis o pLTjhev eXXecTTOvres TrpoOvpLLag ol irepi^devresy
eKaXelro 8 avrow Avai^ta? eKdrepos, Kai hr^ rrpos
rovs apxovras rcov 'ISou/xatcoy Traprjaav.
233 (2) Ot Se rrpos rrjv emGroXrjv Kai ra prjdevra

rrapa row acfuypLevojv eKrrXayevres , ojorrep ijip-avels
TTepiedeov re ro eSvos Kai hLeKTjpvoGov r'qv orpa-
234 reiav. rjOpoLO-ro S' tj ttXtjOvs rd^Lov rod rrapayyeXfiaros, Kai Trdvres ojs ctt eXevOepia rrjs
235 pLrjrpooXeojs rjpiratôv rd orrXa. avvraxOevres S

ets dvo pivpidhas rrapayLvovrai rrpos ra \epoGoXvpLa, ;)(;paj/i,evot reoaapGiv rjyepiocnv, lojdvvQ
re Kai laKoj^qj rraihl^ ôjad, Trpos Se rovrois rji'
Hipiajv Vids QaKTjov' Kai ^tveas }\XovGojd .
236 (3) Tov be "Avavov rj pLev eôSos rcov ayyeXcov

ojGTTep Kai rovs (j^povpovs eXaOev, rj 8 e(f)ohos
rd)v ISovpâlajv ovKerc Trpoyvovs ydp drroKXeieL
re^ ras TTvXas avrols Kai hid (j^vXaKTjS ftX^ '^^
237 reL)(r]' Kaddrrav ye pLTjv avrovs eKTToXepLelv ovk

ehoêv, aAAa XoyoLS rreiOeiv rrpo rojv ottXojv.
238 Grds ovv errl rdv dvriKpvs avrcov rrvpyov o pLera
^ Perhaps Traicrl should be read (Niese).
* KXaâ or KadXa the inferior mss.; c/. -271, v. 24-9, vi. 148.
^ a.7roK\eiL re Destinon : dTroK\eieraL or aTroKXeiei mss.
" Or perhaps " John and James, sons of S." John was
70
persuasive speakers on public affairs, and, what was

still more useful, remarkably fleet of foot. For the
Zealots knew that the Idumaeans would comply
forthwith, as they were a turbulent and disorderly
people, ever on the alert for commotion and dehghting in revolutionary changes, and only needed a
little flattery from their suitors to seize their arms
and rush into battle as to a feast. Speed was
essential to the errand ; in this no want of alacrity
was shown by the delegates, each named Ananias,
and they were soon in the presence of the Idumaean
chiefs.
(2) The leaders, astounded by the letter and the The

statements of their \'isitors, raced round the nation ma^h to"^
like madmen, making proclamation of the campaign. Jerusalem.
The mustering of the clan outstripped the orders,
and all snatched up their arms to defend the freedom

of the capital. No less than twenty thousand joined
the ranks and marched to Jerusalem, under the

command of four generals : John, James son of
Sosas," Simon son of Thaceas, and Phineas son of
Clusoth.
(3) Though the departure of the messengers had

eluded the îgilance ahke of Ananus and of the
sentries, not so the approach of the Idumaeans.
Forewarned of this, he shut the gates against them
and posted guards upon the walls. Un\\'illing, however, to make complete enemies of them, he determined to try persuasion before ha\dng recourse to
arms. Accordingly Jesus, the chief priest next in
subsequently slain by an Arab archer in the Roman army,

V. 290; James appears often in the sequel, iv. 531, v. 249,
vi. 92, 148, 380. Simon is the orator of the party, iv. 271,
and wins special distinction in the field, v. 249, vi. 148.
Phineas is not heard of again.
91
JOSEPHUS
"Avavov yepatraro? tcjv apxtepeajv Îtjgov?, ttoaXojv (f)rj Kal ttolklXojv rrjv ttoXlv KareG-)(r}KOTOjv
Oopvôjv v ovhevi OavfiaGai rrjv tvx'Tjv ovtoj?,
COS TO) (7VfJLTTpdTTLV Tols TTOVqpols Kal Ttt TTapa-
239 Soâ' TTapelvai yovv vjids avOpomoLS eôjXeGrdrois fierd Toaavrrjg Trpodvpnas eTrapLVvovpras
Ka9' Tjpojv, p.eB^ oG-qg etVos" 'î' eXOelv ovhe rrjs
240 p^rjTpoTToXeojs KaXovar]? eirl âp^dpovs. " Kai et

pjkv iojpojv TTjv Gvvra^LV vpLwv ef opLOLOJV rots
KaXiaaoiv dvdpojv, ovk dv dXoyov ttjv opprjv
V7TeXdp.âvov' ovhkv yap ovrais (TVVlgttjgl ras
evvoias cLs rporrow Gvyyevaa' vvv h , et piev ns
avTovs iêrdCoL KaO eva, pivpLwv eKaaros (=vp-
241 6rjGTaL Bavdrow d^Los. rd yap X-upara^ xat

KaOdppara rrjs ;\;ojpas'^ dXrjs, KaraGCOTevGapeva
rag tdta? ovGcag Kal rrpoyvpLvdaavTa ttjv aTTOvotav
v rals TTepL^ Kojpais re Kal 77oAeat, r^Xevrala
XeXrjdorojs TrapetGeppevGav et? ttjv Updv ttoXlv,
242 XrjGTal hC vepBoXrjV dGe^rjpdrajv pîaivovres Kau

TO dfjelj-qXov eda(f)og, ov opdv eGn vvv dheels
ipLpedvaKopêvovs rols dyiois Kal rd GKvXa rwv
7Te(f)ovvpLva>v KaravaXiGKovras els ^ds aTrX'qGTOvs
243 yaarepas. to S vpeTepov ttXtjOos Kai tov Koapov
TOJV OTtXoJV opdv eGTiV OLOS Trp7T6V KaXoVGTjS pLV

TTJS pLTjTpOTToXeOJS KOLVO) ÔvXVT7]pLa) , GVpLpidxOVS
Be /car' dXXo(f)vXajv . tl dv ovv elrroL tovto tls rj

TVX'f]S inripeLav, oTav Xoydoi TTOvqpols avTavbpov
244 edvos 6 pa GwaGTritôv^ ; pêxp^ ttoXXov pLv anopd),
^ Lx)wi;h : dvp.ara mss. : ludibria Lat., whence advpixara

Hudson.
5\ws PAL.
' + avToh MSS. : avpacnriôvras (Destinon) or, with altered
72
seniority to Ananus, mounted the tower opposite to

the Idumaeans and addressed them as follows :
" Among the many and manifold disorders which jesnsthe

this city has %^'itnessed, nothing has astonished me addresser
more than the decree of fortune by which even the
the most unexpected things co-operate to aid the from the
wicked. Here, for instance, are you. come to assist ^?'^^- ,,
- . - T_ L '^"^ parados
these most abandoned of men against us, 's\ith such of a nation

alacrity as Mas hardly to be looked for even had the jJêSo?"
mother city summoned you to meet a barbarian in- scoundrels.
vasion. Had I seen your ranks composed of men Hke
those who in\'ited you, I should not have thought such
ardour unreasonable ; for nothing so unites men's
affections as congeniahty of character. But as it is,
were one to re\'ie"sv these friends of yours one by
one, each would be found deser\'ing of a myriad
deaths. The scum and offscourings of the whole

country, after squandering theu' own means and
exercising their madness first upon the surrounding
villages and toMns, these pests have ended by
stealthily streaming into the holy city : brigands of
such rank impiety as to pollute even that hallowed
ground, they may be seen now recklessly intoxicating
themselves in the sanctuary and expending the spoils
of their slaughtered victims upon their insatiable
belhes. You, on the other hand, in your numbers
and shining armour present an appearance such as
would become you had the capital in pubhc council
summoned you to its aid against the foreigner.
What, then, can this be called but a spiteful freak
of fortune, when one sees a nation armed to a man
on behalf of notorious scoundrels ?
punctuation, awaaTriôv : ai'roy (Bekker) should perhaps be

read.
73
JOSEPHUS
T6 Sr) 7TOT Kai TO KLvfJGaV Vfld? OVTCO Ta^îJ^S
eyevero' jxtj yap av hi)(a fieyaX-qs atria? dvaXaêiv

ras TTavoTrXlas vnep Xtjgtojv kol Kara hrjixov
245 (Jvyyvovs . 7Tl Se rjKOVGafjLev 'Poj/xatous" f<ai

TTpohoaiaVy ravra yap v/jlcov iOopvôvv nveg dpTccos,
Kai TTJs fJirjTpoTToXeojs in iXevdepcocreL Trapelvai,
irXeov rcjv dXXojv roXpLTjiidrajv idavpLacrajJiev rovs
246 aXirriplovs rrj? Trepl tovto ifjevSovs eTTivoias' dvhpas

yap <f)VGi (biXeXevBepovs Kai hid tovto /xaAtcrra
Tols eôjdev 7ToXepioL pd^ôdai TrapeaKevaGpêvovs ovK Ivrfv d'AAcos" iâypcwGat Kad^ rjpLcov tj
XoyoTTOii^GavTas rrpohoGiav ttjs TrodovpLevrjg^ eXev-
247 depias. dXX vp.ds ye XPV GKeTTTeodat TOV<i T

StaâAAovra? Kai Kad^ cov, Gvvdyeiv re Tr]v
aXrjdeiav ovk eK tojv iTrnrXdoTcov Xoyojv dXX eK tojv
248 KOLVojv TTpayfxdTOJV. tl yap St) Kai nadovTeg dv

rjpels Poj/xatot? TrpoGTTcoXolfJLev^ iavTOVS vvv, rrapov
7] pLTjSe dTTOGTrjvaL TO TTpcoTOV T] TrpoGX^jprjoaL
Taxâjs arroGTdvTas, ovtojv ert tow nept^ drrop-
249 6 TjT ojv ; vvv piev yap ouSe ôvXopievoLs SiaXvGa-
oBai pdhiov, OT6 'Poj/xatofS" p-ev vnepoTTTas rreTTOLTjKev VTToxeipLOs T) TaXtXala, (f)pL S' alaxvvTjv
rjplv davdTov pâAeTictj repay to OepaTreveiv avTOVs
250 oyras" rjSr] ttXtjglov. Kdyco Kad^ iavTOV /xev dv

eLprjvrjv TTpoTipnqGaipn OavdTOVy TroXepiovpievos S
aTTa^ Kai GvpLâXdw ddvaTOV evKXed tov ^rjv
251 atxpidXojTos . rroTepov Se cjyaGiv rapids tovs tov

oijpLOV TTpoeGTCOTas TrepuJjaL Kpv(f)a Trpos 'Pojpalovs
252 Tj Kai TOV hrjpov KOLvfj ifj-qcfîGdpLevov ; et pev
1 Tropdov/xeurjs PMV^R Lat.

* Havercamp with one ms. : 7rpocrircj\ovij.(u the majority.
" i.e. like yourselves.

74
I have long been wondering what motive could The charge

have brought you so promptly ; for never, without ^*^ ^^
grave cause, would you have armed yourselves from ridiculous,
head to foot for the sake of brigands, and against a

kindred people. But now that we have heard the
words * Romans 'and * treason ' for that was what
some of you were clamouring just now, and how
they were here to protect the freedom of the
metropolis no other audacity of these wTetches has
amazed us more than this ingenious He. For indeed
men with an inborn passion for hberty,'^ and for it
above all ready to fight a foreign foe, could by no
other means be infuriated against us than by the
fabrication of a charge that we were betraying their
darling hberty. You, however, ought to reflect who
are the authors of this calumny and at whom it is
aimed, and to form your opinion of the truth not
from fictitious tales but from public events. For
what could induce us to sell ourselves to the Romans
no?v ? It was open to us either to refrain from
revolt in the first instance or, ha\ing revolted,
promptly to return to our allegiance, while the surrounding country was still undevastated. But now,
even if we desired it, a reconciliation would be no
easy matter, when their conquest of Galilee has
made the Romans contemptuous, and to court them,
now that they are at our doors, would bring upon
us a disgrace even worse than death. For my own
part, though I should prefer peace to death, yet
having once declared war and entered the lists, I

would rather die nobly than live a captive.
" Do they say, however, that we, the leaders of

the people, communicated secretly with the Romans,
or that the people themselves so decided by public
75
JOSEPHUS
TjfjLds, etTT-arojcrav rovs TT^fxcfidevTas (fylXovs, tovs

SiaKOvyjaavras ttjv Trpohouiav OLKera^. i(f)Ojpdd'r]
TLS aTTLCjv; avaKoyLLLôjievos edXoj; ypaynxdrcov
253 y^yovaoiv iyKpareis ; ttojs Se tovs pLv togovtovs

TToXiras iXddopLeVy ots Kara Trduav wpav Gvvavaarpe(^6p.eda, roZs oXiyois koL (f)povpoviJ.evoLS Kat
pLTjh L TTjV TToXiP CK TOV UpOV TTpoeXOelv hvva-
pLCVois eyvcoadr] rd Kara rrjv 'xôjpav Xadpaiajg
254 evepyovfieva ; vvv S' eyvcjoaav, ore^ Set Sovvai
SiKas Tcov TToXfjLrjjjLevcDV, ecu? S' '^crav dSeets"
255 avTOL, TTpohoT'qs rjiiojv ovhels vTTOjTTTevero ; el o

em TOV hrjiJLov dvacjiipovai ttjv aiTLav, iv (âvepo)
hrjTTOvdev iôvXevcravTO, ouSet? dTrecrraret Trjg
KKXr]Gla?, cucrre Tdxi'OV dv Trjg p.iqvvGe(jJS koTrevaev
256 iq (fîjp^y] TTpds Vfids <âvepojTepa. tl Se; oz;;(t Kat

TrpiaêiS ehei TrefiTTeiv ifjrjcf)iGa[JLvov^ rd? SiaXvGLs; Kal Tis 6 -)(eLpoTOvrideLS ; enraTajGav.
257 dAAd TOVTO [JL.ev SvGOavaTovvTOJV Kal TrXrjGLOV

ovGas rds" rt/xcoptas" SiaKpovofievajv GKTîpLS cgtlv
1 yap St] Kal TrpoSodrjvai ttjv ttoXlv etfjcapTO,
fiovovs dv ToXfJLrJGai Kal tovto tovs Sia^dXXovTas ,
Sv Tois ToXfjLT^fjiaGLV v pLOvov [/ca/cov] AetVet, TTpo-
258 hoGia. XPV ^^ vpidSi eTTeLhrjTrep dira^ irdpeGTe
p,Td TOJV OTtXcDV, TO fJLeV SiKaiOTaTOV, ap.VVLV TTj
pi.rjTpoTToXeL Kal Gweâcpelv tovs Ta hiKaGTrfpia

KaTaXvGavTas Tvpdwovs, ot rraT'^GavTes tovs
VOjJLOVS i^rl Tols aVTCOV ^L(f)GL 7T7TOLrjVTaL TaS
259 KptGeis* dvhpas yovv aKaTaiTiaTovs t(x)V ent-
^ Bekker with Lat. : on mss.

^ L : \l/r](pLao/xivovs the rest.
76
decree ? If they accuse us, let them name the

friends whom we sent, the underhngs who negotiated
the betrayal. Wâs anyone detected lea\dng on his
errand, or caught on his return ? Have any letters
fallen into their hands ? How could we have concealed our action from all our numerous fellowcitizens, with whom we are hourly associating, while
their small and beleaguered party, unable to advance
one step into the city from the Temple, were, it
seems, acquainted with these underhand proceedings
in the country ? Have they heard of them only
now, when they must pay the penalty for their
crimes, and, so long as they felt themselves secure,
was none of us suspected of treason ? If, on the
other hand, it is the people whom they incriminate,
the matter presumably was openly discussed and

none was absent from the assembly ; in which case
rumour would have brought you speedier and more
open intelhgence than your private informer. Again,
must they not have followed up their vote for capitulation by sending ambassadors .'' Who was elected
to that office ? Let them tell us. No, this is a mere
pretext of die-hards who are struggling to avert
impending punishment. For had this city been
indeed fated to be betrayed, none would have
ventured on the deed save our present accusers, to
complete whose tale of crimes one only is lacking
that of treason.
" But now that you are actually here in arms, the Three
duty which has the highest claims upon you is to now open
defend the metropolis and to join us in extirpating ô >o"these tyrants, who have annulled our tribunals,
trampled on our laws, and passed sentence with the
sword. Have they not haled men of eminence and
77
JOSEPHUS
<pava>v K iieGTjg Trjg dyopd? apTrdoavres heofjLOis

T TTpofjKioavTO Kat fiT^hk (l)Owrjs p^r]S LKeuLas
260 avaG)(6jj.V0L hi(^6eipav. eêcmv S' Vfjilv rrapeXdovGLv eiGOj p.-q noXepiov vopLOj OeduaGOaL rd
TeKpLTjpia rojv Xeyofidvajv, oIkovs r]prjpLajpLevovg
rais" 6Kivojv aprrayals Kai yvvaia Kat yeueag
rwv aTT(7(f)ay[xevoju p.e\avijxovo-6uo.s , kojkvtov oe
KaL Oprjvov dvd ttjv ttoXlv oXtjV oudet? ydp ianv,
261 OS ov yeyevrai rrjs tojv dvoGtow Karahpopirjs' ol

y 7n roGovTov iôjKeiXav drrovoLag, ojgt pLrj
pLOVov K rrjs p^cuoa? /cat tojv eôjdev TToXeojv ettl
TO TTpoGOjTTOv Koi TTjV KeaXrjv oXov Tov eOvovs
pLTPeyKlv TTjV XriGTpiKrjV ToXpiav, dXXd Kal airo
262 T-rjs TToXeojs irrl to Upov. opp.'qT'qpLov yovv avTols

TOVTO Kal Krj.Ta(l>vyrj Tap.iel6v re tojv e<^' rjp.ds
TTapaGKevojp yiyovev, 6 S' vtto Trjg OLKOvpLevrjg
TTpoGKVvovpLevos ^^jpos Kal Tols diTo TrepaTOJV yrj?
aXXo(f)vXoLg d.Kofj TETtjirjfxevo'g rrapd tow yevvrj-
263 OivTOJV ivSdhe B'qpiojv Ka.Ta.rraTelTai' vavievovTai

T ev Tals d7ToyvojGGLV -qh-q hrjp.ovs re Sr^/xots" Kai
TToXeGi TToXeis GvyKpovELv Kal KaTa TOW GTrXdyx^^J^^
264 TOJV LdLOJV TO eOvo? GTpaToXoyelv. dv6^ d)V to pLCV

KaXXiGTov Kal TTpeTTOV, ojs '^(ji'qV) vp.iv GVveâipeZv
Tovs aXi-riplovs Kal vrrep a-UTrj? Trjg drrdT-qs
afxvvopLvovs, OTL GvpLpAôvs iToX/jL-qGav KaXelv
265 ov? eSet Tip.ojpovs SeSteVat- et S' atSetcrê ra?
TOJV TOiOVTOJV i77LKXrjGL, dXXd TOL TrdpeGTL
uepLcvoLs Ta orrXa Kal rrapeXdovGLV elg ttjv ttoXiv

G^cqpLaTL Gvyyevojv dvaXafêlv to jieGov GvpLptdx^^v
T KaL TToXepLLOJV OVOpta, SiKaGTaS yVOpLVOVS'
78
unimpeached from the open market-place, ignominously placed them in irons and then, refusing to
listen to expostulation or entreaty, put them to
death ? You are at liberty to enter, though not by
right of war, and behold the proofs of these state-
ments : houses desolated by their rapine, poor widows

and orphans of the murdered in black attire, waihng
and lamentation throughout the city : for there is not
one who has not felt the raids of these impious
wretches. To such extremes of insanity have they
run as not only to transfer their brigands' exploits
from the country and outlying toN^ms to this front
and head of the whole nation, but actually from the
city to the Temple. That has now become their
base and refuge, the magazine for their armament
against us ; and the spot which is revered by the
world and honoured by aliens from the ends of the
earth who have heard its fame, is trampled on by
these monsters engendered in this very place. And
now in desperation they wantonly proceed to set at
variance to\Miship against township, city against city,
and to enlist the nation to prey upon its ovm \'itals.
Wherefore,^ as I said before, the most honourable
and becoming course for you is to assist in extirpating
these reprobates, and to chastise them for this deceit
which they have practised on yourselves in daring
to summon as allies those whom they should have
dreaded as avengers.
" If, however, you still respect the appeals made

to you by men such as these, it is surely open to
you to lay down your arms and, entering the city in

the guise of kinsmen, to assume a neutral role by
Or perhaps " On the contrary " or " Instead of aiding

such a cause " (Traill).
79
JOSEPHUS
266 Kairoi XoyLGaaOe, ttogov KephrjUovGLV icf)^ ofiO'

XoyovfievoL? Kal TrjXiKOVTOLg Kpivoixevoi Trap* vfxlv
OL rol? aKaraLTLaroLS jJL'qSe Xoyov fJLeTahovreg'
Xafiâverojaav S' ovv Tavrr]v e/c rrjs vjierepas
267 a(f)LÔJ? rrjv x^puv. el S' ovt crvvayavaKreXv

Tjiilp ovT KpLveaOai Set/ rplrov icrrl KaraXiTrelv
Karepovs Kal /XT^re ralg rjiierepais eTrepLâLveLV^
ovpn/yopoLS piTJre rols Ittlô-uXols ttjs firjrpoTToXeojs
268 Gvvepx^crdaL. el yap Kal ra fidXiara 'PajfiacoLS

VTroTTTevere SteiXexOoLL rivds, Trapar-qpelv eêon
ras ecf)6Sovs, kolv tl tow hiaê^Xripbevcov epycp
hLaKaXvTTrrjTai, rore c^povpelv ttjv fjLTjrpoTToXLV
eXOovras, KoXdêuv re rov? alriovs Trec^copa/xeVovs"

ov yap dv u/xa? (fiOdaeLav ot rroXep^Lot rfj TToXei
269 TT poG oj KTipievov s .^ el S' ovhev vpuv rovrojv evyvajpiov t) pLerpLov SoKel, prj davpidtêre rd KXeldpa
Tcov TTvXow, eojg dv (êprjre rd oirXa.'
270 (4) ToLavra p.ev 6 ÎrjGOvg eXeye' rd)V 8e

*ISovpLaLa>v ovSev* ro ttXtjOos irpoGeix^v, dXXd
reOvfJLOjro p.rj rvôv eroLp,r] rrjg elGohov, Kal
SLTjyavdKrovv ol Grparrjyol Trpos dirodeGLV raJv
ottXojVj alxp-aXojGLav rjyovpievoL ro KeXevovrwv
271 rivcov avrd ptipai. Hljiwv Se vlos Kaaâ^ row

7]yep.6vojv etg, /xoAt? tojv olKeiojv KaraGreiXas tov
dopvôv Kal Grds els eTrrjKoov roZs d/3;)(tepeu(Ttv',
272 ovKen 6avp.dl,eLV e(f)'q (^povpovpievojv ev rat tepo)

rcop TTpopdxojv rrjs eXevOepias, el ye /cat ro)
273 edvei KXelovGL nves tJStj rrjv kolvtjv ttoAiv, Kai
^ 00/ce? Hudson with one ms.
* M VC : iiTLâlveiv the rest.
^ L: TrpofTW/cicraei'Ois the rest.
* PAML (Lat. ?) : ovre the rest.
llKaBa M : Ka^Xa VRC Lat. ; cf. 235.
80
becoming arbitrators. Consider, too, what they will

gain by being tried by you for such undeniable and
flagrant offences, whereas they would not suffer
unimpeached persons to speak a word in their
defence ; however, let them derive this benefit from
your coming. But if you will neither share our 3
indignation nor act as umpires, a third course remains, namely to leave both parties to themselves
and neither to insult us in our calamities nor join
with these conspirators against the mother city.
For, however strongly you suspect some of us of
ha\ang communicated with, the Romans, you are in a
position to watch the approaches, and if any of these
calumnies is actually discovered to be true, you can

then come to the protection of the metropolis and
punish the detected culprits ; for the enemy could
never take you by surprise while you are quartered
here hard by the city. If, however, none of these
proposals appears to you reasonable or fair, do not
wonder that these gates are barred, so long as you
remain in arms."
(4) Such was the speech of Jesus. But the Abusive

Idumaean troops paid no heed to it, infuriated at not smioa the
obtaining instant admission ; while their generals idumaean
were indignant at the thought of laying down their
arms, accounting it captivity to fling them away at any
man's bidding. Thereupon Simon, son of Caathas,
one of the officers, ha\'ing Mith difficulty quelled the
uproar among his men and taken his stand within
hearing of the chief priests, thus replied :
" I am no longer surprised that the champions of

liberty are imprisoned in the Temple, now that I
find that there are men who close against this
nation the city common to us all ; men who, while
81
JOSEPHUS
*\*CL>fjLatov ^v Lahe-)(eoOai TTapaaKevatôvTai , toluol

Kal (JTe(âvajGavrs ra? TTvXas, ISovfiatoLg 8e oltto
Tojv TTvpycov SiaAeyovrat /cat ra vrrep ri]? eXev-
274 depias orrXa KeXevovGL plipat, firj Tncrrevovres Be

rots' crvyyeveGL rrjv rrjs fjL'qrpoTroXeoj? (f)vXaKr]v rovs
avrovg StAcacrra? TTOtovvraL rcov Staôpcov, /cat /carTjyopovvTes tlvqjv c5? aTTOKreiveiav aKpcrovs,
avTol /caraSt/caôtey oXov rod eOvov? drLp.Lav
275 TTjv yovv aTraoL rols aXXocjivXois avaTTeirraiJLevqv

ets" BpfjGKeiav ttoXiv rot? olklols vvv arro-
276 rerelxt'GdaL.^ " Trdvv yap irrl acjiayds ioTrevSofiev Kal Tov Kara tojp 6iJiO(f)vXa)V TroXepLov
ol Sta TOVTO Taxvvavres , tv' t'/xas' T-qp-qoojixev
277 eXevdipovs. roiavra pevroi /cat Trpo? tow (fypovpovpLva>v rjSLKrjaOe, Kal Tndavds ovtcds VTTOipias OLpLai
278 /car' iKeivojv avveXeâre. eVetra tojv vhov (^povpa

KpaTovvTes ogol K-qhovTai tojv koivojv Trpay-
jiaTOjv, /cat rot? uvyyeveGTaToi^ edveatv aOpooLS
OLTTO KXelaaVTCS pLV TTjV TToXlV vf^pLGTLKa 8 OVTOJS
TTpoGTaypaTa KeXevovres, TvpavveXadai XeyeTe /cat

TO TTjS hvvaareias ovopa toIs y(l>^ vpiojv Tvpavvov-
279 pievois TTepiaTTTeTe. tls dv eveyKai ttjv elpojveiav

TOJV Xoyojv dcbopojv ecg ttjv evavTioTT^Ta tojv
TTpaypaTOJV ; el pLTj /cat vvv vpds^ aTTOKXeLovoiv
ISoUjUatot^ TT]s p-rjTpoTToXeojg, ovg avTol tojv
280 TTarpLOJv lepdjv etpyeTe. pbepibaiT dv eLKOTOJS tls

Tovs ev TO) lepo) TToXiopKovpevovs , otl daporjGavTes
Tovs TTpodora? KoXaLeuv, ovg viieis dvdpag eTTLGnjpov /cat d/caratrtarou? XeyeTe Std tt]v Koivojviav,
^ cLTTOTeTeix^ffde A, making the drift into aratio recta begir

earlier.
2 rifxas PAL. ' 'ISovfjLaiois PAL Lat.
82
preparing to admit the Romans, maybe crowning

the gates with garlands, parley with Idumaeans
from their towers and bid them fling down the arms
which they took up in defence of liberty ; men who,
refusing to entrust to their kinsmen the protection
of the mother city, would make them arbitrators in
their disputes, and, while accusing certain individuals
of putting others to death without trial, would themselves condemn the whole nation to dishonour. At
any rate, this city, which flung wide its gates to
every foreigner for worship, is now barricaded by
you against your o^vn people. And why ? Because
forsooth, we were hurrying hither to slaughter and
make war on our fellow-countrymen we whose sole
reason for haste was to keep you free ! Such doubtless was the nature of your grievance against your
prisoners,'^ and equally credible, I imagine, is your
list of insinuations against them. And then, while
detaining in custody all within the walls who care
for the public welfare, after closing your gates against
a whole body of people who are your nearest kinsmen and issuing to them such insulting orders, you
profess to be tyi-ant-ridden and attach the stigma
of despotism to the victims of your own tyranny !

Who can tolerate such ironical language, which he
sees to be flatly contrary to the facts, unless indeed
it is the Idumaeans who are now excluding you from
the metropolis, and not you who are debarring them
from the national sacred rites ? One complaint
might fairly be made against the men blockaded in
the Temple, that, while they had the courage to
punish those traitors whom you, as their partners
in guilt, describe as distinguished persons and un-
" Viz. that they wished to keep you free.
83
JOSEPHUS
ovK d(/)' Vfiow rjpâvTO kol to, Kaipiojrara rrjs
281 TTpohoaias fJ^^pf] npoaTreKoipav. aAA et KaKelvoi

TTjg ;)(p6ias' iyevovTO ixaXaKcvrepoL, Tqp-qGOjxev^
ÎbovfialoL Tov oIkov rov Oeov Kai rrjs Kowrjg
TTarpthos 7rpoTroXp.-qGO[iv ,^ afjua rovs re eôjOeu
iiTLovTas Kol Toijs 'ivhov -npohihovras dfjivvojievoi
282 TToXe/JLLOVs. ivddbe rrpo tow rL-)(ojv fievovixev ev

ToZs oirXoiSi aj dv 'VcojialoL KafjiOJUL TTpouexovres
VfjLiv'^ Tj vfjLls eXevdepa (f)povij(javTeg iiera^dX-qade.
283 (o) TovTOLg to jxev row ÎSovpLaloju erreôa

ttXtjOos, 6 he ÎrjGOVs ddvjjLOW dv.)(ôjpei rovs /^V
'ISou/Ltatou? pLTjSev (j^povovvras opow pbdrpLOP,
28-1: Sixddev be rrjv ttoXlv TToXejjLOVfjLevqv. tjv d ovde

Tols 'ISof/xatotS' V rjpejJLLa rd cftpovijixaTa' /cat
yap redvfJLOJVTO rrpds rrjv v^piv elpxêvre? rrj?
TToXeoj'^ KOL rd row 'CtjXojtow Icrxvpd SoKovvre?,
CO? ovhev eirafivvovrag eo'jpow, rjuopovvro Kai
285 fMri'6ovv 77oAAot rrjV d(l)L^LV. rj 8e at8oj? rod

riXeov dTrpd-Krovs V7Tourpe(f)eLv iviKa rrjv jierafieXeiav, ware fxeveiv^ avroOc rrpd rov reixovg
286 KaKcbs auAtô/xeVous" Std ydp rrjs vvKros dixrixo.vos

Kpriyvvrai ;;)(et/xcuv dvepLOi re ^laioi uvv 6[x^poiS
Xa^pordrois kol (Twexets darparral ^povrai re
(^piKOjheLS KOL fJLVKijjjLara (jeLopLevqs rrjg yrjs
287 eâioLa. TrpohrjXov S' tjv err^ dvdpojTTOJV oXedpo)

TO Karda-rrjfjLa ro)v dXoov GvyKexvpLevov, Kai ovx^
fxiKpov ng dv ecKdaat avpLrrrcofxaros ra repara.
288 (6) Mta Se rot? ÎhovpLalois Kai rols ev rfj

TToXec TTapearr] Soâ, rot? f-iev 6pyL(,eadaL rov
Oeov eVt rfj arpareia Kai ovk dv hLa(^vyelv enevey-
^ Many mss. have Tripqaoîxev . . . TrpoTro\/j.rj(Tu}/JLep.

* Hudson: -qpLiv mss. ^ ififj-eveiv PAM.
84
impeached, they did not begin with, you and cut off
at the outset the most vital members of this treasonable conspiracy. But if they were more lenient
than they should have been, we Idumaeans will
preserve God's house and fight to defend our common
country from both her foes, the invaders from \\'ithout and the traitors ^\ithin. Here before these walls
will we remain in arms, until the Romans are tired
of hstening to you or you become converts to the
cause of liberty."
(5) This speech being loudly applauded by the The

Idumaeans, Jesus withdrew despondent, finding them encr^np^*
opposed to all moderate counsels and the citv i^^'orethe
exposed to war from two quarters. Nor indeed were thumier-^
the minds of the Idumaeans at ease : infuriated at '^^^'^
the insult offered them in being excluded from the
city and seeing no aid forthcoming from the Zealots

whom they beUeved to be in considerable strength,
they were sorely perplexed, and many repented of
having come. But the shame of returning, having
accomplished absolutely nothing, so far overcame
their regrets that they kept their ground, bivouacking
before the walls under miserable conditions. For
in the course of the night a terrific storm broke out :
the winds blew a hurricane, rain fell in torrents,
lightning was continuous, accompanied by fearful
thunder-claps and extraordinary rumblings of earthquake. Such a convulsion of the very fabric of the
universe clearly foretokened destruction for mankind,
and the conjecture was natural that these were
portents of no trifling calamity.
(6) In this the Idumaeans and the city folk were Concern of
of one mind : the former being persuaded that God for^thetr"^*
was ^^Toth at their expedition and that thev were idumaean
^ allies
85
JOSEPHUS
Kovrag onXa rfj yL-qTpoTToXei, toIs Sc 7Tpi rov

*" Avavov vVLK-qKvaL x^P''^ TrapaTOLêoj^ Kal rov
289 Bôv vrrep avrojv Grpar-qyelv. KaKol 8' rjaav apa

Twv jjLeXXovTOJv GTO)(aGTai Kai /care/xavreuovTO
290 TCtJV exOpoJV ol toI? tdtot? avrcjv eTTTjei TTcdeiv oi

{lev yap 'ISou/xatot uvGTTeipaOevres rots crcvpLaGLV
dXXijXovs avreOaXTTOV Kal rovs dvpeovs virep
K(f)aXrjs uvix(j)pdâvres tjttov KaKovvro roZs
291 werots", ol Se L-qXcorai fidXXov rod KaO avrovs

Kivhvvov VTTep eKeivcov eâaavitovro /cat ovveX66vTs iaKOTTovv, et TLva /xT7;âv7]v avrols dpLVvqs
292 eTTivoijaeLav. rols jjikv ovv depfiOTepoi? ookl

fjLerd Tojv ottXcov ^taêcrât rovs 7Tapa(f)vXdaGovTa? ,
67Tira 8' LG7T(j6vTaS tV fJLeGOV TTJ? TToXeOjg
dva(f)avS6v dvolyeiv rol? Gvpiixdxoi? rds TTvXas'
293 Tous" Te yap (f)vXaKas e'lêiv irpos to dhoK-qrov

avTOiv rerapaypievovs , dXXojs re Kal rovg nXelovas^
ovTas dvoTrXov? Kal rroXepuxJV aneipovg, Kai rGiV
Kara rrjv ttoXlv hvGGvvaKrov eGEGdat ro rrXrjOos
KareiX-qfievov' vtto rod ;Yet/xtuyos" ls rds OLKiag.
294 et 6 /cat rug yivoiro KLvhvvos, TrpeTTeiv avrols Trdv

OTLovv TTaOelv Tj TTepaSelv roGovrov ttXtjOos St
295 avTOV? aiG^pd^S dTToXXvpievov. ot he Gvver core pot

^LaêGOaL puev dTreyivcoGKov, opcovres ov povov rrjv
avrajv <f)povpdv TrXrjdvovGav dXXd Kai ro rrjs
TToXecog reZôs Sta rovs 'ISou/xatous" eTTipieXws
296 <f>vXaGG6p,evov , qjovro re Travraxov rov ' Avavov

TTapelvai Kal Kara iraGav copav eTTiGKeTrreGd ai
297 rds (hvXaKas' o Stj rals pêv dXXais vv^lv ovrojs

etxî^, dveldrj Se /car' eKeivriv, ovrt Kara rrjv
^ L: + aur(2'/^ the rest. ^ Bekker: KaTeiXruxfiôv idss.
86
not to escape retribution for bearing arms against

the metropolis, Ananus and his party beheving that
they had won the day without a contest and that
God was directing the battle on their behalf. But
they proved mistaken in their divination of the future,
and the fate which they predicted for their foes was
destined to befall their friends. For the Idumaeans,
huddling together, kept each other warm, and by
making a penthouse of bucklers above their heads
were not seriously affected by the torrents of rain ;
while the Zealots, more concerned for their allies
than for their own danger, met to consider whether
any means could be devised for their relief. The
more ardent advocated forcing a way through the
sentries at the point of the sword, and then plunging
boldly into the heart of the city and opening the
gates to their allies : the guards, disconcerted by
their unexpected assault, would give M'ay, especially
as the majority were unarmed and had never been
in action, while the citizens could not easily be

collected in force, being confined to their houses by
the storm ; even if this involved hazard, it was only
right that they should suffer anything rather than
leave such a vast host disgracefully to perish on
their account. The more prudent, however, disapproved of these violent measures, seeing that not
only was the guard surrounding them in full strength,
but the city wall carefully watched on account of
the Idumaeans ; they imagined, moreover, that
Ananus would be everywhere, inspecting the sentries
at all hours. Such, indeed, had been his practice on
other nights, but on this one it was omitted ; not
87
JOSEPHUS
Âvdvov padvfiLav, aAA cus* avrog <re>^ eKelvos
OLTToXoiTO Kal TO TtXtJOo? TiOV (f>vXdKOJV OTpaTI)-
298 yovGTjg ttj? elfxapfievqs . rj 17 Kal t6t rrjg vvktos
TTpOKOTTTOVGrjS Kal TOV êipicbvOS 7TaKpidl,OVTOS
KoifxitêL fiev rovs eVt rfj aroa (f)povpovs, rots 8e

^TÂcurats" eTTLVoiav e/xâAAet tojv UpoJv alpovras
TTpiovcuv eKrp.lv Toijg pLOxXovs TcJov TTvXwv.
299 avvrjpyqae S' avrots" irpos ro pLTj KaraKovadrjvai

TOV iIj6(J)0v 6 T rojv dvepLiov rjxos Kal to tojv
^povrojv eTrdXX-qXov .
300 (7) lS.iaXaB6vres S' /c tov lepov Trapayivovrai

Trpos TO TeL^ps Kau toI? avTOtg TrpioGL ;YP^ftevot
TTjv Kara tovs loovpâtovs avoiyovoL ttvXtjv.
301 ToTs Se TO pLev TrpcoTov e/XTTtTrret Tapax'rj tovs

7Tpl TOV *'Avavov 7TLXLpetv olrjdeLGL, Kal nds irrl
TOV ^L(f>OVS Ô^X^ TTjV Se^LOLV d) dpiVv6pLVOS^'
Taxôjs he yvajpLôPT tov rjKovTas eLGrjeaav.
302 et /-tei' ovv eTpdTTOVTO Trepl ttjv ttoXlv, ovSev

eKcoXvaev dv aTToXojXivai tov SrjpLOv avTavSpov,
ovTOJs elxov opyrjs' vvv he irpcoTovs tovs l,r)XajTds
CGTTevSov^ TrJ (j)povpds eêXeGdai, SeopLevcov noXXd
Kal TOJV eLGbeâpLevcuv pL-q TrepuSelv 8t' ovs rjXdov
iv pLG0L TOts" SeLvoT? /-tT^S' avToXs ;\;aAe77cuT6pov
303 eTTLGelGaL tov klvSvvov tGjv piev yap (f)povpa)v

dXovTOJV pabiov avTolg euvai x^P^^^ ^'^^ '^'^^ ttoXlv,
et S' drra^ TavTTjv TrpoKLvqGeiaVy ovk dv er*
304 i.KLVOJV KpaTTJGaL' 7TpO ydp TTjV aLGdr^GLV GVV-
TCtêo-ât* avTOV Kal rots' dvohovs dTTot^pdêiv.
^ ins. Herwerden : the re appears to have been misplaced

in most mss., which read wore for ws.
^ d/j.vi'ov/j.ei'os R. ^ C : airevdoi'Tes the rest.
* Bekker : crvvrdâadai. mss.
88
through any remissness on his part, but by the over- ^

ruhng decree of Destiny tliat he and all his guards
should perish. She it was who as that night advanced
and the storm approached its climax lulled to sleep

the sentinels posted at the colonnade, and suggested
to the Zealots the thought of taking some of the a party of
temple saws and severing the bars of the gates, saluy^from
They were aided by the blustering wind and the ^ê temple
successive peals of thunder, which prevented the
noise from being heard."
(7) Escaping unperceived from the Temple, they ^ and open

reached the walls and, employing their saws once grates to the
more, opened the gate nearest to the Idumaeans. idumaeans.
They, supposing themselves attacked by the troops
of Ananus, were at first seized with alarm, and every
man's hand was on his sword to defend himself, but,
quickly recognizing their visitors, they entered the
city. Had they then turned upon it in all directions,
sucli was their fury that nothing could have saved
the inhabitants from wholesale destruction ; but, as
it was, they first hastened to hberate the Zealots
from custody, at the earnest entreaty of the men
who had let them in. " Do not," these urged,
" leave those for whose sake you have come in the
thick of peril, nor expose us to graver risks. Overpower the guards and you can then easily march
upon the city, but once begin by rousing the city,
and you will never master the guards ; for at the
first intimation the citizens will fall into line and

block every ascent."
" Reminiscent of Thucydides' account of the escape from

Plataea : \p6(pu) 8^ . . . avmraTayovi'Tos rod avifxav ov KaraKovadvTOjv (iii. 22).
^ i.e. a small party of the Zealots, as the sequel shows.
89
JOSEPHUS
305 (v. l) HvveSoKei ravra rols IbovfxaLOLg, Kai

Std rrjs TToXecos dveâcvov Trpos to Upov, fxereajpoL
T ol l^rjXojTal TTjv d(f)i^LV avrow eKapahoKovv /cat
TTapiovrojv etaoj Kal avroL dappovvres TTporêaav K
306 rod ivhorepov Upov. pnyevTes be TOt? 'ISou/xatot? 7Tpo(JâXXov rals (f)vXaKaLS, Kal nvas [xev
Twv TTpoKOLrovvTOJV d7Te(j(f>aâv Koiixojjxevovs, Trpos
Se rriv rchv iyp-qyoporujv ôtjv hiaviorrj ndv to
TrXrjdo? Kal /xer' eKTrXrjêoJS dpTrdtôvres rd onXa
307 Trpos- TTjv d[ivvav ixcopovv. ecos" /xei^ ovu fJLOVOVs

Tovs ^rjXojrd? iTnx^Lpelv VTreXafJiâvov, iOdppovv
COS" TO) TrXrjdeL TTepLeGOfievoL, Kanbovres S' e^coOev
ineiGXôiievovs^ a'AAou? fjaOovro rr]v eLGôXrjv rcov
308 'ISoD/xatcuv, Kal to jiev rrXeov avTtov dpia rats'

ipvôJ^? KaTeâXXe ra oTzXa Kal rrpos olpaoyals
rjv, (^pa^dpêvoL 8e oXiyoL tlov veojv yevvaicxjg
ehexovTO tovs ÎhovjxaLOVs Kal p^xpi' noXXov ttjv
309 dpyoTepav ttXyjOvv euKeirov. ol Se Kpavyfj 8ieGTjpaLvov Tols KaTd ttjv ttoXiv ra? GvpL(f>opa,
KaKeivajv dpivvai pcev ouSet? eToXpurjoev, ojs
ejxaOov eiGTTerraLKOTas tovs ÎSovpLacov?, dpyd S'
dvTeôojv Kal dvTa>Xo(f)vpovTO, Kal ttoXvs kwkvtos
yvvaiKcov -qyelpeTO klvSwevovtos eKd^Trj tivos
310 TOW (f}vXdKajv. ol 8e ^TÂcorat toIs 'ISou/xatotS"

GVveTTTjXdXalov Kal ttjv Ik TrdvTOJV ôtjv 6 x^^l^djv
i-noUi (i)o(jepojTpav. eêihovTO re ovhevos Ihov-
pLalOL, (f)VGL re cLpOTaTOL (f)OVVLV OVTS Kai TCp
vetucijyt KeKaKOjpLevoL /cara tcov diTOKXeLGavTajv
^ iirixô/xevovs PA .
90
JEWISH WAR, IV. 305-310 .
(v. 1) Yielding to these representations, the Idu- Wholesale

maeans marched up through the city to the of^tife^^'^
Temple. The Zealots, who were anxiously awaiting guards of
their arrival, on their entering the building boldly
advanced from the inner court, joined the Idumaeans
and fell upon the guards. Some of the outlving
sentries they slew in their sleep, till, roused by the
cries of those who were awake, the whole force in
consternation snatched up their arms and advanced
to the defence. So long as they believed the Zealots
to be their only assailants, they did not lose heart,
hoping to overpower them by numbers ; but the
sight of others pouring in from outside brought home
to them the irruption of the Idumaeans. Thereupon, the greater number of them flung courage
and armour away together and abandoned themselves to lamentation ; a few of the younger men,
however, fencing themselves in, gallantly received
the Idumaeans and for a good while protected the
feebler crowd. The cries of the latter signified their

distress to their friends in the city, but not one of
these ventured to their assistance, when they learnt
that the Idumaeans had broken in ; instead they
responded with futile shouts and lamentations on
their side, while a great wail went up from the
women, each ha\'ing some relative in the guards
whose hfe was at stake. The Zealots joined in the
war-whoop of the Idumaeans, and the din from all
quarters was rendered more terrific by the howling
of the storm." The Idumaeans spared none. Naturally of a most savage and murderous disposition, they
had been buffeted by the storm and WTeaked their
" C/. iii. 247 if. (Jotapata : the din of battle heightened by
the echo from the mountains), vi. 272 if. (Jerusalem : similar).
VOL. Ill D 91
JOSEPHUS
311 i)(pojpro Tols Oviiois:^' rjaav 5' ofioLOL rols t/cT6V0VGL Kal rols a/xfj-'o/xeyot? /cat ttoAAous- ttiJv
re avyyeveiav avafUf-LvrjaKovrag Kal heoyievovs
Tov Koivov lepov Xafêlv aldoj di'qXavvov rols
312 ^L(f)eGLv. Tju de (f)vyi] fxev ouoei? tottos ov8e

GOjrrjpLas iXrris, ovvojOovfievoi he rrepl aAATÂous"
KareKOTTTOvTO, Kal to uXeov eKîaL^6p.evoL, ojg
ovKer^ rjP vTToyôjprjoeoJS rorro? eTTTjeuav 3 ol
(povevovres, vtt" aii-q-xâvLas KaTeKpi^pivit,ov eavrovs
els TTjV ttoXlv, OLKTporepov epLOiye hoKetv^ ov
htecfievyov oXeOpov top avdaiperov vrropLevovreg.
313 eTTeKX-uaOrj be to e^codev lepov Trdv at/xartj Kal

veKpovs 6KTaKLG-)(iXi0VS rrevraKOGLOvs tj -qjiepa
KareXafj-âvep.
314 (~) OvK eKopeGdrjGap he tovtols ol OvpLol tojv

Îhov/JiaLOjp, dXX eiTL tt]v ttoXlp Tparropiepoi iraGav
fiep OLKiap hirjpaLop, eKTeiPOP he top rrepLTvy(6pTa.
315 Kal TO p.ep dXXo ttXtiBos avTols ehoKei rrapapdXajp.a,

rovs 8' dpxêpels dpet-qTovp , Kal /car' eKeiPwv rjp
316 rots" TrXeLGTOis tj (fiopa. Ta)(eaj h aXoPTes hiecbSelpoPTO, Kal toIs peKpolg avTcop eTTiGTaPTes top
fiep "Apapop TTjS ~po5 top hrjpLOP evpotag, top he
ÎrjGOVP TOJP 0.770 TOV TeL)(OV9 XoyOJP eeGKOJTiTOP.
317 TTporjXdop he els togovtop aGeêlas, ojGTe Kal

aTacpovs plipat, KatTOi TOGavTTjP lovhatcop rrep^
rds Ta(j>ds Trpopoiap TroLovpiepcoPy ojGTe Kal tovs
/c KaTahiKTjS dpeGTavpajpLepovs Trpo hvPTog tjXlov
318 KadeXetP re Kal ddrrTeLP. ovk dp dpidpTOLjjLL 8'
^ VM^ : oTrXoij or ix&pois the rest.

^ Dindorf: So/cet mss.
* At the outset of the blockade the guards on duty at

92
rage on those who had shut them out ; supphants

and combatants were treated ahke, and many while
reminding them of their kinship and imploring them
to respect their common Temple were transfixed by
their swords. No room for flight, no hope of escape
remained ; crushed together upon each other they
were cut do^^Tl, and the greater part, finding themselves forced back until further retreat was impos=îble,
with their murderers closing upon them, in their

helplessness flung themselves headlong into the
city, devoting themselves to a fate more piteous in
my opinion than that from which they fled. The
whole outer court of the Temple was deluged with
blood, and day dawned upon eight thousand five
hundred dead.
(2) The fur>' of the Idumaeans being still un- The

satiated, they now turned to the city, looting every murder*^^
house and killing all who fell in their way. But, Ananus
thinking their energies wasted on the common people,
they went in search of the chief priests ; it was for
them that the main rush was made, and they were
soon captured and slain. Then, standing over their
dead bodies, they scoffed at Ananus for his patronage
of the people and at Jesus for the address which he
had dehvered from the wall.^ They actually went
so far in their impiety as to cast out the corpses
without burial, although the Jews are so careful
about funeral rites that even malefactors who have
been sentenced to crucifixion are taken do\vn and
buried before sunset.*^ I should not be wTong in
one time numbered not more than 6000 (els eâ/ctcrxiX'oi's

206). That number was apparently afterwards increased.
We are told that on this night they were " in full strength "
or " above strength " {TrXTjevovaau 295).
* 238 ff. Cf. Deut. xxi. 22 f. ; John xLx. 31.
93
JOSEPHUS
L7T(jjv aXcoGeoJS apâi rfj TrdAet rov Âi'dvov

ddvarov, Kal drr* eKeivrjs rrj? rj^xipa^ dvarpaTTrjvai
TO TLXOS Kal SiacfidaprjvaL rd Trpdyfiara 'louSaiois, iv fj rov dp)(îpia Kal rjyefjiova rrjs ISla?
aojrrjpLas avrcbv ern fxear^s tyjs TToXecos etSov
319 aTrG(f)ayiJLevov. rjv yap Srj rd re d'AAa uefivos

dvqp Kal hiKaioraros , Kal Tvapd tov oyKov rrjs
re evyeveias Kau ttjs a^ta? /cat rjs i)( TLfjLTJs
rjyaTTrjKOJS to iGOTipiov Kai rrpos tovs raTretvora-
320 Tovs, (îXeXevdepos Tt eKTOTTOJS Kal Sr]fioKpaTLas
ipaOTlj?, TTpO T TOJV lSlOJV XvOLTeXoW TO KOLVJ]
GVfi(f)pov aL Tidefievos Kai Trepc rravTos ttolovjxevos TTjV elprjVTjv dfiaxa yap rj^^t to, 'PojjjiaLOJV
TTpoGKOTTOVjxevos S' vtt' avdyKT]? Kal ra Kara rov
TToXejjLov, oTTcos, L pLTj hiaXvGaLVTO louSatot,
321 Se^tcu? SLa(f)epoivro. KaOoXov 8' etVetv, ^covros

Âvdvov Trdvrajs dv <7^>^ SceXvdrjGav Seivog yap
TjV elrrelv re Kal 77etcrat rov brjfJLOv, tJStj Se ixetpovro
Kal rovg ipLTToStôvras' tj rroXepLOvvres^ nXeLGrrjv
dv rpL^Tjv 'VcojxaioLs napeGôv vtto roiovrcp
322 Grpanqyo). rrapeêvKro 8' avrco Kal 6 l7]Govs,

avrov /xey XeiTTOfievo^ Kara GvyKpcGLV, Trpovx^^'^
323 Se T(x)v dXXojv. dXX ot/xat KaraKpivas 6 Oeds cos

fJLefJLLaGfievrjs ttjs noXeaJS airajXeiav Kai irvpt,
ôvXojJLevos KKadapdrjvaL rd dyia rovs dvreôfxevov? avrdjv Kal (jyiXoGTopyovvras TTepieKonrev.
324 ol Se 77po oXiyov rrjv Updv iGdrjra irepiKeipLevoi,
^ ins. Niese,
^ Destinon : TroXe/xovvras MSS.
Ananus is here almost the counterpart of Pericles ; the

94
saying that the capture of the city began with the

death of Ananus ; and that the overthrow of the
walls and the downfall of the Jewish state dated
from the day on which the Jews beheld their high
priest, the captain of their salvation, butchered in
the heart of Jerusalem. A man on every ground Encomium
revered and of the highest integrity, Ananus," Mdth and Jesus.
all the distinction of his birth, his rank and the
honours to which he had attained, yet delighted to
treat the very humblest as his equals. Unique in his
love of hberty and an enthusiast for democracy, he
on all occasions put the pubhc welfare above his
private interests. To maintain peace was his supreme
object. He knew that the Roman power was irresistible, but, when driven to provide for a state of war,
he endeavoured to secure that, if the Jews would
not come to terms, the struggle should at least be
skilfully conducted. In a word, had Ananus lived,
they would undoubtedly either have arranged terms
for he was an effective speaker, whose words carried

weight with the people, and was already gaining
control even over those who thwarted him or else,
had hostihties continued, they would have greatly
retarded the victory of the Romans under such a
general. With him was linked Jesus, who, though
not comparable Math Ananus, stood far above the
rest. But it was, I suppose, because God had, for
its pollutions, condemned the city to destruction and
desired to purge the sanctuary by fire, that He thus
cut off those who clung to them with such tender
affection. So they who but lately had worn the
encomium on the latter in Thuc. ii. 65 is doubtless in our

historian's mind.
95
JOSEPHUS
KrA T-qg KOGfXLKTJs 6prjGKLag Karap'xpvTes TrpooKVVovyLvoi re toIs k rrj? oLKovfJLevrjg irapa.^dXXovcTLv et? T7]i' ttoXlv, ippifXfievoL yvjjivoi ôpa
325 Kvvcijv Kal drjpiojv iBXeTTOvro. avrrjv err KIvois

orevdâL rols dvhpdaL Soko) ttjv dpeTijv, oAo(f)upofJivrjV on togovtov ^Trrjro rrjs KaKLa<;. aAAa
yap TO fiev \vdvov Kal Irjaov reAos" tolovtov
326 (S) Mera d' eKeivovs ol re trjXojral /cat rcbv

ÎdovfjiaLcov TO ttXtjOo? tov Xaov coGTrep avoGicov
327 Icoojv dyeX-qv emovreg eGâtov. Kai to pLV

eiKaZov 6' ov KaTaX'qc^delrj tottov Ste^êtpero,
tovs 8e evyevelg Kal viovg GvXXa[if8dvovTs ls
LpKT7]v KareKXeiov heSejievovs, KaT eXTnda tov
TrpoGdrjGeGdac TLvas avTolg ttjv dvaipeGiv vep-
328 TiOdfJievoi. TrpoGEGX^ S' ovSecs, dXXd ndvTs tov

TdâGOai fxeTa twv TTOvrjpojv KaTa Trjs TrarptSos"
329 rrpoeiXovTO tov OdvaTOV. hewdg he Trjg apvqGeojs

aLKcag vrrejievov pLaGTiyovp.evoi re Kal GTpe^Xovjievoi, /xera Se to pb-qKeT dpKelv to GOjp.a
330 rat? BaGdvois p.6Xig tj^lovvto tov ^L(f)OV. ol

GvXXrj(j)9evTes Se p.ed'' rjuepav dvr^povvTO^ vvKTCup,
Kal Tovs veKpovs eK(l)opovvTes eppiTTTOV, co? eTepots
331 etr] SeGficoTaig tottos. -qv he TooavTrj tov h-qpLOV
KaTdTrX-qîS , (hs pL-qSeva ToXpLrjaat pLiJTe /cAatetv

(f)avepa)5 tov TrpoGrjKovTa veKpov p-TJTe daiTTeiv,
dXXd XaOpala pLev -qv avTcov KaTaKeKXeiGp.iv(jjv Ta
haKpva Kal jxeTa TrepiGKeipeajs, p^Tj Ti erraKOVGr]
332 Tcov exOpoJv, eGTevov tcra yap toIs TrevdovpLevois o
^ dvTjyovTo L Lat.
'^ Literally " cosmical," meaning either " open to the

whole world " or perhaps " emblematic of the mundane
96
sacred vestments. led those ceremonies of world-%\'ide"

significance and been reverenced by visitors to the
city from every quarter of the earth, were now seen
cast out naked, to be devoured by dogs and beasts
of prey. Virtue herself, I think, groaned for these
men's fate, bewailing such utter defeat at the hands
of vice. Such, however, was the end of Ananus and
Jesus.
(3) Ha\-ing disposed of them, the Zealots and the The Zealots
Idumaean hordes fell upon and butchered the people jdumaeans
as thousrh tliey had been a herd of unclean animals, torture and
o J kill the
Ordinary folk were slain on the spot where they nobility.

were caught ; but the young nobles ^ they arrested
and threw into prison in irons, postponing their
execution in the hope that some would come over
to their party. Not one, however, listened to their
overtures, all preferring to die rather than side with
these criminals against their country, notNvithstanding the fearful agonies which they underwent for
their refusal : they were scourged and racked, and
only when their bodies could no longer sustain these
tortures were they grudgingly consigned to the
sword. Those arrested by day were dispatched at
night and their bodies cast forth to make room for
fresh prisoners. To such consternation were the
people reduced that none dared openly weep for or
burv a deceased relative ; but in secret and behind
closed doors were their tears shed and their groans
uttered with circumspection, for fear of being overheard by any of their foes. For the mourner in-
system " (Traill) ; cf. Ant. iii. 123, 180 if. (the Tabernacle a
symbol of the universe), with Westcott's note on Heb. L\. 1
{jh ii'yiov Koa/JLLKOp),
^ TOL'S vyPis Kai pôvs parallel with tu>p evyepQp viusv

below ( 333).
97
JOSEPHUS
TTevBrjGas v6vg enacrx^' vvKTOjp Se koviv aipovres

X^polv oXlyrjv iTreppLTrrovv rol? croj/xacrt, Kai p-ed
333 rjpêpav ei rt? Trapd[3oXos . pvpiOL Kai hiaxiXioi

row vyva)v veojv ovrojs Si(f)6dpr]Gav.
334 (4) Ot he 7]8r] hLaiiepLcrrjKoreg ro (ôveveiv dvdhrjv
335 elpojvevovro hiKaur-qpia Kai KpiaeiS- Kai h-q riva

Tojv i7n(f)aveGrdrajv drroKTeiveLv irpodepevoL Zap(apiav VLOV Bdpeis^' Trapoj^vve 8' avrovs ro Xiav
rdvhpos fXLGOTTOvqpov kol (îXeXevdepov, rjv he Kai
ttXovglos, (Lore pr] pLOVov eXTTLêcv rrjv dpirayiqv

rrjs ovcjia?, dXXd Kai TrpocraTToaKevdGeGdaL' hvva-
336 rov dvdpojTTOV els ttjv eavrow KardXvGiv GvyKaXovGL pLev e^ eTTLrdyparos e^dopLrjKovTa tojv ev
reXei hrjpiOTCov els to lepov, TrepiOevres h avrols
ojGTTep irrl GKTjvrjs G')(fipa hiKaGrow eprjpLOV
iôvGias rod Zâxaplov Karrjyopovv, ws evhihotrj
rd Trpdypara 'PcopaloLs Kai rrepl rrpohoGLas hia-
337 TTepdiaLTo rrpos OveGTraGcavov. -qv he ovr eXeyxos

ris rojv KarTjyopovpevojv ovre reKpurjpiov, dXX
avrol TTeTrelGdai KaXojs ecjiaGav Kai rovr eivaL
338 TTLGriv rrjs dXrjOelas rj^lovv. o ye piTjV Za;âpias

GWihajv p-qhepiav avrqj KaraXeuTTopLevrjV GOjrrjpias
eXTTiha, KeKXrJGOai yap Kar evehpav els eipKr-qv,
ovK errl hiKaGrrjpiov, eTTOurjoaro rrjv rov Lrjv airoyvojGLV OVK d7TapprjGLaGroi>, dAAd Karaoras ro
1 PAVR Lat. : Bapovxov M^C : BapiaKaiov LM*.

^ ed. pr. and Lat. : ir poaaTrocr Kevaêcrdai MSS.
" This incident has gained an interest for N.T. students

from an old suggestion revived by Wellhausen {Einldtung
rn d'(^ drei ersteaEvangelien.td. 2, 191 1, pp. 1 18 fF.) to identify
this Zacharias son of Baris (or Bariscaeus : the reading

Baruch is negUgible) with the " Zachariah.son of Barachiah,"
whose death in the temple is referred to by Christ in Matt.
98
stantly suffered the same fate as the mourned. Only

by night would they take a little dust in both hands
and strew it on the bodies, though some venturous
persons did this by day. Twelve thousand of the
youthful nobility thus perished.
(4) Having now come to loathe indiscriminate Mock trial

massacre, the Zealots instituted mock trials and murder of
courts of justice. They had determined to put to Zachanas,
death Zacharias, son of Baris," one of the most
eminent of the citizens. The man exasperated them
by his pronounced hatred of wTong and love of liberty,
and, as he was also rich, they had the double prospect
of plundering his property and of getting rid of a
powerful and dangerous opponent. So they issued
a peremptory summons to seventy of the leading
citizens to appear in the Temple, assigning to them,

as in a play, the role, ^vithout the authority, of
judges ; they then accused Zacharias of betraying
the state to the Romans and of holding treasonable
communications with Vespasian. They adduced no
evidence or proof in support of these charges, but
declared that they were fully convinced of his guilt
themselves and claimed this as sufficiently establishing the fact. Zacharias, aware that no hope of
escape was left him, as he had been treacherously
summoned to a prison rather than a court of justice,
did not allow despair of life to rob him of hberty of
speech. He rose and ridiculed the probability of
xxiii. 35, as the last of a series of Jewish murders beginning

with that of Abel. The theory, which rests on a rather
remote resemblance of names, is on many grounds untenable.
The author of the first Gos])el refers to the murder of Z.
ben Jehoiada (2 Chron. wiv. 19 ff.) whom, like some Jewish
Rabbis, he confused with Z. ben Berechiah, the prophet of
the Restoration (Zech. i. 1).
VOL. Ill D 2 99
JOSEPHUS
fiv TTidavov Twv Karr^yoprjfievojv Ste;)(Aem(7e Kai

dta ^payêcov arreXvaaro ras eTTL'jiepoiievas alrlag.
339 eVetra be rov Xoyov et? tov Karriyopovs arrocrpeipag i^rjs Trdaa? avrojv Sce^TJeL ras Tiapavopias
Kril 77oAAd TTcpl rrj? avyxvoeojs KarcoXo^vparo
340 Tojv Trpayjidrojv. ol L'qXojTal 8' edop-ujôvv Kai

/xdAi? rojv ^Lcfiojv aTTeKpdrovv, to gxtJP-ol Kai rrjv
elpojveiav rod hLKaur-qpiov /-tep^pt reXovg Tralâi
TrpoaipovpievoL, Kai aAAoj? Treipdaai OeXovreg rovg
hiKaGrdg, el Trapd rov avrcvv KLvhvvov iiv~qadrj-
34:1 oovraL rod biKaiov. (jiepovai 8' ol e^dofjLrjKovra

TO) KpLvofievcx) ras" ipT](i)OV airavres Kai gvv avrco
TTpoeiXovTO reOvdvcLL fxaXXov rj rrjg dvacpeaeajg
342 avTov Xaêlv ttjv 7nypa(l)r]V. rjpOrj he ôrj tojv

IrjXojTOJv Trpos rrjV aTToXvcnv, Kai navrajv ptev rjv
ayavaKT'^GLs errl rols hiKaaraZs (Lg pLT] cruvielGL
343 TTiv elpojveiav ttjs doOeLGrjg avrot? eôvGiag, Svo

he TOJV ToXfi-qpoTdTOJV TrpoGeGovTes ev peGOj to*
lepqj hiacfideLpovGi tov Za;âptav /cat TreGovTL
imxXevdGavTes echaGav " /cat 77ap* rjp.ojv Tr)v

tpfj(l)Ov exeL? Kai êâioTepav drroXyGLVy" piTTTOVGi
re avTov evOeojs drro tov lepov /cara ttjs vtto-
344 Keipevrj (j)dpayyos . tovs 8e dt/cacrra? Trpos v^ptv

drreGrpaiipLevoL? tols ÎcbeGL TVTOVTeg eêojGav tov
TrepiôXov, 8t' ev tovto (jjeiGdpevoL ttjs G(f)ayrJ5
avrojv, Lva GKeSaGdevTes dva ttjv ttoXiv dyyeXoi
TTaGi TTjs SouAeta? yevowTai.
345 (^5) Tot? 8' 'ISou/Ltatot? rjhrj ttjs TrapovGuas
346 pieTepeXe Kai TrpoGLGTaTO id TrpaTTOpLeva. gvvayaycbv be avTov? tl dTTO twv 1,tjXojtojv /car
Iblav eXOojv evebeLKvoTO ra GvpTrapavoprjdevTa
Tolg KaXeGaGL Kai to Kara, tt^s" prjTpoTToXeoJS
100
tlie accusation, and in few words quashed the charges

laid against him. Then, rounding upon his accusers,
he went over all their enormities in order, and bitterly
lamented the confusion of public affairs. The Zealots
were in an uproar and could scarce refrain from

dra\\-ing their swords, although they were anxious to
play out their part and this farce of a trial to the
close, and desired, moreover, to test whether the
judges would put considerations of justice above their
own peril. The sevent}^ however, brought in a
unanimous verdict for the defendant, preferring to
die with him rather than be held answerable for his
destruction. The Zealots raised an outcry at his
acquittal, and were all indignant ^îth the judges for
not understanding that the authority entrusted to
them was a mere pretence. Two of the most daring
of them then set upon Zacharias and slew him in the
midst of the Temple, and exclaiming in jest over his
prostrate body " Now you have our verdict also and
a more certain release,'* " forthv.ith cast him out
of the Temple into the ra\ine below. Then they
insolently struck the judges Mith the backs of their
swords and drove them from the precincts ; sparing
their lives for the sole reason that they might disperse through the city and proclaim to all the
servitude to which they were reduced.
(5) The Idumaeans now began to regret that they a Zealot

had come, taking offence at these proceedings. In denouifces
this mood they were called together by one of the the crimes
Zealots, who came to them privately and showed up to the

the crimes which thev had committed in conjunction idumaeans
with those who had summoned them, and gave a them to
depart.
" The Greek word dTroXicrts means both '' acquittal " and
" decease."
101
JOSEPHUS
347 hiî^L' TTaparduGeGOaL jxev yap ojs vtto tojv

apyîepeojv 7TpoSLbofj.vr] Paj/xatot? rrjs pLrjTpo'
TToXeojg, evprjKevai be rrpohoGLas p-kv reKprjpLOV
ovSev, Tovg ' iKeivrjv viroKpivopiivovs <^vXarreadai kol rroXepov kol rvpavvihos epya ToXp.ojv-
348 ras. TrpoGrjKeiv pev ovv avrols SiaKcoXveLV a

dpxT]S' i7TLdrj 8' o-Tra^ els KOivowiav ep.(l)vXLOV
(f)6vov Trpoerreoov,^ opov yovv emdelvaL rots apâprrjpauL KOL pLT] TTapapLeveLV -xôp-qyovvras iu)(yv rols
349 KaraXvovGL rd Trdrpia. koI yap el TLves pâAeTiaivovoL ro)^ KXeLoOrjvai rag vXas Kal pLTj hodrjvai
pLera rcov dirXcov avrols eroLpL7]v ttjv euGooov,
dXXd Tovs elpâvras reripojprjaOai' Kal reOvavai
pev Âvavov, hiecjiSdpdai 5' IttI pads vvktos
350 oXlyov help rrdvra top brjpov. ecj) ols tojv p.ev
OLKelcop TToXXoijs aladdveaOai peravoovvras, rcov
eTTLKaXeaapevojv he opdv d.perpov ttjp ojpLoriqra
351 pLTjhe St ovs iaojOrjGav alhovpievcov ev o^/xacrt

yovv TOJV Gvppd)(ojv rd aLG)(LGra roXpLav, /cat ras
eKeivcjjv TTapavoptas 'ISou/xatot? TrpoGdirreGOaL,
p,expi- dv pL'rjre kojXvtj ns pLijre ;)(coptc,7]Tat rcov
352 BpojpLevojv. helv ovv, eTreihrj hiaôXr] puev 7Te(f>T]ve

rd rT]s TTpohoGias, e(j)oSog he 'PajpLalcov ovSepaa
TTpoohoKaraL, hvvaareia 8' eTTLrereixi-orai rij
TToXeL hvGKardXvros , avrovs dvaxojpelv en oIkov
Kai roj pLTj KOLvojvelv rois (/javAot? airavrajv
arroXoyqGaGd ai Trept, ojv (f)evaKLGdevres pieraG^piev .
353 (vi. l) Tourot? TreLodevres ol Îhovpalot irpoj-
* R : irpoaiTreaov most MSS. : /leTeireaov L.
* Dindorf : to mss.
102
JEWISH WAR, IV. 34.7-353
detailed account of the situation in the capital.

They had enlisted, he reminded them, in the belief
that the chief priests were betraying the metropohs
to the Romans ; but they had discovered no evidence
of treason, whereas its professed defenders were the
daring perpetrators of acts of war and despotism.
These proceedings, he said, the Idumaeans should
have checked at the outset ; but having once become
their partners and plunged into civil war, they ought
now at least to put a limit to their sins and no longer
continue to lend support to men who were subverting
the institutions of their forefathers. Even were there
any still indignant at the closure of the gates and the
refusal of prompt admission to them while bearing
arms, well, those who had excluded them had now
been punished : Ananus was dead and in one night
almost the whole population had been destroyed.
Such actions, he could perceive, had produced re-
pentance in many of their o^^^l party, but among

those who had invited them he saw nothing but
unmeasured brutality, without the slightest respect
for their deliverers : under the very eyes of their
alhes they dared to commit the foulest atrocities,
and their iniquities would be ascribed to the Idumaeans, so long as no one vetoed or dissociated himself
from these proceedings. Since, then, the charge of
treason had been shown to be a calumny and no
invasion of the Romans was expected, while the city
had had planted upon it a despotism not easily to be
overthrowii, their duty (he said) was to return home
and by severing their connexion with these scoundrels
to make some amends for all the crimes in which
they had been duped into taking a part,
{vi. 1) Acting on this ad\'ice, the Idumaeans first
103
JOSEPHUS
rov fj.v XvovGi Tovs iv Tol? heaiiojTrjpLOL? rrepi

hiu-xîXlovs b-qjioras, ol TTapaxprjua (f)vy6vT5 e/c
rij? TToXeoJS acfjLKVovvraL Trpo? Hipâjva, Trepl ov

p-LKpov VGTepov epovptev eTreira eV tcdv 'lepo-
354 GoXvpLOJV ave)(0)prjGav Irr oIkov. Kal Gvve^r] rov

XOjpLGpLOv avTOJV yeveGdai Trapddoôv dpLcfiordpoLS'
o T yap drjpLog ayvowv rrjv pLeravoLav aveddpG-qae
355 rrpog oXiyov ojs e'xÔpojv KKOV(f)LGpLvos , ot re

^7]Xa)Tal p.dXXov eTraveoTrjaav, ovx cLs vtto Gvpipidxojv KaraXeL<j)divTes , dXX aTrrjXXaypLevoL tojv
SvGOjTTOVVTOjv Kal SiarpeTTOvrajv TrapavopLelv.
356 ovKeri yovv p.eXXrjGi? t) GKeipL? tjv rcov aoLKTjpLarojv,

dAA' o^vrdraLs pLv expojvro rats ImvoiaLS els
eKaGra, rd SoxOevra Se rdîôv Kai rrjs emvoLas
857 evqpyovv. pidXiGra 5' eV drhpeiav re Kac evyeveiav (/)6va>v, rrjv fiev cfidovoj Xvp.aLvopLevoi, ro
he yewalov heei- povqv yap avrdw^ aGcLdXetau
VTTeXdp.âvov rd pLrjSeva row hvvardjv KaraXiTrelv.
358 avTjpeOrj yovv gvv ttoXXol? erepois Kal TovpicoVy

aîdjfiari p.ev Kal yevei rrpovyajv, hy]ixoKpariKos
he Kal (j>povrjpiaros eXevOepiov p.eGr6s, ei Acat rts"
erepos ^lovhaicov drrcoXeGe S' avrov r) TrapprjOLa
359 p-dXiGra rrpos roZs dXXois TrXeoveKrijpLaGLV . ouS'

d Ylepatrrjs Ntyep avrojv rd? )(elpa'S hie^vyev,
avTjp dpLGrog iv rols rrpds 'Pajpialovs TroXep.ots
yevopLevo?' os Kal ôojv rroXXdKLs rd? re coreiXas
360 emdeiKvvs hid p.eG-qs eovpero ri^s TToXeo)?. errei
^ avTC:v MSS. (as often).
503 ff.
* Probably identical with Gorion ben Joseph, 159.
* " Teeming " ; cf. Plato, Rep. 563 d /xeard iXevdeplas,

" ready to burst with liberty " (Jowett).
104
liberated the citizens confined in the prisons, number- The

ing about two thousand (these immediately fled from of the*^^^^^
the city and joined Simon, of whom we shall speak idumaeans
presently ) ; they then left Jerusalem and returned "^ '^^^
home. Their departure produced an unlooked-for

effect on both parties : the citizens, unaware of their
repentance, recovered momentary confidence, as if
relieved of an enemy ; the Zealots, on the other leads the
hand, grew yet more insolent, not as though they ?reae? *^
had been abandoned by allies, but as quit of critics atrocities.
who discountenanced and sought to deter them from
their lawlessness. No longer now was there any
delay or deliberation about their crimes ; they devised their plans with lightning rapidity, and in each
case put their decisions into effect even more swiftly
than they devised them. They thirsted above all for
the blood of the brave and the nobility, massacring
the latter out of envy, the former from fear ; for
they imagined that their own safety depended solely
on their leaving no person of authority alive. Thus, Further
to take one instance among many, they murdered q^^q '
Gurion,^ a person of exalted rank and birth, and
yet a democrat and filled '^ with liberal principles,
if ever Jew was ; his outspokenness, added to the
privileges of his position, was the main cause of his
ruin. Nor did even Niger the Peraean ^ escape and Niger.
their hands, a man who had shown exceptional
gallantry in his battles with the Romans : vehemently
protesting and pointing to his scars, this veteran
was dragged through the midst of the city. When
** He distinguished himself in the opening battle with

Ccstius, i?. il. 5-20; was at one time governor of Idumaea, ii.
566 : and led two unsuccessful attacks on the Roman
garrison at Ascalon, when he again won dis inction and had a
miraculous escape, iii. 11-28.
105
JOSEPHUS
S' efco Twv TTvXujv -qKTO, TTjv uojT-qpiav aTToyvovg

7Tpl racfirj? lkTVv ol he TrpoaTreiX'qGavres r)?
eneOvfJieL /jLaAtara yrjg /xt] fxerahojaeiv a-urqj, tov
361 (f)6vov ivqpyovv. avaipovpievo? Se o Ntyep rt/xcDpov? 'Pojfiaiovs avTols irr-qpaGaro, Xifiov re Kat
Xoijiov irrl ro) TroXdpLO) Kat rrpos arraGi rag aXXr^Xow
362 X^'^P^^' ^ ^V Travra Kara rcov aaeôw eKvpojoev

6 deos, /cat TO hiKriLoraroVy on yevaaadaL rrjs
dXXriXcov drrovoLas e/xeAAov oi}/c et? ptaKpav crraata-
363 cavres. Ntyep piev ovv dvrjprjpievog rovs Trepi
rrjs KaraXvaecxjg avTOJV Soôvs eVeKou^tcre, rod

Xaov 8e pLpo ouSev t^v, o) piTj Trpos dirajXeLau
364 eTTevoelro rrpofjâGL?. to /^tev yap avrow hievexOeu

TLVL TTaXai SLe(l)dapTO, ro Se pirj irpoaKpovGav Kar
elprjirqv eTTiKaipov^ iXdpiâve rds alrias' Kat o
pLV pLr]h^ oXojs avTols TrpoGiajv wg vrreprjcfiavos,
6 TTpoGidjv 8e p-era rrapp-qaLas wg Karacjipovow, o
365 depaiTevajv S' o'js eTrifjovXog VTTWTTTevero . /xta

Se riv TOW re pêyiuTOW kol pLTpLajraTOJv eyKXrjpLaTajv TLpLcopla ddvaTOs, kol SUcfivyev ovSets,
el pLTj Gcfiohpa TLS rjv raTreivos \rjY 8t ayevetav t)
Std Tvxf]v.
366 (2) 'PojpLaLojv Se ol p.ev dXXoL TrdvTes -qyepLOves

eppLaiov Tjyovpievoi ttjv uTaoiv row TToXepaojv
wppi'qvro TTpos rrjv ttoXlv kol tov OveGTraoiavov
TJrreLyov cL? dv ovra Kvpcov row oXojv, (f)apievoi
TTpovoiav deov ovpLjiaxov G(jiLGL ro) rerpd(f)OaL
^ ora. fi L.
Or "... had quarrels having long since been " :

TrdXat in the central position may be intended as adverb to
both verbs.
'' In the manner of Thucydides in his reflections on civil
dissensions ^crrdcrets), iii. 82.

106
brought without the gates, he, despairing of his hi*.,

besought them to give him burial ; but they fiercely
declared that they would not grant him the one
desire of his heart a grave and then proceeded
to murder him. In his dying moments Niger imprecated upon their heads the vengeance of the
Romans, famine and pestilence to add to the horrors
of war, and, to crown all, internecine strife ; all which
curses upon the wretches were ratified by God,
including that most righteous fate, by which they
were doomed ere long to taste in party conflict the
effects of their comrades' frenzy. Niger's removal
anyhow reheved their fear of being deposed from
power ; but there was no section of the people for
whose destruction some pretext was not de\'ised.
Those with whom any had ancient quarrels having
been** put to death, against those who had given

them no umbrage in peace-time accusations suitable
to the occasion were invented : the man who never
approached them was suspected of pride ; he who
approached them with freedom, of treating them
^îth contempt ; he who courted them, of conspiracy.*
The one penalty for charges of the gravest or the
most trifling nature was death ; and none escaped
save those whose humble birth put them utterly
beneath notice, unless by accident."
(2) The Roman generals, regarding the dissension Vespasian

in the enemy's ranks as a godsend, were all eager to ^fth hS^^
march against the capital, and urged Vespasian, as generals
commander-in-chief, to take this course. " Divine attacking
providence," they said, " has come to our aid by Jerusalem.
* I omit the first v with L. The natural rendering " those

whose humble birth or fortune" etc. gives tvxv a sense
which appears unwarranted.
107
JOSEPHUS
367 Tovg i-)(dpovs Kar dXXrjXojv etvai fievTOt Tqv

poTTTjv oêlav, Kal raxôJ? 'louSatou? ofiovo-qaeiv^
Tj KOTTidaavTag ev rot? fJL(f)vXiotg KaKolg r) [lera-
368 voTjuavras OveGTraaiavos 8e TrXeiGrov avrovg ecjiTj

Tov heovTos ajiapro-veLV y ajGirep ev Oedrpcp xîpajv
re Kal ottXojv iTriheiîv TTOLrjaaaOat yXixofJievovg
ovK aKLvSwov, dXXd (jltj to GVii(j)epov Kal raCTâAe?
369 GKOTTOVvras. et fxev yap evOecog opfJLrjcreLev em
TTjV TToXiVy aiTLOS OflOVOLag eaCCT^Qt Tols TToXefJLLOiS
Kal T7]v Icr^vv avrow aKfjidôvcrav ecji' eavTOV

iTTLcrrpeifjeLv'^- et he rrepiiieiveiev, oXiyujrepois XPV'
370 aeaOai darrav-qOelaLV iv rfj urdGei. arparrjyelv

fiev yap dpieivov avrov tov Oeov, aTTOvrjTL^ Pcofiaiois TTapaSiSovra 'louSatoi'? Kal ttjv vlktjv dKiv
371 Svvcog rfj crrpar-qyiq} âptCo/xevov ojare XPW'^''*

SiacfydeLpopLepojv x^P^'-'^ olKeiais TCiyv ex^pow Kai
TO) fieyiO-TO) KaKO) Grduei ;(paj/i,eycoy, deardg
fjidXXov avTovs aTTOKaOrjaOai rcov klvSvvojv rj
davardjGLV avdpd>7TOLS Kai XeXvGGiqKOGLV Kar
372 dXX-qXcov X^^P^ fJLLGyeiv. "el Se ns o'ierai r7]v

hoâv rrjs VLK'qs ecoXorepav eGeGBai Stpâ p-O-X'')'^*
yi'coraj rod Sta rojv ottXojv G(f)aXepov ro p.e6
373 rjGvx^CLS Kar6p6cop.a XvGireXeGrepov <6v>^' /cat yap

ovx Tjrrov evKXeels oteGdai xP'h "^^^ Kara X^^P^
XapLTTpdw rovs eyKpareia Kai Gvveoei ra tcra
TTpdâvras." a/xa p.evroL fjieiovp-evow rojv rroXepLLOJV Kal rr^v avrov Grparidv, avaX-q(f)deLGav eK
374 rojv Gvvexdiv ttovojv, eppajpLevearepav eêiv. dXXojg
^ ed. pr. with Lat. : + r|ûv mss.

^ Bekker with Lat. : iiria-Tp^cpeiv mss.
' iKOVLTL VRC {CLKOI'TL L). * (TTpaTiq. LVC.
' ins. Herwerden with Cobet.

108
turning our adversaries against each other ; but "Our
changes come rapidly and the Jews will quickly to^slt^stiiL

return to unanimity through weariness or repentance
of civil strife." To this Vespasian repHed that they '^
were gravely mistaken as to the right policy, and
were anxious to make a theatrical, though hazardous,
display of their gallantry and arms, without regard
to expediency and safety. For, were he immediately
to attack the city, the effect would be merely to J
reunite their opponents and to turn their forces in
fullest strength against himself ; whereas by waiting
he would find fewer enemies, when they had wasted
their numbers in sedition. God was a better general
than he, and was delivering the Jews to the Romans
without any exertion on their part and bestowing
victory upon them without risk to Roman generalship. Consequently, while their adversaries were
perishing by their own hands and suffering from that
worst of calamities, civil strife, their part was rather
to sit as distant spectators** of their perils, than to
contend with men who courted death and were
raving against each other. " But," he continued, ^
" if anyone thinks that the glory of victory will lose j
its zest without a fight, let him learn that success
obtained by sitting still is more fruitful than when
won by the uncertainty of arms ; indeed those who /
attain the same ends by self-restraint and sagacity
should be deemed no less famous than those who

distinguish themselves in action." Moreover, while
the enemy's numbers were diminishing, his own
army would have recruited their strength after their
continuous labours and be at his service rein vigor ate d.
As at gladiatorial shows.
109
JOSEPHUS
T Kal Tojv GTO)(alofJLeva)v rrjs Trepl T'r]v vlktjv
375 XajjLTTporrjros ov rovrov elvai rov Kaipov ov yap

TTepl KaraoKevrjV ottXojv rj reixojv ovSe irepl
uvXXoyrjV imKovpajv ^lovSalovs daxoXelaOaL Kal^
rrjv vrrepdeuLv ecrecrât Kara rwv hiSovTajv, dAA*
i{jL(f)vXLqj TroXejJLOj Kal 8tp(ovota rpaxrjXLôfJLevovs
Kad^ rjjjLepav OLKTporepa ttolgx^lv cLv dv irreXOovreg
376 avTOL SiaOelev avrovs aXovras^ etr' ovv TaacâXe?

TLs GK07T0LT], )(prji'ai Tovs V(f)^ eavTOJV avaXiGKOfievovs edv, etre to evKXeeGrepov rod Karopdo)-
fiarog, ov Setv rot? olkol vouovglv emxeipeZv

prj9rjGGdai yap evXoycos ovk avrojv rrjv vlkyjv
aXXd rrjg oraGeaJS.
Zll (3) Tavra OveGTraGiavo) Xeyovn Gvvrjvovv ol

T)y}i6ves, Kal 77apaxpT]IJLa to GTpaTTjyiKOV ttjs
yvcopLTi? dvecâiveTO' ttoXXoi yovv^ Kad "qjjiepav
378 r]VTO(L6Xovv tovs L^'qXojTas SiaSihpaGKovTeS' X^'

XeTTT] 8' ^v Tj (j>vy-q cf)povpal? SLLXrj(f>6TOJV Tag
Si^6dovs TTaGas Kal tov ottcdgovv ev avTais
dXiGKOjievov cos TTpos ^Vajjiaiovs dmovTa Sta-
379 p(poj//ei'6oy. o ye [jltjv ;)^p7^/xaTa Sous' i^rj(l)LTO
Kai pLOVOS TjV 6 pLT] SlSoVS TTpoSoTTjSy OJGT KGT-
eAetVero tojv eviropajv ttjv (f)vyrjv (hvovpievajv fiovovs
380 iva7T0G(f)dTTeG9aL tovs TrevqTas. veKpol Se Kiara

Tas Xeoj(i)6povs TTaaas iocopevovTO 7TapLTrXr]dLS,
Kal TToXXol Tcov 6p{xa)pLeva)V avTOpLoXeXv TrdXiv ttjv
eVSoy dTTwXeLav rjpovvTO' tov yap 7tl ttjs TraTpioos
ddvaTOV cXttIs TacjjTis eTToUi hoKeZv jxeTpiojTepov.
381 ol S' els TOGovTov (LpLOTrjTOS e^wKetXav, d>s fM'r]Te
* ws Destinon : atque ideo Lat. Text doubtful.

^ L : 5e the rest.
110
Above all, this was not the occasion for aspiring to

the honours of a brilliant victory ; for the Jews were
not busily engaged in forging arms, erecting fortifications or levying auxiliaries, in which case delay would
be prejudicial to those who granted it, but were
risking their necks in civil war and dissension and
daily enduring greater miseries than they themselves
would inflict on them after defeat, if they advanced
to the assault. Whether, therefore, they looked to
the path of safety, these Jews should be left to
continue their own destruction ; or Mhether they
considered the success which would bring the greater
renown, they ought not to attack patients suffering

from their own domestic disorders ; for it would be
said, with reason, that they owed their victory not
to themselves but to sedition.
(3) In these observations of Vespasian the officers Many Jewd

concurred, and the soundness of the general's judge- Rodmans*!*
ment was soon made evident by the numbers who
daily deserted, eluding the Zealots. But flight was
difficult, because guards were posted at all the outlets and anyone caught there, on whatever business,
was slain, on the assumption that he was going off
to the Romans. If, however, he paid the price, he
was allowed to go, and only he who offered nothing
was a traitor ; the result being that the wealthy
purchased their escape and the poor alone were
slaughtered. Along all the highways the dead were
piled in heaps ; and many starting " to desert changed
their minds and chose to die within the walls, since
the hope of burial made death in their native city
appear more tolerable. The Zealots, however, carried
barbarity so far as to grant interment to none,
" Or " who had been eager."
Ill
JOSEPHUS
rot? evSov avaLpovfxevot? ixTjre roT? dva ra?
382 ohov? {jLeraSovvaL yrjg, dXXa KaOdrrep GvvOrjKa?

TTeoiTjiievoi T0I5 rrj? TrarptSos" crvyKaraXvaaL Kal
Tou? rrj? (f)V(Tajs vop-ovs dfia re rots' et? dvSpcv-
383 770U9 dSiKTjiJLacnv avixiiidvai Kal ro delov, v(f)^ -qXlu)

rovg veKpovs pLvhcovras avreAetTTOV. rots' Sc ddrr-
TOVGL TLVa TOJV TTpOGTjKOVTCjJV , O /Cat rots' CLVTO-
fjLoXovcjLv, eTTLTLfiLov ddvaTO? rjV , /cat helaOai

TTapa-x^prijia racf^rj? eSet rov erepco )(âpit,6pivov.
384 KaOoXov re eLTrelv, ovhev ovrcos aTToXcoXei )(^priOTOV

Trddos ev rals rore GV{jL(f)opaLS d)s eAeos" a yap
XpT]t^ OLKreipeiv, ravra napoj^vve rovg aXiT'qpLov? ,
/cat drro jiev rojv l,(x>vrcov il rovs dvrjpijjjLevov?,
do be TOJV veKpojv irrl rovg ôji^ras' rots' opyd^
385 iJL6T6(f)pov /cat 8t' v7TpôXrjv Seovg 6 TrepLOJv
rov? 7TpoXri<^devTas ojs avaTravoafievov? ifxaKapiêVy 61 re ev rols SeGpLCor'qpLOLg at/ctô/xevot

/card ovyKpiGiv /cat rous" ara<ôv? arr<f)aivov
386 evhaifiovas . KaTeTrareiro [lev ovp Trdg avrols

decrpLOs dvdpojTTOJp, iyeXdro Se ret Oela, Kal tovs
TOJV 7Tpo(f)rjTa)v xprjGpov?^ woTrep dyvpriKCLS Xoyo-
387 TTOttas" e;)(AL'aôi^. ttoAAo, S' ovtol nepl dperij?

Kal /ca/ctas" TrpoedeoTnaav, a rrapa^dvres ol
^rjXajTal Kal ttjv Kara rrj? Trarpihos 7Tpo(f)r]TLav
388 reXovg rj^LOjaav. t^v yap S-q ns TraXaios Aoyos'

dvhpojv evOeujv^ rore rrjv ttoXlv dXojGeadaL Kal
KaTaSXeêadai to dyiajTarov vopLco rroXep-ov,
OTaais edv KaraGK-qiprj Kal ^(elpeg ot/cetat npo-
^ L Exc. : deauoi's the rest (from previous line).

112

whether slain -vîthin the city or on the roads ; but, Barbarity of
7^^1ofcs to
as though they had covenanted to annul the laws riead and

of nature along with those of their country, and to ^'^^gtheir outrages upon humanity to add pollution of
Heaven itself, they left the dead putrefying in
the sun. For burying a relative, as for desertion,
the penalty was death, and one who granted this
boon to another instantly stood in need of it himself.
In short, none of the nobler emotions was so utterly
lost amid the miseries of those days, as pity : what ^
should have roused their compassion, only exasperated these miscreants, whose fury shifted alternately
from the li\ing to the slain and from the dead to the
Hving. Such terror prevailed that the survivors
deemed blessed the lot of the earlier \'ictims, now
at rest, while the tortured WTetches in the prisons
pronounced even the unburied happy in comparison
with themselves. Every human ordinance was They fulfil
trampled under foot, every dictate of religion predictions
ridiculed by these men, who scoffed at the oracles o^ ^"^^'i^*
of the prophets as impostors' fables. Yet those
predictions of theirs contained much concerning
virtue and \dce, by the transgression of which the
Zealots brought upon their country the fulfilment
of the prophecies directed against it. For there
was an ancient saying of inspired men that the city
would be taken and the sanctuary burnt to the

ground bv right of war, whensoever it should be
visited by sedition and native hands should be the first
" Literally " the deity " ; cf. ii. 148 of the scrupulous care
of the E senes " not to offend the rays of the deity," i.e. the
sun.
* Holwerda : ivdeov ms. quoted by Havercarap : ii'da the

rest.
113
JOSEPHUS
fxidvajGi TO Tov deov refxevog' ols ovk aTrtCTTTycrayres

ol ^7]XajTal hiaKovovs avrovs eTreSoGav.
389 (vii. l). "HSr^ 8e lajdwrj rvpavviajVTL ro rrpos

TOV? o/JLOLOVS IcjoTLjJLOV TjhoêiTO , Kol KaT* oXiyovs
TTpOOTTOLQ-UfieVOS TCOV TTOVTipOTepOW d(f>rjV Lat^^ TOO
390 GwrdypLaros. del Se rols piev rcov dXXcov hoy-
pLaGiP aTTeidcov, rd Se avTov TrpoordoGcov heGiroTLKojrepov, hrjXog tjv piovap)(îas dvrnroLovpievos .
391 eiKov S' avTO) rives pêv Seei, rives Se Kar' evvoiav,
Seivog yap tjv dTrdrr) /cat Xoyco TrpoGayayeGdai,
TToXXoi Se TTpos dG(f)aXeias rjyovpevoi rrjs avrcov
rds alrias Tjhr] rojv roXpLCopevow ecf) eva kol
392 piTj TToXXous dva(j)epeGdai. ro ye pb-qv SpaGrT]piov

avrov Kard re X^^P^ '^*^^ Kara yvwpirjv hopv(f)6povs
393 el)(v OVK oXiyovg. ttoXXtj he piolpa rcov dvriKadiGrapievojv^ aireXeiTrero, Trap olg iG)(ve piev
Kai (j)66vos, heivov rjyovpevojv vnorerdxOai ro^
TTplv iGoripicp, ro rrXeov S' evXdêia rrjs povap)(ias
294 dTTerperrev ovre yap KaraXvGeiv pahiojs rjXitôv

avrov dira^ KparrjGavra, Kai Kad avrow 7Tp6(f)aGiv
eêiv ro rrjv dpx^'^ avrirrpdâi' rrpoTjpelro 8' ovv
TToXepLcov eKaGros oriovv rradeiv r) SovXevGas
KOVGia)S iv dvhpaTTohov pioipa TrapaTToXeoQai.
^ acp-qvid'^fTO L ExC.
' PC : duTLKadij/xePuv the rest.
3 PAC : rw the rest.
* I can quote no " ancient " authority for the saying.

The following vaticinium post eventara occurs in a work
WTitten c. a.d. 80 : rivlKa 5' dtppoavvrjdL TreTroidoTes evaeîi-jv
re I oL-ôvaiv arvyepovs re reXovai cpovovs irepl vrjov, \ Kai tot'
. . [reference follows to flight of Nero and the Roman civil
114
JEWISH WAR, IV. 388-S94
to defile God's sacred precincts.'^ This saying the

Zealots did not disbelieve ; yet they lent themselves
as instruments of its accomplishment.
(vii. 1) But now John, aspiring to despotic power, Split in thf

began to disdain the position of mere equaUty in p^^ty^:
honours with his peers, and, gradually gathering John
round him a group of the more depraved, broke despotic
away from the coalition. Invariably disregarding poêr.
the decisions of the rest, and issuing imperious orders
of his o^^^l, he was evidentlv laving; claim to absolute
sovereignty. Some yielded to him through fear,
others from devotion (for he was an expert in gaining

supporters by fraud and rhetoric) ; a large number
thought that it would conduce to their own safety
that the blame for their daring crimes should henceforth rest upon one individual rather than upon
many ; while his energy both of body and mind procured him not a few retainers. On the other hand,
he was abandoned by a large section of antagonists,
partly influenced by envy they scorned subjection
to a former equal but mainly deterred by dread
of monarchical rule ; for they could not expect easily
to depose him when once in power, and thought
that they would have an excuse for themselves if
they opposed him at the outset.^ Anyhow, each man
preferred war, whatever sufferings it might entail,
to voluntary servitude and being killed off like slaves.
war] K 1,vpLr]s 5' ijêi 'Pwfxrfs irp6/j.ot 6s TVpl vtjov \ avfi(f>\^â<i

ZoXi'incoi' kt\., Orac. Sibyll. iv. 117 ff.
" Meaning doubtful. tt]v dpxvy (which is certainly
adverbial, not a noun as in Whiston's rendering, " that they

had opposed his having power ") usually has a negative ;
possibly we should read to C"^> '''V^ '^PXW duTLvpaâL, i.e.
" that he would have a pretext against them if they did not
oppose him at the outset."
115
JOSEPHUS
395 Statpetrat fxev ovv rj crracrts' K tovtojv, koi tols
396 evavTLOjOeloiv \ojdvv7]s avreâoiXevGev . dAAd ra

fjLev rrpos aXX-qXovs avrols Std (j)vXaKris rjv, koL
Ovhkv Yj fllKpOV et 7T0T SirjKpOôXiCÔVTO TOtS"
ottXols, rfpilôv be Kara rod h-qpiov Kal rrorepoi
397 TrXelova Xeiav dôvatv^ avTe(f>iXoveiKOVV . inel be

7] TToXig rpcm rots' fieyiGTOis KaKols )(êL}JLat,ero y
TToXepLOj /cat TupawtSt Kal crrdcret, Kara GvyKpiaiv
fxerpLajrepov rjv rots' br]jioTLKols o TToXefios'
d/xeAet StaStSpdo-Koyres" eV row olKeiojv (f)vyov
Trpog rovs dXXo(j)vXovs Kal Trapd 'Poj/xatots" rj?
aTTTjXTTLGav v rols Ibiois (Jcor-qpias rj^Lovvro.
398 (2) Teraprov be dXXo KaKov eKiveZro irpo? rrjv
399 roi; eOvovs KardXvGiv. (jipovpiov tjp ov TToppoj
lepoGoXvfiojv Kaprepcvrarov , vtto rcov dp)(aL<jjv

âaiXecov els re veKdeaiv KrrjGea>? ev TToXefiov
poTTals Kal aajpLarajv do-c^dAeiay KareGKevaafie-
400 vov, o eKaXelro MaadSa. rovro KareiXrjcfiores

OL TTpouayopevopLevoi ot/cdptot reajs" /xev ra?
TrXrjGiov -x^djpas Karerpeôv ovbev ttXIov rcbv eirirTjbelow 7TopLl,6fjLevoi' Seet yap dvearcAAovro
401 r-^s" TrAetovos- dpTrayrjs' co? be^ rrjv 'Pcoâtojy fiev

urparidv -qpepiovGav, Grdaei be Kal rvpavvibi
Ibia roijs ev 'lepoGoXvpLOLS 'louSatous" invdovro
btrjp-qpevovs, dbporepcov rjirrovro roXpnqpidrajv .
402 Kal Kara rrjv eoprrjv ra)v dû/icov, rjv dyovGiv

'louSatot' Gcor-qpta i^ ov rijs vtt* AlyvTrrLOLS
^ PA : dvdhvcnp the rest.
' cos oe] cos PA^ Lat.: eld' cos Xiese with A*.
^ 'ESoatoL L Lat.
Sebbeh, above the W. coast of the Dead Sea, near its

116
Such, then, was the origin of the spht in the party,

and John confronted his adversaries as a rival
sovereign. However, their attitude to each other
was purely defensive, and there were seldom if ever
any skirmishes in arms between them ; but they
were rival oppressors of the people and vied with
each other in carrying off the larger spoils. While
the ship of state was thus labouring under the three
greatest of calamities war, tyranny, and faction
to the populace the war was comparatively the
mildest ; in fact they fled from their countrymen
to take refuge îth aliens and obtained at Roman
hands the security which they despaired of finding
among their o^^'n people.
(^2) But yet a fourth misfortune was on foot to The Sicarii

consummate the nation's ruin. Not far from Jeru- ^^^^J
salem was a fortress of redoubtable strength, built make raids
by the kings of old as a repository for their property 2"^^^^,
and a refuge for their persons during the \'icissitudes

of war ; it was called Masada.** Of this the so-called
Sicarii had taken possession. So far they had confined themselves to raids upon the neighbouring
districts, merely \^'ith the object of procuring suppHes,
fear restraining them from further ravages ; but
now when they learnt that the Roman army was
inactive and that in Jerusalem the Jews were distracted by sedition and domestic tyranny, they embarked on more ambitious enterprises. Thus, during
the feast of unleavened bread a feast which has
been kept by the Jews in thanksgiving for deliverance
ever since their return to their native land on their
lower end. Its capture by the insurgents is mentioned in

B. ii. 408 ; a detailed description of the fortress and of its
final capture by the Romans is given in vii. 280 ff.
117
JOSEPHUS
SouAe/as" dveOevreg et? rrjv rrdrpiov y-qv KarrjXOov,

vvKTOjp Tovs efiTTodojv ovras diaXadovreg ttoXl^-
VTjv TLvd KararpexovGLv KaXovfxevrjv 'EvyaSSt,
403 ^v fj TO }ikv djivveGdaL Svvdfxevov , irplv ottXojv

diJjaGdaL Kal GweXSelv, (f^ddaavres eaKebaaav^ Kal
rrjs TToXeojs lêjâXov, to hk <j)vy.Zv TjTrov 6v,
yvvaid re Kal Traldas, vrrkp eTTTaKouiovs dvai-
404 pOVGLV. e77Lra T01J T OLKOVS i$GKVaG[JLl'OL
Kal Tojv Kapnujv tovs aKpLaioraTovs^ aprraoaPTes
405 dm^veyKav etV Trjv Macradav. Kai ol puev iXrjL,ovTO rraGas Ta? rrepl to <^povpiov /ccu/xa? Kal
TTjv x^'-^P^-'^ eTTopOovv drraGav, 7TpoGdLa(f)dLpofxevajv
avTolg Kad^ rjjiepav eKaGTaxodev ovk oXiyajv
406 EKLvelro Se Kal Kard TO.XXa rrfs 'louSata? /cAiâra

TO TOJS rjpepLOVv TO XrjGrpiKov^ Kadairep hk ev
Gcofian Tov KvpiujTdTov (^Xeyp-aivovTos rravTa ra
iO~ fjLeXrj gvvv6gL' Sta yovv ttjv iv ttj firjTpoTroXeL

GTdGiv Kal Tapax'T]^ dheiav ^gôv ol Kara ttjv
Xojpav rrovTjpol tojv aprrayow Kai Tag oiKeias
eKaGToC Kojjj.as dprrdiovTes erreLTa eis Tiqv ipt]-
iuS [liav dSiGTavTO. Gvvad poiL6p.voi re Kai avv-
ofivvfievoL Kara Xoxovs, GTparids /xev oXiyaoTepoL

TrXeiovs 8e X'rjGTrjpLOV, TrpoGemrrTOV lepols Kal
409 TToXeGLv, Kal KaKovGdau [xev Gweâcvev ecj)' ovs

oppL-qGeLav d>s iv TToXepLco KaTaXr](f)8evTas, (l>9dvGdai be Tas dfivvas oj? Xtjgtojv dp.a tols dpirayals
^ PAM : dKuoAovs the rest. ^ L : eKaaros the rest.
And when, consequently, the bulk of the population

\\ uuld be absent at Jerusalem.
^ Engedi, 'Ain Jldy, on the W. coast of the Dead Sea,

some 10 miles N. of Masada.
J18
release from bondage in Egypt ^ these assassins,

eluding under cover of night those who might have
obstructed them, made a raiding descent upon a
small town called Engaddi.^ Those of the inhabitants who were capable of resistance were, before
they could seize their arms and assemble, dispersed

and driven out of the town ; those unable to fly,
women and children numbering upwards of seven
Imndred, were massacred. They then rifled the
houses, seized the ripest of the crops, and carried off
their spoil to Masada. They made similar raids on
all the villages around the fortress, and laid waste
the whole district, being joined daily by numerous
dissolute recruits from every quarter. Throughout similar
the other parts of Judaea, moreover, the predatory |'^^^^ô^\
bands, hitherto quiescent, now began to bestir them- Judae^
selves. And as in the body when inflammation
attacks the principal member all ttic members catch
the infection,'^ so the sedition and disorder in the
capital gave the scoundrels in the country free
licence to plunder ; and each gang after pillaging
their own village made off into the wilderness. Then
joining forces and swearing mutual allegiance, they
would proceed by companies smaller than an army
but larger than a mere band of robbers to fall upon
temples '^ and cities. The unfortunate \'ictims of
their attacks suffered the miseries of captives of war,
but were deprived of the chance of retaliation, because their foes in robber fashion at once decamped
* Cf. 1 Cor. xii. 26 etre Trdcrxei iv /xeXos, avvwdaxî- irdvTa rd
/j.\t], and for the same simile B. i. 507.
<* Apparently synagogues or " prayer-houses " are meant ;

these were often built outside the towns near rivers or sea
coast for purification purposes. Judaea had but the one
" temple " at Jerusalem.
119
JOSEPHUS
aTTohihpacrKovrojv . ovhkv 8e fiepo? tjv rrjg 'louSatas", o jjLrj rfj Trpoavexovcrrj TToXei GvvaTTOjXXvro.
410 (3) Taura OvedTraGiavo) napa tow avrofxoXcxjv

hLTjyyeXXero' KatTrep yap (jipovpovvrow ras iôbov? Tcov araaiaGTCov arraoas kol hia(l)deip6vra>v
TOVS OTTOJGOVV TTpOGlOVraS, OjJLOJS TjGav ot St-
eXdvBavov Kai KaTa(f>ijyovTes Ls rovs Pco/iatous'

Tov urparviyov evrjyoi' dfivvaL rfj TToXei /cat rd
411 TOV hrjiiov TTepiGcoaaL Xeiijjava- hi,d yap ttjv rrpog
'PojfjLaLOVs evvoiav dvT]p7JG6aL re tovs ttoXXovs
412 /cat KLvhvVVLV TOVS TTCpiOVTaS". O Sc OLKTLpOJV
rjbrj ras" GVfjL4)opds avTcov to^ fiev ooKelv e/cTToXiopK'qGOJV dchiGTaTai^ TO. 'lepoGoXvpia, to 6'
413 dXrjdes dTraXXd^cuv TToXiopKuis. ehei fievTOL^ irpoKaTaGTpeipaGdai Ta XeLTTOfieva /cat pnqSev eôjQev
ipTTohiOV TTJ TToXiopKLa KaTaXiTTelp' eXdojv ovv eTTL
Td Tdbapa jjLr]Tp67ToXLV ttj? Uepaias KapTepdv
rerpadt \vGTpov pLTjvog etGLGLV et? T7]V ttoXlv.
'il'i /cat ydp eTvyôv ol hvvaTol Xddpa tcov GTaGLOjhow

TTpeGêvGdjievoi rrpos avTOV Trept TrapaooGecos
TTodcp T elpi^vrj? /cat Sta ras" ovGias' ttoXXol Se
415 rd rdSapa KaTcoKovv ttXo'uglol. tovtojv ttjv
^ PC : TcJ the rest.
^ Niese (ed. min.) : ecpicrTaTaL PAML (which should perhaps

stand = propius accedit Lat.): dpiffTaraL the rest.
^ Destinon : fxev tov L : fxev PA : 5e the rest.
" 378.
^ Gadara is here identified by all commentators with the

important place of that name S.E. of the Sea of Galilee,
modern Urnm Kels or Mukes, a principal city of Decapolis,
and a seat of Greek culture, being the home, among other
^Titers, of Meleager the epigrammatist and Philodemus the
^' Epicurean. This identification, though favoured by the
reference to its " many weaJthy residents," is open to serious
120
with their prey. There was, in fact, no portion of

Judaea which did not share in the ruin of the capital.
(3) Of these proceedings \êspasian was informed Vespasian,

by deserters. For, although the insurgents guarded by'^S^ters
all the exits and slew any who for whatever reason prepares tx) '
approached them,** there were not\Wthstanding some leruîem"
who evaded them and, fleeing to the Romans, urged
the general to protect the city and rescue the remnant
of its inhabitants, assuring him that it was owing to
their loyalty to the Romans that so many had been

slain and the survivors were in peril. Vespasian,
who already pitied their misfortunes, broke up his
camp, with the apparent purpose of taking Jerusalem
by siege, but in reahty to dehver it from siege. It
was, however, first necessary to reduce anv places
still outstanding, so as to leave no external impediment to hinder his operations. He accordingly
marched on Gadara,^ the capital of Peraea and a and occupies
city of some strength, and entered it on the fourth Gadara (in
of the month Dystrus. For the leading men had, c. 21 March
unbekno^^Tl to the rebels, sent an embassy to him '^^- ^8.
offering to capitulate, ahke from a desire for peace
and from concern for their property, for Gadara had
many wealthy residents. Of the leaders' deputation
objections. (1) Mukes was in Decapolis, whereas the

Gadara here mentioned is called the capital or metropolis of
Peraea, of which district Pella, some 15 miles S. of Mukes ^
was the northern boundary {B. iii. 46 f.) ; (2) Gadora
(Gadara ?) es Salt, is actually in Peraea and satisfies the other
data, for (3) it is not far from the village to which the
Gadarene fugitives fled ( 420 note) ; (4) that village was on
the direct line to Jericho, for which they were making
(431), an unnatural refuge for fugitives from the northern
Gadara ; (5) Vespasian was marching southwards from
Caesarea upon Jerusalem (412), not northwards towards

Galilee, which was already subdued.
121
JOSEPHUS
TTpeaêiav rjyvoTJKeaav ol hid(j>opoL, ttXtjotlov Se

rjSrj ovTOS OveGnaGLavov hieTTvdovro, kol KaraGx^lv jjiev avTol ttjv ttoXlv drreyvajGap SvvaGdaiy
TOW T evSov exOpojv TrXriOei XeiTTOfxevoi kol
'PcofJiaLov? opowres ov jiaKpav rrjg TToXeojs,
(j)vyeiv he Kpcvovres^ rjhoôvv dvaipLCjorl kol
[iTjhefjLiav Trapd tojv atTLCxJV elaTrpa^dfievoL rt410 pLCoplai'. GvXXaBovres hi] rov AoAecrot', ovtos yap
rjv ov p-ovov d^LojpLari kol yivei rrjs TToXeojg
TTpojros, dAA' ihoKei koL ttjs irpeGêias atrLos,
KTLvovGL T avTOP Kau Sl v7rpj3oX'qv 6pyrj
VKp6v alKLGdp.VOL hUhpaGaV CK TTj? TToAecus".
417 imovG'qs Se rjd-q rrjs ^PcxjpLa'iKrjs hvvdpLeoJS o re

Srjp.0? TOJV Tahapeojv pLT CTjcfirjpLLa? tov OveGTTaGiavov eiGhe^dpêvoL heîds Trap' avTOV 7tlgtoj
eXaôv Kal (f>povpdv Lmreojv t kol 7TL,o)v rrpos
418 ra? Ttov (f)vyddojv Karabpopias' to yap Telxo?

avTol rrplv d^tojcrat 'Poj^.aiou? KaOelXov, ottojs
etrj 7TLGTLS avTols rod Tr]v elpjjvqv dyairdv to pLTjhe
ôvXrjOevras hvvaGdai"^ rroXepLelv.
419 (!) OvGTraGLav6g S iirl pLV tovs hiaSpdvTas eK
TCOV TabdpOJP YlXdKtSoV GVV LTTTreVGLV TZeVTaKOGLOLS
Kal 7Teôi TpLGXi-XLOig 7Tep.7Ti, avTOs 8e pi^Ta rrjs
420 dXXqs GTpaTids vrreGrpeipev etV Katadpetai^. ol

Se (/)uydes" cLg al(l>VLhiov tovs SiojKovTas iTnreLS
ededaavTO, Trplv els x^'^P^'^ eXdelv e'is nva Kcopi-qv
421 GwecXovvTaL ^T^devva^plv rrpoGayopevopieviqv ev

fi veojv^ TrXrjOos ovk oXiyov evpovTes Kal tovs pLev
eKovras tovs he ^lo. KadoTrXiGavres elKaloJs,
^ Kpifai^res MVRC.
2 dvvaadai A^ Lat. : om. the rest.
^ \'RC Lat. He^. : '\ovdaiu)i' the rest.
122
JEWISH WAR, IV. 4.15-421
their adversaries Mere ignorant and only discovered

it on the approach of Vespasian. Despairing of their
abihty to hold the city themselves, in view of their
inferiority in numbers to their opponents within the
walls and the proximity of the Romans, visible not
far without, they determined to flee, but scorned to
do so without shedding blood and exacting punishment from those responsible for their situation. So
they seized Dolesus, M'ho was not only by rank and
family the first man in the town, but was also regarded as the originator of the embassy ; having
slain him and in their furious rage mangled his body,
they fled from the city. The Roman army now
appearing, the Gadarenes admitted \êspasian with
acclamation and received from him pledges of security
together with a garrison of horse and foot to protect
them against invasions of the fugitives ; for they had
pulled down their walls of their O'svn accord without
requisition from the Romans, in order that their
powerlessness to make war, even if they wished,
might testify to their love of peace.
(4) Vespasian sent Placidus " with 500 horse and Piacidus
3000 foot to pursue those who had fled from Gadara, Qadarene
while he himself "vvith the remainder of liis army fugitives.
returned to Caesarea. The fugitives, on suddenly
catching sight of the pursuing cavalry, before any
engagement took place swarmed into a village called
Bethennabris ^ ; finding here a considerable number
of young men, they armed these with any available
weapons, some consenting, others by force, and
" 57n.
* Doubtless Beth-Nimrah, Tell Nimrin, some 1^ miles

S.W. of the Peraean Gadara, and on the direct line for
Jericho, which lay nearly opposite it on the other side of the
Jordan.
VOL. Ill E 123
JOSEPHUS
422 TTpomTjhojGLV 7Ti Tovs TiepL Tov YlXaKihov . OL 8e

7Tp6? fiev TTjV TTpojriqv fxôXr]v oXiyov elâv, a/xa
Kal TTpoKaXeaaa 6 ai Te-xyirevovre? avrovg dno
423 TOV reixovs Troppojrepaj, Xaôvre? S' els i-niT-qheiov 7TpL-qXavv6v re Kai Kar-qKovnôv, Kal
ra? fikv (f)vyas^ avrwv ol LTTTrelg VTrerepiVOVTO, ra?
424 GvpLTrXoKa? Se to 7Tet,6v evTovcDs '6i(j)dipov.'^ ov

jievTOL rrXiov tl roXfir]? einheiKvvixevoi ol 'louSatot
hLe(j)deipovTO' TTeTTVKvajjJLevoig yap rots 'Paj/JiaLOLS
irpoGTriTTTOvres Kal rat? TravoTrXiais ajGrrep rereLX^Gp-evoi?, avroL p..v ovx evpuGKov êXov?
TTapdhvGLV ovh^ rjvrovovv priâu rrjv (f)dXayya,
425 TTepieTreipovTO he toIs eVetVcuv êXeGL Kal rots

dypLcordroL? TrapaTrXrjGLOL Q-qploc? ojppiojv irrl
TOV Glhl-jpOVy SLe(f)6LpOVTO S' OL pLV KaTa GTOpLa
TTato/xevot toI? î(f)eGiv, ol he vtto tojv LTTiTecov

OKehavvopievoL .
426 (5) UttovStj yap rjv rep UXaKLho) rd? eTrl rrjV
421 KcopLTjv op/xd? avrdjv Sia/<Aetetv, /cat Gvvex^JS
irapeXavvcov Kar eKelvo to pêpos, eneLra eiTiGTpe(f)Ojv d/xa Kal rolg êXeGL xp^f^^'^'o? evGToxoj?
dvfipei Toijs 77XrjGLdl,ovTas KaL Seet rovs rroppajdev

dveGTp(f)v, pêxpt' ^ta hteKTreGovres ol yevvaLo-
428 raroL Trpos to relxo? hLe<êvyov. drropLa 8' et^ê

rovs (fivXaKas' ovre yap aT/o/cAetcrat rovs diro
TOJV Tahdpojv VTTepLevov Std rovs G(f)eTepovg Kal
429 he^dpievoL GwarroXelGOaL TrpoGehoKOJV. o hr) kol

Gvve^rj' GvvojGdevTOJV yap avrojv et? to reZx^S
Trap' oXiyov p.ev ol tcov Pojp.aLOjv LTTTrels GVveLGeireGov, ov pcqv dXXd Kat (f)daGdvTa>v aTTOKXelGai
rds TTvXa? TTpoGâXojv 6 nAd/ctSos" Kal p-expt-
^ ras /jLeii (pirâs Destinon : tovs jxeu (pvyddas MSS.

14
dashed out upon the troops of Placidus. The Romans

at their first onset fell back a httle, manoeuvring to
entice them further from the walls, and then, having
drawn them to a suitable spot, rode round them and
with their javelins shot them down ; the cavalry
intercepting their flight, while the infantry \-igorously
broke up their entangled masses. The Jews, in fact,

were cut to pieces after a display of mere audacity ;
for, flinging themselves upon the serried Roman
ranks, walled in, as it were, by their armour, they
found no loophole for their missiles and were powerless to break the hne, whilst their own men were
transfixed by their enemy's javelins and rushed, like
the most savage of beasts, upon the blade. So they
perished, some struck down by the sword facing the
foe, others in disorderly flight before the cavalry.
(5) For Placidus, anxious to intercept their rushes

for the village, kept riding his cavalry past them in
that direction, and then, wheeling round, with one
and the same well-aimed volley of missiles killed
those who were nearing it and intimidated and beat
back those further oif ; but in the end the most
courageous cut their way through and fled for the
ramparts. Here the sentries were in doubt what
they should do : they could not bring themselves to
exclude the Gadarenes because of their own men,**
whereas if they admitted them they expected to
perish with them. That was in fact what happened ;
for in the crush of fugitives at the wall, the Roman
cavalry very nearly burst in with them, and, although
the guards succeeded in shutting the gates, Placidus
* The recruits obtained from the village, 421.
* dieipepuy of Destinon is needless ; cf. 5ia(p8eipeLV Tr]v

ffvvovaiav, " break up the party," Plato, Prot. 338 d.
125
JOSEPHUS
SetAr^S" yewaLojg dycoviodiJ.vo rod retxovs /cat
430 raJv iv rfj KojfJirj Kparel.^ rd fxev ovv dpyd ttXtJOt]

SL(f}6LpTO, (j)vyrj 8' -qv TOW SvvarcoTepcjv , rdg 8
OLfâ? OL aTpanajTai hirjpTraoav Kat rrjv Kojfx'qp
431 eveTrp-qaav. ol Se StaSparre? e^ avrrj? rovs

Kara, ttjv )(a)pav Gwaveor-qaav , /cat ra? /xev
avrchv GVjjL(l)opd^ iâlpovres errl pieZt,ov, tojv he
'PajfiaLcov rrjv drparidv ndaav imevaL Xeyovres
Trdvras TravraxdOev iêaeioav tw 8eet, yevopêvoL
432 re rrap.7rXrj6eLS eêvyov eTTi lepL)(ovvros' avrrj

yap en pLovrj rdg eArrtSa? avrojv edaXrre rrjg goj-
433 riqpia? Kaprepd TrXrjOei ye olK-qropcov. YlXdKihos

8e rols LTTTTevGL Koi rals npoayovGaL? evTrpayiais
redappr]Kcog iiTrero, /cat p.exp^ p-^^ ^lopbdvov rovg
del KaraXapâvofievovg dvrjpei, GvveXdaas 8e
TTpos rov TTorapov rrdv ro TrXrjdog eipyopevoig^
VTTO rov pevparos, rpacfêv yap vtt^ op^pcov dârov
434 ^^j avriKpij rraperduaero. Trapoj^vve h rj avayKrj

7Tp0 pa-)(rjv rovs (j^vyrjs rorrov ovk eôvraSy /cat
Tat? 6x0 acs errl pnqKiarov TrapeKreivavres G(f)ds
avrovg e8e)(ovro rd êX-q Kat ra? rwv LTTireoov
ipLôXdg, ol TToXXovs avrcov Traiovres els rd peu/xa
435 KareâXov. /cat rd pcev iv êpalv avrcov 8ta(f)6apev pLvpLOL 7TevraKLG-)((-Xi0i , ro he îaaOev
ipTTTjhrJGaL els rov ^JophdvvjV rrXrjdos eKOVGLOJS^
436 dneipov tjv. edXcDGav he irepl hiGxi-Xlovs /cat StaKOGLOVs, Xeia re vapLTrXrjd-qs dvcov re /cat Trpo^drojv /cat Kap.rjXa>v /cat ôcov.
437 (6) lofSatots" pev ovv ovhevds* eXdrrwv -qhe rj

TrXrjyrj TrpoGTreoovGa /cat pLell^cov ehoêv eavrrjs
^ Niese : 5^ Kparel L : iKparet the rest.
* eipyofjJfovs PM. ^ aKovcrius L. * oi/Sef MSS.
126
led an assault and by a gallant struggle prolonged

until evening became master of the wall and of
the occupants of the village. The helpless were
slaughtered wholesale, the more able-bodied fled,
and the soldiers rifled the houses and then set the
village alight. The fugitives, meanwhile, roused the General
country-side, and by exaggerating their own calami- Peraeans
ties and stating that the entire Roman army was for Jericho,
upon them drove all from their homes in universal
panic, and with the whole population fled for Jericho ;
that being the one remaining city strong enough,
at least in virtue of its numerous inhabitants, to
encourage hopes of salvation. Placidus, relying on
his cavalry and emboldened by his previous success,
pursued them, killing all whom he overtook, as far
as the Jordan. Having driven the whole multitude
up to the river, where they were blocked by the They are
stream, M'hich being swollen by the rain was unford- wltif great
able, he drew up his troops in Hne opposite them, slaughter ai

Necessity goaded them to battle, flight being impossible, and deploying their forces as far as possible
along the bank " they met the missiles and the
charges of the cavalry, who wounded and drove
many down into the stream. Fifteen thousand
perished by the enemy's hands, while the number of
those who were driven to fling themselves of their
own accord into the Jordan was incalculable ; about
two thousand two hundred were captured, together
Avith vast spoils of asses, sheep, camels, and oxen.
(6) This blow was the greatest that had befallen

the Jews, and appeared even greater than it was ;
< The plural can only refer to the one (left) bank, or
rather perhaps to the terraces, one above the other, on that
bank of the stream.
127
JOSEPHUS
Ota TO fiTj jjLovov Tr]v p^copav dnaaav St' t)? (f>V'yov
TrXrjpcvdrjvai (f)6vov, fi-qSe veKpolg hiaârov yeveaOat Tov ^lopSdvrjv, ijirrX'qGOrjvaL Se tojv aojjjLdrcxJV
/cat TTjv ACTtjâArtrtv^ Xijiv-qv, ets" rjv TrafjLTrX'qdeLS
438 VTTO TOV 7TOTap.ov Kareavprjuav. YlXaKihos Se

he^Lo. TVXX] XP^^H-^^'^^ (Zpfirjaev iirl ra? Trepi^
TToXi-xyas re koI Kcojia?, KaraXa/jLâvopLEVos^ re
A^tAa /cat 'louAtaSa /cat BrjGLpiOjO^ rd? re f^^XP^

rrj? Ao"(/)aATtTt3o? Trduas eyKadiGrrjoiv eKdcrrrj
439 TOUS" i7TLTT]BiOV? TOW aVTOpLoXoJV. 7TLTa OKa-
(f)GLv im^rjGag tovs GTpaTiojTas atpet tovs els

TTjv Xipvqv KaTa(f)vyovTas . /cat ra êv /cara ttjv
YlepaLav Trpoaexc^pTQcr^v ^ idXco irdvTa p-ixP''Slaxo.i-povvTOs .
440 (viii. l) 'Ey he tovtoj to Trepl ttjv TaXaTiav*

ayyeAAerat KLvqjia /cat OutVSt^ dpia toIs hvvaToZs
TOJV iTTLxojplcov d(f)GTdj? Nepajvo?, TTcpl d>v ev
441 dKpL^GTpoi? dvayeypaTTTai. OveGTraGiavov h 7tTjyeLpev ets" ttjv oppLTjv tov TroXepLOV rd rjyyeXpLva, 7Tpoopojp.evov rjSrj tovs p.eXXovTas p.<l>vXLOVs
TToXepovs /cat top oXr]s KLvbvvov Trjs rjyepiOVLas,
iv S 7Tpoip-qvevGas rd /card tt^v avaToXrjV e77tKOV(j)iGLV a)TO TOVS /Card TTJV 'IraAtay (f)6ôvs.
^ 'Acr<pa\Ti.K7]u PA.
* KaToKaSouevos ML. ^ BTytrt/iw PA.
* C : T^j TaXariaj the rest.
" The Bituminous Lake = the Dead Sea.
^ Probably Abel-Shittim {KJairhet el-Keffrein), some 5m\\^?,

due S. of Beth-Ximrah : mentioned in conjunction with
Julias, B. ii. 252.
" Julias or Livias, formerly Beth-Haram (Betharamatha),
128
JEWISH WAR, 1\'. 437-441
for not only was the whole countryside through

which their flight had lain one scene of carnage,
and the Jordan choked with dead, but even the
Lake Asphaltitis " was filled with bodies, masses of
which were carried down into it by the river.

Placidus, follo\Wng up his good fortune, hastened All Peraea
to attack the small towns and villages in the neighbourhood, and taking Abila,^ Julias,*' Besimoth,^
and all as far as the Lake Asphaltitis, posted in
each a garrison of such deserters as he thought
fit ; then embarking his soldiers on shipboard he
captured those who had taken refuge on the lake.
Thus the whole of Peraea as far as Machaerus *
either surrendered or was subdued.
(viii. 1) Meanwhile tidings arrived of the rising Vespasian

in Gaul and that Mndex f with the chiefs of that {^^[^ of
country had revolted from Nero, of which events revolt from
fuller accounts have been given elsewhere. Ves- ^f^tei- of
pasian was stimulated by the news to prosecute the *!> 67-68.
war more \igorously, for he already foresaw the
impending civil dissensions and the peril to the
empire at large, and thought that, in the circumstances, by an early pacification of the east he would
allay the anxiety of Italy. Accordingly, while the
modern Tell Rameh, 2 miles S. of Abel-Shittim, opposite

Jericho : B. ii. 59 n., 168 n.
* Beth-Jeshimoth, Sueimeh, S. of Julias.
E. of the upper region of the Dead Sea.
^ C. Julius Vindex, prefect of Gallia Celtica, headed a

Gallic revolt against Nero ; and Virginius Rufus was sent
with the legions of Lower Germany to oppose him. At
Vesontio, where the armies met, Vindex and Virginius
secretly agreed to conspire together, but the armies coming to
no similar understanding, the troops of Vindex were cut
to pieces and ^'index committed suicide. Dion Cass. Ixiii.
22 ff., Plut. Galha, 4 fF., etc.
129
JOSEPHUS
442 eoj? fJLev ovv e7Ti)(^v o pêt/xcav ra? VTT-qyjievas

SL7]a(f)aXLCT0 KOJ/xas- re Kal 7ro\L\vas (f)povpaLs,
SeKaSdpxo.? /X6V KWfiais eyKadiGrds, eKarovrdp^âs
he TToAecTf TToAAa Se dvajKite Kai row Trenop-
443 OrjfjLevow. vtto he rrjv dpxrjv rod eapos dvaXaôjv

TO TrXiov rrjg hvvdpLeoJS rjyayev (xtto rrjs Katcrapeta? cttl 'AvTLTrarpihos, evda hvGiv rjpiepaLS
KaraGrrjadjJLevo^^ ttjv ttoXlv rfj rpLrrj Trporjei
444 TTopOojv Kal Ko.iOJV rds rripi^ rrduas. Karaarpei^dfievog he rd Trepl ttjv Qapivd roTrapx^'O.v^ eirl
Avhhojv Kal ^lajjivelas ex^jpei Kal TrpoKexeipcjfxevais" eKarepais eyKaraGrijaas OLKrjTopas rojv
TrpoGKexojprjKOTCov LKavovs els Â}ip.aovvTa d(f)-
445 LKveirai. KaraXaôiievos he rds eiri ttjv jJLTjTpottoXlv avrojv elufjoXAs crrparoTrehov re retxiêL
Kal TO TTefiTTTOv iv avrfi rdypta KaraXiTrdw TrpoeiGi^
[lerd rrjS dXXrjs hvvdpLeoJs errl rrjv BedXe7TTrjV(f)a)v
446 TOTrapyiav . rrvpl he avrrjv re Kai riqv yeiTViojuav

dveXojv Kal rd rrepi^ rrjs 'ISov/xatas', (jypovpia fiev
447 roLS eTTLKalpoLs rorrois e-ereixôe, KaraXaôpLevog

he hvo K(jjp.as rag jieuairdras rrjg 'ISof/xata?,
Bi^ra^ptv Kal Yia(^dproâv,^ Kreivei p.ev vnep
448 pLvplovs, alxp-O-XojT Liberal he vvep ;)(tAtoi;s', Kal

rd XoLTTOV rrXrjdos eêXdoas eyKadiGrr^GLV rrjs
OLKeias hwafxeajs ovk oXlyrjv, ot Kararpexovres
^ L Lat. (composita) : eyKaraarTjadûeuos the rest.

^ rds TT. T. 9. Toirapxi-O-s L Lat.
' TpodKex^'-'Vi-'-^^'^'-^ L Lat. * L : Trpbaeiai. the rest.
ed. pr. : Karacpaproâp most MSS.
R<is el-Ain, in the S. of the plain of Sharon, N.E. of

Joppa. ^ " toparchy."
S.E. of Antipatris. Here he turns S.W. towards the

coast to Ludd and Yfhnah.
130
winter lasted, he employed himself in securing ^\^th

garrisons the villages and smaller towns which had
been reduced, posting decm-ions in the villages and
centurions in the towns ; he also rebuilt many places
that had been devastated. Then, at the first ap- spring
proach of spring, he marched the main body of his He inov
army from Caesarea to Antipatris." After two days southward
spent in restoring order in that tovni, on the third he caSarea
advanced, lapng waste and burning all the surround- subduing
ing places. Having reduced the neighbourhood of ^ ^^*
the province ^ of Thamna,^ he moved to Lydda and

Jamnia ; both these districts being already subdued,^
he quartered upon them an adequate number of
residents from those who had surrendered, and
passed to Ammaus.^ Having occupied the approaches to the capital of this province, he fortified
a camp and, leaving the fifth legion there, advanced
with the rest of his forces to the province of Bethleptenpha/ After devastating with fire this and
the neighbouring district and the outskirts of
Idumaea, he built fortresses in suitable situations ;
finally having taken two villages right in the heart
of Idumaea, Betabris ^ and Caphartoba,^ he put and
upwards of ten thousand of the inhabitants to death, iî^nâ"?*made prisoners of over a thousand, expelled the
remainder and stationed in the district a large
di\ision of his own troops, who overran and devastated
* 130 (for Jamnia).
* The toparchy (iii. 55) which took its name from Ammaus
(or Emmaus). Arnicas, X.\\'. of Jerusalem.
/ The correct form is probably Bethleptepha (or Bethletepha), Schiirer, G.J.V. ii. 184 n. ; it is the modern Beit
Nettif, S.W. of Jerusalem, and âve its name to one of the
provinces of Judaea, B. iii. 34 n.
" Unidentified.
VOL. TII E 2 131
JOSEPHUS
449 eTTopdovv airaaav rrjv opeLvqv. avrog he /zera tt^?

XoLTTTJs Swdjieajs VTrearpeifjev et? 'A/xâow, odev
Sia rrj? Sa/xapetrtSos' Kal Trapa rriv Neav ttoXlv^
KaXovjjLEvrjV, MaâpOa S' vtto tojv eTnxcopiojv,
Karaâs els Kopeav Sevrepa AaLutov firjvos
450 GrparoTTeSeverai . rfj 8' ^'^'^S" ets" 'lepL)(ôvvTa

d(f)LKveLTaL, KaO^ tjv avro) GvpLfiLGyei Tpatavos" et?
Tcov TjyefJLovcDv rrjV eK TTJg ITepatas" dyojv BvvapLiv,
rjBr] TOJV virep rov ^lopSdvqv Kex^Lpajfievajv .
451 (2) To fxev ovv ttoXv ttXtjOos eK rrjs ^lepixovs

(f)6dGav TTjv e(f}oSov a-urojv els ttjv dvTLKpvg 'lepocroXvfjLOJV opecvTjv hiaTTetêvyeiy KaraXetchOev S' ovk
452 oXiyov hiachdeiperai. ttjv 8e voXlv eprjfjLOV Kar-
eLXrj(f)eGav, ^tls tSpvraL fxev ev Trehio), xJjlXov he

VTTepKeirai avrfi Kal aKapTTOv opos yL-qKiarov
453 Kara yap to ôpeiov /cAt/xa /xep^pt tt^s" ^kvOottoXltcov yrjs e/cretVerat, /card he to fiearjpL^pivov
P-^XP^ '^V^ ôhop^LTCOV X^P^^ '^^^^ '^^^ TTepdTCOV TT^S
AG(l>aXTLTihos. eGTLV he dvcopâXov re ttolv Kal
io4: aoLKTjTov hid TTjv dyoviav. avTiKetTaL he tovtoj
TO irepl^ Tov ^lophdv-qv opos dpxdfievov diro
^ L: NedTToXti' the rest.

* virep Destinon with Heg. {supra).
< Flavia Neapolis, mod. Nablus, the new town founded by

Vespasian c. a.d. 72 on the site of the older Mabartha
(Mamortha according to Pliny, H.X. v. 13. 69) in the immediate vicinity of Shechem. The most probable meaning
of Mabartha is " pass " or " passage " {ma 'abarta), the
name, like that of Shechem (" shoulder "), being taken from
the watershed on which both places stood, forming an easy
132
the whole of the hill country. He then returned

^vith the rest of his forces to Ammaus, and thence by
way of Samaria, passing NeapoHs or, as the natives
call it, Mabartha, he descended to Corea,^ where he
encamped on the second of the month Daesius. On c. 20 June
the following day he reached Jericho, where he was ve^p^sianat
joined by Trajan,'^ one of his generals, with the force Jericho,
which he had led from Peraea, all the country beyond
Jordan being now subjugated.
(2) The mass of the population, anticipating their Description

arrival, had fled from Jericho ^ to the hill country bourhood
over against Jerusalem, but a considerable number of Jericho
remained behind and were put to death ; the city
itself the Romans found deserted. Jericho lies in
a plain, but above it hangs a bare and barren mountain range of immense length, extending northwards
as far as the territory of Scythopolis ^ and southwards
to the region of Sodom and the extremities of the
Lake Asphaltitis ; this hill district is all rugged
and owing to its sterility uninhabited. Opposite
to it and flanking the Jordan lies a second range,
pass between the Mediterranean and Jordan basins. Schiirer,

O.J. V. i. 650, Encycl. BibL, and Hastings, D.B.
^ From the pass of Shechem a Roman road followed the fc^

course of a tributary of the Jordan in a S.E. direction down
to Corea or Coreae, Tell el-Mazar, on the N. frontier of
Judaea, B. i. 134, A. xiv. 49.
* Commander of the 10th legion and father of the future "^

emperor of that name, B. ill. -2S9 ff.
^ Apparently the larger area of the toparchy {B. hi. 55) is

meant, as opposed to " the city itself" mentioned below.
* Bethshan, Beisan, the one city of Decapolis which lay W.

of the Jordan. The name Scythopolis may owe its origin to
the great Scythian invasion of Palestine in the 7th cent.
B.C., mentioned by Herodotus i. 105; Syncellus (quoted by
Schiirer) writes 'LKvdai rrjv T[a\aLaTivi)v Karedpaixov Kal ttjv
Bacrdp /carecrxoi' rr^v i^ avruiv K\T]de'l<Tav "ZKuddiroXiv.
133
JOSEPHUS
iovXidSo^ Kat Tcuv ôpLOJV KXifiarajv, ttc pareivov

he L fJLGrjfj.l^piav ecu? TÔjJLopcDVy -qTTep optLeL ttjv
Ylerpav rrjg Âpajîas. iv tovtoj S' iarl Kat ro
'Z.lSt^povv KaXovfjievov opog pLrjKVvojJLevov p-expi- ttj?
455 Moja^tViSos'. Tj pLGr) Se tojv Suo oplojv X^'^P^ '^^

jjLeya irehiov KaXelrat, oltto Kojpnqs Tivva^piv ^
456 hiTjKOV pL^Xpi' TTjS ^ AG4>aXTLrLhoS '^ UTl S aVTOV
fjLTJKog fiV aradiaw ;)i(tAt6av hiaKoaiojv,^ evpos S

eLKOGL Koi eKarov, kol fieGov vtto rod lopdavov
repLverai, Xifivas re e;)êt rriv re 'AcrâArtTti^ /cat
rrjv TifêpLeow (f)VGLV evavrias' rj pêv yap aXpLvpcoSrjg KOL ayovos, rj TiêpLeow 8e yXvKela Kat
457 y6vLp.os. eKrrvpovraL he ojpa Oepovs ro rrehiov

Kol hi V77pôXr]V avxp-ov TTepuexî' voaojhrj rov
458 depa' Trdv yap dvvhpov ttXtjv rod lophdvov, rrapo

KOL rov? p.ev errl ral? oxOatg (poLVLKowas evOaXearepov? Kal TToXvSopcorepov? etvac GvpLê^r]Kev,
rirrov he rovs rroppoj KexojpiGpLevovs .
459 (3) riapa p.evroL rrjp 'lepcxovv eon TTrjyrj haipiX-qg

re Kal rrpo? dpheia? XiTrapajrarrj , rrapa rrjv
TToXaidv dva^Xvl,ovGa ttoXlu, rjv Îtjgovs 6 Navij
^ Aefva^pi L ; cf. iii. 447 IievfaSpis, whence 'Zewa^pt Niese

(ed. min.) here.
^ P : + x'^pcts A : + \li.i.vr)% the rest.
^ Xi-\- OLaKoa.^ TfjiaKovra Kal OLaKoaiwv L Lat. Heg., through

misreading of ,AC' as AC-
* Bethsaida Julias, et-Tell, at the head of the sea of

Gahlee, founded by Philip the Tetrarch, B. ii. 168.
'' Literally "and the northern regions." perhaps = " or

regions farther north."
" Perhaps Khirhat al Samra shown in map (facing p. 1}

> in Kennedy's Petra (1925).
134
which, beginning at Julias ^ in the north,'' stretches

parallel to the former chain southwards as tar as
Somora,'' which borders on Petra in Arabia ; this
range includes also the so-called Iron mountain^
stretching into Moab. The region enclosed between and of the
these two mountain ranges is called the Great Plain.* (/o^pian ^'"
This extends from the village of Ginnabris ^ to the vaUey).
Lake Asphaltitis, and is twelve hundred furlongs in
length, and a hundred and twenty in breadth ; ^ it
is intersected by the Jordan and contains two lakes,
Asphaltitis and that of Tiberias, contrary in their
nature, the former being salt and barren, the latter
sweet and prohfic. In summer the plain is burnt
up, and the excessive drought renders the surrounding atmosphere pestilential ; for it is wholly \dthout
water, apart from the Jordan, which, moreover,
explains why the palm-groves on the banks of that
river are more luxuriant and productive than those
further off.
(3) Hard by Jericho, however, is a copious spring'* Eiisha's

of excellent value for irrigation ; it gushes up near ji^^^'Jo"^'^
the old town, which was the first in the land of the
** Unidentified ; " stretching " {fi-qKVPOjxevov) probably

means running out laterallv from W. to E. (as in B. iii. 40).
The Ghor ( = " Rift ")'or Jordan vaUey. " The Great
Plain " (similarly used in A. iv. 100) elsewhere is the name
for the plain of Esdraelon.
^ Called Sennabris (iii. 447), between Tiberias and

Tarichaeae.
i.e. (the " stade " being c. 606 feet) about 137 miles by 13.
The actual length of the Jordan valley from the Sea of
Galilee to the Dead Sea is Qo miles : the breadth varies from
3 to 14 miles (G. A. Smith, Hist. Geography of Holy Land,
48:2). Josephus apparently includes the two lakes ; this
would increase the length to c. 124 miles.
* Commonly identified with the Sultan's Spring, 1^ miles

N. of the road from Jerusalem.
135
eai
13. ^
i_l
JOSEPHUS
TTots Grparrjyos Itl^paiojv TTpwr-qv etAe yi^s

460 yâvavalajv hopLKTr]Tov. ravrrjv rrjv TTrjyj^v Xoyos
\ei Kar apxas ov fiovov yrjs /cat hevSpojv Kaprrovs
dTTaji^XvveLv, dXXa Kal yvvaiKOJv yovds, KadoXov
re TidoLV elvai voGojSr] re /cat ^daprLKiqv, i^T^p.epcod'qvaL Se /cat yeveadac rovvavriov vyieivo
rdriqv t /cat yovLjicoTdrriv vtto 'EAtCTO-atof rivos
7Tpo(f)rjTov' yvojpLjjLog 8' 171^ ovtos *HAia /cat
4Q1 SidSoxos' 05 imêvajdels rot? /caret rrjv 'lepuxovv,
TTepiGUov hrj tl (j}iXo(j)pov'qGajJLev(DV avrov rcov
avdpojTTcov, avrov? re dfieiêrai /cat rr]v x^P^^
462 OLLajvLOj ;5â/3tTt. TrpoeXOwv yap CTrt rr]v rr-qyrjv

/cat KaraâXojv els to pevjJLa TrXrjpes dXojv dyyelov
KepafjLovv,^ eireira el? ovpavov Seîdv dvarelvas

St/catav /caTTt yrjs^ orrovhas jJLeiXiKrrjpLOVS ;\;eojLteiôs',
rrjv fjiev rfrelro /xaAaât ro pevyia /cat yXvKvrepas
463 (hXeâ? dvoZâi, rov S' eyKepdaaadai rw pevfian

yovLfjLOjrepovs depas hovval re a/xa /cat Kapirchv
evOrjviav rols eTTLXcoptoLS Kal reKvojv hiahox'r}'^y p^f]^
eTTiXiTTeZv avrol? ro rovrojv yevvqrLKOV vhojp,
464 kojs p.evovGL St/catot. ravrais rats evxcng TToAAa

TTpoGxîpovpyriaas^ e^ eTTiGrrjp.'qs erpeijje rrjV
TTTjyijv, /cat ro rrplv 6p<f)avLas avrois Kal XipLov
rrapairiov vScop eKrore evreKvias /cat Kopov
465 X^Piy^'^ Karearrj. rooavriqv yovv ev rats dpheiaLs

exî^ SvvapLLV (hs, el Kal pLOVov ecjidipairo rrjs
X(J^pOiS, voGripLwrepov etvat rcov P-^XP^ Kopov
466 ;\;/30i'tôyTtov. Trapo Kal rcov piev, haipiXeurepaJS

XpojpLepcov, Tj ovquLs eariv oXlyrj, rovrov 8e rod
^ L Lat. : toO the rest. ^ Naber : Kepduov mss.
^ fat eTTi yrjs A^ : Kal Tnjyrjs or /cat (ry) irrjy^ the rest.
* Destinon with Lnt. : frpoivepi- R)xei/>ou/>7ô-aj mss.
136
Canaanites to fall before the arms of Jesus the son

of Naue, general of the Hebrews. Tradition avers
that this spring originally not only blighted the fruits
of the earth and of trees but also caused women to
miscarry, and that to everything aUke it brought
disease and destruction, until it was reclaimed and
converted into a most salubrious and fertilizing source
by a certain prophet EHsha, the disciple and successor
of Elijah.^ Having been the guest of the people of
Jericho and been treated by them with extreme
hospitality, he requited their kindness by conferring
a boon for all time upon them and their country.
For he went out to this spring and cast into the
stream an earthenware vessel full of salt, and then
raising his righteous right hand to heaven and
pouring propitiatory hbations upon the ground, he
besought the earth to mollify the stream and to
open sweeter channels, and heaven to temper its
waters with more genial airs and to grant to the
inhabitants alike an abundance of fruits, a succession

of children, and an unfailing supply of water conducive to their production, so long as they remained
a righteous people. By these prayers, supplemented
by various ritual ceremonies,^ he changed the nature
of the spring, and the water which had before
been to them a cause of childlessness and famine
thenceforth became a source of fecundity and plenty.
Such, in fact, are its powers of irrigation, that if it
but skim the soil, it is more salubrious than waters
which stand and saturate it. Hence, too, M'hile the
benefit derived from other streams is shght, though
" The Septuagint name for Joshua, son of Nun.

" Cf. 2 Kings, ii. 19-22.
* Literally " working many things besides with his hands

from (professional) skill."
137
JOSEPHUS
467 oXiyov \x.oprjyLa~\^ haijjiXrjs. apSet yovv nXeova
Tojv aXXcov aTTOLVTOW, /cat TreStoi' fjiv kTreccnv

l^hofJLTiKovra oraSlajv firJKO? evpo? 8' e'cKOGCv,
eKTpi(j)i * ev avro) napahîGovs KaXXiarovg re
468 Kal TTVKvordrovs. rwv he (J)olvlkojv eTTO-phop-eviov

yevT] TToXXa rat? yevaeGi Koi rals Traprjyoplais^
Sid(f)opa' TOVTOJV ol TTiorepoi Trarou/xevot kol fxeXt
469 haipiXes dvidcjiv ov ttoXXoj tov Xolttov )(Zpov. koi

[jLeXiTTorpocho? 8' tj ^(ojpa' <êpL 8e kol otto^dXaapov , o hrj ripioJTarov tojv rijSe Kap7Ta)v,
Kvirpov re kol fxvpo^dXavov, cLs ovk av a/JLaprelv
TLva elrrovTa Oelov elvai to 'xôjpLOV, iv cb haiptXrj to.
470 GTTaviojraTa Kal KaXXiora yevvaTai. tojv fiev

yap dXXojv avTO) Kapircov eveKev ovk av paStoj? tl
TTapaj^Xrjdei'q KXifia rrj? oiKovfxei^ris' ovtojs to
471 Karaf^X'qdev ttoXtjôvv dvaSidojaLV. a'triov jxoi

hoKel TO depp-ov tojv depojv Kal to tojv vhdrojv
evTOVov,^ TOJV pjev TrpoKaXovpevojv* to. (f)v6pLva
Kal Siaxôi^TOJV , ttj? 8' iKpdSog pilova-qs eKaoTOV
lcr)(ypo)s Kal x'^PW-^^'-'^V^ '^W ^^ Oepei Svvapnv
vepiKaes 8e ioTiv ovtojs to x^Pô^> ^S" /x7]SeVa
472 paStcD? TTpo'ilvaL. to Se vhojp irpo dvaToXrj?
^ PMA^: 77 x'^Pvyi-o^ L: om. the rest.

2 Trpoa-rjyo plats Nîese with Lat. nominibus.
^ Margin of PAM : evyovov the rest.

* ed. pr. with Lat. : 7rpoa-Ka\ovfJ!.iv(i}v mss.
" The article tQv (sc. aWov vdarup) must be dissociated

from the following genitive absolute oa-^LXearepus xpw^^j'wi'
(c/. A. vii. 159).
* Jericho was " the city of palm-trees," Deut. xxxiv. 3,

Judges i. 16.
* Legend said that the first roots of the balsam were

imported into Palestine from Arabia by the Queen of Sheba,
A. viii. 174 ; the method of collecting the juice is described
138
they use them more lavishly,'* this little rill yields

an ample return. Indeed, this spring irrigates a
larger tract than all others, permeating a plain

seventy furlongs in length and twenty in breadth,
and fostering within that area the most charming
and luxuriant parks. Of the date-palms^ watered The rich
by it there are numerous varieties differing in flavour thel-egion'*
and in medicinal properties ; the richer species of watered by
this fruit when pressed under foot emit copious
honey, not much inferior to that of bees, which are
also abundant in this region. Here, too, grow the
juicy balsam,^ the most precious of all the local products, the cypress and the myrobalanus <^ ; so that
it would be no misnomer to describe as " divine "
this spot in \vhich the rarest and choicest plants are
produced in abundance.* For, with regard to its
other fruits, it would be difficult to find another
region in the habitable world comparable to this ;
so manifold are the returns from whatever is sown.
I attribute these results to the warmth of the air
and the bracing f effects of the water, the one caUing
forth and diffusing the young plants, while the
moisture enables them all to take firm root and
supplies them wdth vitality in summer, when the
surrounding region is so parched up, that one can
scarcely venture out of doors. The water if drawn
in B. i. 138, A. xiv. 54 ; Cleopatra appropriated from
Herod's realm " the palm grove of Jericho where the balsam
grows," B. i. 361, A. xv. 96 ; in the last passage Josephus
speaks of the balsam as peculiar to Jericho, but in A. ix. 7 he
mentions another habitat, Engedi on the Dead Sea. Strabo
(xvi. 763) and other writers mention the balsam of Jericho.
^ " Perhaps the ben-nut " (Liddell and Scott).
* C/. the description of the fertile plain of Gennesareth,

iii. 516 ff.
^ Or, with the reading ^^-ôvov^ " fertilizing."
139
JOSEPHUS
avrXovfxevov. CTTCtra iâidpiaadev ytWrat ipvxpo'

rarov Kai ttjv vavriav rrpos to irepil'xpv ^vaiv
XafjL^dveiy pêtjLtcuyos" Se dvaTraXiv )(XiaLverai koI
473 rots' ifiâivovGL yiverai Trpoa-qviorarov . euri hk

Kai TO TTepUxov ovrcos evKparov, ws Xlvovv
dp.(f>Ll1'V(79aL TOVS i7TL)(WpLOVS rtÔ/XeVl]? TTJ^
474 dXXrj? 'louSaias". dTreyêi 8' oltto 'YepouoXvpLWV

fiev GTahiOVS Kar6v TrevrrjKovra, rod Se ^lopSdvov
e^rjKovra, /cat to fiev pi^xp^ 'lepocroXvpLcov avrrj?
pr]pov Kai Trerpcohes, ro Se l^^XP^ '^^^ ^lopSdvov
Kai TT^s" 'Ao-âATtrtSos' xOapiaXiLrepov [xev, eprjpLov
475 8e o/jlolcjos Kai aKaprrov. dXXd yap to, jLtev Trept

'lept;^^^^ vhaLixovGTdr7]v ovaav dTToxpo^vrujs
SeSrÂcoTttt.
476 (4) "A^toF 8' d(f)r]yTJGaG6aL Kai ttjv (^vglv rrjs

'ACTâATtTiSos" XtfjLvrjs, -^TLs earl iiev, cu? (f)7]v,
TTLKpd Kai dyovos, vtto 8e Kov(^6T'f)ros Kai rd
âpvTara rcjv els avrrjv piêvTCov dvaêpei, Kara8uvat 8' tV Tov ^vdov Q-uSe eTTir-qhevGavTa pdhiov.
477 d(f)LK6p.vos yovv KaO^ LGTopiav 77* avrrjv OveGTTaGiavds eKeXevGe rivag tcDv vetv ovk eTrtcTTaixivcov, Sedevras ottlgcu rds x^^P^^> pi(f)T]vaL Kara
TOV ^vdoVy Kai Gvve^rj Trdvrag inivqâGOaL
478 Kadairep vtto TTvevfJLaros dvco /StaÔjLteVou?. eWt

8' e77t rovTcp Kai rj rrjs ;\;poas' [JLeraôXrj davjJLdGios'
rpls yap eKdorrj? rjixepa? rrjv 7n(f>dveLav dXXdo-
GeraL Kai irpos rds rjXiaKds a/CTtvas" dvravyel ttol-
479 klXoj?. rrj<; (livroL doc^dXrov Kara TToXXd p^^pr]

140
before sunrise and then exposed to the air becomes

intensely cold," assuming a character the reverse of
the surrounding atmosphere ; in ^\'inter, on the contrary, it is warm and quite pleasant to bathe in.
Moreover, the climate is so mild that the inhabitants
wear Unen when snow is falling throughout the rest
of Judaea. The distance from Jerusalem is a hundred and fifty furlongs and from the Jordan sixty.*
The country from Jericho to Jerusalem is desert and
rocky ; to the Jordan and the Lake Asphaltitis the
ground is lower, though equally wild and barren.
But of Jericho, that most favoured spot, enough has
been said.
(4) The natural properties of the Lake Asphaltitis Description

also merit remark. Its waters are, as I said,*^ bitter Asphaltitis
and unproductive, but owing to their buoyancy send (P^^^ Sea),
up to the surface the very heaviest of objects cast

into them, and it is difficult, even of set purpose, to
sink to the bottom .^ Thus, when Vespasian came Vespasian
to explore the lake, he ordered certain persons who ^'^^^^ **^were unable to swim to be flung into the deep water
with their hands tied behind tliem ; M-ith the result
that all rose to the surface and floated, as if impelled
upward by a current of air. Another remarkable
feature is its change of colour : three times a day it
alters its appearance and throws off a different reflection of the solar rays. Again, in many parts it
" Cf. a similar statement on the water of the Sea of Galilee,

iii. 508.
* i.e. 11 1 and nearly 7 miles respectively. The actual

distances appear to be about 16 and 5 miles.
" 456.
^ Cf. with this description Tac. Hist. v. 6 and Strabo, 7

763 f. (who confuses it with the Lake Sirbonis in Egypt;
context and details show that he refers to the Dead Sea).
141
JOSEPHUS
^(JjXovs (jLeXalvas avahihajaiv at 8 e77t^'7];ÔI^Tal

TO re G)(fjiia koI to {leyeOos ravpois aK(j)dXoLs
480 TTapaTrXijaiat. TrpoueXavvovres 8e ot tt^S" Xtfip-qg

Ipydrai Koi hpauoofxevoi rod GVveGrwros cXkovglv
el? TO. GKa(f)rj, TrXrjpcjGaoi de aTTOKOTrrcLV ov
pahioVy dXXd St' evzoviav TrpoGT^prrjTai ro) firjpvfxari TO GKd(f)OS, ecu? dv ip.iM-qvLOj yvvaiKaJv atfian
Kal ovpoj hiaXvGOJGiv avrrji', otg {jlovols et/cet.
481 Kal -x^priGLiios he ov fiovov eis" dpyLOVia? vecov dXXd

Kal 77 pos dKGLV GOJjidrcov' elg TToXXd yovv rcov
482 (j)appidKojv TTapap^LGyeraL. ravTrjg tt]s XifjLvrjs fxrjKos p-^v oySorjKovra Kal TrevraKOGioi GrdSiOL,
Ka96 Srj pixpi' Z.odpojv tt]? Apaîag iKreiverai,
483 evpos Se TTevTrfKOvra Kal eKarov. yeirvia S' -f]

ôhopiTLs avrfj, TrdXai ptev evhalpiajv yrj KapTTcbv
T VKv Kal Tfjs Kara ttoXlv TTepiovGias y vvv 8e
484 KKavp.vri iraGa. <j)aGl 8' cu? 8t' aGeêiav oIkt]-
ropojv Kepavvols xaraÂeyT^rat^* Gri yovv eVt

Xelipava rod delov TTvpog, Kal rrevre pLev noXeajv
Ihetv GKidsy en he Kav roZs Kapirols Grrohidv
dvayei'vcopeirqv y ot -x^poidv pêv e)(ovGi rcov ehtohipLOjv opLoiaVy hpeipap.evojv he x^P^'-^ ^^S Karrvov
^ KaTe(p\eyr] L.
" So Tac. loc. cit. " fugit cruorem vestemque infectam

saiigTiine, quo feminae per menses exsohiintur. Sic veteres
auctores." From Strabo 764 we learn that one of these
"ancient authors " was Poseidonius (2nd- 1st cent. B.C.). Cf.
142
casts up black masses of bitumen, which float on the itsbitumea

surface, in their shape and size resembling decapitated bulls. The labourers on the lake row up to
these and catching hold of the lumps haul them into
their boats ; but when they have filled them it is no
easy task to detach their cargo, which owing to its
tenacious and glutinous character clings to the boat
until it is loosened by the monthly secretions of

women," to which alone it yields. It is useful not
only for caulking ships, but also for the healing of the
body, forming an ingredient in many medicines. The
length of this lake is five hundred and eighty furlongs,* measured in a line reaching to Zoara in
Arabia, and its breadth one hundred and fifty .<^
Adjacent to it is the land of Sodom,^ in days of old The blasted
a country blest in its produce and in the wealth of yj^'Jjjf
its various cities, but now all burnt up. It is said
that, owing to the impiety of its inhabitants, it was
consumed by thunderbolts ; and in fact vestiges of
the divine fire and faint traces of five cities are still
visible. Still, too, may one see ashes reproduced in
the fruits, which from their outward appearance
would be thought edible, but on being plucked with
also B. vii. 181, where the same secretions are named as

aids to the extraction of a certain root with medicinal
properties.
* This fijrure ( = about 66^ miles) is greatly exaggerated ;

the actual length is about 47 miles.
' The Biblical Zoar, familiar as Lot's city of refuge. Gen.

xix. 22; perhaps (Smith and Bartholomew, ^^Za.?) el-Keryeh,
a few miles S. of the Lake.
"^ i.e. about 11^ miles ; the actual breadth at the broadest
part is about 10 miles.
Perhaps the modern Jebel Usdiun at the S.W. corner of
the lake. Many older authorities located the cities of the

plain to the north of the Dead Sea.
143
JOSEPHUS
485 StaAuovrat^ Kal recbpav. ra fiev Srj nepl ttjv

HodopuTiv fivdevojJLeva roiavrrjv )(i, ttlgtlv oltto
486 (ix. l) '0 Se O-ueairaGLavos navraxocr^^ Trepireixt-ôjv^ rovs iv rolg 'lepoGoXvixoLg ev re rfj
'lepLxot Kal iv 'AStSot? iyeipei arparoTreha Kal
(f)povpov dfi(f)OTpaLs iyKaOiGTrjGLv k re rod
487 PojpiaLKov Kai crvfip-axi-KOV rdypiaros.* 77[17Tl

o Kai L? Yepacra Aq-uklov "Avvlov irapaSov?
488 pLolpav lttttIojv Kal Gvxyovg 7Tet,ovs. 6 p.kv ovv

ef iSoSov TTjV ttoXlv iXojv aTTOKTelveL [jlv ^lXlovs
raJv viojv, ogol firj hia(l>vy.lv e(j)daGaVy yeveds he
fjXP-o.XajTLGaro Kal rag ktt]GLs StapTracrat Tot?
GrpaTLcoraLS iTTerpeifjev CTretra rds OLKia? e/x-
489 TTprjGas 7tI rag Trepi^ KOjjjLas exojpei. (f)vyal 5'

TjGav Tojv Svvarojv Kal (f)dopal raJv aGBeveGTipojVy
490 TO KaraXeLcbdeu be Trdv eveTnpLTTparo. Kal 8tetX-qcboros rod TToXefiov rijv re opeivqv oX-qv Kal
TTjV TTehidha TrdGas" ol ev roZs 'lepoGoXvpLOig rd^
iôhov? d(j)fjprjVTO' rovs piev ydp^ avropLoXelu Trpoaipovpievovs ol t,rjXcoTal 7Tape(f)vXdGGovro , rovg Se
ovTTOj rd *Pcu/iat6ov cjipovovvras elpyev rj Grparid
TTavraxddev rrjv ttoXlv rrepLexovGa.
^ avaXiovrai. L. ^ Travraxodev LC.
^ eiTLTeLxi-C^v L. * aivrdyfxaTOS A,
^ Destinon : Trda-av mss.

jj-ivTOi -, PA : ijjev ye Destinon.
" Cf. Tac. Hist. V. 7 " et manere vestigia, terramque ipsam,
specie torridam, vim frugiferam perdidisse. Nam cuncta . . .

atra et inania velut in cinerem vanescunt " : and from a
^Titer of a thousand years later, Fulcher of Chartres, historian
of the first crusade, Hiftt. Hi^rosol. ii. 4 (Migne) " illic inter
arbores caeteras vidi quasdam poma ferentes, de quibus
U4
the hand dissolve into smoke and ashes. ^ So far

are the legends about the land of Sodom borne out
by ocular evidence.
(ix. 1) Vespasian, with a \iew to investing Jeru- Vespasian

salem on all sides, now established camps at Jericho campsat^^
and at Adida,^ placing in each a garrison composed Jericho and
jointly of Romans and auxiliaries. He also sent
Lucius Annius to Gerasa*^ with a squadron of cavalry L, Annius
and a considerable body of infantry. Annius, having gerIaa.
carried the city by assault, put to the sword a thousand of the youth who had not already escaped,
made prisoners of women and children, gave his
soldiers hcence to plunder the property, and then
set fire to the houses and advanced against the

surrounding villages. The able-bodied fled, the feeble
perished, and everything left was consigned to the
flames. The war having now embraced the whole
region, both hill and plain, all egress from Jerusalem Jerusalem
was cut off ; for those who desired to desert were iô^^-*^closely watched by the Zealots, while those who were
not yet pro-Romans were confined by the army
which hemmed in the city on every side.
cum coUegissem, scire volens cujus naturae essent, inveni

rupto cortice interius quasi pulverem atrum, et inde inanem
prodire fumum." Dr. C. Geikie, The Holy Land and the
Bible, ii. 117, writes that *' the ' osher ' of the Arab is the
true apple of Sodom. ... Its fruit is like a large smooth
apple or orange. . . . When ripe it is yellow and looks fair
and attractive, and is soft to the touch, but if pressed, it
bursts with a crack, and only the broken shell and a row of
small seeds in a half-open pod, with a few dry filaments,
remain in the hand."
* Haditheh, 3 miles E. of Lydda, and some 20 miles N.W.

of Jerusalem.
' Jerask, in Gilead, on the X.E. frontier of Peraea, B. iii.

47.
145
JOSEPHUS
491 (2) OvecrTTaatavco 8' et? KaLadpeiav imarpeipavTL Kal 7TapaGKva(lofjLVcp fiera rracrrjs rrjS
hvi'(ip.eaj 77* avTCL)v rcov 'IcpocroAi^/icuv eêAauvetv ayyeXXeTai êpojv dvrjprjpievos, rpta Kat
deKa âaiXevoas errj <Kal jj-TJvas okt(jj>^ Kai
492 T/fiepas oktco. rrepl ov XeyeLV, ov rpoTTOv ls rrjv

d-px^jV i^v^piaev TTLorevaas to. TTpay^xara rols
493 ovTjpoTdroLS , 'Svp.cf^LhLOj Kal T LyeXXlvqj , rots ye'

dva^LOLg rcov iêXevSepwv, Kal d>s vtto rovrojv
eTTLôvXevdelg /careAet^^T] pLev vtto tojv cfyvXaKcov
dTrdvTOJV, htaEpds Se crvv rerpaai tojv ttlgtojp
aTTeXevOepajv eV rots' TrpoaoTeiois eavTov avelAev,
Kal oj? ol KaTaXvoavTes avTOV /xer' ov^ rroXvv
404 ypovov hiKas ehoaav tov t Kara ttjV YaXaTiaiTToXepov oj iTeXevTTjGey Kal ttcos" TdXâg airoheL)(dels avTOKpaTOjp els 'PojpLr]v eavrjX9ev eK
rrjs 'IcTTTavLaSi Kal ojs vtto tcov OTpaTiojTOJv

alnadels errl TarreLVoSpoavvrj Kara pLea-qv iSoXo(fjovTidr* TT^v 'PajjiaLajv dyopdv, dTreheiy^di] re
495 avTOKpaTwp "O^cov ttjv re toijtov arpaTeiav^
1 ins. Niese. 2 mRC: re PAL: om. V.
* fier' ov Cardwell : fxerd MSS.

* Kara. u.ia. eo. Niese (avoiding hiatus): id. /card fxecrr/p mss.
^ Dindorf: cTpanbiV mss,
" The actual lengih of his reign was 13 years 7 months 28

days (from 13th October 54 to 9th June 66). Dion Cassius
(Ixiii. 29) reckons this in round numbers as 13 years 8 months.
With this figure the statement in Josephus may be brought
into conformity by altering ijuepas to iJ-ffpas ; more probably,
as suggested by Niese, Kai fx'vas 6kti1' has dropped out
through homoioteleuton. With the insertion of those words,
Josephus makes the reign ten days too long ; cf. similar
slight discrepancies in B. li. 168, 180, 204.
'' Nymphidius Sabinus. son of a freedwoman, was, along
146
(2) Vespasian had returned to Caesarea and was Vespasian

preparing to march in full strength upon Jerusalem death of
itself, when the news reached him that Nero was f^^^^
slain, after a reign of thirteen years (eight months) a.d. 68,
and eight days.*^ To tell how that emperor wantonly
abused his authority by entrusting the administration to the \'ilest wretches, Nymphidius ^ and Tigellinus,*' the most worthless of freedmen ^ ; how, when
they conspired against him, he was abandoned by
all his guards, and, escaping \\'ith four faithful freedmen,'^ put an end to himself-^ in the suburbs ; and
how punishment ere long overtook those who had
caused his overthrow falls outside my purpose. Nor
do I propose to tell of the war in Gaul and its issue,
of Galba's call to the imperial dignity and his return
to Rome from Spain, of the charge of meanness '^
brought against him by the soldiers and how he
was treacherously slain in the midst of the Roman
forum '^ and Otho was made emperor; of Otho's
with Tigellinus, prefect of the praetorian guards towards the
end of Nero's reign. On Nero's death he attempted to

seize the empire for himself, but was slain by the friends of
Galba.
" Sophonius Tigellinus, a man of obscure birth, appointed

praetorian prefect a.d. 63, was the main instrument of the
tyranny and profligacy which marked the end of Nero's
reign ; he committed suicide on the accession of Otho.
Juv. Sat. i. 155 "pone Tigellinum " etc., "dare to portray
T. and you will be burnt alive."
'^ Or, perhaps, " and to worthless freedmen."
* Phaon, who offered him refuge at his villa 4 miles out of

Rome, Epaphroditus, Sporus, and another. The dramatic
story is told by Suetonius, Nero 47 f. and Dion Cass. Ixiii. 27.
^ Epaphroditus assisting.
" He alienated the praetorians by refusing the donative

which Nymphidius had promised in his name. _^
* Near the pool of Curtius.
147
JOSEPHUS
errl rovs OvcreXXlov GTparrjyov? Kal KaraXvuLV,

TTLra Tovs Kara OvltIXXiov rapaxovs Kal ttjv
vepl TO KaTrerojAtor Gvp.ôXrjv, ottojs t *AvrowLos
UplpLog Kai Mof/ctayos", hia(j)BeLpavTes OviriXkiov
Kai ra TepfxavLKa raypLara, KaTeareiXav rov ipL-
496 (/)uAtov rroXeixov iravra ravra hieîlvai p.ev eV*

aKpLê? 7Tapr)rr]Gdpirjv, iTreiSrj t' o^Xov Trdalv
iuTLv Kal TToXXoLs 'EAAT^vojy re Kal 'PcopLalcov
avayiypaTTTai, cruva(f)La Se VKV twv rrpaypLOLTOJv Kal rod pL'q hirjprrjoBai Tqv laropiav
K(f)aXaLOjdojg eKaarov eVtcr7]/xatVo/xat.
497 OveuTTaoLavos roivvv to /xev Trpcbrov dve^dXXero

TTjV Tojv 'lepocroXvpLOJV GTparelav, KapahoKOJV
498 TTpos riva peipet to KpaTelv pLeTo. îpojva' avOis

he YdXâv aKOVGa? avTOKpaTopa, rrplv eTriGTelXai
TL rrepl tov rroXepiov kolkeIvov, ovk iTrexîpEL,
7TpL7rL 0 TTpOS aVTOV Wal^ TOV vloV T LTOV
aGTTaGopLevov re Kal Xrjifj6p.vov to.? rrepl 'lofSaicuv

evToAas. oia oe Tag aura? atrta? apLa i. ltco Kai
499 A.ypi7T-as 6 âGiXevg Trpos YdXâv errXei. Kal

ta TTJ? 'A;)âta?/ xîpiojvos yap rjv a)pa, p.aKpaZs
vavGi TTepLrrXeovTOjv^" (jiddvec TdXâs dvaipedels
pLTa pLi]vas irTTa Kal iGag rjpLepas' ii ov Kal Trjv
TjyepLovLav TtapeXaêv "Odojv dvTL7T0L0vpLV09 tojv
o(/j TrpaypLaTOJv. 6 p.ev ovv WypLTTTras els ttjv 'PcopLTjv
^ om. Havercamp with one iis. - avril-u L.
^ TTapaT-\ebvTL:u Hudson with Lat. (praetervehuntur).
" These last incidents ar^ narrated below, 545-8, 585 ff.
'' The meaning " through Achaea " is obscure. We might

expect, as has been suggested, " while [they were going by
land] through Achaea (for it was winter) [and the rest] were
sailing round " the Peloponnese ; possibly there is a lacuna
148
campaign against the generals of Vitellius and his

overthrow ; of the subsequent commotions under
VitelUus and the fighting around the Capitol, and
how Antonius Primus and Mucianus, by the destruction of Vitelhus and his German legions, finally suppressed the civil war. All these matters I may be
excused from narrating in detail, because they are
commonly known and have been described by
numerous Greek and Roman historians ; but to
preserve the connexion of events and to avoid any
break in the narrative, I have summarily touched
upon each.
Vespasian, therefore, when the news first came, and defers

deferred his expedition against Jerusalem, anxiously jer^[e^^
waiting to see upon whom the empire would devolve
after Nero's death ; nor when he subsequently heard
that Galba was emperor would he undertake anything, until he had received further instructions from
him concerning the war. But he sent his son Titus Titus sent
to the new emperor to salute him and to receive his Ga^ba^^'^
orders with reference to the Jews ; king Agrippa
also embarked with Titus on the same errand to

Galba. However, before they reached their destination and while they were sailing round through
Achaea ^ (for it was the winter season) in vessels of war,
Galba was assassinated after a reign of seven months
and as many days," and was succeeded as emperor by
Otho, the rival claimant to the sovereignty. Agrippa
decided, notwithstanding, to proceed to Rome, in
in the text. As the text stands, the parenthesis will account

for the time taken over the voyage. The canal through
the isthmus of Corinth begun by Nero (iii. 540) was never
completed.
* From the death of Nero, 9th June 68, to that of Galba

15th January 69. The calculation is correct.
149
JOSEPHUS
a(f)iKGdai hiiyvoj fJL-qhkv oppcuS-qaag irpos T7]V
501 ixeTaôXrjV Tiros he Kara haijioviov opfJLTjV arro
TTJ? 'EAAaSos" ei? rrjv Hvpiav avirrXei Kal Kara

rdxos els Yâiudpetav d(j)iKVlrai rrpos rov narepa.
502 Kal ol fJLV fxerewpoL vepl row oXojv ovres ojs av

aaXevofUvqg rrjs 'PajfialcDV -qyepLovlas VTrepeojpojv
rrjv irrl TovSalovs urparelav,^ Kal Stot rov rrepi
rrjs rrarpldos (boôv rrjv em rovs aXXo<pvXovs
oppirjv dcopov ev6p.itov.
503 (3) ^Y^TTaviGrarai S' a7w\o? rots' TepoGoXvpiOLs

TToXepLOS. vlos rjv Tiojpa Zt/xojv ns Tepao-qvos ro
yevos, veavias rravovpyla p.kv -qrrojpievos Icoavvov
504 rov TTpoKarexovros rjhrj rrjV ttoXlv, dXKrj 8e

Gojp.o.ros Kal roXpLTj Staêpcov', 8t tjv Kai vtto
Âvdvov rov dpxiêpeojs (f)vyahvOl9 i^ tjs ftê^
Tonrxpxias ÂKpaljer-ijvrjg npds rovs KareLXr](f)6ras
505 rrjV Maodbav XrjGrds napayLverat. ro fiev ovv

TTpdjrov Tjv avroLs 8t' vrroipcas' els ro Karcorepoj
yovv (f)povpLov errerpeipav avro) TrapeXOeiv a/xa
rals yvvai^lv, o.s dyojv fjKev, avrol ro viJj-qXorepov
506 olKovvres' avOis 8e Sta ovyyeveiav rjOcov Kal on

TTLcrros ehoKei, uv}X7Tpoev6p.eve yovv avroZs eîcuv
507 Kal GwerropOet rd -rrepl rrjV MaaaSav. ov pcrjv

irrl rd p.LLoj rrapaKaXdw eTreiGev ol p.ev yap
ev eOei ovres rd) (^povpLOJ, Kaddrrep ôjXeov xoj-
508 pLLeadaL pLaKpdv ihehoLKeGav, 6 Se rvpavvicov

Kal jieydXajv (f)iejJLvos eTreih-q Kai rrjv Avavov
reXevrTjV rJKovaev, els r-qv opeivrjv d<j)iGrarai,
^ LC : arpaTri',io.v PAM : (TTfjaTiav VR.

^ r/px^. Dindorf with one ms.
Active in the opening attack on Cestius, B. ii. 52), he
had afterwards become a marauder, ii. 652.
150
no way deterred by this change of affairs ; but

Titus, under divine impulse, sailed back from Greece rejoins
to Syria and hastened to rejoin his father at Caesarea. on^hearfng
The two, being; thus in suspense on these momentous of accession
1 1 -r. -I ii- T ofOthO.
matters, when the Koman empire itseli was reelmg, ^Qg^j^^-igg

neglected the invasion of Judaea, regarding an deferred,
attack on a foreign country as unseasonable, while
in such anxiety concerning their own.
(3) But another war was now impending over Simon, son
Jerusalem. There was a certain Simon,*^ son of|[jQ^^|*
Gioras and a native of Gerasa,^ a youth less cunning ^3"'|^^^'
than John, who was already in possession of the city,
but his superior in physical strength and audacity ;
the latter quality had led to his expulsion by the
high priest Ananus from the province of Acrabetene,''
once under his command, whereupon he had joined
the brigands who had seized Masada.^ At first they
regarded him ^^^th suspicion, and permitted him and
his following of women access only to the lower part
of the fortress, occupying the upper quarters themselves ; but afterwards, as a man of congenial disposition and apparently to be trusted, he was allowed
to accompany them on their marauding expeditions
and took part in their raids upon the surrounding
district. His efforts to tempt them to greater enterprises were, however, unsuccessful ; for they had
grown accustomed to the fortress and were afraid
to venture far, so to speak, from their lair. He, on

the contrary, was aspiring to despotic power and
cherishing high ambitions ; accordingly on hearing
of the death of Ananus,^ he ^îthdrew to the hills,
" Jerashf 487. ' In the N. of Judaea.
* Cf. ii. 652 f., and for Masada, iv. 399. ' 316
151
JOSEPHUS
Kal TTpoK-qpvâs SouAot? /xev eXevdepiav, yepag

he eXevOepoLS, tov Travrayôdev rroviqpovs ovvriBpoilêv.
509 (4) 'Q.S 8' TjV avTW Kaprepov rjSr] to GvvTaypLa,

TOL? dva TTjv opeiVTjv KWjjLas Karerpex^v, act 8e
7TpoGyivop.evojv TrXeiovojv edappei KaraâLveuv els
510 rd xPap-aXajrepa. KaTreiSrj rroXeaiv jjSrj ôêpos

rjv, TToXXol jrpos rrjv laxyv Kal rrjv evpoiav rcov
Karopdcofidrajv i(f)6Lpovro hvvaroi, Kal ovKert rjv
SovXcov pLOVojv ovhe XrjGrajv arparos, dXXd Kal

hriiioTLKOJV ovK oXiyojv dts Trpog âaiXea Trecdapxâ.
511 Karerpexe Se rrjv re ÂKpaêrrjvrjv rorrapx^'OLV Kal

rd p-^XP'' "^V^ pLydXr]g 'ISof/xata?" Kara yap
Kcop^r^v TLvd KaXovfjLevTjv Natv^ relxos KaraoKevdaas
512 a)G7Tep (^povpioj Trpog aG(j)dXiav expT]TO, Kara Se

TTjv (f)dpayya TTpooayopVop.6vrjv Oeperal^ iroXXd
pikv dvevpvvag (JTTijXaLa^ rroXXd S evpcov erot/xa
rapLeloL? ixpTJTo drjcravpow Kal ri^s Xetas eK-
513 hox^ôtg. dveriOeL Se Kal rovs dpjraôpLevovg ets

avrd KapTTOvSy ol re 77oAAot rwv Xox^JV hiaLrav
LXOV iv KLVOLS' SrjXo S' T^V TO T GVVTaypia
TT poyv pivat,cx)v Kai rag rrapauKevas Kara rtov

*\epoGoXvp.ojv.
51-i (5) "Odev ol t,rjX(jJTal heldavres avrov rrjv imôXrjv^ Kal TTpoXaêZv ôvXopievoi rov Kar avrcov
rp(f)6p.vov iîaai /xerd rojv ottXojv ol ttXciovs'
VTTavTLdl,ei he Zt/xcov, Kal Trapara^dpêvos avxôvs
/xev avTcJv dvaipeZ, cruveXavvei he rovs Xolttovs
515 et? TTjv ttoXlv. ovttoj he dappaJv rfj hvvdp.ei rod
^ 'Xtv PA : aiam Lat.
' 0ap. irpoa. ^peTaL\ âpa.(v) Trpocrayopevo/JLeprjv (pdpayya

MVR(C). 3 Destinon : iwiôvXrjp mss.
152
where, by proclaiming liberty for slaves and rewards

for the free, he gathered around him the villains
from every quarter.
(4) Having now collected a strong force, he first and collects

overran the villages in the hills, and then through maraudere^
continual additions to his numbers was emboldened f'^r^^^t-tack
to descend into the lowlands. And now when he zealots.
was becoming a terror to the toM^ns, many men of
standing were seduced by his strength and career
of unbroken success into joining him ; and his was

no longer an army of mere serfs or brigands, but
one including numerous citizen recruits, subservient
to his command as to a king. He now overran not

only the province of Acrabetene but the whole
district extending to greater Idumaea. For at a
village called Nain he had thrown up a wall and
used the place as a fortress to secure his position ;
while he turned to account numerous caves in the
valley known as Pheretae,^ widening some and finding others adapted to his purpose, as store chambers
and repositories for plunder. Here, too, he laid up
his spoils of corn, and here most of his troops were
quartered. His object was evident : he was training
his force and making all these preparations for an
attack on Jerusalem.
(5) The Zealots, in consequence, alarmed at his Simon repels

designs and anxious to forestall one whose growing ?h?zea*iot3
strength was to their injury, went out with their
main body under arms ; Simon met them and in

the ensuing fight killed many of them and drove
the remainder into the city. Misgivings about his
^ Unidentified ; apparently not far N. of the Idumaean

frontier, 517 (not the Galilaean village so named).
" Perhaps Khurhet Farah^ a gorge some 6 miles N.E. of
Jerusalem.
153
JOSEPHUS
fjLCi^ Tols reiyêaLv TrpoG^dXXetv arrerp 6.777], ^(êipojoaodai Se Trporepov ttjv 'ISou/xatav eTTef^dXero/cat hrj hiGiivpiovg ;\;ct)v oirXiTas 'qXavvev inl rov?
516 opovs avTTJg. ol he dpxovres ttjs 'ISou/xata? Kara

rdxos adpoiaavres e/c Trjs X^'^P'^^ '^^ puaxip-ojTarov
rrepl 77evTa/ctc7;!^tAtous' /cat hiopuvpiovs, tovs Se
TToXXovs eaaavres (j)povpelv rd ocjiirepa hid rds
Tojv ev MacraS?^ oiKapiojv /caraSpo/xas", iSdxovro
517 Tov Hifjiajva vpos rot? opoug. evOa avjJLâXojv

avroLS /cat 8t' 6X7]s TroXefxrjaag rjpLepag, ovre
vevLK'qKOJS ouT vevLK-qjiivos hieKpidq, /cat o /xev
et? TT^v âtvy^ ol he 'ISou/âtot hieXuOrjaav eV*
518 OLKOV. /cat /Lter oi) ttoAu HipLcov iieLt,ovi hvvdixei

irdXiv et? T7]t^ x^P*^^ avrchv ojppn^TOy urparoTrehevadfjiei'og he /cara rtva Kcvfirjv, QeKove /caAetrat,
Trpo? rov ev 'Hpojbetto (f>povpov, direp rjv ttXtjGLOV, 'EAeaâpoV rtva rojv eraipojv eTrepupe
519 Treiaovra TrapahovvaL to epvp.a. rovrov ol (f)vAa/c? eroLpLaJS' eheâvro, ttjv alrlav dyvoovvres
8t' T^p rjKOi, d'^ '.y^dpLevov he rrepl Trapaooaeojs
ehiojKOV GTTaGapLevoL rd $L(f)r], P^XP^ (j)vyrjs tottov
ovK exojv eppujjev o-tto rod reixovs eavrov els rrjv
520 vTTOKeipievqv (f)dpayya. /cat o pLev avriKa reXevra,

TOLS 8' ISou/xatot? TJhr] KaroppojhovGi ttjv lgxvv
rod HipLcuvos edoê vpo rod GvpLâXeZv /caraGKeipaGdaL rrjv orpandv rojv voXepLLOjv.
521 (6) EtV rovro he VTT'qperrjv avrov eroipLCus errehihov 'la/cco/So?, els row rjyepopojv, rrpohoaiav
522 evdvpioijpLevos. oppLijaas yovv drrd rrjs 'AXovpov,
* aiam Lat. * irpodv/xus P.
** Tekoa, 5 miles S. of Bethlehem.

134
forces, however, still deterred him from an as'âult

on the walls ; instead he resolved first to subdue
Idumaea, and now marched with an army of twenty and invades
thousand men towards the frontiers of that country. "'"^^'^
The chieftains of Idumaea hastily mustered from
the country their most efficient troops, numbering
about twenty-five thousand, and leaving the mass of
the population to protect their property against
incursions of the sicarii of Masada, met Simon at the
frontier. There he fought them and, after a battle a drawn
lasting all day, left the field neither victor nor '^^*^'^^vanquished ; he then withdrew to Nain and the
Idumaeans disbanded to their homes. Not long
after, however, Simon with a yet larger force again
invaded their territory, and, encamping at a village
called Thekoue,'* sent one of his comrades named
Eleazar to the garrison at Herodion,^ which was not
far off, to persuade them to hand over that fortress.
The guards, ignorant of the object of his visit,
promptly admitted him, but at the first mention
of the word " surrender " drew their swords and
pursued him, until, finding escape impossible, he
flung himself from the ramparts into the valley
below and was killed on the spot. The Idumaeans,
now gravely alarmed at Simon's strength, decided

before risking an engagement to reconnoitre their
enemy's army.
(6) For this serWce James, one of their officers, James the
promptly volunteered, meditating treachery. He betrajruis
accordingly set out from Alurus,^ the village where country to
Simon.
^ Some 3 miles N.E. of Tekoa ; the fortress built by Herod

the Great, i. 2Qo, 419 ff., in which he was buried, i. 673.
' Hulhul, some 4 miles N. of Hebron, and 7 miles S.W. of

Simon's camp at Tekoa.
VOL. in p 155
JOSEPHUS
531 Kooia er-q cruvapiOiielraL. ixvdevovoi he avrrjv

Kai OLKyjTTjpLov W^pd{JL0V rod îovhaiojv Trpoyovov
yeyovevai pLera rriv eK rrjs MecroTrora/xtas' OLTravdGraGLv, rov re TralSas avrov XeyovGi KaTa^rjvai
532 LS AiyvTrrov evdev cbv /cat rd pLvripLeta p-^xp^ vvv

U T7]Se rfj TToXi-xyr] Set/cvurat, Trdw KaXrjg M^P"
533 p-O-pov /cat (îXoTtpiCos elpyaapLeva. Set/ci^rat 8'

aTTo GTadLOJv ^ rod dureos repe^Lvdog pieyiaTq^
/cat âat to SevSpov aTTO rrjs /crtaeajs" P-^XP^ ^^^
534 hiapeveiv . evOev 6 T.LpLOJV Sta Trdor-qs i)(cupL rrjg
IdovpLacag, ov p.6vov KcopLag /cat TroAets" TTopdojv,

Xvpau'opevos Se /cat rrjv )(ojpav, uj? prjhe rwv
eTTLrriheiOJV iâpKovvrcov irpog to ttXtjOos'^ ^^X^
yap Tojv ottXltcov Teuaapeg avToj gvvL7tovto
535 pLvpidhe?. TTpoGTJv Se rat? ;)^p6tai? djpoTTjg t

avTOV /cat npog to ylvos opyq, St' a pLoXXov
536 eêpripovodaL Gvvefiaive ttjv 'IhovpLalav. KaBd-
7Tp he '"V770] TtOV aKpihcOV KaTOTTLV vXtjV eGTLV
Ihelv eipLXojpLemjv TraGav, ovtoj to /cara vojtov ttjs
537 T.LpLajvos GTpaTids ep-qpia /careAetVero /cat rd
pLV ipLTTLTTpdjVTeS TO. he KaTaGKdTTTOVTeS , TTOiV he
TO 7Te(j)VK6s dvd TTJV ^(ôjpav -q GvpuraTOVVTes

rjcf)dvLL,ov Tj vep.6pevoL /cat ttjv evepyov imo ttjs
TTopeias GKXrjpoTepav enoLOVv ttj'S aKaprrov, Kad-
^ ws fMTjoe . . irXyjdoi in the mss. stand after fivpiades : transposed here by Bekker.
* Gen. xiii. 18.
* Jacob's residence in Hebron is mentioned in Gen. xxxv.

97, xxx-vii. 14. The historian, however, is dependent on local
tradition, and ignores the Biblical narrative.
* The cave of Machpelah, the burial-place of Sarah
158
two thousand three hundred years old. They further

relate that it was there that Abraham, the progenitor
of the Jews, took up his abode after his migration
from Mesopotamia,'^ and from here that his posterity
went do^^Tl into Egypt. ^ Their tombs are sho^vn in
this little toA\Ti to this dav, of really fine marble and
of exquisite workmanship.'' At a distance of six
furlongs from the town there is also shoA\Ti a huge
terebinth-tree, which is said to have stood there ever
since the creation.*^ From Hebron Simon pursued Simon
his march through the whole of Idumaea, not con- JjJiâea?^
fining his ravages to villages and towns, but making
havoc also of the countr\% since pro\'isions proved
insufficient for such a multitude ; for, exclusive of
his troops, he had forty thousand followers. But,
besides his needs, his cruelty and animosity against
the nation contributed to complete the devastation
of Idumaea. Just as a forest in the wake of locusts
may be seen stripped quite bare, so in the rear of
Simon's army nothing remained but a desert. Some
places they burnt, others they razed to the ground ;
all vegetation throughout the country vanished,
either trodden under foot or consumed ; while the
tramp of their march rendered cultivated land
harder than the barren soil. In short, notliing
(Gen. xxiii), Abraham (xxv, 9), Isaac (xxxv. 27 fF.}, and

Jacob (I. 13) is believed to be below the present mosque ;
Jewish, Christian, and Moslem traditions are in agreement
as to the site. The wall surrounding the mosque has been
ascribed to the Herodian period (Conder, Tent ^york in ^"^
Palestine, 239).
<* The "oak" of Abraham (so lxx; Heb. "oaks" or

" terebinths ") is mentioned in Gen. xiii. 18, xiv. 13, xviii. 1.
In the oth cent. a.d. it was called Tepeiivdos, and was the
scene of an annual feast and fair, Sozomen, H.E. ii. 4
(Robertson Smith).
159
JOSEPHUS
531 KOGLa err] (jvvapidiJ.eiTai. ixvOevovat Se avrrjv

Kai OLKyjTTjpLov W^pajj-ov rod îovSaLcov irpoyovov
yeyovevai pier a rrjV eK rrjg Mecro770Ta/xtas' aTravdGTaaiv, Tovs T rraZhas avrov XeyovoL Kara^rjvai
532 LS AiyvTTTOv evOev ojv kol to. piv-qpLela p-^XP^ ^^^
ev rfjhe rfj TroXlxyrj heLKvvrai, Trdvv KaXrjs pLap-
533 p-cipov Kat (îXoTLpLcog elpyacrpLeva. heiKVUTai S'

aTTo (iradLcov 1^ rov acrreo? repeîvBos pLeyldTrj,
Kai (fiaol TO hevhpov aTTO rrjs Krlaeajg p-^XP^ ^^^
534 hLap.veLV. evOev 6 2t/xcov 8ta Trdcr-qg ixojpei rrjs
IdovpLalag, ov p.6vov Kojp.as kol TrdAet? TropOajv,

XvpLaLv6pLvo Se Kal rrjv p^ôjpav, wg pLTjSe rwv
eTTLT-qheiajv iâpKovvrujv irpog ro ttXtjOos'^ ^^X^
yap rojv ottXitojv reaaapc? avroj GweiTTOvro
535 pLvptdSe?. TTpoGTJv he rat? XP^^^^^ (JjpLOTrjs t

avrov Kal rrpos ro yevos opyq, hi d pidXXov
536 iêpripLovadaL GVvejjaLve rrjv ÎhovpLauav. KaBdTTep he ^VTTo] rcov aKpihcov Karoinv vXrjv ecrrtv
Ihelv iipiXajpLeinQv Trdaav, ovrco ro Kara vojrov rrjs
537 HipLOJvos ur par ids eprjpLia KareXeiTrero' Kal rd

pLv ipLTTLTTpojvres rd he KaraoKdTrrovres , Trdv he
rd 7re(f)VK6s dvd rr]v p^cupav t) GvpLTrarovvres
rj(f)dvLl,ov rj vepi6p.evoL Kal rrjv evepyov vtto rrjs
TTopeias GKXrjporepav enoLovv rrjs dKdprrov, Kad-
* (is fxrjoe . . irXrjdos in the mss. stand after fj-vpiades : transposed here by Bekker.
Gen. xiii. 18.
^ Jacob's residence in Hebron is mentioned in Gen. xxxv.

27, xxxvii. 14. The historian, however, is dependent on local
tradition, and ignores the Biblical narrative.
* The cave of Machpelah, the burial-place of Sarah
158
JEWISH WAR, IV. 5S1-537
two thousand three hundred years old. They further

relate that it was there that Abraham, the progenitor
of the Jews, took up his abode after his migration
from Mesopotamia,'^ and from here that his posterity
went doMTi into Egypt. ^ Their tombs are shown in
this little toAMi to this day, of really fine marble and
of exquisite workmanship.^ At a distance of six
furlongs from the to\\Ti there is also sho^\Tl a huge
terebinth-tree, which is said to have stood there ever
since the creation.^ From Hebron Simon pursued Simon

his march through the whole of Idumaea, not con- ijuml^!^
fining his ravages to villages and towns, but making
havoc also of the countr^^, since provisions proved
insufficient for such a multitude ; for, exclusive of
his troops, he had forty thousand followers. But,
besides his needs, his cruelty and animosity against
the nation contributed to complete the devastation
of Idumaea. Just as a forest in the wake of locusts
may be seen stripped quite bare, so in the rear of
Simon's army nothing remained but a desert. Some
places they burnt, others they razed to the ground ;
all vegetation throughout the country vanished,
either trodden under foot or consumed ; while the
tramp of their march rendered cultivated land
harder than the barren soil. In short, nothing
(Gen. xxiii), Abraham (xxv. 9), Isaac (xxxv. 27 if.), and

Jacob (1. 13) is believed to be below the present mosque ;
Jewish, Christian, and Moslem traditions are in agreement
as to the site. The wall surrounding the mosque has been
ascribed to the Herodian period (Conder, Tent Work in ^"^
Palestine, 239).
** The "oak" of Abraham (so lxx; Heb. "oaks" or

" terebinths ") is mentioned in Gen. xiii. 18, xiv. 13, xviii. 1.
In the oth cent. a.d. it was called Tepe.iipdos, and was the
scene of an annual feast and fair, Sozomen, H.E. ii. 4
(Robertson Smith).
159
JOSEPHUS
oXov re 6L7TLV, ou3e GTifielov Tt /careAetTTCTO rot?

TTopdovjjievoL?^ rod yeyovdvai.
638 (8) Tavra ttolXlv tou? ^rjXcoras in-qyeipev, koI
iâvepajs fJLv avriTrapardâGdai Karlheicrav, irpoXox^croLVTe? S iv raZs Trapohois apirdôvGi rod
Hlficovos rrjv yvvaiKa /cat tt^? Trepl avrrjv depaireias
539 uv)(yoi)S. CTreira ojs aurov at;(âAcortcrajU.evot rov

UliJLOJva yey-qOores els rrjv ttoXlv vrreGrpeipav Kal
6(J0V ovheTTOj TTpoaeSoKOJv Karadefievov rd oirXa
540 TTepl rrjg yvvauKos LKereucreLV. rov 8e ovk eXeos

CLcrrjXdev aXX opyq Trepi rrj? rjpTraGfjLevr^s, /cat
TTpos TO rL)(os rcbv 'lepoaoXvpLiov iXOcov Kaddnep
rd rpojdevra rojv Orjpiojv, iTreiSrj ro'us rpojaavras
ov KareXaêv, </>' ovs evpe rov dvfJLov rj(f)UL.
5-41 OGOL yovv Xa)(avias evKv ^ (jypvyaviGyiov rrpoeXrjXvdeGav efcu ttvXojv, dvoTrXovg /cat yepovras
GvXXajJL^dva)v fjKLt,To /cat Ste^êtpev, 8t' virepôXrjv dyavaKT-qGecos p.ovovov)(l /cat veKpojv yevo-
542 P'^vos rcjv GOJixdrcov. ttoXXovs he /cat x^^P^'

KOTT-qGas elGeTTepLTTe KaTaTrXi]âGdai revs eÔpovs
djjia /cat Stao'T'^crat'* rov Stjijlov iTTLxîpcov rrpos
643 rovs alrLovs. ivreraXro 8' aurot? XeyeLv ort

HifjLcov deov opLWGi rov irdvr ojv (f)opov, el firj
ddrrov dTToScoGovGLv avrcp rrjv yvvaiKa, prjâs to
rcLXOS roiavra Sia^Tâety rrdvras rovs Kara rrjv
ttoXlv, ^T^Se/xtas" (êLGdjjLevos TÂt/cta? /^tT^S' ajro
544 rcov dvairlajv Sta/cptVas" rovs alriovs. rovrois ov

fjLovov 6 SrjiJLOs dXXd /cat ol ^rjXojral KararrXayevres aTTorrepLTTOVGiv avrcp rrjV yvvalKa' /cat Tore
fxev e/c/xetAt;!^êts' oXiyov dvenavGaro rov Gweôvs
<j>6vov.
^ + Toi'TOLs PA. * 5ta<rra(Tid(rai L.
i60
JEWISH WAR, IV. 537-5U
touched by their ravages left any sign of its having

ever existed.
(8) These proceedings roused the Zealots anew ; The Zealots

and, though afraid to meet Simon in open battle, ^j^|^'
they laid ambushes in the passes and captured his prisoner
wife and a large number of her attendants. Then, as
if their prisoner had been Simon himself, they returned triumphant to the city, expecting that he
would instantly lay down his arms and come to sue
for his wife. It was, however, no tender feeUngs
but indignation which her capture aroused in his
breast, and advancing to the walls of Jerusalem Hke Simon by
some wounded beast, when it has failed to catch its Jerusalem
tormentors, he vented his ^vrath upon all whom he recovers
met. Any who had ventured outside the gates to
gather herbs or fuel, unarmed and aged individuals,
he seized, tortured and killed, in the extravagance of
his rage almost gnawing their very corpses. Many
others he sent back into the city with their hands
cut off, "svith the twofold object of intimidating his
foes and of causing the people to rise against the
responsible parties. These persons received injunctions to say that Simon had sworn by God, the overseer of all, that unless they restored his wife to him
forthwith, he would break down the wall and inflict
similar punishment on every soul in the city, sparing
neither young nor old, and making no distinction
between guilty and innocent. These threats so
terrified not only the people but even the Zealots,
that they sent him back his wife ; whereat, momentarily mollified, he paused for a while from his ceaseless
slaughter.
* A similar " hyperbole " (the historian supplies the word !)

occurs in vi. 373.
I6l
JOSEPHUS
545 (9) Ov fjLOVov Kara rrjV 'lovSaiW ordois rjv

Kal rroXejJiog iiJi<f)vXLO, dAAa kolttl rrjg 'IraAia?.
546 avjip-qro fiev yap Kara p.e(j-qv Tr]v 'Pco/Ltatcoi'

ayopav TdXfâs, aTToheheiyiiivos Se avroKpdrcop
'Odcov eTToXejieL OvLreXXla) jSacrtAetojVTf rovrov
547 yap flP'^j'TO rd Kara TepfJLavLav ray/Ltara. /cat

yevopLevrjs GvpiôXris Kara ^prjySlaKov^ rrjg FaAaTta? Trpos" re OvdXevra Kal KatîVvav^ rovs
OvireXXiov Grpar-qyovs, rfj Trpcorrj pev rjpepa
7Tpi7Jv *'06(jjv, rfj Se hevrepa to OvireXXiov
548 (jrpariWTiKov Kal ttoXXov (f)6vov yevopêvov 8texprjcraro pLev "OOojv avrov iv BpiêAAoj^ rrjv
rjrrav 7Tv96p,vo?, rjpipas hvo Kai rpeZs pLrjvag
549 Kpar-qaas tow rrpaypdTOJV, rrpoaexcopT^cre Se to'ls

OvLTeXXiov OTpaT'qyoLS t] GTpaTia, Kai KaTeâtvev
avTOS els rrjv 'Vajp-qv peTa ttjs hwdpecog.
550 'Ey he tovtoj Kal OveGrraaiavog dyacrras" e/c ttjs

Kataapeta? TrepLTTTT) Aatulov pLTjvos wppL-qaev eVt
Ta p-qheTTOj KaTeGTpapLpeva rcuv ttjs 'louSata?
551 x^pLOJV. dva^ds S' els tt^^ opeivrjv alpel hvo

TOTTapx^CLS, rriv re Vo<J>vitlkt]v Kal ttjv 'A/cpaêT-qi^v KaXovpLevTjV, pêd^ as B-qOrjXd* re Kal
'E^pat/x 77oAt;)(vta, ols cj^povpovs eyKaTaaTTjoas
piexpf- 'lepoaoXvpLOJV LTTTrdiêTO' (fÔopd 8' rjv ttoXXojv KaTaXapâvopevojv Kal avxôvs fjXP-OiXajTLLêTo .
* BijdpiaKoi' Hudson. * ed. pr. : Kii'va{p) mss.
^ ed. pr. : Bptê^w mss.
* VRC : Bat^vyXd M : Brje-nyd the rest
494, 499.
^ A small town in Ci-nlpine Gaul, between Verona and

162
(9) Sedition and civil war were not, however, con- Civu war in
fined to Judaea, but were rampant also in Italy.
For Galba had been murdered in the midst of the Gaiba slain.
Roman forum,'^ and Otho, being proclaimed emperor, a?d.T9?^^
was at war îth Mtellius, now aspiring to imperial
sovereignty, having been elected by the legions in
Germany. In the battle fought at Bedriacum ^ in
Gaul against Valens and Caecinna,^ the generals of
\îtellius, on the first day Otho had the advantage,

but on the second the troops of VitelHus ; and such
was the slaughter that Otho put an end to himself otho's
at Brixellum,'^ where he learnt of his defeat, ha\-ing 17 AprU
held the reins of government for three months and *-^- 69two days.^ His army went over to the generals of
VitelHus, who now descended in person upon Rome viteiiiua,
with his entire force.
Meanwhile, \êspasian had moved from Caesarea Vespasian

on the fifth of the month Daesius and advanced f^âdes
against those districts of Judaea which had not yet Judaea
been reduced. Ascending into the hill country he 'd. es,^"^
subdued two provinces, those which take their names
from Gophna ^ and Acrabetta ^ ; next he captured
the small towns of Bethela ^ and Ephraim * ; leaving
garrisons in these, he then rode with his cavalry up
to the walls of Jerusalem, killing many of those
encountered on the route, and taking numerous
Cremona ; the Vitellians in their turn were defeated soon

after in the same neighbourhood, 634 ff. Tacitus, Hist. ii.
41-49, describes the battle and the death of Otho.
' Fabius Valens and A. Caecina Alienus.
<* Brescello, about 12 miles N.E. of Parma.
From January 15 to April 17, 69.
^ Some 12 miles due N. of Jerusalem.
"In the N.E. corner of Judaea.
" Bethel (Beitin) a few miles S.E. of Gophna.
* et-Taiyibeh N.E. of Bethel.

VOL. Ill F '2 163
JOSEPHUS
552 KepeaAtos" S' avrco rcov rjycfMovcoVy fiolpav l7T7Tojv

Kal Tre^cDv dvaXa^cov, ttjv dvco KaXovfidi^rjv 'ISou[latav eTTopdei, /cat Ka</>6^pa^ fj,v ipvho7roXL)(VLOv
i^ e(^6hov AajScuv iiiTTLTTpr^cnv, irepav 8e KaXov-
553 fjLemjv }â<f)apa^lv^ irpooâXajv eVoAtop/cet. ttow

8' 7)v lo')(vp6v TO Ter;ôs', /cat rpLipeaOac rrpoohoKOJVTL ttX^Lcl) )(^p6vov atî^tStoj? djôtyouCTty ot
evSov TO.? TTuAas" /cat /xe^' iKeriqpicDV TrpoeXdovres
554 iavTOVS Trapehoaav . KepeaAtos" Se toutoi;? TrapaarrjadpLevos ttI yie^pojv irepas TToXecxJS dpxo-LoTarrjs ixcopeu- Kelrai 8', (hs (:f>r]v, avrrj Kara rrjv
6pLvr]v 01) TToppoj 'lepoCToAu/Ltcov ^Laodpievos 8e rds
eto-oSoyg-TO pikv iyKaraXrjcjiOev ttXtÔos rj^rjBovavaipei,
555 TO 8' ao-TU KaraTTipLTTp-qoi. /cat Trdvrcjjv rjSrjKexîpojp,ivcjjv ttXtjv 'HpajSetof/cat Mao-a8as' /cat Ma;âtpowTos", ravra 8' utto tcov XrjGTOjv KaTLXr]7TT0, okottos
tJSt] rd 'lepoCToAu/xa TrpovKeLTo 'Pajp-aiot?.
556 (lO) *0 8e 2tp,cuv co? ippvaaro rrapd tojv

i^-qXojTOjv TTjv yvvalKa, irdXiv 7TL rd XeLipava rrjs
'I8oup,atas" V7TGrpifjv, /cat TrepieXa'uvojv rravraxddev ro edvos etV 'lepoaoXvpia rovs ttoXXovs
557 îjyeLV crvvrjvdyKacrev . etrrero 8e /cat auTOS" 7rt

r)]^ TToAtv Kat KVKXcoodpLevos avdis ro r^lxos
ovriva XdÔL rwv Trpoiovrajv Kara rrjv xcjpav
558 epyarcbv SiecjiOeLpev. rjv 8e to; SrjpLcp Hipnov pLV

^(jjdev ^Vojpaiojv <j)o^pa)repos, ol t,r]Xa)ral 8*
evbov Karipajv ;>âAe7ra>Tepot, Kav rovrois emvoia
KaKcov Kal roXpr] ro orvvraypLa rojv TaXiXaicov
^ Hudson : Kacpalopa L : further corruption in other mss.

^ Xacpapaêlv L: Xapaîy most MSS.
" Sextus Cerealius Vetilianus, legate of the 5th legion,

who had defeated the Samaritans, iii. 310 ff.
164
prisoners. Furthermore, Cerealius.^ one of his officers, an^l ,.

with a detachment of horse and foot, laid waste what r.'mm-.ea.
is known as upper Idumaea ; here he carried at the
first assault the petty town (as it falsely calls itself)
of Caphethra ^ and burnt it to the ground, and then
attacked and proceeded to besiege another town
called Capharabis.^. The wall of this place was exceptionally strong and he was anticipating a prolonged delay, when the inhabitants suddenly opened
their gates and, approaching him Avith ohve-branches
as suppliants, surrendered. Cereahus, after their
capitulation, advanced on Hebron, another city and
one of great antiquity, situated, as I have said,^ in
the hill country not far ^ from Jerusalem ; having
forced the approaches he slew all whom he found

there, young or old, and burnt do^^^l the town.
Every fortress being now subdued except Herodion,
Masada, and Machaerus, which were held by the
brigands, Jerusalem was henceforth the one objective
before the Romans.
(10) Simon, ha\'ing now recovered his wife from the Jerusalem ai
Zealots, returned once more to the relics of Idumaea of simon*
and, harassing every quarter of the nation, di*ove without the
multitudes to flee to Jerusalem. Thither he followed
them himself, and again surrounding the wall killed
any of the labouring class whom he caught going
out into the country. The citizens thus found Simon
without the walls a greater terror than the Romans,
and the Zealots within more oppressive than either ; and the
while among the latter for mischievous ingenuity and horde of
audacity none surpassed the Galilaean contingent, Zealots
within.
* Unidentified. ' Cf. 530.
<* Some 18 miles as the crow flies.
Resuming the narrative from 5-t4..
165
JOSEPHUS
559 hieêpev^' rov re yap Icudvvrjv rrap-qyayov els

Ig^vv ovroL, KOiKeXvo? avrovs i^ Tys" TTepieTroirjoav^
hwaareias ruieiêro, Trdvra eTTLTpirrojv hpdv ojv
560 eKaGTOS eTTedvjJLeL. ttoOoi h rJGav dpTrayrjs dTrX-qpcoroL Kai tcqv ttXovglojv olkojv epevva, cf)6vo?
561 re dvSpcov kol yvvacKcov v^peis iTraitovTO , pLcd^

at/xaros" t rd GvXrjOevra KareTTivov /cat jxer
dheias eveO-qXvTTddovv ro) Kopoj, KOfias GVvOerilopLevoL Kol yvvaiKeias eGOi^ras dvaXaji^dvovres ,
KaravrXovfievoL Se fJiVpOLS Kal Trpos evTrpeTrecav
562 v7Toypd(f)OVTes 6(f)6aXiJLOVS. ov [lovov 8e kogjjlov,

aXXd Kal rrdd'q yvvaiKojv ifiLfiovvro Kal St' vrrep-
ôXtjv^ dcreAyeta? dOepîrovs iu-evorjGav epcoras'

ivqXivSovvTO d' aJS" TTopveico rfj rroXei Kal iraGav
563 aKadaproi? epîavav epyotg. yvvaiKLL,6p.evoi he

rds 6ipLs icf)6vojv rat? Se^tat?, OpyrrropêvoL re
TOts" âhiGpaGLv eTTLovres iârrLvqs iyivovro TToXepLLGraL, rd re iicfi'q rtpo(j)epovres dird rcov j8eâjipevajv* xXavidiow rov npoGrvôvra bL-qXavvov.
564: TOt'S" aTrohihpdGKGvras he \ojdvvqv T.Lp.ojv (j)OViK(i)repov eêhex^To, Kal Staûycuv rt? rov evros
reiôvs rvpavvov vtto rod irpd ttvXojv hiecfydelpero.
565 TTOLGa he ^vyrjs ohos roZs avropoXetv Trpos 'Pco/xaiou? ôvXojJLevoL? dneKeKOTrro.
566 (ll) îeGraGidt,ero he rrpds rov ^lojdvvrjv r]

hvvapLL, Kal TTav OGOV rjv Îhovfialajv^ ev avrfj
Xojptodev errex^LpeL rch rvpavvcp (l>96va) re rrjs
567 LG)(vog avrov Kal pLLGeu rrjg ojfiorrjros. gvjjl-
^ dUcf>dLpe{v) MSS.
^ PAM : 7rpcTroLT)cravT0 the rest : -rjcraTO Lat.
^ + daojTLas P.
* L Exc. Lat. : iTepL^f.3\-nijAvb.^v the rest.
'Ibovfxauov ALR Exc.
166
for it was they who had promoted John to power.

and he from the position of authority which they had
won for liim requited them by allowing every one
to do whatever he desired. With an insatiable lust
for loot, they ransacked the houses of the wealthy ;
the murder of men and the violation of women were
their sport ; they caroused on their spoils, with
blood to wash them down," and from mere satiety
unscrupulously indulged in effeminate practices, plaiting their hair and attiring themselves in women's
apparel, drenching themselves with perfumes and
painting their eyelids to enhance their beauty. And
not only did they imitate the dress, but also the
passions ^ of women, devising in their excess of
lasciviousness unla^^'ful pleasures and wallo\\'lng as in
a brothel in the city, which they polluted from end to
end with their foul deeds. Yet, while thev wore
women's faces, their hands were murderous, and
approaching with mincing steps they would suddenly

become warriors and whipping out their swords from
under their dyed mantles transfix whomsoever they
met. Any who fled from John had a yet bloodier
reception from Simon, and he who escaped the tyrant
within the walls was slain by the other without the
gates. Every avenue of escape was thus cut off from
those desirous to desert to the Romans.
(11) But John's army now mutinied; and all the Sedition
Idumaeans ^ within it broke away and made an zîots.
attack on the tyrant, as much from envy of his power q?^^[^
as from hatred of his cruelty. In the ensuing engage- is deserted
by his
Idumaean
" Gf. vi. 372 iav\<j}v Kal . . . rpoipriv apirdôvres al'/ixaTt allies,
ir<pvpjj.hriv KaTînvov. * or "experiences."
' It appears from this that some of the Idumaeans still

remained in Jerusalem when the main bodv withdrew ( 353).
167
JOSEPHUS
^-iXovres 6 avaipovai re ttoWovs rwv t^rjXojTOJv

/cat ovveXavvovuL rovs Xolttovs els ttjv âaiXiK-qv
avXrjv KaTaaKevaadeluav vtto TpaTrrrjs' cruyyevrjg
8* -^v avrrj rod row ÂSia^-qvajv âaiXlajs Iâ'
668 ovveLOTTiTTTOVGL 8' ol 'ISou/xatot, KCLKeldev et? to

lepov i^waavre?^ rovs l,rjXcoTas iff) dprrayqv erpa-
669 TTOvro rwv Îcoavvov xpripLdrojv' Kara yap r-qv

7rpoLp7]iiV7]v avX'qv a-uros re a>KL^ Kai rd Xa(f)vpa
570 rrjs rvpavvihos KareOero. iv Se rovrcp ro Kara

rrjv ttoXlv iaKeSaafievov ttXtjOos roiv ^rjXajrcov els
TO lepov npos rovs hiaTreêvyoras r]dpoLG6rj, Kai
Kardyeiv avrovs TrapeoKevdaaro ^lojdvirqs em re
571 rov hrjpiov Kai rovs Îdovfialovs. rols 8e ov^

ovrco rrjv e(f)obov avrow KaraheZcrai Trapeor-q
fiaxi'fJ'OjrepoLs ovcnv cJjs rrjv drrovoLav, [irj vvKrwp
eK rov lepov Trapeiohvvres avrovs Te hiacfydeLpojcn
572 Kai ro darv KaraTTipLTrpujai. avveXdovres ovv

fierd rchv dp^Lepeow eôvXevovro , nva XP'H Tporrov
573 (f)vXdâadaL r-qv eTrlOecnv. Beos 8' dpa rds yvaofias

avrcbv els KaKOV erpeipe, Kai xâXeTTo'jrepov arrojXeias errevo-qoav ro rrpos aojr-qpiav (f)app.aKov
Lva yovv KaraXvoojotv ^\a>dvvqv , eKpivav hexôOai
JUpiOJva Kai /xe^' iKer-qpiiov Sevrepov eioayayelv
674 eavroLS rvpawov. errepalvero 8' -q ôvX-q, Kai

Tov dpxt'^p^fi ^larOlav Trefitpavres eheovro HtpLOJvos
^ Trep(.u:<TavTs C : TrepieîlxravTes L.
* Destinon from Lat. : Cbv {^p C) ^ksI mss.
Elsewhere (B. v. 147, vi. 356 ; A. xx. \7, etc.) called

Izates, -which should perhaps be read here. The story of the
conversion to Judaism of Helena, Queen of Adiabene (in the
upper Tigris region), and of her son Izates is told in full in
A. XX. 17 ff. This royal family adorned Jerusalem with
168
ment they killed many of the Zealots and drove the

remainder into the palace built by Grapte, a relative
of Izas,'* king of Adiabene. Rushing in along ^^'ith

them the Idumaeans chased them thence into the
Temple, and then proceeded to plunder John's
treasures ; he haîng made this palace his residence
and the repository for the spoils of his tyranny.
Meanwhile, the rank and file of the Zealots who
were scattered about the city mustered to the
fugitives in the Temple, and John prepared to lead
them down against the people and the Idumaeans.
The latter, as the better soldiers, had less fear of
their attack than of their frenzy, lest they should
steal out of the temple by night and murder them
and burn down the town. They accordingly held a
meeting \\*ith the chief priests and deliberated how
they should guard against the assault. But God,
as events proved, perverted their judgement, and
they devised for their salvation a remedy more
disastrous than destruction : in other words, in order
to overthrow John, they decided to admit Simon who invite
and ^\'ith suppHant appeals to introduce a second Jerusalem
tyrant over their heads. This resolution was carried to oppose
into effect, and the high priest Matthias ^ was
deputed to beg the Simon of whom they had such
buildings. We hear of her palace within the citj' (v. 253),

and of the pjTamidal tombs 3 furlongs outside, in which she
and Izates were interred {A. xx. 95 ; B. v. 55, 119, 1-iT) ; also
of the palace of another son, Monobazus {B. v. 25-2). Of
Grapte we hear no more. Queen Helena, like Paul and 1
Barnabas, brought relief to Jerusalem during the famine ^
under Claudius {A. xx. 51 fF.).
" Matthias, son of Boethus, belonging to one of the highpriestly famiUes (e: riii/ df>x'-^P^^^'i B. v. 527 ; cf. iv. 148),
was afterwards, with his three sons, murdered by Simon
(v. 527 ff.).
169
JOSEPHUS
elueXdeLV ov ttoAAol^ eheiaav GvyLTrapeKaXovv h
ol 6K TOJV ^lepOGoXvflOJV T0V9 ^TÂaiTa? (f)VyOVTS
575 TTodo) TOJV oiKOJV Koi TOJV K-rqixdrajv. 6 8 avrols

V7Tepr](i)dv(jog Karavevcras to SecTTOêty iGep')(erai
fjLv cu? OLTTaXKaâJv rcov l^-qXcorcov ttjv ttoXlv,
GOjrrjp VTTO Tov S'qpLOV Kal Ki^Sepicbv eixfyrjpLovpLevo?,
576 TrapeXdojv he pLerd rrjg hvvdiiecos luKOTrei Ta nepi

rrjg eavTov hwaureias Kal rovs KaXeaavras ovx
rjTTOV i)(Opovg iv6pLLL,v 7} Ka6* Sv eKeKX-qro.
577 (12) ^LpLOJV pLv ovTCJS ivLauTO) rpircp rod iroXifjiov "RavdiKO) pLTjvl *lepoGoXvpiOJV eyKpar-qg yiverai'
*lajdivrj5 Se Kal to tojv t^-qXcvrajv ttXtiSos eupyolievoi TOJV eôhojv rod lepov Kal rd^ rrjg rroXeaJS
aTToXcoXeKore?, TrapaxprjpLa ydp rd eKeivcjv ol
Trepl TOV Hlpiaji'a hunpaaav, ev aTTopco tt)v
578 aojT-qpiav elxov. TrpoaeâXXe Be to) lepo) Zi/xcov

Tou bijpLov ÔTjdovvTOS, KdKelvoL KaTaoTTavTeg em
TOJV GTOojv Kal TO)V irrdXêojv -qp.vvovTO ra?
579 TTpoGôXds. Gvxôl S' emTTTOv tcDv TTepL HipLajva

Kal TToXXol TpavpLaTiai KaTe(f)epovTO' pabioj? yap
e( VTTephe^LOv ra? ôXds ol ^-qXcoTal Kal ovk
580 aGTOxovg eOLOUVTO. TrXeoveKTOvvTes he to) tottoj

Kal 7Tvpyov eTL TTpoGKaTeGKevaaav TeGoapas
pbeyLGTOvs , d)S dcf)^ vijjiqXoTepwv ttololvto Tag
581 d(j)eGeis, tov puev /card T-qv dvaToXiKrjV Kal ôpeiov

yujviaVy tov he tov ^vgtov Kadvirepdev, tov he
TpiTOV /card ycovtav dXXrjv avTLKpv ttjs KaTOJ
582 TToXeojg- 6 he Xoltto? vrrep ttjv Kopv(f>r]V KaTGKevaGTo TOJV 7TaGTO(f)opia>v, evda tojv lepeojv ets
1 TToWd/cts L Lat. ' tAk Bekker.
" On the W. side of the Temple ; the Xystus lay in or just

above the Tyropoeon valley {B. ii. 344 n.).
170
horror to enter the city ; the request was backed

by natives of Jerusalem who sought refuge from the
Zealots and yearned for their homes and possessions.
Haughtily consenting to be their master, he entered
as one who was to rid the city of the Zealots, acclaimed by the people as their saviour and protector ;
but, once admitted with his forces, his sole concern
was to secure his own authority, and he regarded
the men who had invited him as no less his enemies
than those whom he had been invited to oppose.
(12) Thus did Simon, in the third year of the war, simon
in the month Xanthicus, become master of Jerusalem; Jerusalem
while John and the Zealots, being debarred from all April-Ma..
egress from the Temple, and having lost their possessions in the city for these had been instantly
plundered by Simon's party began to despair of
deliverance. Simon now attacked the Temple, with Simon
the support of the citizens ; their adversaries posting zealots ^
themselves on the porticoes and battlements and contined in
beating off their assaults. The casualties in Simon's
ranks were numerous, both in dead and wounded ;
for the Zealots from their higher ground could maintain an easy and well-directed fire. They, moreover,
improved this advantage of position by erecting
four huge towers in order to increase the elevation
from which their missiles were discharged : one at
the north-east corner, the second above the Xystus,"
the third at another corner opposite the lower town.^
The last was erected above the roof of the priests'
chambers,*' at the point where it was the custom for
" At the S.W. angle of the Temple. ^
* Small chambers, for the use of the priests and storage of
utensils, ranged in stories round three sides of the inner
court.
171
JOSEPHUS
e^ eOov? LcrTaiJLevos KauT-qv [Sbojj.dha elaiovaav

7Tpoe(j'qfxaiV GoXiriyyi SetXr]^ Kal TeAecrêtcrav
aiJîS' Trepl iairepav, ore jikv avepyeiav rep Xaw
683 KarayyeXXojv, ore S' epyojv execrdai. hUar-quav
8* e77t ra)V TTvpyojv o^vêXels re Kal XlSoôXov?
584 pr])(ava? rovs re roôras Kal u(êvhovriras > evda

drj ra? p.kv TrpoaôXas OKvqporepag evoLelro o
Hipajv, p.aXaKLLop.evojv avrco rwv TrXeiovojv, avreiê 8' OfJLOjg rrepLOVUia hvvdpeojs' rd 8* drro
ra>v opydvojv êXrj TToppcorepoj (jyepopêva voXXovg
rwv p,a)(opievojv avr^pei.
585 (x. l) Kara he rov avrov Kaipdv Trepieux^ Kal
586 Tqv *Vujprjv rrddrj ;âAe7ra. Traprjv pev yap diro

Teppâvias OvireXXtos dp,a rep arpariajriKO) ttoXv
ttXtjOos emavpopevos erepov, pLTj )(Ojpovpevos 8e

TOt? aTToheheiypevois els rovs urpariajras TrepijSoAots" oXfjv erroLrjcraro rrjv 'Pcopr)v arparoTrehov
587 Kal Trdaav OLKLav ottAitcuv eTrXrjpwGev . at 8'

dijdeGLV 6(j)BaXpols rov 'Pa>paLcov rrXovrov Beaudpievoi Kal 7TepLXap(j)devres Trdvrodev dpyvpcp re
Kal -x^pyGO) rds" ' emOvptas /xoAt? KareLôv, toare
pLTj ecf)" dpnayds rperreodai re Kal rovs epTTohojv
yivopLevovs dvaipelv. Kal rd pLev Kara rrjv IraXlav
ev rovroLs rjv.
588 (2) OveuTTaGLavos 8e d)S rd TrXrjGiov *lepoGoXvpLOjv KaraGrpeipdpevos VTreGrpeipev eus Kaicra-
y " Cf. Talmud Bab. Sukkah v. 5 (trans. Greenup, S.P.C.K.,
1925) " On the eve of the Sabbath they sounded (the trumpets)
six times in addition [to the 21 daily blasts] 3 to cause the
people to cease from work, and 3 to mark the separation
between the sacred and the secular day " ; the custom is also
172
one of the priests to stand and to give notice, bycustx^mof

sound of trumpet, in the afternoon of the approach, the^ga^bath
and on the follo\\'ing evening of the close, of every by sound of
seventh day, announcing to the people the respective ^^^P^
hours for ceasing work and for resuming their
labours.** Along these towers they posted catapults
and hallistae, together with archers and slingers.
Thenceforth Simon's attacks grew less strenuous,
as most of his men lost heart ; still by his superiority
in numbers he was able to hold his ground, although
the missiles from the engines with their longer range
killed many of the combatants.
(x. 1) About this very time^ Rome also was beset Viteiuus
by heavy calamities. Vitellius had arrived from RjJiTinto
Germany, dragging in the wake of his army a vast a camp,
motley crowd besides ; and not finding room enough
in the quarters assigned to the troops, he converted
the whole of Rome into a camp and filled every
house \\'ith armed men. These, beholding \\'ith
unaccustomed eyes the wealth of the Romans and
surrounded on every side by the glitter of silver
and gold, could scarce restrain their avarice or refrain

from plundering right and left and slaughtering any
who obstructed them.'' Such was the condition of
affairs in Italy.
(2) Vespasian,'* after reducing the whole of the Vespasian is

environs of Jerusalem, returned to Caesarea, where at?h?êws
of the
mentioned in T.B. Shabbath 35 b, Talm. Jer. Shabbath, xvii. accession of
16 a. " Resuming the narrative from 549. ViteUius.
* The entrv of Vitellius into Rome is described by Tacitus,

Hist. ii. 89 (hardly prevented by his friends from marching
in arms into Rome as into a captured city) ; Suetonius, Vitell.
11, represents him as entering in arms.
** Resuming the narrative from 555.
173
JOSEPHUS
peiav, aKovi ras Kara rrjv *Pa)firjv rapa)(as Kai
589 OvLreXXiov avroKparopa. tovto avrov, KaiTrep

apx^crdai KaddjTep apxî^v KaXoj? eTnorrdfievov , et?
dyavdKrr)GLV irporiyayev, /cat rov fxev cos iptjjJLov
KaTajxavevra rrjg riyepLovias rjSoêi SeGnorrjv,
590 rrepiaXyqaas Se toj irddei Kaprepelv ttjv ^daavov

ovx otos T Tjv Kal rijs Trarpihos nopdovpLev-qs
591 irepoLS TrpoaevaxoXelv 77oAe/xots". dXX ogov 6 dvpLO?

7]7TLyV eTTL Trjv dfjivvav, TOGOVTOV eipyev kvvoia rov
StacrTT^/xaros" ttoAAo. yap <av>^ (j)ddGai TravovpyiôaGav^ TTjv T-uxW '^P^^ avrov ls ttjv 'IraAtav
TTepaLOjdrjvaL, Kal ravra ;(et/Lta;yos' cupa rrXdovTa,
<KaL>^ G(f)a8di,ovGav rjS-q KareZx^v ttjv opyijv.
592 (3) TiVVLovres 8e ot re rjyepLoves Kai Grpariajrai

Kad^ iraipiav (f>avpa)9 rjSr] pieraôXrjV iôvXevovro Kal hiayavaKrovvres eôojv, cLs ol puev
7tI rrjs 'PctJ/XT^S" GrpanwraL rpv(j)a)vrs Kai pi-qh^
aKoveiv TToXefxov (^-qpL-qv VTTopLevovres Stap^êtporovovGLV ots fôvXovrai rrjv -qyep-OViav Kal npo?
iXTTiSa Xrjp,p.drcov drroheLKVvovGLv avroKpdropas,
593 avTol Se Sict roGOvrcov KexojprjKores ttovojv Kal

y-qpcovres vrro rolg KpdveGLV irepois x^P^t^vrai
rrjV eôvGiav, Kal ravra rov d^tcvrepov dpxîv
594 Trap' avrolg exovre?. cp riva hiKaiorepav rrore

rfjs els avrovs evvoias aTToScoGeiv dp.oL^'qv, el
r7]v vvv Kararrpoolvro ; roGOvrco S elvat OveGrraGtavov -qyepioveveiv OvireXXiov SiKaiorepov, ogco
595 Kal avrovs rcbv eKeZvov aTTohei^dvnov ov yap

brj piLKporepovs rojv dno Teppiavlas Siev-qvoxevai
* ins. Herwerden.
" nova facere ( = /caii'oi'p777(ra(ra;') Lat. : KaWiovpyricraaav ]j,

^ ins. Destinon.
174
he heard of the disturbances in Rome and that -*

Mtelhus was emperor. Though he knew full as well
how to obey as how to command, this news roused
his indignation : he scorned to owti as master one
who laid mad hands upon the empire as though it
were forlorn, and such was his agony at this calamity '^
that he could not endure the torture or, while his
own country Mas being devastated, devote attention
to other wars. But, much as anger impelled him
to avenge her, the thought of the distance no less
deterred him : for fortune might forestall him
by many a knavish trick before he could cross to
Italy, especially as he must sail in the winter season.
This reflection checked what was now becoming a
paroxysm of WTath.
(S) However, his officers and men, in friendly His

gatherings, were already frankly discussing a revolu- sofjfg'^pg^^
tion. " Those soldiers in Rome," they indignantly take
exclaimed, " now U\ing in luxury, who cannot bear thê^ôwn"'^
to hear even a rumour of war, are electing whom ^^^^s
they choose to the sovereignty and in hope of lucre
creating emperors ; whilst we, who have undergone
such numerous toils and are growing grey beneath
our helmets, rre gi\"ing up this pri\ilege to others,
when all the time we have among us one more
worthy of the government. What juster return
can we ever render him for his kindness to us, if we
fling away the present opportunity ? Vespasian's
claim to the empire is as far superior to that of
\ itellius, as are we to the electors of that emperor ;
for, surely, we have waged wars no less arduous than
" The phrase, 7repta\7?7cras r^J wdtlei comes from Thuc.

iv. 14.
175
JOSEPHUS
TToXejjLOV? ou8e rojv eKeldev Karayayovrajv tov

596 rvpavvov rjrrijcrOaL rots orrXoi?. aywvos ivSe-qaeiv
he ovSev 01) yap rr^v cvyKXrjTOv 7) tov 'Pcojialajv
SrJiJLOv aviêaBai rijg OvLreXXiov Xayvelag dvrl rijs
OvecTTTaGLavov Gaj(l)poGvviqSy ovh^ avrl fiev rjyefiovos ayadov rvpavvov ajfiorarov, a77atSa^ Se
avTL TTarpos aipiqGG6ai TrpoGrdrrjv jieyLGrov yap
Srj TTpo? dG(f)dXeLav elp-qv-qs elvai rds yvrjGLovs
697 Tcjv âGiXeojv SiaSoxds.^ etre ovv ipLTTeipla y-qpajs
TTpoG'qKei TO dp)(Lv, OveGTTaGtavov avTovs ^X^^^>
etre veoTrjTos dXKrj, Tltov Kpadr^GeGdai yap ttjs
598 Trap' dfJi^ljo'LV -qXiKtas to dxjîXijxov . x^PV'/V'^^''^ ^'

ov iJiovov avTol^ TTjV LG^vv TOL d77oSt;^^rcrt Tpla
ray/xara /cat Ta? irapd tcov âGiXiojv GvpLpLaxio.?
XovT?, GvvepyqGeLv Se* ra re 77/50? ecu TrdvTa /cat

Tr]s "EvpcoTTTj^ oGa Tojv diTO OvlteXAlov (f)6â>V
KxajpLGTaiy /cat tovs eTTi rrjs 'IraAta? 8e GvpLfjidxovs, dSeX(f)6v OveGTraGLavov /cat 77atSa erepov,
599 (X)V Tip pLv vpoGdrjGeGdaL noXXovg tcov iv d^tco/xart
vioJV, TOV hk /cat TTjV TTJS TToXeW? <j)vXaK7]V 7T7n-
GTevGOai, jJLepos ovk oXiyov els iTTLôXrjv^ rjyfj.ovLas.
600 KadoXov re dv ^paSvvojGLv avroi, rdxo. rrjv GvyKX-qrov dTToSeiêiv rov vtto twv GVvyeyrjpaKOTOJV^
GTpariojTdjv drLpôvfievov.
601 (4) Totaura /card GVGrpo^ds ol arparLcorai
^ ed. pr. : TratSa mss. * Bekker : inrepox<is tiSS.
' aiTovs most MSS. (+ T(STf VRC): avrol^ L.
* (Tvvpyr)crii> 5e M : (Tvv^T-qp-qaajj.ei' PAL : text doubtful.
* L: Tri.ôv\T}v the rest.
* Destinon : ffvvTeT-qpriKOTijiv "joint guardians (of the
empire) " mss.
" Or, with the M3. text, " is afforded by the sterling
excellences of princes."
176
the legions of Germany, nor are we inferior in arms

to the troops who have thence brought back this
tyrant. Besides, there will be no need for a contest ;
for neither senate nor Roman people would tolerate
the lewdness of Vitellius in place of the temperance
of Vespasian, nor prefer as president a most brutal
tyrant to a wtuous ruler, a childless prince to a
father, since the very best security for peace Hes
in a legitimate succession to the throne.** If, then,
sovereignty calls for the experience of years, we
have Vespasian, if for the vigour of youth, there is
Titus ; the pair of them will combine the advantages
of their respective ages. Nor will the persons of our
choice be dependent solely on the strength which
we can supply, mustering as we can three legions ^
and the auxiliaries furnished by the kings ; they will

have the further support of the whole eastern world
and of all in Europe too remote to be intimidated
by Vitellius, as also of our allies in Italy, a brother "
and another son '^ of Vespasian. Of these, one will
gain many recruits from the young men of rank,
while the other has actually been entrusted with
the charge of the city a fact of no small importance
for any designs upon the empire. In short, if there
is any delay on our part, the senate will probably
elect the very man whom his own soldiers, who have
grown grey in his service, have disgracefully
neglected."
(4) Such was the conversation cmrent in military
V, X, and XV {B. iii. 65).
* Flavius Sabinus, who had served with Vespasian in

Britain, been for seven years j2:overnor of Moesia, and now
held the important post of praefectus urhis in Rome.
* Domitian,
177
JOSEPHUS
OLtXdXovv eveira avvaOpoiaBevres Kai napaKpoTTjGavTes aXXiqXov? dvayopevovGc top OdeoTraGiavov avroKparopa Kau GcoL,eiv rr]v KLvhvvevovGav
02 -qyepLOvlav rrapeKaXovv. raJ 8e cfypovrlg [jlv tjv
TraAat rrepi tojv oXcxjv, ovtl ye firjv avrog dpyêiv
TTpo-fip'qTOy Tols p-ev epyoig eavrov d^tov rjyovpLevos, rrpoKpivcjjv Se tlov ev Xap.TrpoT'qri KivhTjvcov
ii03 riqv ev tbtcoretat? aG(j)dXeiav , dpvovjievcp he p.dXXov OL TjyepLoves eTreKeivro /cat TrepLxvOevres ol
arparicjTaL ^t^Typet? avaipeXv avrov rjTTeiXovv , ei
'04 piT] ôvXoLTO ^7]v d^LCjog. rroXXd Se Trpo? avrovg

SiareLvdpLevos e$ djv hiajdelTO ttjv dpy(rjv reXevraZov, djs ovK erteidev, et/cet rots- ovopLdaaoi.
505 (q) n porpenop.evojv S' avrov rjSr] }slovKLavov re

Kai rojv dXXojv rjyepLovojv co? avroKpdropa /cat
rrjs dXXr]g or par id? dyeiv "^(ôojarj? avrrjvy em
TTOV rd dvrtTTaXoVy 6 he Trpojrov rwv cV 'AAeâvhpeias etxero TrpaypLarcov, elhojs rrXelcrrov rrjs:
TjyepLOVLas p.epo? rrjv AtyvTrrov ovaav hid rrjv rov
< 6 crtTOLi x^p-qyiav, ?}s" Kparrjoag el rrapeXKOL /cat

^la KaOaiprjoeiv yjXTnêv OvireXXiov , ov ydp
aveêoBai TTeivqs errl ^Pajpurj? rd TrXrjdo?, rd hvo
re em rrjs AXeâvhpelas rdyp.ara rrpoarroLr]-
607 oauOai ôvX6p.evos. evedvpLelro he /cat 7Tp6^Xrjp.a

rrjV x<^P^^ ^X^^^ '^^^ ^'^^ '^V^ TVX'QS dh-qXajv
ean yap Kara re yrjv hvoepLôXos Kai rd Trpdg
^508 daXdaa-qg dXipLevos, Kard p.ev eorrepav rrpoê^Xr]-
^ ins. ed. j^r. with some ms. support : om. PAM (probably
through homoioteleuton).
" Liclnus Mucianus, legatus of Sj'ria (32, 621), shortly

to be sent to Italy to secure the empire for Vespasian (632,
178
circles ; and then bandine together and encnuraginff and

one another, they proclaimed Vespasian emperor \vspas'an
and urged him to save the endangered empire, emieior.

Their general had long been concerned for the public
weal, but had never purposed his own promotion ;
for, though conscious that his career Mould justify
such claim, he preferred the security of private life
to the perils of illustrious station. But on his declining, the officers pressed him more insistently and the
soldiers, flocking round with drawn swords, threatened
him with death, if he refused to live with dignity.
After forcibly representing to them his many reasons
for rejecting imperial honours, finally, failing to convince them, he yielded to their call.
(5) He was now urged by Mucianus ** and the Vespasian

other generals to act as emperor, and the rest of the Egypt!
army clamoured to be led against all opponents.
His first object, however, was to secure a hold upon
Alexandria. He realized the supreme importance
of Egypt to the empire as its granary : ^ once master
of it he hoped, by persistence, ^^ to force Vitellius to
surrender, as the populace of Rome would never
submit to be starved. He also desired to annex the
two legions '^ at Alexandria ; while he further contemplated holding the country as a bulwark against
the uncertain freaks of fortune. For Egypt ^ is at Description
once difficult of access by land and on its sea-board ^^ ^^^*
destitute of harbours. It is protected on the west
654). His mixed character is tersely sketched bv Tacitus

(Hist. i. 10).
* Alexandria supplied corn sufficient to feed Rome for

four months of the year {B. ii. 386).
" Or perhaps "if (the war) dragged on " ; cf. A. w. 148

el Trap^\Kiu Se'ot.
<* III and XXII, ii. 387 note. Cf. ii. 385 f.
179
JOSEPHUS
{Jidvr] ra avuSpa ttjs Al^vt]?, Kara Se iJLar]^PpLav

rr)v SLopiCovcrav airo AWlottcov ttjv HvriV7]v /cat
Tovs aTrXwTOVs rod TTorap-ov KarapaKras , oltto
6 rrjs dvaToXrjs rrjv^ ipvBpav OdXaaaav dvaxô-
609 pi-^v-qv pexpi' Kotttou. ôpetov 8e ret^ôs" avri]?^ 'q

T P'^xpi' Sfptas" yrj Kal ro KaXovpievov AlyvrrTLOv
610 7TeXayo9, rrdv drropov oppLOJV. rereLXfûrai pev

ovTOj? Tj AiyvTTTOs TTavToOev TO piera^v he IItÂouCTtou Kai Y^vi^vris prJKos avrrjg arahiojv Stcr^^tAtcov,
o T arro rrjs YIXlvOlvyj? dvairXovs els to H'^Xovglov
611 orahiojv rpLux'-Xiojv iâKooicov. 6 he NetAo?

avairXelrai p^xpi tt^s 'EA(âvTCov KaXovpevqs
TToXecus, VTTep tJv etpyovcTi TTpoaajrepaj ji^copetv ou?
612 TrpoeiprjKapLev KarapaKras . hvoTrpooiros he XcpLrjv

vauGL Kat Kar eLprjinrjv ÂXeâvhpeias' arevos re
yap etarrXovs Kal Trerpais v(f)dXoLs rov err* evOv
613 Kaprrropevos hpopov. Kal ro pev dpiorepov avrov

f.Lepos Tre(f)paKraL xeipoKp-qrois GKeXeGLV, ev heîa
he Tj rrpouayopevopiv-q ^dpos vrjaos TrpoKeirai,
TTvpyov avexovoa peyiarov eKirvpaevovra rots
KarairXeovoiv em rpiaKOGiovs orahtovs, co? ev
vuKn TToppcodev opptCoLvro irpos rrjv 8uCT;)(epetai-'
614 rov KardrrXov . irepl ravrrjv rrjv vfjaov xrara-
^ TTJV Lat. : eiri t7]v mss. ^ Niese : avry mss.
* Assuan.
^ Koft, on the right bank of the Nile, N. of Rarnak ;

named perhaps as the place where the river most nearly
approaches the sea. The Red Sea, not including the Gulf of
Suez, actually penetrates considerably farther north.
* Tdl Farama, alias Tineh, situate at or near what was

once the easternmost mouth of the Nile.
180
by the arid deserts of Libya, on the south by the

frontier separating it from Ethiopia Syene and
the unnavigable cataracts of the Nile , on the east
by the Red Sea, which penetrates as far north as
Coptus ^ ; while its northern barriers are the land
towards Syria and the so-called Egyptian sea, totally
devoid of havens. Thus is Egypt walled off on every
side. Its length from Pelusium ^ to Syene is two '^thousand furlongs <* ; the passage from Plinthine * to
Pelusium is three thousand six hundred.-'' The Nile
is navigable up to the city called Elephantine, ^^
beyond which the cataracts already mentioned bar

further progress. The port ^ of Alexandria is difficult The port oi
for ships to approach even in peace-time, the en- ^
trance being narrow and diverted by submerged
rocks * which preclude direct passage. On the left
the channel is protected by artificial moles ; on the '^
right juts out the island called Pharos, supporting an Fharos, /

enormous tower, emitting a light visible three hundred f
furlongs away to mariners making for port, to warn ^^
them to anchor at night some distance oflP because -^
of the difficulty of the na\'igation. Round this island
** i.e. about 230 miles, a wholly inadequate figure ; the

actual distance was c. 650 miles.
* The Libyan frontier of Egypt, on the coast W. of

Alexandria ; exact site unidentified.
' i.e. about 414 miles ; this figure is nearly double the
actual distance of the sea voyage round the Delta basin
(c. 220 miles). Strabo 791 is nearer the mark in reckoning
the distance by sea from Pelusium to Pharos as 1450 stadia
(166 miles).
" The island below the First Cataract, opposite Assuan. *^
'* i.e. the Great Harbour. Strabo, xvii. 791 ff., gives a
fuller account of the three harbours.
* C/. Strabo 791 Tp6s 8^ ry crTevSTrjTi tov /x^ra^v irdpov Kal

irirpai ehiv al fx^f vcpaXot al 5^ /cat ^^^x^^'^'^'--
181
JOSEPHUS
^^Xr)zaL ^6tpo7rot7]Ta reLxr} /xeytcrra, Trpoaapaoooyievov he tovtols to ireXayos /cat rots' dvTLKpvs
pKGLV dl.Lrf)rjyVVlJ.VOV^ eKTpa)(yVi TOV TTopov Kai
GâXepdv hid (jrevov rrjv etcrohov aTTepydLeraL.
615 o fievTOL ye XLjirji' dacfiaXecTTaros evhov /cat rptdKovra Grahiojv to fieyedos, et? ov ra re Xeirrovra
rfj X^'-'P'l rrpos evhatfjLOVLav Karayerai /cat rd
TrepLcrrjevovra rcov 7n-)(^copL0JV ayadwv et? Trduav

âjpiCeraL^ rrjv olKovfJLevrjv.
616 (6) ^YL(hUro pLv ovv elKorcos rwv ravTQ irpayixdrojv OvearraGiavos elg êâtajGLV rrjs oXtjs
rjy[xovLa, irrLGTeXXeL S' evBvs toj hieTTOvri ttjv
Aiyvrrrov /cat ttjv 'AXe^dvhpeuav Tiêpioj 'AAe^dvhpcp, hr]Xd)v TO Trjs GTpaTids TrpodvpLOV, /cat
ojs auTos" VTTohvs dvayKaiojs to ^dpos ttj? ^y^jjLOvias Gvvepyov avTOV /cat ôrjdov rrpoGXap-^dvoi.
617 TTapavayvovs he ttjv eTnGroXrjV WXeâvhpo? Trpo6vp.ojs rd Te ray/xara /cat to TrXrjOog et? avTOv
ojpKOJGev. eKdrepoL * dG p.ei'a>s vrt-qKovGav ttjv
dpeTTjv Tdvhpos eK ttj? iyyvs GTpaTrjylag elhoTeg.
618 /cat o [lev TreTTLGTevfievog rjhrj ra Trepl tt^v dp-)(rjv

TTporrapeGKevaCev avTOj /cat ra npos t7]v dcjuîVy
Tdîov 8' emvoias hirjyyeXXov at 07]/xat tov eVt
TrfS dvaToXrjs avTOKpdTopa, Kat Tzdcra fiev ttoXls
eajpraiev evayyeXia he^ /cat OvGias vrrep avTov
619 err-TeXet,. rd he /cara Mucrtav /cat Ylavvoviav
^ Xiese : cKpLKvvfj^vov, d<piKv{o)vfj.ei'oi' Mss.

^ PA : fxepi^fJLeva L : fxepiferai the rest.
" The Great Harbour seems to have been only half this
lengih. The figure named { = c. 3^ miles) can barely be
reached by including the Eunostus Harbour ; the two were
originally separated by the causeway called the Heptastadion, but this had perhaps now disappeared (Strabo 793).
18^
immense walls have been reared by human hands :

and the sea dashing against these and breaking
around the piers opposite renders the passage rough
and ingress through the strait perilous. The harbour inside is, however, perfectly safe and is thirty
furlongs ^ in length. To this port are carried all the
commodities which the country lacks for its welfare,
and from it the surplus local products are distributed
to every quarter of the world.^
(6) With good reason therefore was Vespasian Tiberius

eager to obtain control here, with a view to the sJê^^^
stabiHty of the empire at large. He accordingly at Alexandria
once v\Tote to Tiberius Alexander,^ the governor of vespasian.

Egypt and Alexandria, informing him of the army's
zeal and how, being forced to shoulder the burden
of empire himself, he desired to enhst his co-operation and assistance. Having read this letter in public,
Alexander promptly required the legions and the
populace to take the oath of allegiance to \'espasian ;
a call to which they both gladly responded, knowing
the sterling quality of the man from his generalship
in their neighbourhood. Tiberius, now having the
interests of the empire entrusted to his charge, made
all preparations for Vespasian's arrival ; and quicker
than thought rumour spread the news of the new
emperor in the east. Every city kept festival for General
the good news and offered sacrifices on his behalf ; ^^'^^^""^^'"
but the legions in Moesia and Pannonia,'^ recently Vespasian's
accession.
^ Strabo 798 calls Alexandria fxeyiarov iixirbpiov ttjs olkov/.uvi]$ and speaks of the precious wares of which she kuI
iTroSoxfiof ecrrt Aral x^PVl^^ ''"O'^ eKTos.
' B. ii. 220 note (summarizing his varied career).
^ The provinces on the south bank of the Danube : Moesia
covering the eastern portion (Serbia and Bulgaria), Pannonia

the western (Austrian and neighbouring territory).
183
JOSEPHUS
ray/xara, jjLLKpcxJ irpoodev KeKLvqfiiva rrpos ttjv

OvLTeXXiov ToA/xav, jiettôvi X^P9- OveurraGiava)
620 TTjV riyejiovlav ojavvov. 6 8' avat,vâ<^ airo

Katcra/De/a? et? Bt^/dutov Traprjv, evda TToXXal fiev
aiTo TTJs ^vplas avTcp, TroAAat koltto tG)v oSXojv
errapxi'Cov Trpeaêlai owqvTcov, ore^dvovs Trap*
KdGTT]s TToXeojs Kat ovy)(âpTiKd TrpoacfiepovoaL
621 i/fTy^ta/xara. Traprjv Sc /cat MovKiavos 6 rrjg

7TapxiCLS rjyepLOJv, to npoOvpLov rcov bijfxojv koI
Tov? Kara ttoXlv opKovg arrayyeXXcxiv .
622 (?) YlpoxLopovG-qs Se Travraxov Kara vovv Trjs

rvx^lS Koi Tcov TTpaypLaTcov avwevevKorcov ck rod
TrXeiarov piepovs, rjSrj Trapiararo rep OvecjTTaoLavcp
voeZvy cos ov hixo. SaLpiovLov npovoias dipatro rrj?
apx^]?, dAAa hiKaia ns elpiappLevr] TrepLaydyoi to
623 KpareZv rcov oXojv irr* avrov dvapupivrjGKerai

yap rd re aAAa Gr]pLla, TToXXd S* avrcp yeyovei Travraxov Trpotâivovra ttjv 'qyepLOvlav, /cat
ras rod ^lajGTJTrov (jiojvdsy os avrov en t^cjvros
624 êpojvos avroKpdropa TrpoGeLrreZv IddpGTjGcv. iêTTeTrXrjKro 8e rov dvSpa SeGpLCjorrjv en ovra Trap*
avrcp, Kal vpoGKaXeGdpLevos ^^lovKuavov a/xa rots'
aAAots" TjyepLOGL /cat (jiiXois npajrov pikv avrov ro
hpaGriqpLOV eKhnqyeZro /cat oca TrepV' roZs 'Icora-
625 TTarois St ai^rov e/ca/xov, cTretra ras /xavretas", as

avros pLv VTTcoTTrevGe rore TrXdGpLara rod Seovs,
dTToheixOrjvai he vrro rod XP^'^^^ '^ci^ "^^^ rrpay-
626 fiarcov ueias. acGXpov ovv, ^9^^, rov rrpo-
^ L : in Lat. : om. the rest.
" Tacitus, Hist. ii. 85 f. The legions in Moesia were

184
exasperated by the audacity of Vitellius, more gladlv

than any swore allegiance to Vespasian.^ The latter,
leaving Caesarea, proceeded to Berytus,* where
numerous embassies, both from Syria and from the
other provinces, waited upon him, bringing croMiis
and congratulatory decrees from the various cities.
Thither too came Mucianus, the governor of the
province, to report the popular enthusiasm and that
every city had taken the oath.
(7) Now that fortune was everywhere furthering Liberation

his washes and that circumstances had for the most Jrom^bonds
part conspired in his favour, Vespasian was led to
think that divine providence had assisted him to
grasp the empire and that some just destiny had
placed the sovereignty of the world within his hands.
Among many other omens," which had everywhere
foreshadowed his imperial honours, he recalled the
words of Josephus, who had ventured, even in Nero's
lifetime, to address him as emperor.^ He was
shocked to think that the man was still a prisoner in
his hands, and summoning Mucianus with his other
officers and friends, he first dwelt upon his doughty
deeds and all the trouble that he had given them at
Jotapata, ; and then referred to his predictions, which

at the time he himself had suspected of being fabrications prompted by fear, but which time and the event
had proved to be divine. "It is disgraceful," he
III Gallica (see 633), VII Claudia, and VIII Augusta* ; m*^
those in Pannonia, VII Galbiana and XIII Gemina.
' Beirut.
" Various omina imperii are mentioned by Tacitus ( Hist.

ii. 78), Suetonius ( Vesp. 5), and Dion Cassius (Ixvi. 1). The
two last authorities include the prophecy of Josephus ; Weber, < r -"
Josephus and Vespasian 45, believes that they drew upon
some common source. Cf. B. iii. 404 n. <* iii. 401.
185
JOSEPHUS
OeuTTLoavrd fioL ttjv ap)(rjv koI htaKovov ri^g rod

Oeov (f)0jvrjs ert aiXfJ-aXojrov rd^tv r) deGficoTov
Tvxrjv V7ToiJLVLV," Kal KaXeGa? rov ^lajG-qirov
627 Xvdrjvai KeXeveL. Tot? fiev ovv rjyefioGiv e/c tt^?

LS Tov dXX6(j)vXov afJLOi^rjg Xaiirrpd. koI Trepl
auTcov eX7TL^LV TrapiGTTjy ovvajv Sc rw Trarpl
628 1 iTO<s OLKaiov, CO Trarep, ^<p'']> "ôv iojo-qrrov

Kal TO ovecSos d(f)aLpedrji'aL gvv to) cnStjpcpyevrjaeraL yap opoios rw prj hedevri rrjv dp)(T]v,
dv avrov pi] Xvacopev dXXd Koipojpev rd heapd."
Tovro yap eTrl rchv pbr) Seovrcog heBevrcov Trpdr"
629 rerai. cruvehoKei ravra, Kal TrapeXdcvv rts TreXeKi SteVoj/fe rr^v dXvGiv. 6 he Îcoarjnos elXrjfhoj?
VTTep^ rojv TTpoeLprjpevojv yepag ttjv emTipiiav rjBrj
Kal TTepl Tcov p,eXX6vTa)v dîoTTLGTOS rjv.
630 (xi. l) OueaaGLavos Be ralg TrpeaêiaLs XPV~

pLariGas Kal Karaar-qadpevos eKdaroLs rag ap^d?
SiKaLcos Kal Sid rd)v dîojv, els ^ Xi'tioxî^clv
631 dSiKvelrai. Kal ôvXevopevog ttoI TperreoOaLy

TTpovpyiairepa rrjs els WXe^dvhpeiav opprjg rd
Kard T'qv 'IPcopLrjv eKpive, rrjv p.ev êâtov ovoav
632 opdjv, rd 8' 13:70 OutreAAtoi; Tapauo6p.eva. Tre/xTTei Srj ^lovKiavov els ttjv ÎraXlav rrapaSovs
LTTTTeojv re Kal ne'i^djv gv^^'^ hvvapLv. 6 8e Std
TTjv TOV ;>(et/xa)vos' dKprjv SeiGas to TrXelv' Tret^fj

Trjv GTpaTidv -qye hid K.aTTTraBoKias Kac ^pvycas.
633 (t2) 'Ev Se tovtco Kal ^ Avtojvlos I\pipos dvaXaôjv rd rpirov rdyp,a rcov Kard Muotav, erv^^v
* Niese : irep'i. mss. ^ Hudson from Lat. : irav mss.
Mucianus went ahead with some light-armed troops,

being followed by the 6th legion (Ferrataj and 13,000 veterans
{vexillarii)t Tac. Hist, ii. 83.
186
said, " that one who foretold my elevation to power

and was a minister of the voice of God should still
rank as a captive and endure a prisoner's fate " ;
and calling for Josephus, he ordered him to be
liberated. While the officers were only thinking that
such requital of a foreigner augured brilhant honours
for themselves, Titus, who was beside his father,
said, "Justice demands, father, that Josephus should
lose his disgrace along with his fetters. If instead

of loosing, we sever his chains, he will be as though
he had never been in bonds at all." For such is the
practice in cases where a man has been unjustly put
in irons. Vespasian approving, an attendant came
forward and severed the chain with an axe. Thus
Josephus won his enfranchisement as the reward of
his divination, and his power of insight into the future
was no longer discredited.
(xi. 1) Vespasian, having responded to the em- Vespasian

bassies and disposed of the various governorships ^JJcfamis
with due reerard to the claims of iustice and tlie ^îth an
merits of the candidates, repaired to Antioch. Here itaiy.
dehberating in which direction to turn, he decided that
affairs in Rome were more important than a march
to Alexandria, seeing that the latter was secured,
whereas at Rome \ltellius was creating general
disorder. He accordingly dispatched Mucianus
to Italy with a substantial force of cavalry and infantry ; that officer, fearing the risk of a sea voyage
in the depth of winter, led his army by land through
Cappadocia and Phrygia.^
(2) Meanwhile Antonius Primus, along with the

third legion from Moesia, where he was then in
^ Ordering the fleet from Pontus to concentrate at Byzantium, Tac. ibid.
VOL. Ill O 187
JOSEPHUS
8 rjyefjLOvevojv avTodi,, OutreAAto) Traparaôjievos

334 r)7TLyero. OvLreXXio? S' avro) avvavrrjaovTa /xera
ttoXXtj? Svvdfieco? KaLKLvav^ ÂXnqvov eKTrefiTrei,
fieya dappcov rdvSpl Slol ttjp Itt' "OOcovl vlktjv.
o be aTTO rrjs 'PcopLT]? eXavrcov Slol rdxovs Trepl
Kpefiojva Trjs YaXarias tov ^ Avtcovlov KaraXafi^dvi- jieOopios S' eoTLV tj ttoXl? avrr] rrjs
635 IraXlas. Kanhcbv 5' ivravda to 7tXt]6os tcov

TToXefiLOjv Kol rrjv evra^lau, ovpLâXelv fiev ovk
e6dppLy GcbaXepdv Se ttjv dvaxcoprjGLV Xoyilo-
636 fxevo? Trpooooiav iôvXevero. ovvayayow hk tov?

v(f> avTov iKaTOvrdpxoL? kol ;sîAiap;\;ofS" ivrjyev
lJiTa^rjvaL rrpos tov ^ A.vtojvlov , TaTreivcJv fjLv ra
OvLTeXXiov TTpdyfiaTa, Trjv OveaTraGLavov 8' laxvv
637 enaipcov, xat rrap to iiev elvai Xiyojv p,6vov ttj?

o-PXV^ ovofia, 77ap' a; he TrjV hvvajJLLV, Kal avTOvg
Se dfjieivov elvai f TrpoXaôvTa? ttjv dvdyKTjv
TTOLTjaaL X^P''^ '^^^ fieXXovTag rjTTdoOai toIs ottXois
638 rat? yi'cu/.iats' tov KLvhvvov 4>SdGai' OveaTrauiavov

IjLv yap LKavov etrat Kal x^P'-'^ avTcov TrpoGKTrjaauOai^ Kal ra XeirtovTa, OvLTeXXiov h ovhe uvv
avTols T'qprjaai ra ovra.
339 (s) IToAAa TOLavTa Xdycov eVetae Kal Trpos tov

640 AvrajvLov avTop-oXel fieTa ttj? bwdfieoj?. ttj? b
aVTTJS VVKTOS ipLTTLTTTeL pL^TdvOia ToZ? GTpaTLOJTaiS
/cat heos TOV TrpoTrepupavTos, et KpetGaajv yevoiTO'
^ C Lat. Heer. : Kt/ctioi' the rest.

* ins, L (Lat. ?) : om. the rest.
' Dindorf: -rrpoKT-qaaadaLY^'. Trpoc^ûetrât the rest.
" M. Antonius Primus, in the sequel a rival of Mucianus,

188
command,** was also hastening to give battle to Antonius

Vitellius ; and Vitellius had sent off Caecina Alienus leSS^''
with a strong force to oppose him, having great con- ^^^'^^qj^
fidence in that general on account of his victory over Moesia
Otho.^ Caecina marching rapidly from Rome met yf^JJlJ^g^
Antonius near Cremona, a town in Gaul '^ on the Caecina,
frontiers of Italy ; but there, percei\ing the numbers viteiuus,
and disciphne of the enemv, he would not venture g^f ^T^"^ ^'
T ' Antonius.
on an engagement and, considering retreat hazardous,

meditated treason.'^ Accordingly assembling the
centurions and tribunes under his command, he urged
them to go over to Antonius, disparaging the
resources of Vitellius and extolling the strength of
Vespasian.* " The one," he said, " has but the
name, the other the power of sovereignty ; and it
were better for you to forestall and make a \irtue of
necessity, and, as you are bound to be beaten in
the field, to avert danger by policy. For Vespasian
is capable, without your aid, of acquiring what he
has yet to win ; while Vitellius, even ^^^th your
support, cannot retain what he has already."
(3) Caecina's words, prolonged in the same strain,

prevailed, and he and his army deserted to Antonius.
But the same night the soldiers \vere overcome ^\^th
remorse and fear of him who had sent them into the
field, should he prove victorious ; and dra\\ing their
was now in command of the 7th legion (Galbiana ; Tac. Hist,

ii. 86), in Pannonia, not in Moesia, as Josephus states ; but
he was joined by the Moesian legions, the third (Gallica)
taking the lead in revolt : " tertia legio exemplum ceteris
Moesiae legionibus praebuit " (Tac. H. ii. 85).
* 547.
* i.e. Gallia Cisalpina, Italy N. of the Po.
"* Tacitus gives a fuller account. Hist. ii. 99, iii. 13 if.
' " Vespasiani virtutem viresque partium extoUit . . . atque
omnia de Vitellio in deterius" (Tac. Hist. iii. 13).
189
JOSEPHUS
OTTaodêvoL Se ra î^rj tov YâiKivav^ wpfirjcrau

dveXelv, Kav eTrpaxOr] to epyov avrols, et firj
TrpoGTTLTTTOvTe? OL ;)(tAtap;(ot KadiKirevaav e/ca641 crroL'S'.* ol he rod p.kv Kreiveiv OLTzeaxovTO, hrjoavres
8e TOV TTpohoTTjV otoL T "i^crav dvarrepLTTeiv^ Oi3iTeAAtoj. raur' aKovaas 6 Ylplp-o? avTiKa tovs
G(f)TpOV dvLOTTjGL Kat fieTOL TOW OTtXoJV TjyeV
f>t2 eVt Tovs aTTOOTavTas . ol he TrapaTa^dfievot Trpo?

oXiyov pLev dvTeaxov, avdug 8e TparrevTes ecfyevyov
eh TTjV l^pepojva. Tovg Se IrrTrelg dvaXaôjv
npt/xo? VTTOTepveTaL ra? etcrodous" ai^rcuy, Kat to
pLev TToXv ttXtiBos KVKXojodpevos TTpo TTJg TToXeOJS
hia(j>9eLpeL, to* he Xolttoj GweLUTreaajv hiapTrdaaL
643 TO duTV Tols GTpaTLcoTats e(j>riKev. evda hrj

TToXXol pev Ta)v êvcov epLTTopoL, ttoXXol he tCjv
eTTiXCJopiOJv drrcoXovTO, Trdaa he iKal] rj OviTeXXiov
GTpaTid, pvpidhes dvhpojv Tpelg Kal hiaKooioL'
Tojv 8* aTTO TTJ? Mucrta? Avtojvlos TeTpaKiax^'-
644 Xiovs aTTOâXXei Kal TrevTaKooiovs. Xvaas he tov

Kat/ctVav TTepLTTeL irpos OveaTraaLavov dyyeXovvTa
TO. TTeTTpaypieva. /cat o? eXdcov aTrehexOr] re vtt

avTov Kal ra ttj? rrpohoaias oveihrj rat? Trap
eX-niha Tipals eTreKaXvipev.
645 (4) Wveddpaei he -qhrj Kal Acara tt^v âyprjv

Ha^vos, d>s ttXtjglov ^ Avtojvlos cuv aTTrjyyeXXeTO,
^ Lat. Hcg. : KiKL\(X)toy mss.
* L : airrois or ai'roi's the rest.
' L : weixireiv {irefi-êLv) the rest.
swords they rushed off to kill Caeeina and would

have accomplished their purpose, had not the tribunes
thro>\-n themselves at the feet of their companies and
implored them to desist.^ The troops spared his life
but bound the traitor and prepared to send him up
to Vitellius. Primus, hearing of this, instantly called Antonins
up his men and led them in arms against the rebels ; viteiuan
these forming in hne of battle offered a brief re- ^^y ^
sistance, but were then routed and fled for Cremona.
Primus \\ith his cavalry intercepted their entrance,

surrounded and destroyed the greater part of them
before the walls, and, forcing his way in ^vith the
remainder, permitted his soldiers to pillage the town.
In the ensuing slaughter many foreign merchants ^
and many of the inhabitants perished, along with *"
the whole armv of Mtellius, numbering thirty thousand t\vo hundred men ; of his troops from Moesia
Antonius lost four thousand five hundred. Caeeina,
being liberated by him and sent to report these
events to \'espasian, was on his arrival graciously
received by the emperor, and covered the disgrace
of his perfidy ^\ith unlooked for honours.
(4) In Rome, too, Sabinus ^ now regained courage Fights for

on hearing of the approach of Antonius, and, muster- ^^^C^P^^^
" Details not in Tacitus, who merely states that the soldiers
bound Caeeina and elected other leaders (Hist, iii. 14).
^ " The occurrence of a fair {tanpus mercatxis) filled the

colony, rich as it always was, with the appearance of still
greater wealth " ; the sack of the town occupied four days
(Tac. Hist. iii. 32 f.).
598 note. The full story is told in Tacitus, Hist. iii. 64 ff.
Sabinus attempted to negotiate conditions with Mtellius, who

was prepared to abdicate ; but the \'ite]lianists prevented
this, and a collision between them and the followers of
Sabinus drove the latter to seek refuge in the temple of
Jupiter on the Capitol.
191
JOSEPHUS
Acat ovvaOpoLcra? ra tojv wKTO(f)vXdKa)v orpaTLCorajv rdyfiara vvKTcop KaraXaji^dveL to Kavre-
646 tcvXlov. fJLed^ rjfiepav 8' avroj ttoXXol tojv eVtG7]fia>u TTpoaeyivovTO /cat Ao/xertavos" o Td8eA(/0L'
Trats", pLeyLUTTj jiolpa rcov els to Kparelv cAttiScuv.
647 OvLTeXXioj he Ylpiôv jxev iXdrrajv (f)povrls rjv,

redvfJLOJTO^ S' eVt tovs GvvarroGrdvTas ro) Ha^lvco,
Kai Ota rr^v eficbvTov djfioTT^ra hiipcov alpLaros
evyevovs rod GrparLOJTLKOv ttjv ovyKareXOovaav
648 avroj SvvafJLLV eTTaî-quL rco KaTrerojAtoj . 77oAAd

/xev ovv e/c t ravrrjs Kal tCjv d-no rod lepov
fiaxofievojv iroXfi-qOrj , reXog be ro) TrX-qBei nepLovres OL aiTO ttjs Teppiavias eKpdrrjaav rod X6(f)0V.
649 Kai Aopênavos pcev^ gvv TroAAots" rcov ev reXei
Poj/jLalcov haipLOVLCijTepov hiaaajterai, to he Xolttov

ttXtjOos drrav KareKorr-q, Kal Za^vo? dvaxdel?
eTTL OutreAAtov dvaLpelrai, hLapTrdaavres t ol
CTT/DartctJTat rd dvaO-qpiara rov vaov eveTrp-qcrav.
650 /cat pLerd /xtay 'qp.epav eLGeXavvei p,ev W.vtojvlos

puerd rrjs hwdptecos, {fTT-qvrajv S' ot OvtreAAtou /cat
rpLy^TJ Kara nqv ttoXlv GvpLJâXovres arrojXovTO
651 rrdvres. Trpoepx^Tat^ he piedvojv Ik tov âuiXeiov

OvLTeXXios Kal haipiXeGrepov ojGTrep iv eaxdrois
652 rrjs docorov rpaTTe^rjs KeKopeapLevo?. onjpelg he
^ redvfiwfiei'os LLat. ' Bekker with Lat. : 5f mss.
' rapitur Heg. : hence Tpoe\KeTaL Destinon {cf. Tacitus,

HiM. ill. 84).
" %igrilum cohortes " (Tac. Hist. iii. 64). Seven corps of
night poHce had been instituted by Augustus " adversus
incendia," a sort of fire-brigade (Suet. Aug. 30, Dion Cass.

Iv. 26).
192
ing the cohorts of the night-watch,^ seized the Capitol is December

during the night. Early next day ^ he was joined "^'
bv many of the notables, including his nephew i? December
Domitian, on whom mainly rested their hopes of
success. Vitellius, less concerned about Primus, was
infuriated at the rebels who had supported Sabinus,
and, from innate cruelty thirsting for noble blood,
let loose upon the Capitol that division of his army
which had accompanied him (from Germany).'^ Many
a gallant deed was done aUke by them and by those
who fought them from the temple ; but at length
by superior numbers the German troops mastered
the hill. Domitian, \Wth many eminent Romans,
miraculously escaped ; '^ but the rank and file were
all cut to pieces, Sabinus was brought a prisoner to
\'itellius and executed, and the soldiers after plundering the temple of its votive offerings set it on fire.
A dav later Antonius marched in with his army ; he ^"tonius
^ -r y enters
was met by the troops of Vitellius, who gave battle Rome,

at three different quarters of the city and perished ^"^ ^^^
to a man.-'' Then issued from the palace Vitellius The end of
drunk and, kno\^'ing the end was come, gorged with îêiiius.
a banquet more la\ish and luxurious than ever ;
" " At dead of night " {concnhia nocte), Sabinus, oîng

to the careless watch of the Vitellianists and a rain storm, was
enabled to bring in his own children and Domitian and to
communicate with his followers (Tac. H. iii. 69).
' According to the fuller account of Tacitus (H. iii. 70 f.)

the soldiers acted without orders from Vitellius, now " neque
jubendi neque vetandi potens."
^ Domitian disguised as an acolyte, ih. 74.
* The forces of Antonius advanced in three divisions :

along the Via Flaminia, along the Via Salaria to the CoUine
Gate, and along the bank of the Tiber (Tac. H. iii. 82).
' " cecidere omnes contrariis vulneribus, versi in hostem "
Tac. H. iii. 84.
193
JOSEPHUS
Std rod TrXrjdovs Kal TravroSaTrat? alKiais i^v^piadels .7TL fidcrqs tt^S" 'Pcu^t]? a7Too(j)drreTaiy
fjLTJva? OKTOJ Kpariqcra? /cat rjiJiepas 7Tvt, ov l
Gvve^-q TrAeico ^Lcoaai xP^'ô'^> eTTiXiTTelv dv avrov
653 rfj Xayvela ttjv rjyefiovLav olpai. rcov S* dXXcov
654 veKpcov vrrep TreVre pLvpidhag^ rjpLdfJL-qdrjaav. ravra
/XV TpiTTj pLr]v6s 'ATTeAAatOf TTeTTpaKTO, rfj 8'
vorepaia ^lovKiavos etcretcrt /xera r:^? Grpand?,

Kal rovs ovv AvrajvLO) Travuas rod KretveLv, en
yap iêpevvwiJLevoL rds OLKcas rroXXovs fxev rcov
OvLreXXiOV Grpariujrchv ttoXXovs Se rwv hrjp.ori,KCx)v
(jjs .Kivov dvfjpovv, (f)6dvovres rep dvfio) rrjv
aKpLî] hidKpLGLV, TTpoayayujv he rdv AofxerLavov
(TVVLGrrjui rep TrXrjOet p^XP^ "^^^ '^^^ Trarpos
655 d(^Lêa>? rjyepova. 6 he hijiJLOs aTrrjXXaypevos rjhrj

rd)v ô^CDV avroKpdropa OveuTrauLavov eixfrrjpLeL,
Kal dfjia rrjv re rovrov êâiojGLv ewpratê koi
rrjv OvLreXXlov KardXvuiv.
656 (5) El? he rrjv ^ AXe^dvhpeiav d(îyp.eva) rw

OveoTTaGiavo) rd diro ri]? 'Pcopij? evayyeXta rjKe
Kal TTpeoêis eK Trdarj? rffs Ihias olKOvp,einrjg
cruin-jhopevoi' peylarrj re ovaa pLerd rrjV PcopLrjv
657 r) ttoXls arevorepa^ rod ttXtjOovs rjXeyxero. KeKvpojpieirqs he rjhrj rij? dpxT]? drTdcrqs Kal oeuojGpevwv Trap eXTrlha 'PajpatoLs rcov rrpayparwv
OveGTTaGiavos errl rd Xelipava rrjs lovhauas rov
658 XoyiGpiov e7TeGrpe(j)ev. avros pêvroi [yf ]^ eis rrjv
^ /jLvpiddei PML. ^ + Tore L.
^ ins. L : ora. the rest.
" He was haled from hiding in the palace, after attempting

escape, to the Gemonian stairs, where he was slain, the corpse
being then dragged to the Tiber (Tac. iii. 84 f., Suet.
Vitell 17).
1Q4
dragged through the mob and subjected to indignities of every kind, he was finally butchered in the
heart of Rome." He had reigned eight months and
five days ; ^ and had fate prolonged his life, the very
empire, I imagine, would not have sufficed for his
lust. Of others slain, upwards of fifty thousand
were counted. These events took place on the third (20 or 21)
of the month Apellaeus. On the following day Mudanus
Mucianus entered with his army and restrained the ^^^^^
troops of Antonius from further slaughter ; for they
were still searching the houses and massacring large
numbers, not only of the soldiers of Vitellius, but
of the populace, as his partisans, too precipitate in
their rage for careful discrimination.'' Mucianus Domitian
then brought forward Domitian and recommended acting rule-.
him to the multitude as their ruler pending his
father's arrival. The people, freed at length from
terrors, acclaimed Vespasian emperor, and celebrated
with one common festival both his estabhshment in
power and the overthrow of VîtelHus.
(5) On reaching Alexandria Vespasian was greeted Vespasian at

by the good news from Rome and by embassies of -^^xandna
congratulation from every quarter of the world,*^ now
his own ; and that city, though second only to Rome
in magnitude, proved too confined for the throng.
The whole empire being now secured and the Roman
state saved beyond expectation, Vespasian turned
his thoughts to what remained in Judaea. He was,
however, anxious himself to take ship for Rome * as
'' From 17 April to 21 (or 20) December.
" C/. Tac. Hist. iv. 1, 11.
** Including one from King Vologesus, offering him 40,000

Parthian cavalry (Tac. Hist. iv. 51).
* He had received unfavourable reports of Doniitian's

conduct, ibid.
VOL.111 g2 195
JOSEPHUS
'^wfJLTjv atpfJLTjTO \-qâvTos Tov ;êt/xajvo? dmyecrât

/cat Td-)(0? TO. Kara rrjv AXeâvSpeiav huoKi,
TOV Se vlov Tltov /xera Trjs CKKpirov hvvdfieoj?
659 OLTTeGreiXev iâip-qaovra rd lepoaoXviia. 6 he
TTpOeXdcOV 7Tt,fj fJ^^Xpi- Xl/COTToAeCOS", LKOGL 8' aVTT]
8te;êt rrjs 'AAeâvSpeta? crraStous", KaKeWev ettlîqaas ttjv arparidv fiaKpcov ttXolojv dvaTrXel 8ta
rod Ne/Aof Kard^ rdv ^\.vhrjGLOv vofiov p^^XP'-
660 TToXeojs QpLOveo)?. eKeWev 8' drro^ds o8euet /cat

/caret TToXlxvrjv [rivdY TdvLv auAtêrat. 86^X6^0?
avTO) GraOpLO? 'Hpa/cAeous" TrdAts" /cat rplrog
661 IlTÂoucrtov ylverai. bvol 8 rjpLepatg [ivravOaY

TTjv arparidv dvaXa^d)V rij '^P^'^T) 8teêtcrt ra?
ipLôXds rod IlrjXovaLov, /cat TrpoeXOajv oradp.6v
eva hid rrjg ip-qpLov rrpog ro) rod Kaatou* Atos"
tcpoj or par OTT eh ever at y rfj 8' varepaia /caret ri^v
ÔarpaKLVTjv ovros 6 aradpLog rjv dvvhpos, eir-
662 etcra/crots- 8e vhaoiv ol eTrtpôjptot )(pojvraL. pterd

ravra rrpos VivoKopov pot's avarraveraL, KaKeWev
^ L: yuera the rest. ^ om. PA Lat.
' om. L. * LC^ : Kaacriov the rest.
" Founded by Augustus in 24 b.c. on the scene of his final

defeat of M. Antonius and in commemoration of the surrender of Alexandria ; it lay on the coast some 2| (Josephus)
or 3| (Strabo) miles E. of that citv (Strabo xvii. 795, Dion
Cass. li. 18).
* " Thirty " accordinsr to Strabo.
* Or " up and across " (dtd tov yeiXov, not dva t6v NetXoi') ;
he was crossing the Delta and part of the route would be by
canal.
** Or " over against."
196
soon as the ^v'inte^ was over and was now rapidly
settling affairs in Alexandria ; but he dispatched his sends Titu

son Titus with picked forces to crush Jerusalem. JfrJSIiem
Titus, accordingly, proceeding by land to Nicopolis "
(distant twenty^ furlongs from Alexandria), ^^^^^^ J^J^^'JcJ^ô^' '
embarked his army on ships of war and sailed up <^ xitus fmn
the Nile into ^ the Mendesian canton to the city ^^cTe^^^re
of Thmuis.-'' Here he disembarked and, resuming
his march, passed a night at a small towTi called
Tanis.^ His second day's march brought him to
Heracleopohs,^ the third to Pelusium.^ Having
halted here two days to refresh his army, on the
third he crossed the Pelusiac river-mouths, and,
advancing a day's march through the desert, encamped near the temple of the Casian Zeus,^ and
on the next day at Ostracine ^ ; this station was
destitute of water, which is brought from elsewhere
for the use of the inhabitants. He next rested at
Rhinocorura,^ whence he advanced to his fourth
The " nome " of which Mendes {Tell er-Bub', S.W. of

Lake Menzaleh) was the capital.
f Tmai or (Smith and Bartholomew, Atlas of Holy Land^ y

Map 7) Tell Ihu es-Salam ; S.W. of Mendes.
" San, the Zoan of the Old Testament, some 20 miles E. of
Thmuis.
'* Heracleopolis Parv-a ; site now covered by Lake

Menzaleh.
* Tell Farama alias Tineh (Biblical Sin, Ezek. xxx. 15),

610.
' A temple of Zeus-Ammon near the summit of Mons

Casius {Ras el-Kasrun), a sandstone range adjoining Lake
Sirbonis and the Mediterranean : Pompey's tomb was on
the hill-side (Strabo xvii. 760).
* Unidentified.
' Or Rhinocolura, el-Arish, on the confines of Egypt and

Palestine ; " the river of Egypt," Wady el-Arish, marking
the boundary in Old Testament times.
197
JOSEPHUS
ets" 'Paêtay rrpoeXdcov GraBôv riraproVy ecrn 8
7) ttoXls avTT] Zuptas" o.p\rj, to ttIixtttov ev Tdtr]

663 rlOerai arparoeSov, ^te^' t^v et? ' A cr /caAcui'a
loTTTTTys- 61? Katcrapeta^' a(f)LKi'LTaL SceyvajKajs avTodi rag aAAa? SvvdfJLeis ddpoit,Lv.
Refah ; Polybius likewise reckons it as the first city of
198
station, Raphia,'^ at which city Syria begins. His

fifth camp he pitched at Gaza ; next he marched to
Ascalon, and from there to Jamnia, then to Joppa,
and from Joppa he finally reached Caesarea, the
rendezvous fixed on for the concentration of his
forces.
.Syria, Facpias fj /cetrat fieTa 'FivoK6\ovpa irpdoTrj tQv Kara ôlXrjv

1,vpiav TrdXeuv ws irpbs Trjv AtyvirTov (v. 80).
199
BIBAION E
1 (l- l) IXV Tito? ov TrpoeLprJKafJLev Tporrov

diodevcjas ttjv virep Alyvrov P-^XP^ Supta?
eprjpLLav L9 Kaiaapetav Trapfjv, ravrrj SceyvajKajg
2 TTpocruvTaâaS ai ras Sum/xet?. en S' avrov Kara

rrjv AXe^dvdpeLav avyKa8iaTap.evov toj rrarpl
TTjv -qyep.oviav veov^ avrols eyKexîpiupievrjv vtto
rod Oeov, avve^rj Kal rrjV iv roZg 'lepocroAw/xoi?
oraGLv avaKpLauauav rpLfjLeprj yevicrdai Kal Kad
avTOV ddrepov irTLGrpeipaL jjLepog, OTrep dv rts" co?
3 v KaKOis dyadov etVot koL hiK-q? epyov. tj /xev

yap Kara rod dr]fiov rcov CrjXojrojv 77têcrt?,
rjTTep Karrjpêv dXojGeoj? rij TToXec, tt pohehrjXcDT ai
pLerd OLKpLêlag oOev re eû Kal TTpos ocrov KaKwv
4 avr]v^tjdrj^' ravr-qv 8* ovk dv dp-dproL rt? elrrajv

oraGei urdoLv eyyevlaOai, Kal KaOdrrep Brjpiov Xva-
CTTâav evdeia tojx' e^codev irrl rds Idlag rjdr] odpKas
5 oppidv. (2) EAeaâpo? ydp^ 6 rod Îpiajvos, o? Srj

/cat ra Trpcora rod b-qpLov rovg (1,-qXajrdg aTrearrjaev
LS ro repievog, ojs dyavaKrow bijdev em rols
oorip.epai rep YajdvyQ roX^LOJfievoLs, ov yap aveiravero <f)ovdjv ovros, ro S' dX-qdes avrov /xera-
* V Lat. (nuper) : peai/ the rest.
vv^rjev PM.
opfiav 'EXedâpos yap L : op/Mg., o&tus 'EX. the rest,

200
BOOK V
(i. 1) Titus having thus, as described above, accom- Tripartita

phshed the desert march across Egypt to Syria, /erusaiem.
an-ived at Caesarea, the place where he had decided
to marshal his forces before the campaign. But
already, while he was still at Alexandria, assisting his
father to establish the empire which God had
recently committed to their hands, it so happened \
that the civil strife in Jerusalem had reached a fresh

cHmax and become a triangular affair, one of the
parties having turned its arms against itself ; a discord which, as between criminals, might be called
a blessing and a work of justice. Of the Zealots'
attack upon the populace the first step towards the
city's ruin a precise account has already been given,
showing its origin and all the mischief in which it
culminated." This new development might be not
inaccurately described as a faction bred within a
faction, which like some ra\'ing beast for lack of other
food at length preyed upon its own flesh.
(2) For Eleazar,^ son of Simon, the man who had Eieazar
originally caused the Zealots to break with the faction Ind
citizens and withdraw into the sacred precincts, now holds the
ostensibly from indignation at the enormities daily temple.
perpetrated by John, who continued unabated his
murderous career, but, in reality, because he could
iv. 128 S, * iv. 225.
201
JOSEPHUS
6 yevearepcp Tupdwco fir) (f)lp(jL>v VTTorerdxOai, ttoOoj

Tcov oXojv Kal hwaarelas Idla? irrLdufiLa SiLGTaraL,
TTapaXaôjv lovb'qv re rov XeA/ct'a^ Kal Îficova
rov 'Eapcuvos" tcov Svvarcov, Trpos ols 'Eê/cta?
7 \r}V^ Xoj/Sapet TraZg ovk dcr-qfio?. Kad^ eKaarov

Se OVK oXr/OL tcov t^-qXcjjToJv rjKoXovd-qaav, Kal
KaTaXaôfievoL tov ivSoTepov tov veoj 7TpLJioXov
vrrep Tag Lepag rrvXag irrl tcov dyicov fieTcoTTCov^
8 TidevTai TO. orrXa. TrXrjpeL? p.V ovv irTLT-qheiajv

6vTs iddppovv, Kal yap dcf)dovLa tcov Upcov iylveTO TTpayfiaTCDV ToZg ye pirjdev doefêg rjyovfievoLg,
oXLyoTTjTL Se^ TT] AcaTO, CTâs" 6ppcohovvTS iy-
9 KadrjpievoL* ra TroXXd" /cara ')(Ojpav efievov. 6 Se
Icodwrjs oaov dvdpcov vvrepelxe TrAryêt, touovtov

eXeieTO tco tottco, Kal Kara Kopvcf)i)v e^cov Tovg
TToXefiLovs ovT dheels: iiroieLTo Tag TrpouôXdg
10 ovT St opyrjv r]p[iL' KaKovfievog he TrXeov

TjTTep OLaTidelg Tovg rrepl tov ^KXedlapov ojjLCjjg
OVK aytetj orvvex^Zs 8 eKSpofial^ Kal êXcov dSeaecs
eyLvovTO, Kat côvois epLiaiveTO TravTaôv to tepov.
11 (3) '0 Se TOV Tio'jpa Zt/xcov, ov iv rat? dfirjXdVLatg eTTLKX-qTov avTco Tvpawov o hrjpiog eA7rt8t
ÔTjOeiag TrpoGeLGTjyaye ,'' ttjv re dvco ttoXlv eô^v
Kai TTjs KdTOJ TToXv fjLepos, eppajjieveoTepov rjbr]
ToZs rrepl tov Îcodwrjv TrpoaeâXXev co? dv Kal
KaOvrrepdev rroXefioviievoig' tjv ' vtto X^^P'^
TrpoGLOjv avTolsy^ ojarrep eKelvoi toIs avcodev.
12 Kal TO) ^lojdwrj hcxodev TToXefiovpLevco crvveâivi
^ Hudson: XAi/ca (Chelicae Lat. ) mss.
' /j.eroTT'^'i' P Exc. ' 5' v PA.
* P: 6-/ va^tcrdycievot or iyKaOiaTaaevoL the rest.
' SirXa L Exc. * + Kar' clWtjXuv C.
202
JEWISH WAR, V. 6-12
not brook submission to a tyrant junior to himself,
and craved absolute mastery and a despotism of his

own seceded from the party, taking with him Judes
son of Chelcias, and Simon son of Esron, persons of
weight, along with a man of some distinction, Ezechias
son of Chobari. Each of these having a considerable
following of Zealots, the seceders took possession of
the inner court of the temple and planted their
weapons above the holy gates on the sacred facade.
Being amply supplied with necessaries thev had no
fears on that ground, for there was an abundance of
consecrated articles for those who deemed nothing
impious ; but they were daunted bv the paucitv of
their numbers and as a rule sat still and held their
ground. On the other hand, John's numerical John holds
superiority was counterbalanced by the inferiority of tempie.^^
of his position : with his enemies over his head, he
could neither attack them with impunity, nor would
rage allow him to remain inactive. Though suffering
more injury than he inflicted on Eleazar and his men,
he nevertheless would not desist ; thus there were
continual sallies and showers of missiles, and the
temple on every side Avas defiled ^îth carnage.
(3) Then there was Simon, son of Gioras, M'hom the Simon hold
people in their straits had summoned in hope of ^^^ ^''^- '
relief, only to impose upon themselves a further
tyrant." He occupied the Upper and a large part of

the Lower City, and now attacked John's party more
\'igorously, seeing that they were also assailed from
above ; but he was attacking them from beneath, as
were they their foes higher up. John, thus between
" iv. 573.
"^ L : n-poarpf'aye most MSS.

Hudson with Exc. : ain-bs :mss.
203
JOSEPHUS
^XaTTreadal re /cat ^XoLTrreLv [evKoXcug],^ /cat

/ca^' oGov rjTTdro tojv a/Lt(^t tov 'EAeaâpov ojv
Ta7TLVOTpO, TOGOVTOV eTrXeOVEKreL TO) viprjXo)
13 TOV HifJLCvvog. Trapo /cat X^^P'' M^^ "^^^ KarojOev

TTpoGôXa? laxvpojs^ elpye, rov? 8' dvcodev oltto
rod Upov Kara KovrLL,ovr as dveureXXe rols opydvoL?'
14 o^vêXels re yap aura) Acat /caraTreArat Traprjaav ovk

oXiyoL Kal XlBoôXol, St' Sv ov fjiovov rjpLVveTO
Toijs TToXefjLOVvras, dXXd /cat ttoXXovs tcov Upovp-
15 yovvTcov dvTjpei. KaiTiep yap rrpos vdaav dcreêtay

eKXeXyGcr-qKoreg, ofio)? ro'us Sveiv edeXovras eucrrjchteGav, fied VTTOipLOJV fxev /cat (jyvXaKrjs tov?
Tnxci>pLovs, SiepevvcojJLevoi Se rovs êvovs'^ ot
KaLTTep TTepl rd? etadSofS" hvaoiiT'qGavTes avrojv
TTjv djfjLOT-qra TrapavdXcxJjxa rrjs ardcreaj? iyivovro.
16 rd yap arro rcjv opydvojv êXrj filxP^ '^^^ ôjpiov

/cat TOV veoj hid ttjv îav v7Tep(j)ep6yieva rot? re
17 LepevGi /cat rot? lepovpyovGiv V7ti7tt, /cat TToAAot

GrrevGavres airo yrjs irepdrcov Tiept* tov hiajvvyiov
/cat TTaGLV dvdpo'jTTOis x^P^^ dyiov rrpo tcjv
9vfJLaTa)v eneGov avTol /cat tov "KXXtjgl rraGi kgl
âp^dpois Ge^dGfiiov âjpôv KaTeGrreiGav tStoi
18 (f)6voj, VKpoLS eTTLXcjopiOis aAAoûAot /cat tepeucrt

ê^-qXoL Gvve(f)vpov-o, /cat TTavTobaTTwv alfjua
TTTWpidTCJV V Tols deloLS TTepiôXoLS Xipivdl,TO .
19 TL T'qXiKOVTOV, d) TXr]jJLOVGTdTT] TToXug , 7T7TOv9ag
V7T0 Poj/xatojv, ot GOV Td e/X(/)uAta fivGrj rrvpi
^ orn. Lat. ^ ev/xapivs LVRC.
^ Tovs eTTix^pl-ovi diepevudjfjLevoL, tovs 5e feVous dSeecTepov LC

Exc. * fTTt L Exc. Lat.
" " Stone-throwers "= hallistae. " Quick-firers "= a species

of catapult for discharging arrows, perhaps scorpiones
(Hudson) ; cf. iii. 80 note.
204
JEWISH WAR, V. 12-19
two fires 5 found losses befall him as easily as he inflicted

them ; and the disadvantage from which he suffered
in being lower than Eleazar was proportionate to his
advantage over Simon in virtue of his higher position.
Consequently, while he stoutly repelled attacks from

below with hand missiles, he reserved his engines to
check the hail of javelins from the temple above ;
for he was amply supplied with " quick-firers," catapults and " stone-throwers," with which he not only
beat off his assailants but also killed many of the
worshippers. For although these frenzied men had Worshipstopped short of no impiety, they nevertheless ad- femVie
mitted those who wished to offer sacrifices, native îîed while
Jews suspiciously and with precaution, strangers after "^
a thorough search ^ ; yet these, though successful at
the entrances in deprecating their cruelty,'' often
became casual victims of the sedition. For the
missiles from the engines flew over with such force
that they reached the altar and the sanctuary, lighting
upon priests and sacrificers ; and many who had sped
from the ends of the earth to gather round this farfamed spot, reverenced by all mankind, fell there
themselves before ** their sacrifices, and sprinkled
with libations of their own blood that altar universally
venerated by Greeks and barbarians. The dead
bodies of natives and ahens, of priests and laity, were
mingled in a mass, and the blood of all manner of
corpses formed pools in the courts of God. What
misery to equal that, most wretched city, hast thou
suffered at the hands of the Romans, who entered to
" Or (with the other reading) " native Jews after a suspicious and cautious search, strangers with less apprehension."
" Or perhaps *' successful in gaining entry by making

them blush for their cruelty." '' Or " before offering."
205
JOSEPHUS
Ka6apovvT?^ elurjXBov; Beov \iev yap ovre tjs

Ti xojpos ovre filveiv iSvvaao, rdSos OLKeicov
yevofievT] Gajj-Larcov /cat TToXefjLOV tov vaov ifi^vXiov
TTOirjoaaa^ TToXvdvhpiov hvvaio 8' av yevlod ai
TToXiv dfielvajVy elye TTore tov TTopdijcravTa deov
20 eîXdorrj. dXXd KadeKreov yap Kal rd TrdQ-q rco

vojicp rrjs ypa^T]^,^ (l>s ovk oXo(f}vpiJLajv olKe'njov 6
Katpog, dXX' d(f)7]yTJaa)s Trpayîdrcov. SUljjll he
ra e^rj? epya rrjs ordoecos.
21 (4) TpiXT] Tcbv eTTLôvXajv rrj? TToXecos Sirjprj-
pLei'cov OL fxev Trept tov 'EAeaâpov ra? lepds

anapxas hia(f)vXdGGovTes Kara tov ^Yojdvvov ttjv
[jLeOrjv e(f)epov, ol Se ovv tovtco hiapTrdtôvres tovs
h-qixoras rjyeipovro Kara tov HL]JLa>vos' rjv 8e
KaKeivcp Tpo(j)-q Kara Tchv avTiGTaaiaaTcov tj
22 TToXis. OTTore fiev ovv dii(j)OTep(x>Bev einxeipolTOy

TOVS GvvovTas 6 IcodvvTjs dvreoTpeê, /cat tovs
fxev e/c TTJs TToXecos dvcovras aTTO twv gtocov
^dXXojv, TOVS S' aTTO TOV lepov /cara/covrtôvra?
23 TjfivveTO Tols opydvoLS' el 8' eXevdepcodeit) noTe

Tcbv Kadvepdev eTTiKeijievajv , htaveTiave 8' avTOVS
TToXXdKLS fxedrj [re] /cat KdfiaTos, dheeoTepov tols
24 TTepL TOV Hifxajva fierd TrXeiovcov eTreêdeev. aet
8' (/)' OGOV TpeijjaiTO TTJS TToXeojs VTreTTLpLTTpa Tas
^ TTvpl Kadapovvres Lat. {Trvpl Kadaipovres L Exc), rf. iv.

323: TrepLKadaipovvTes (Trept Ka6.) the rest.
^ Hudson (constitueras Lat.): TXrjaaaa mss.

* (Tvyypa(prjs 'SIX RC.
" Cf. Baruch iv. 18-21: "For he that brought these
plagues upon you will deliver you from the hand of your
enemies. . . . Cry unto God and he shall deliver you."
Josephus would have countenanced the plea for penitence
206
purge with fire thy internal pollutions ? For thou

wert no longer God's place, nor couldest thou survive,
after becoming a sepulchre for the bodies of thine
own children and converting the sanctuary into a
charnel-house of civil Mar. Yet might there be hopes
for an amehoration of thy lot, if ever thou wouldst
propitiate that God who devastated thee ! However, the laws of history compel one to restrain even
one's emotions, since this is not the place for personal
lamentations but for a narrative of events.^ I therefore proceed to relate the after history of the
sedition.
(4; The conspirators against the city being now The civil
divided into three camps, Eleazar's party, having the thTwajFfor"
keeping of the sacred first-fruits, directed their famine.
drunken fury against John ; the latter with his

associates plundered the townsfolk and WTcaked their
rage upon Simon ; while Simon also to meet the rival
factions looked to the city for supplies. Whenever
John found himself attacked on both sides, he would
face his men about in opposite directions, on the one
hand hurhng missiles from the porticoes upon those
coming up from the town, on the other repelling with
his engines those who were pouring their javelins
upon him from the temple ; but if ever he Mere
reheved from pressure from above and intoxication
and fatigue often produced a cessation of this fire
he would sally out with more confidence and in
greater strength against Simon. And, to M'hatever
part of the city he turned his steps, his invariable
in the former portion of that book, but not the vindictive

spirit which appears in the latter part (written after a.d. 70),
and which ultimately led to the fierce outbreaks under
Trajan and Hadrian.
"' Cf. the proem to B.J. i. 1 1 f.
207
JOSEPHUS
otActa? GLTov fiearas Kal TravroSaTTCov iTTLTrjbeLCxjv

TO 8 avTO rraXw VTTo-x^copovvros Ittlojv 6 2t/xcuv
7TpaTTv, ojGTrep i77LTrjd? 'PcxJfiaLOL? hia(^6eLpovres
a TrapeGKevdaaro rrpos TToXiopKiav t] ttoXls, Kai
ra vevpa rrjs avrojv VTroKorrrovres hwafxecog.
25 Gvve^-q yovv ra [>tev] rrepl ro lepov Trdvra ctu/x<j>\eyrivai Kal /iTat;^/xtov ip-qfjila? yeveGdau rrapardêcos otVeta? riqv noXiv, KaraKarjvat Se ttXtji'
oXiyov Trdvra rov Glrov, 0 av avroZs ovk ctt*
26 oXiya BtijpKeGev errj rroXLopKovpiivoLs Ai/xo) yovv

idXojGav, orrep^ rjKLGra hvvarov rjv, et jxr) rovrov
avrolg rrporrapeGKevaGav.
27 (5) Ilavra)(69ev Se r-fj? TroAeoj? TToXepLOVixivrfS

xmo rcov eTnjôvXojv Kal GvyKXvhojv fiGo? 6
28 8i]po5 ajGrrep p.eya Gcofia hieGTrapdGGero . y-qpatol

8e Kal yvvalKeg vtt* dpLrjxavia? rujv etao) KaKow]'^
Tjvxôvro Pco/iatof?^ /cat rov e^coBev noXepLov eir
29 eXevOepca row lgoj KaKwv CKapaSoKovv. Kard-
ttXtj^l? 8e bewTj Kal Sea? tjv rolg yvrjGLOi?, Kal

ovre ôvXrjg Kaipos et? p.eraôXrjv ovre GvpL^doeajg
30 iXTTLS ovre (f)vyrjg* rots edeXovotv icjipovpelro yap

Trdvra, /cat ra Aot77a oraoidtovres ol dp)(LXr](jraL
rov? eLpTjVLKa ^Pajp-alocs (f)povovvras rj Trpog
avropLoXtav VTTorrrovs ojs kolvovs TToXep-iovs dvrjpovv Kal pLOVov ojpLOVoovv ro (j)Oveveiv rov? crcori^-
31 pta? d^LOvg. Kal ro)v pikv pLaxopievwv d^taAetTrros"

"^v Kpavyrj pLed^ rjpLepav re /cat vvKrcop, Setvorepoi
32 he OL rcov Trevdovvrcov oSvppiOL Seet.^ /cat Bprjvojv
^ wairep PAL: qua Lat. : whence t^rrep Destinon.
* Perhaps accidentally repeated from below.
' Destinon : 'Pw^wttou ms3.
208
practice was to set light to the buildings stocked with

corn and all kinds of provisions, and upon his retreat
Simon advanced and did the same ; as though they
were purposely serving the Romans by destroying
what the city had provided against a siege and severing the sinews of their own strength. At all events
the result was that all the environs of the temple
were reduced to ashes, the city was converted into a
desolate no man's land for their domestic warfare,
and almost all the corn, which might have sufficed
them for many years of siege, was burnt up. Through
famine certainly the city fell, a fate which would
have been practically impossible, had they not prepared the way for it themselves.
(5) The city being now on all sides beset by these Miseries
battling conspirators and their rabble, between them populace.
the people, like some huge carcase, was torn in
pieces. Old men and women in their helplessness
prayed for the coming of the Romans and eagerly
looked for the external war to hberate them from
their internal miseries. Loyal citizens, for their
part, were in dire despondency and alarm, having no
opportunity for planning any change of policy, no
hope of coming to terms or of flight, if they had the
will ; for watch was kept everywhere, and the brigand
chiefs, divided on all else, put to death as their

common enemies any in favour of peace with the
Romans or suspected of an intention to desert, and
were unanimous only in slaughtering those deserving
of deliverance. The shouts of the combatants rang
incessantly by day and night, but yet more harrowing were the mourners' terrified lamentations. Their
LC Exc. Lat, : (pvyrj the rest.

' PAM Lat. : del the rest.
209
JOSEPHUS
fikv atrta? 7TaXXrjXov? at crufi(f)opal 7TpoG(f>pov ^

rag 8' oljJLOjyag iveKXeiev rj KardTrXrj^Lg avrcJov,
(f)LiJLOViiVOL he rd ye Trdd-q ro) (fio^co fiefivKocn
33 roLS crrevayfioXs iâGavLiC,ovro. /cat ovt irpog
rov ^covrag -qv alhojs Irt rot? Trpoor^KOVGLV ovre

TTpovoia TOJv aTToXcoXorajv raSij?. airiov 8 a/xôrepcov Tj Kad^ eavrov aTToyvojGLs eKdorov Trapelaav
yap ets" rrdvTa rds TrpodvfiLag ol fJLTj GTaGidt,ovres
34 CO? aTToXovpievoi TrdvTUJs ogov ovSeTTOj. Trarovvres

hrj rovs veKpovs eV dXXriXois GeGojpevfievovg ol
GTaGiaGTal GwerrXeKOVTO koI ttjv aTTOVoiav ' aTToY
TOJV ev 7T0GL TTTOjpidrojv GTTcovreg TjGav aypiajrepoi.
35 TTpoGeêvpiGKOvres 8' det rt KaB avrojv oXedpiOV

Kai ndv TO hoy^dkv dcêihajs Bpa)VT ovhepLiav out
36 aiKLag ohov ovte wiioTrjTOS TrapiXenrov . d/xe'Aet
lojdvVTjS TTjV lepdv vXtjV et? TToXejJLLGTTJpLOJV KaTa-
GKevTjP opydvcov aTTexptlGaTO' Soâv ydp ttote tw

Aaa> Kal toI? dpxêpevGiv VTTOGT-qpiâvTas tov
vaov eiKOGL 77rj)(îg TrpoGvijjojGai, /cardyet /xev drro
TOV Ai^dvov [xeyiGTOLg dvaXojp.aGL Kal ttovols
T7]v XPV^'-P'O'^ vXrjv 6 âGiXevs WypLTr-rra?, ^vXa
dias dfia Tiqv t evOvTTjTa Kal to fieyedog-
37 pLeGoXa^rjGavTos he tov TToXepLOV to epyov ^lajdwr^g

reixojv avTo. TTvpyovs KaTeGKevaGev, eâpKovv
ro firJKog evpojv Trpog tovs arro tov KaOvrrepdev
38 lepov pia-x_op.evovs, Igty^gl re TrpoGayayojv KaTOTTiv

TOV rrepiôXov ttj? Trpog Svglv eêdpag dvTLKpvs,
^ ova. PA : so Destinon, reading awbirvoLav for dirovoiay,

' sniffing the exhalations from," etc.
210
calamities provided, indeed, perpetual cause for grief,

but consternation locked their wailings within their
breasts, and while fear suppressed all outward emotion they were tortured with stifled groans. No
regard for the hving was any longer paid by their
relations, no thought was taken for the burial of the
dead negligences both due to personal despair ;
for those who took no part in sedition lost interest in
everything, momentarily expecting certain destruction. The rival parties, meanwhile, were at grips,
tramphng over the dead bodies that were piled upon
each other, the frenzy inhaled from the corpses at
their feet increasing their savagery ; and ever inventing some new instrument of mutual destruction
and unsparingly putting every plan into practice,
they left untried no method of outrage or brutality.
Indeed John actually misappropriated the sacred John cfn
timber for the construction of engines of war. For ^^[^t^rv
the people and the chief priests ha\'ing decided in towers from
the past to underpin the sanctuary and to raise it timber.
twenty cubits higher, King Agrippa^ had, at immense
labour and expense, brought down from Mount
Libanus the materials for that purpose, beams that
for straightness and size were a sight to see. But
the war having interrupted the work, John, finding
them long enough to reach his assailants on the
temple above, had them cut and made into towers,
which he then brought up and placed in the rear of
the inner court, opposite the western hall,^ where
* Agrippa II.
* Or " recess," opening from the portico surrounding the

va6s, in the middle of the west wall of the inner court ; the
translation " gate-room " (Hastings, D.B. s.v. " Temple ")
is unsuitable, because there was no gate at this point (v. 200).
211
JOSEPHUS
fJTrep Kal jJLovr) Svvarov rjv, tojv dX\a)V fJLcpcbv

âdjJLOLs TToppcoOev hieiXrjpievajv.
39 (6) Kat o juev roZs KaraGKevaodeiaiv i^ due^Las opydvoig Kpar'qaeLv TJXTrLcre rcbv ixOpcJ^v, 6 8c
Oeos dxprjcrrov avrco rov ttovov direSeLê rrpiv
iTTLUTrJGaL TLva TOJV TTvpyojv 'Pcu/xatous- errayaycov .
40 6 yap hrj Ttros" ineLhrj rd fiev ovvrjyaye rrjs

hvvdpLecos TTpos avroVy rols S CTrt 'lepocroAu/xcDV
crvvavrdv eTnureiXas^ e^rjXavve rrj? Katcrapetas'.
41 rjy Sc rpta fjiev ra Trporepov avrov rep Trarpi

(jvvSrjcocravTa ttjv 'lovSalav rdypâra Kal ro TrdXai
ovv Ys.eGTL(jp TTTaiGav hojheKarov , oirep Kal dXXcos
eTTLG-qpôv St' dvSpelav vndpxov rore Kard p,vr]pLrjv
42 Sv 7Ta6ev et? dp^vvav -fjet Trpodvporepov. rovrajv

fjLev ovv TO TTepiTTTOV St A/xâaou? eKeXevGev avrcp
Gvvavrdv Kal Sta *Iept;)(Oi}yros" to SeVarov dvaâlveiv, avTos S' dveêvê p,Td twv Xolttcov,
TTpos ot? at re tojv âoiXeajv Gvp.p.axiai ttoXv^

nXelovs Kal gvxôI tojv drro ttjs Supia? 7tl-
43 KOvpoL GvvrjXdov. dveTrXrjpcodr] Se Kal tojv tGGapojv TayiidTOJV ogov OveGiraGiavos eVtAeâ?
MouKtavo) Gvv7Tpnpv ctV 'IraAtav K tojv eVeA-
44 dovTOjv /Ltera Tltov. Sta;\;tAtot pikv ydp avTO) twv

drr^ 'AAeâvSpeta? GTpaTevpidTOJV eVtAc/CTOt, TpiG-
X^XlOL he GVVLTTOVTO TOJV aTT* ^V(j)pdTOV (f)vXdKOJV.
45 (îXojv Se SoAct/xcoraros' evvoidv re /<:at gvvglv

Tt^Septos" 'AAeâvSpo?, TTpoTepov p,ev avTols ttjv
46 AtyyTTTOv hii-ojv, tote Se rcoy crrpareu/xaTcoy
^ L: 7re(7TeL\v {iwâ-TeWev) the rest.

* P : TrdXix' A : TrdXai L (? ^ TrdXat Lat.) : Tracrai the rest.
212
alone this was practicable, the other sides being cut

off from approach by flights of steps.
(6) With the aid of the engines thus impiously con- Titus, with
structed John hoped to master his foes, but God advancês ^'
rendered his labour vain by brinffinff the Romans upon "p" ,
- .J, 1 1 1 , . 1 Jerusalem.
the scene beiore ne nad set a single man upon

his towers. For Titus, haying assembled part of his
forces at headquarters and sent orders to the rest to
join him at Jerusalem, was now on the march from
Caesarea. He had the three legions which under
his father had previously ravaged Judaea, and the
twelfth which under Cestius had once been defeated; *
this legion, bearing a general reputation for valour, "^
now, with the recollection of what it had suffered,
advanced with the greater alacrity for revenge. Of
these he directed the fifth to join him by the Emmaus
route and the tenth to ascend by way of Jericho ;
while he himself set out with the others, being further
attended by the contingents from the allied kings,
in greatly increased strength, and by a considerable body of Syrian auxiliaries. The gaps in the four
legions caused by the drafts which \"espasian had
sent with Mucianus to Italy*' were filled by the new

troops brought up by Titus. For two thousand picked
men from the armies at Alexandria and three
thousand guards from the Euphrates accompanied
him. With these was the most tried of all his
friends for loyalty and sagacity, Tiberius Alexander,**
hitherto in charge of Egypt in the interests of Titus
and his father, and now deemed worthy to take
V, X, and XV, B. iii. 65.

" ii. 500-555. iv. 632.
* For the diversified career of this distinguished Alexandrian Jew see ii. 220 note.
213
JOSEPHUS
dpx^t'V^ Kpid^LS d^Lo? i^ (jjv eSe^Loxjaro Trpcorog

iyeLpoiievqv dpri rr^v -qyepLOVcav Kai fxerd TTLcrreajg
XapLTrpd? i^ dh-qXov^ rfj rv^l] TrpoaiderOy Gvp.ôv\6s ye p-rjv rat? rod TToXejJLOv xpelais, rjXiKLq. re
TTpovxojv Kat Kar ipLTreipiav, L7TT0.
47 (ii. l) UpoLOVTL Se els rrjv TToXefilav Tltoj

TTporjyov fiev ol âuiXiKol kol ttolv to avpLjiaxiKov,
e<f) olg 0007T0L0L Kau fierpriTal GrparoTreSajv,
eireira rd tow -qyepLovajv GKevo(f)6pa Kal pêrd rovs
TOVTOJV oTrXtras avros ro-us re dXXovs emXeKTOvg
Kal TOV Xoyxo(p6pov e)(0jv, KaroTTiv S avro)
^8 rod rdyp,aros to lttttlkov ovtol he Trpo rtov

pnq'âvripdTOJV , Karr eKeivoi? per emXeKrcov X'-^^'
oLpXot- Kol GTretpajv eirapxoi, pLerd he rovrovg
TTepL rov aterov at crqpaxai, Kat epTrpoadev ol
uaXmyKrai rojv GTjpiaicbv , e-TTL he roijroLg tj (j)dXay^
40 ro arl<hos elg e^ rrXarvvaua. ro S' olKeriKOV

eKaurov rayparos ottlgoj Kat rrpo rovrojv rd
GKevo4>6pa, reXevraloL he Trdvrcov ol pllgOlol kol
50 rovrojv (h'uXaKes ovpayoi. TTpodycuv he rrjv hvvapLLV

ev KOGpoj, Kadd 'PajpLaloLs GvvTjdes, ep^dXXei hid
rrjg âpapeinhos els Fo^va KareLXrjpLpievrjv re
TTporepov VTTo rov rrarpos Kal rore ^povpovp,evr]V'
51 evQa pLLav eGTrepav^ avXiGapevos vtto rrjv ea>

TTpoeLGLy Kat, hiavuGas rjpepas GraOpLov GrparoTTeheveraL Kard rov vtto 'louSatcuv Trarpiojs
A.Kav6cx)v avXojva KaXovp.evoi' Trpos nvL Kojpir}
^ Hudson with Lat. : a.px<^v mss. (om. M).
' It' dSTjXoj Xiese : eV ahrfKii) irf. vii. 104-) is possible.
^ LC Lat. : iriyApav the rest.
214
command of these armies, because he had been the

first to welcome the dynasty just arising and with
splendid faith had attached himself to its fortunes
while they were still uncertain. Pre-eminent moreover, through years and experience, as a counsellor
in the exigencies of war, he now accompanied Titus.
(ii. 1) As Titus advanced into enemy territory, order cf

his vanguard consisted of the contingents of the Q^\b^
kings with the whole body of auxiharies. Next to march to
these were the pioneers and camp-measurers, then ^ ^^
the officers' baggage-train ; behind the troops protecting these came the commander-in-chief, escorted
by the lancers and other picked troops, and followed
by the legionary cavalry. These were succeeded by
the engines, and these by the tribunes and prefects
of cohorts M'ith a picked escort ; after them and
surrounding the eagle ^ came the ensigns preceded
by their trumpeters, and behind them the solid
column, six abreast. The servants attached to each
legion followed in a body, preceded by the baggagetrain. Last of all came the mercenaries with a rearguard to keep watch on them. Leading his army
forward in this orderly array, according to Roman
usage, Titus advanced through Samaria to Gophna,*
pre\-iously captured by his father and now garrisoned.
After resting here one night he set forward at dawn,
and at the end of a full day's march encamped in the
valley which is called by the Jews in their native
tongue " Valley of thorns," close to a village named
* The following description should be compared with that

of Vespasian's army on the march into Galilee, iii. 115-156.
Cf. iii. 123.
Jufna^ some 13 miles N. of Jerusalem ; for Vespasian's
capture of the " toparchy " of Gophna see iv. 551.,
215
JOSEPHUS
Taâd SaouA Xeyofievr^, G-qjiaivei hk rovro Xoôv

SaouAou, 8te;)âjv o-tto tcov ' lepoaoXv fxajv ogov dno
52 rpLOLKovTa crraStcuv. dvaXaôjv 8* ivrevdev ogov

els iâKooiovs tcov eTnXeKTOJV LTTTrecxjv rjei rrjv re
TToXlV 7TpLGKlp6lJLVOS, OTTCJ? 6xvp6Tr]TO ^X^^^
Kal TO. <f)poinjpLara rojv 'louSatcov, el Trpos rrjv

oipLP avrov rrplv els x^^P^^ eXBeZv VTroheiGavres
53 evholev TrenvGro^ 7^9* orrep rjv dX-qdes, roXs

GTaGLojheGL Kal XrjGrpLKols rov hrjixov vrroTTeTTrrjXora TToSelv [lev elprjirqv, aGdeveGrepov he ovra
rrjg enavaGTaGecDs rjpefieLV.
54 (2) "EcDS" jJ-ev ovv opdiov LTTTrdtêTO rrfv Xeaj(f)6pov

KarareivovGav Trpos to relxos ovSeus Trpov(â'.veTO
55 Toyv rrvXa)V, enel S' c/c rijs oBov Trpos tov Wrj(f)Lvov
TTvpyov dTroKXivas TrXdyiov rjye ro rcov LTTTreajv
gtI<J)os, TrpoTT-qSrjGavres eâL(f>vr]s arretpot Kara
rovs TvvaLKelovs KaXovfievovs Trvpyovs Sta tt^s"
dvTiKpv TCOV 'EAcVt]? fJLvrjfjLeLOJv TrvXr^s hieKTraiovGi
56 TT^s" tTTTTOi;, Koi Tovs [lev en Kara rrjv oSov deovras

dvTLpierojTroL Grdvres eKcoXvGav ovvdipai roZs
eKKXivaGL, TOV Se Tltov dTrorepLvovrai ovv oXiyois.
57 TO) he TrpoGoj fiev rjV X'^P^^^ dh-uvarov eKrerd(^pevTO yap diro rod relxovs nepl rds KrjTreias
aTTavra, tolxols^ re eTTLKapGLOis Kal ttoXXols epKeGt
58 hLeLX-qpLjieva' rrjv he Trpos rovs Gcjêrepovs dvahpojJLTjV

TrXijdeL tCjv ev fieGO) TToXep^lcov a/x7];)âvov eojpa
* Hudson with Lat. and one ms. : -n-eireia-To the rest.

* PA : KTiTTois the rest.
" Gibeah of (/.^. birthplace of) Saul, 1 Sam. xi. 4, identified

with Tell el-Fxd, about 4 miles X. of Jerusalem. The
" valley of thorns " ma}' be a branch of the Wady Snxceinit
(=" valley of the little acacias"); the maio valley so
216
Gabath Saul,'* which means " Saul's hill," at a

distance of about thirty furlongs from Jerusalem.
From here, -with some six hundred picked horsemen, Titus daring
he rode forward to reconnoitre the city's strength sance of"
and to test the mettle of the Jews, whether, on seeing Jerusalem
him, they would be terrified into surrender before
any actual conflict ; for he had learnt, as indeed was '\
the fact, that the people were longing for peace, but /
were overawed by the insurgents and brigands and '
remained quiet merely from inabihty to resist.
(2) So long as he rode straight along the high road '^ '^"v;T.f
leading direct to the wall,^ no one appeared outside iiapeiiiied.
the gates ; but M'hen he diverged from the route and
led his troop of horse in an oblique hne towards the
tower Psephinus,'' the Jews suddenly dashed out in
immense numbers at a spot called " the Wômen's
towers," through the gate facing Helena's ^ monuments, broke through the cavalry, and placing themselves in front of those who were still galloping along
the road, prevented them from joining their conn-ades

who had left it, thus cutting off Titus with a handful
of men. For him to proceed was impossible, because
the ground outside the ramparts was all cut up by
trenches for gardening purposes and intersected by
cross walls and numerous fences ; while to rejoin
his o\\Ti men was, he saw, impracticable owing to the
intervening masses of the enemy and the retirement
named, however, runs to the E. and N. of Gibeah of Saul

(through another Gibeah or Geba, which cannot here be
intended).
*" Probably towards the present Damascus gate.
* At the X.W. angle of the third wall, v. 159.
^ Queen of Adiabene and a convert to Judaism, A. xx.

17 ff. Her tomb is mentioned as a landmark in B. v. 119,
147, and her palace in v. 253.
217
JOSEPHUS
Kal rpaTTevrag rovs ava ttjv Accoôpov, ajv ol

TToXXol fi-qde yivojGKovTes tov rod âGiXeojs
KLvhvvoVy dAA' olojJLevoL (TvvavaarpacjirjvaL KOLKelvov
59 dve(f)vyov . 6 Se KanSajv d>g ev fiovr] rfj Kad^

avrov olXk-tj KeiraL to GOjteGOai rov re Ittttov
eVtcrTpe</)et kol rols nepl avrov e/xÔT]cra? eTTecrOat
jjLeGOLS efJLTT-qha rols TToXepaoig , SteACTratcrat rrpos
60 Tovs Gcberepovs îaôfievos. evda St) fiaXuGTa

TTapeGrif voeZv, on Kat TToXepLOjv porral Kal
61 âGiXeojv KLvhvvoi pLeXovrai Oeo)' togovtcov yap

irrl Tov Tltov ac^LepLevcov êXcov p-T^re Kpdvos
cxovra p,rjTe OwpaKa, TrporjXde yap cus" ec^rjv ov
TToXepLLGTTjg aAAa KaraGKorro?, ovdev 7]ipaTO tov
GojjiaTOSy KEvd 8' wGrrep eTTLT-qSes aGToxovvrcov
62 7Tapppoil,eLTO rravra. 6^ Se ft^ft tovs Kara

TrXevpov del hiaGTeXXwv Kal ttoXXov? tcov avriTTpoGcoTTOJV dvarpeTTCDV TjXavvev vrrep Tovg cpeLno-
63 pLevovs TOV Ittttov. tojv Se Kpavyq re tjv rrpos

TO TTapdGTr]p.a tov Katcrapos" Kac TTapaKeXevGis
oppidv eV avTov, (l)vyrj Se /cat ^^copta/xo?^ dOpovs
64 Kad^ ovg eTTeXavvojv yevoLTO. gvvtjtttov S' ol tov

KLvhvvov puTe)(ovTs Kard viOTa Kal Kara TrXevpdv
waa6pLvof fjila yap iXTrls -qv aojTiqpLag eKaGTco
TO GVVâVVTLV* TO) T LTCp \ Kai'] pLT] (f)ddGaVTa
65 KVKXojdrjvaL. Suo yovv tojv aTTOjrepoj^ tov piev
GVV TO) LTTTTCp TTpLGXO^T KaTTjKOVTLGaV , 6dTpOV
8e KaraTTTj^-qGavTa hia<^6ipavTs tov Ittttov dTTriyayov, p-erd Se rcov Xolttcjv Ttro? errt to OTpaTO-
66 77eSoy Siacrojêrat. toZs p,ev ovv 'lofSatot? rrXeoveKTrjGaai. Kara ttjv TrpaJT-qv eTndeaLV eTnqyetpe
218
of his comrades on the highway, most of whom,

unaware of the prince's peril and beHeving that he
too had turned simultaneously, were in full retreat.
Perceiying that his safety depended solely on his

personal prowess, he turned his horse's head and
shouting to his companions to follow dashed into
the enemy's midst, struggling to cut his way through
to his own party. Then, more than eyer, might the
reflection arise that the hazards of war and the perils
of princes are under God's care ; for, of all that hail
of arrows discharged at Titus, who wore neither
helmet nor cuirass for he had gone forward, as I
said, not to fight, but to reconnoitre not one
touched his person, but, as if his assailants purposely
missed their mark, all whizzed harmless by. He,
meanwhile, with his sword constantly dispersing
those on his flank and prostrating multitudes who
withstood him to the face, rode his horse oyer his
fallen foes. At Caesar's intrepidity the Jews shouted
and cheered each other on against him, but wherever
he turned his horse there was flight and a general
stampede. His comrades in danger closed up to
him, riddled in rear and flank ; for each man's
one hope of escape lay in pushing through with
Titus before he was cut off. Two, in fact, further
behind, thus fell : one with his horse was surrounded
and speared, the other who dismounted was killed
and his steed led off to the city ; Avith the remainder
Titus safely reached the camp. The Jews thus
successful in their first onset were elated with in-
^ After Lat. (jootuit) : irapian L : irdpecrrl fxoL PA : TrapiaTT]

fjLOL the rest.
* P : T(p the rest. ' PAM : Oiaxi^pi-crfjibs the rest.
* L : avveâpoiyeiv the rest. * drof ctTepwv L Lat.
VOL. Ill H 219
JOSEPHUS
TCL? SiavoLag aaKenros iXTrls, Kal ttoXv ddpaos

avTols ets" TO /xeAAov [t^] TrpoGKaipos porrrj Trpov-
67 (3) Katcrap 8 d>? avrco GvvejjLiê 8ta vukto^

TO aTTO T7]S" A/x/xaoi}? rdyfxa, jJLed^ rjixepav eKeWev
apas IttI tov ^kottov KaXovjievov TTpoetGiv,^
v6ev '^ T TToXis rjSr] Kar(l)aiVTO Kal to tou
vaov fieyedo? eKXa/jLTTOv, Kadd rep ôpelco /cAi/xaTt
TT^g TToXecog -xdapiaXos avvdrrTajv 6 \ojpos irvpLcog
68 S/coTTOs" djvopLaaraL. rrjs Se TToAecDS" orahiovs
CTTTO, Sie;)(cuv eKeXevae TrepLâXeaOai arpaTOTreSov

Tols hvo rdypaoLv opiov, to 8e jrepLTrrov rovrcov
OTTLGO) rpLGL GTahloLg' KOTTOJ ydp rrj 8ta vvktos
TTopeias rerpip^pievovs^ ihoKei GK7Tr]s d^Lovs etvat,
69 COS" dv dhGTpOV TL)(LGaiVTO. KaTapXOpiVCjDV 8*
dpn rrjs SopLiJGeojs Kal to hcKarov rdypLa 8td

'Iept;(o{'VTOS" t^'St] TraprjVy evda KaOrJGTO ns OTrXinKr]
piolpa ^povpovGa rrjv ipLôXrjv vtto O-ueGiraGLavov
70 TTpoKareiX-qppievqv . TrpoGerlraKTO 8' avroZs e^

dTTexovra? rcov 'lepoGoXvfjLOJV GraStovs GrparoTTehevGaGOai Kard to 'EAatcuv KaXovpLVOV opos,
o rfj TToAet Tjpog dvaroX-qp avTLKeirai p^Grj (f)apayyi
âdcla Steipyopevov, t] Ke8pcov (hvopaGrat.
71 (4) Ta>v 8' ava to aGrv Gvpp-qyvvpLevojv dStaXeLTrrco? rore Trpcorov dviiravGev ttjv err dXXrjXoi^
epiv 6 eôjdev TToXepos iâL(f)vrjs TToXvg iireXdajv
^ TrpoeicTLP Bekker : 7rp6aet<ni> mss. ^ reTpvfi^povs Niese.
" The phrase ddpaos irpovêvei comes from Soph. Track. 726.
^ Legion V, 43.
'^ ^.^. " Look-out man " (" look-out place "= Scopia) ; the
Semitic name was Saphein (c/. Mizpah, "look-out place ")
according to A. xi. 329. Here Cestius, with the 12th legion,
220
considerate hopes, and this transient turn of fortune

afforded them high confidence" as to the future.
(3) Caesar, being joined during the night by the He encamps

legion ^ from Emmaus, next day broke up his camp scopus witt
and advanced to Scopus, as the place is called from fi^ree
which was obtained the first view of the city and the
grand pile of the temple gleaming afar ; whence the

spot, a low prominence adjoining the northern
quarter of the city, is appropriately named Scopus/
Here, at a distance of seven furlongs from the city,
Titus ordered one combined camp to be formed for
two of the legions ,<^ and the fifth to be stationed
three furlongs in their rear ; considering that men
worn out with the fatigue of a night's march deserved

to be screened from molestation while throwing up
their entrenchments. Scarcely had they begun Legion x
operations when the tenth legion also arrived, having Mt.^^^^
come by way of Jericho,* where a party of soldiers Olives.
had been posted to guard the pass formerly taken by
Vespasian.'^ These troops had orders to encamp at a
distance of six furlongs from Jerusalem at the mount
called the Mount of Olives, M'hich lies over against
the city on the east, being separated from it by a deep
intervening ra\ane called Kedron.
(4) And now for the first time the mutual dissension The faction
of the factions within the town, hitherto incessantly ^'^ '
at strife, was checked by the war from without
suddenly bursting in full force upon them. The
had encamped four years before, B. ii. 528, 54^2 ; here, too
Alexander the Great on his approach to the city was met by *^
the high priest and people of Jerusalem, A. loc. cit.
^ XII and XV, 41 f.
Cf, 42.
^ Vespasian had established a camp with a permanent
garrison at Jericho, iv. 486 {cf. 450).
221
JOSEPHUS
72 Kal ficr* eKTrX-qêaJS ol aracnaGral tovs *Pco/xaious"

dcpopwvTeg GrparoneZevoiievovs TpLxrj KaKrj? ofiovolas Karrjpxovro Kal Xoyov dAA?Âots" ehiboaav,
73 TL jJLevoLev tj ri Tradovre? dvexotvro rpia rat?

dvarrvoaZ'S avrajv eVtc^pacrcro/Lteva tclxtj, Kai rov
TToXefJLLOV^ fier^ aSeta? avriTroXlôvro? eavrov, ol
8' wcjTTep dearal KaXcov /cat (JVii(f)opcov epyojv
Kadetoivro TeiX'rjp^.is , toj X^^P^ '^^^ "^^^ TTavoTrXia?
74 TTapevres ; " KaO avTcov dpa yevvaloL fioifov

rjfiLS, egepo-qaav, rcojJLaioi o K Trjg rjfierepag
"^5 CTTaCTecos" KephrjoovGLv dvaipaoTL rr]V ttoXiv ; rovTois dOpoltovTe? dXXrjXovg TrapeKporovv, Kai rag
TTavoTrXias dpTrdaavreg at^ytSio)? eTTeKOeovai rev
SeKarcp rdyfian Kal 8ta rrj? (f)dpayyo aâvreg
[lerd Kpavyijg iâicnov Tet;(tô/i,eyots' ttpogttltttovgl
76 rots' TToXefjLLOL?. ol he rrpog to epyov hirjp-qixivoi

Kal Sta TOVTO rd 77oAAa reOeiKore? rcov oTrXajv,
ovT yap dapprjOELV' rovs ^lovSalovg Trpos KSpofJLT^v VTTeXdjiâvov Kai TTpodvpLovp-evcjov TiepiGTTaodrjoeadaL rds opjjidg rfj ardcreL, avverapdÔ'T}-
77 oav dhoKTiTOJS, Kal rcov epycov dcfyepLevoL nveg

p.v avexcopovv evueojg, ttoAAol o 7Tl ra oirAa
deovres Trplv eTnor pac^rjvai Trpos rovs ixOpovs
78 (f)ddvovTo^ Traiofievoi. Trpoueyivovro Se rot? louhaioLs del TrXeuovs, errl rw KpareZv rovs Trpojrovs
redapprjKores, Kal rcov ovrcov TToXXarrXaGLOvs
iSoKovv GcjiLGL re Kal rols TzoAe/xtot? Se^ta XP^'
79 fievoL rfj rvxf)- fidXiGra Se rovs ev edet Gvvraêojs

ovras Kal p-erd KOGpLov Kal TrapayyeXfidrcov
^ M : TToXefxov the rest.
' L Lat. : dapaelv the rest.
' LC Lat. : i(povevovTo the rest.
222
rival parties, beholding with dismay the Romans

forming three several encampments, started a sorry
alhance and began to ask each other what they were
waiting for, or what possessed them to let themselves
be choked by the erection of three fortifications ; the
enemy unmolested was building himself a rival city,
while they sat behind their ramparts, hke spectators
of excellent and expedient operations, with hands
and weapons idle ! "Is then," they exclaimed,
** our valour to be displayed only against ourselves,
while the Romans, through our party strife, make a
bloodless conquest of the city ? " Stimulating each âiiy out
other ^\'ith such language and uniting forces, they tenth legion
seized their weapons, dashed out suddenly against
the tenth legion, and racing across the ravine >\ith a
terrific shout, fell upon the enemy while engaged
upon his fortifications. The latter to faciUtate their
work were in scattered groups and to this end had
laid aside most of their arms ; for they imagined
that the Jews would never venture upon a sally or
that, if moved to do so, their energies would be dis-
sipated by their dissensions. They were therefore

taken by surprise and thrown into disorder. Abandoning their work, some instantly retreated, while
many rushing for their arms were struck down before
they could round upon the foe. The Jews meanwhile were continually being reinforced by others
who were encouraged by the success of the first
party, and with fortune favouring them seemed both
to themselves and to the enemy far in excess of their
actual numbers. Moreover, men habituated to
disciphne and proficient in fighting in ordered ranks
and by word of command, when suddenly confronted
223
JOSEPHUS
TToXefielv eiSoras" ara^la ^âaacra dopvBel. 8io

Kal Tore 7TpoXrj(l)dvres ol Poj/xatot rats' ifJiôXatg
80 LK0V. Kal OTTore fikv eTTtcrrpaêiev ot /caraAa/xâvofjLCvoL, rod re Spofiov rovg lovhatovs i7T'L)(ov
/cat 8ta rr^v opfiriv fjrrov (jivXarroiievovs erlrpaxiKov,
aet Se TrX-qdvovcrrj^ rrjg eKbpofMrjs pLoXXov rapar-
TOfjievoL reXevTOLov arro rod arparoTreSov rpe-
81 TTOvrai. Kal hoKel Tore av Kivhvvevaai to ray/ia

TTav, el fJiTj Ttro? dyyeXOev avTO) to-xo? eTreô-jdrâe,
/cat TToXXa oveihiaas els dvavSpiav eTTiGTpeêi [lev
82 Tovs (f)evyovTas , a-uTOs 8e TrXaylois toZ? 'louSatot?

TTpooTTeowv pied (jjv rjKev emXeKTOJv ovxvovs
pukv dvaipeiy TLTpojUKei Se TrXeiovs, TperreTai Se
83 rravTas Kal orvvojOeX Kara rrjs (f)dpayyo?. ol 8' ii

TO) KardvreL ttoAAo, KaKcoOevres, cL? hueceTTeaov,
dvTLKpvs 7nGTpeovTaL Kal pLeo-qv eôvres rrjv
84 x^pahpav rot? Pco/xatots" SiepLdxovTO. p^^.^pi p^^v

hf] pLeorqg r]p.epa? ovrujs eTToXepiovv, oXtyov 8'
arro pLeG-qpL^pias IkkXivovtos '^'817, Ttro? rovs
p.e9^ avTOV rrpoGôiqO-qaavTas Kal rovg (xtto tujv
OTTeipajv Tolg eKrpexovoLV dvTiTrapardâs to Xolttov
Tayp.a irpos top reixi^crpiov aveTrepLrrev et? r7]v
dKpojpeiav.
85 (5) 'Iou8atots' he rovr e8o/cet ^vyr}, Kal rod

GK07T0V KaraGeiGavros OoipLariov, os avrols 7rt
rov relxovg KadrJGro, TrpoTTTjbojGL ttXtjOos d/cpat^veGrepov^ pLerd roGavrrjs oppLrjs, d>s rov hp6p.ov
86 auTcov rot? dypicordrois elKdêiv d-qploLS. dpLeXet

rojv dvrLTTaparaxOevrcxJV ovhels epLetvev rrjv avpi-
* cLKpaLcppearaTOP L (frequentissima Lat.).

224.
with disorderly warfare, are peculiarly liable to be

thro^vrl into confusion. Hence on this occasion too,
the Romans, being taken unawares, gave way to
repeated assaults. Whenever, indeed, any were
overtaken and turned upon the foe, they checked the
Jewish rush and wounded many who in the ardour of
pursuit were off their guard ; but as more and more
Jews sallied out from the town, the disorder of the
Romans increased, until they were finally routed Titus com.
from the camp. Indeed, in all probabihty, the entire J-gfcuV^^
legion would then have been in jeopardy, had not^^peisthe
Titus, hearing of their position, instantly come to
their aid. Roundly chiding their cowardice, he rallied
the fugitives and then falling upon the Jews in flank
with his band of picked followers, slew many, wounded
more, routed the whole body and drove them headlong down into the ravine. They suffered severely
on the decli\dty, but having reached the farther
bank turned to face the Romans and, ^\ith the brook
between them, renewed the combat. So the battle
raged till noon ; and then shortly after midday
Titus, to check further sallies, deployed the reinforcements brought by himself, together with the
auxiliary cohorts, and dismissed the remainder of
the legion to the ridge to resume their fortification.
(5) The Jews, however, mistook this move for Fresh

flight, and seeing the watchman, whom they had chSge up
posted on the ramparts, signalhng by shaking his ^^ ^fop^s
robe, another crowd, perfectly fresh, sprang forth
with such impetuosity that their rush was comparable
to that of the most savage of beasts. In fact not one
of the opposing line awaited their charge, but, as if
225
JOSEPHUS
ôXtjv,^ dAA' wGTTep i^ opydvov 7rato/xvot hUpprjâv
rrjv rd^LV kol Trpos to opos rpaTrevres dv(f)vyov.
87 AetTrerat S ev pLecrcp ro) Trpoadvrei Ttros" êr'

oXiyojv, Kai TToAAa tojv (f)iXajv TTapaiVovvrojv , ogol
hi alhoj rqv Trpos tov rjyepLova rod KLvhvvov
88 Kara(j}povrjGavres earrjaav, etât OavarcoaLV 'lou-
SatOtS" Kal p.!) 7TpOKLvhvVVlV TOVTCOV, OVS ^XPV^
Trpo avTov p,VLV, Xap^dvLV 8e ewoLav ri^s Kad^

avrov TV'XTjS kol pLTj GTparLQjTOV rd^LV dTTOTrXrjpovv
ovra /cat rov TroXepLov Kal ttjs olKovpLCvrjs SeGTTOTrjv,
pLTjh oêlav ovrojg xx^LGTaGOai poTTTjv iv to GaXevet
89 Ta Trdvra, tovtojv ovd' aKov^LV eSoê, rolg Se Kad^

avrov dvarpexovGLV avdiGrarai Kal Kara Gropâ
TTaiojv îaL,op,ivovs dvrjpei, Kard r rov Trpavovs
90 adpooLs Ip-rriTTrajv dveajdet ro rrXrjdo?. ol he rrpos

re ro irapdGr-qpLa Kai rr]V lg^vv KararrXayevre?
ovo ovrojs pêv ave<êvyov els rrjv ttoXlv, Kad^
Kdrepov^ 8 eKKXtvovres (XTt' avrov rols dvcorepoj
(j)evyovGi rrpoGeKeivro. Kal rovrois he Kara rrXev-
91 pdv rrpoG^dXXojv rds oppids vrrerepivero. Kav
rovrcp Kal rols dvuj reL-)(il,ovGi ro Grparonehov,

(JOS eOedGavro rovs Karoj cfievyovras, TrdXiv ip,-
92 TTLTTret rapayrf) xal heos, Kal hiaGKidvarai rrdv ro

rdypLa, hoKovvrojv dwTTOGrarov p,ev elvau rrjv rcjv
lovhaiojv eKbpopLijv, rerpdcbdau S' avrov Tcrov

ov yap dv TTore rovs dXXovs (f>evyeLV eKeivov
93 pLevovros. Kal Kaddjrep TravLKO) Set/xart kvkXojdevres aAAo? dXXaxT] hi(f)epovro, P'^XP^ rives
^ ifiôXrjv LC.
LVRC Lat. : erepov PAM.
* i.e. apparently "(by a bolt) from an artillery engine"

226
struck from an engine," they broke their ranks and

turned and fled up the mountain side, leading Titus,
with a few followers, half way up the slope. The
friends who out of regard for the commander-in-chief
stood their ground indifferent to danger, all earnestly

entreated him to retire before these Jews who
courted death, and not to risk his life for men who
ought to have remained to protect him ; he should
consider what he owed to fortune,^ and not act the
part of a common soldier, lord as he was ahke of the
war and of the world ; he on whom all depended
ouffht not to face so imminent a risk. These ad- ^^^"^ ?p^
. rr'- 1 11-1 saves the
visers 1 itus appeared not even to hear, but with- situation.

standing the Jews who were rushing at him up the
hill, confronted, struck and slew them as they pressed
upon him, and then falling upon the masses thrust
them backward down the slope. Yet, terrified
though they were at his intrepidity and strength,
they did not even then retreat to the city, but inclining to either side to avoid him continued their
pursuit of those who were flying up the hill ; whereupon he attacked them again in flank, and strove to
check the rush. Meanwhile the troops who were
fortifying the camp above, on seeing their comrades
below in flight, were themselves once more seized
with such consternation and alarm that the whole
legion scattered ; for they imagined that the Je^^'ish
charge was irresistible and that Titus himself had

been routed, because the rest would never, they
thought, have fled while he held his ground. Like
men beset by panic, they sped in all directions, until
{opyavov a<pTripiov, Hi. 80). The 6pyavov in the obscure

simile in ii. 230 possibly bears the same meaning.
* Or " consider his peculiar fortune " ; for Titus as the ^

favourite of Fortune cf. vi. 57.
VOL. Ill H 2 227
JOSEPHUS
Karihovreg ev fieacp rod TroXefiov rov -qyejjLova

(jTp66[JLvov Kal fjiiya deiGavre? afxc^^ avrco
94 hiaôcoGL Tov Kivhvvov oXoj roj ray/xart. rovs

8' aldoj? i7reGTp(f), Kai TrXelov tl (f>vyri? KaKtôvres dXXrjXov? eVt rep KaraXiTrelv Katcrapa
Trdcrr) ^Ca Kara rojv 'louSatcov ')(^pa)vro Kal
KXlvavreg drra^ drro rod Kardvrov? Gvvcodovv
95 aUTOL"? et's" to KoIXoV. OL d VTTO TTOOa )(OjpOVUTS
ifiaxoPTo, Kal TrXeoveKTOvvre? ol 'Pcj/xatot rip

KadvTTepOev elvai uvveXavvovGL Trdvras els rrjv
96 (f)dpayya. 7TpoGKLTO he rolg Kad avrov 6 Tiros

Kal ro fJLev rdyp.a rrdXiv ijrl rrjv rei-)(07T0uav
eTTep-xpev, avros he gvv olg irporepov avriGras ^'f-py^
97 rovs TToXepLLOvs' ojGr , ei XPV H-V'''^ BepaTreia ri

vpoGrtOevra p-TjO^ v(êX6vra (jiOovcp raXrjOes eirrelv,
avros Kataap his /-tev eppvoaro KLvhvvevGav oXov
ro rdyp.a Kal rou TrepipaXeGdai ro GrparoTrehov
avrols dottav TrapeG^xê.
fi8 (lii. l) XaxhrjGavros he rrpos ^po-X^ '''^^ Bvpat,e

7ToXep,ov TrdXiv rov evhov tj GrdGis err-qyeipev}
99 Kal rrjs rojv dtvpaov evGrdGTjs rjpLepas reGGapeGKaiheKdrrj 'E.avdtKov p.rjp6s, ev fj hoKOVGLV louSatot
rov TTpojrov drraXXayrjvai Kaipov Ar/WTrrtajv, ol
fjiev TTepl rov Ê.Xedl,apov Trapavoiyovres rds
TTvXas eheyôvro eV rod h-qp-ov rovs rrpoGKvvelv
100 edeXovras eLGco, ^lojdwqs he rrpoKdXvpLpia rrjs
eTTLôvXrjs rrotrjGdp-evos rrjv eoprrjv rcov gvv avraj
Kpvrrrols ottXols evGKevdGas^ rovs aG'qp.orepovs,
^ L Lat. : TrdXtJ/ ^vbov rj ffrdais eTrrjyelpero the rest.

^ L : crvaKeviffas the rest.
82.
228
some, catching sight of their general in the thickest

of the fight and greatly alarmed on his account, with
shouts announced his danger to the whole legion.
Shame rallied them, and, upbraiding one another
with a worse guilt than flight in their desertion of
Caesar, they put forth their utmost energies against
the Jews and, having once made them give ground,
proceeded to thrust them off the slope into the valley.
The Jews retired step by step fighting, but the
Romans, having the advantage of position finally
drove them all into the ravine. Titus, still pressing
upon his immediate opponents, now sent the legion
back to resume their fortifications, while he, with
his former band," withstood and held the enemy at
bay. Thus, if, ^vithout a syllable added in flattery
or withheld from en\y, the truth must be told, Caesar

personally twice rescued the entire legion when in
jeopardy, and enabled them to intrench themselves
in their camp unmolested.
(iii. 1) During a temporary lull in the war with- John, by a
ruse at
er
out the walls, faction renewed its hostihties within, passov

When the dav of unleavened bread came round on (^?- "O).
*" ^ t^tiins 6ntry
the fourteenth of the month Xanthicus,^ the reputed to the inner

anniversary of the Jews' first liberation from Egypt, '^ temple.
Eleazar and his men partly opened the gates and
admitted citizens desiring to worship within the
building. But John, making the festival a cloak

for his treacherous designs, armed with concealed
weapons the less conspicuous of his followers, most
^ The Macedonian month corresponding to the Hebrew

Nisan (March-April).
" The words " reputed " and " first " (as though first of a
series of liberations from Egypt) rather suggest the hand of
a non-Jewish awepyos ; but " first " may perhaps refer to
the later liberation from Babylon.
229
JOSEPHUS
ojv OL TrXeiovs rjaav avayvoi, Sta aTrouST^? Trapetcr-
7TIJL7TL TTpOKaraXr^lpOfJieVOVS TO UpOV. OL S' d)S
evSov iyevovrOy ras" iodi^rag aTToppiipavres i(f)d-
101 VTjGav eâTTU'Tjs oTrXlraL. rapax^] de fJLeyiGTrj

TTcpi rov vaov avriKa /cat dopvôg tjv, rod fiev
eSoj TTJg GTaaecos Xaov Kara rravTcov aKpnov

OLOfxevojv elvai rrjv iTrideuiv, rdtv Se ^rjXcoTcov
102 6776 G(j)LOl pLOVOtg. dXX OL pLV a.(f)pLVOL TO
(jipovpelv ert ra? rrvXas kol tojv eTrdXêajv KaraTT-qbijaavTeg Trplv elg y^êlpas iXdelv els tovs vttovopLOvg Tov Lepov KaTechvyov ol ' o-tto tov hrfpLOV
rrpos TO) ôjiioj KaTaTTTTjaaovTeg /cat nepl tov
vaov cruvLXovpLvoL KaTerraTovvTO, ^vXols t dveSr]v
103 TTaLOpLCVOL /cat GLhrjpO). TToXXovg Se TCDV rjdvxôjv
/car e)(Opav kol p.lGos IdLov oug dvTLGTaGLaGTCLS

avrjpovv ol hidcôpoL, kol rrds 6 rrpoGKpovGas toj
Tcov eTTLôvXojv TvdXaL TTjVLKavTa eTnyvajGdeis cu?
104 t,rjXojTrjs Trpos at/ctav dvrjyeTO. TToXXd Se heivd

TOVS avaLTLOvs StaêVres" e/ce;\;etptav rot? alTiois
eooGav, KOL irpoeXdovTas e/c tojv vnovopLCUV Sttecrav.
aOrot he /cat to evSoTepco lepov KaTaGôvTe? /cat
ra? v avTO) TrapaoKevas Traaa? KaTeOdppovv tJSt]
105 TOV T.LpOJV0?. Tj IJLV OVV GTdGL? OVTOJ TpL[JLpr]S
ovGa TTpoTepov els Svo [xolpas TrepttWarat.
106 {'2) he TtVo? eyyLov dno tov Hkottov rfj

TToXeL TTapaGTpaTOTTehevGaoQaL Trpoaipovpievos Trpos
fiev TOVS eKTpexovTas eGTTjGev e-niXeâs LTTTreajv
re /cat Tre^wv ogovs dpKeGeLV VTreXdpLâvev, ttj
8 oXrj SvvdjjLeL TrpoGeToêv iôpLaXllêLV to p^^XP^
230
of whom were unpurified, and by his earnest endeavours got them stealthily passed into the temple to
take prior possession of it. Once %Wthin, they cast off
their garments and were suddenly revealed as armed
men. The purheus of the sanctuary were instantly a
scene of the utmost disorder and confusion, the people
who had no connexion Mith the party strife regarding
this as an indiscriminate attack upon all, the Zealots
as directed against themselves alone. The latter,
however, neglecting any longer to guard the gates
and not waiting to come to close quarters with the
intruders, leapt down from the battlements and took
refuge in the temple vaults ; while the visitors from
the city, cowering beside the altar and huddled
together around the sanctuary, were trampled under

foot and mercilessly struck with clubs and swords.
Many peaceable citizens from enmity and personal
spite were slain by their adversaries as partisans of
the opposite faction, and any who in the past had
offended one of the conspirators, being now recognized as a Zealot, was led off to punishment. But
while the innocent were thus brutally treated, the
intruders granted a truce to the criminals and let
them go when they emerged from the vaults. Being John defeats
now in possession of the inner court of the temple and theTwo ^
all the stores which it contained, thev could bid factions
defiance to Simon. The sedition, hitherto of a tripartite character, was thus again reduced to two
factions.
(:2) Titus, now deciding to abandon Scopus and Titus levels

encamp nearer the city, posted a picked body of fronfscopus
horse and foot of such strength as he deemed sufficient to Jem-
111 11- 1 1 1 salem.
to check the enemy s sallies, and gave orders to ms

main army to level the intervening ground right up
231
JOSEPHUS
107 rov reixovs StacrrT^/xa. Kara^X-qdevrog Sc navro?

epKov? Kai TTepLcbpayixaros, oaa ktjojv irpoavearrjaavTO Kal Sevhpcuv^ ol oiK-qrope?, vXtj? t
rjfjLepov rrjs jJLera^v rraG-qs iKKOTTeiarjs dveTrX-qadr]
108 pLv TOL KolXa Kal 'xâpahpojh'q rov tottov, ras Se

TrerpojheLS eôyâs GiS-qpcp Karepyalôiievoi xdajMaXov eTToiovv Trdvra rov tottov airo tov Hkottov
l-i^xpt' Tojv 'HpctjSou jjLVTjjjLelojv, d Trpoaex^L rfj
rojv 6(f)Cov iTTLKaXovfievr] KoXvpi^rjdpa.
109 (3) Kat Kara ravra? rds rjfJLepas evehpav ol

'lovSatot Kara tojv 'PcD/xatcov (jv(jKevdl,ovrai
110 Toidvhe. rdJv urauLaurcov ol [ftey] roXyirjpoi

TTpoeXdovreg eôj rwv TwacKelajv KaXovfxevcou
TTvpyojv, tu? iK^^Xr][jL6voL Sijdev vtto tojv ipiqviKa
(f)povovvrcov Kal SeSot/cores" rrjv rcov 'Poj/Ltatcov
e(f)oSov dveiXovvTO Kal Trap* dXXrjXovs VTT7Trr]GG0v.
111 06 he hiaGrdvres 77t rod relxovs hrjfJLOS etvai Sokojv
elprivqv eôojv Kal Sel'tav fjrovvro Kai rov

'Pajfialovs eKdXovVy dvoiêiv UTTLGXôvpLevoL to,?
TTvXas' dpa Se ravra KeKpayore? Kal rovg G(f)repovs eâXXov Xidois d>S dTreXavvovres tcov
112 TTvXdjV. KdKLVOL îdleGdai rds ELGoSoVS V7TKpi-
vovro Kal rovs evhov LKereveLV, GVvexdJS Te Trpos

Tovs 'Pojpalovs oppLrjGavre?'^ 7nGrp(^6iJievoi rapar-
113 TopevoL? 7TpoG(JjKiGav . TTapa piv ovv ToZs GTpaTLcoraL? TO TTavovpyov a'urdjv ovk eXeiTrero TTLGrecos,
dXX (l)s TOVS pev iv x^P^^'-'^ xovTs irolpLovg rrpos
TLpLCOpLaVy TOVS S' dvOL^LV TTjV TToXlV eXjTLlÔVTeS,
^ devdpibviov Destinon (probably rii^rhtly).

* AL Lat. : opfxTjaaPTas the rest.
Unidentified ; cf. 507. Niese thinks that the Herod

commemorated was the king of Chalcis, grandson of Herod
232
to the walls. Every fence and palisade with which

the inhabitants had enclosed their gardens and
plantations having accordingly been swept away, and
every fruit tree within the area felled, the cavities
and gulHes on the route were filled up, the protuberant rocks demolished with tools of iron, and the whole
intervening space from Scopus to Herod's monuments," adjoining the spot called the Serpents' pool,'*
was thus reduced to a dead level.
(3) Durinff this period the Jews contrived the -^ Jewish
nil. -TIT* rni ruse leads
loliowing stratagem to trick the nomans. Ine more to a Roman

daring of the insurgents, issuing forth from the so- defeat.
called Women's Towers,* as though they had been
ejected by the partisans of peace and were in terror
of being attacked by the Romans, kept close together
cowering in a bunch. Meanwhile their comrades,
hning the walls so as to be taken for the populace,
shouted " Peace," begged for protection, and invited
the Romans to enter, promising to open the gates ;
these cries they accompanied by showers of stones
aimed at their own men, as if to drive them from the

gates. The latter made a feint of forcing an entry
and petitioning those within, and constantly rushing
towards the Romans and again retreating showed
signs of extreme agitation. Their ruse did not fail
to impose on the rank and file : imagining that they
had one party at their mercy, to be punished at will,
and hoping that the other would throw open the
city, they were on the point of proceeding to action.
the Great ; the latter himself was buried at Herodion, 60

stades south of Jerusalem, B. i. 673. The Serpent's pool
has been uncertainly identified with the Birket Mamilla, to
the west of the city (G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, i. 114).
* Unidentified : described in 55 as opposite Queen

Helena's tomb, which is mentioned below, 119.
233
JOSEPHUS
ll-i ixOJpOW eTTL TTjV TTpd^LV. TtTO) Sc St VTTOlfjia^
Tjv TO TTJs 7TLKX-âCjJS TTapaXoyov /cat yap rrpo

fjLid^ rjfjLepag TrpoKaXovfievog avrovg inl crvfi^dGeL?
8td rov ^laxjTjTTov jj-erptov ovhev evpiOKe, koi Tore
Tov^ arpaTLCoTag Kara. )(Ojpav fieveuv eKeXevuev.
115 e(l)daGav be nveg tojv em toIs epyot? TrporeTayfievcov^ dpTrdaavTes tcl orrXa irpo? ra? TTvXas
116 eKSpaaelv. tovtols ol jiev eKê^XriaOai hoKovvTes

TO 7Tpcx)Tov v7Te)(ûjpovv, eTTel he fjLeTa^v tojv Trjg
TTvXrjs eyivovTo TTvpyojv, eKBeovTes ckvkXovvto
117 CTâs" /cat TTpoaeKeiVTO KaTomv ol 8' o-tto tov

Tei)(0V5 TrXrjOos "xêpfj-dhcov /cat êXcuv TravTOiojv
dOpovv /carepêav, ojs ovxyovg p.ev dveXelv, rpwcrat
118 de TrXeiaTOVS. rjv yap ov padiov tov Tecxovg

hiaSvyelv tojv KaTOTTiv ^LaCôpLevajv, /cat dXXoJS
atdojc Trjs hiaiiaprias /cat tcov -qyefiovajv deog
119 TTapeKeXeveTO to) Trrata/LtaTt 77 p ogXltt a pelv. dto

hrj I'-^xpi' TrXeioTov hiahopaTit,6pievoL /cat ttoAAo.?
VTTO TOJV ^\ovhaiojv XafLBdvovre? TrXrjyds, a/xeAet
S' o'UK eXaTTOVs dvTLOLdovTe?, reAo? avojdovcn
Tovg KVKXojGapLevovs' VTToxojpovai o avTol? ol
'Iou8atot [/cat] P-^XP^ '^^^ 'EAeVr]? fivrjjjLelajv
elnovTO ^dXXovTes.
120 (4) "Erret^' ol jiev direipoKaXaJS e^v^puôvTe?

els r-qv Tvx'Tjy eGKOJTTTOV re tovs Pco/xatous"
SeAeaaêrras" drrdrr] /cat tov? Bvpeovs dvaaeiovres
121 euKLpTOJV /cat pierd x^P^^ dveôojv. Tovg he

(TTpaTLojTas dTTetXij re tojv Ta^capx^jv /cat ;)(aAeTTalvajv KatCTap tovtols eêhex^'ô , (jyaoKOJV ojs
*Ioudatot pLev, ots dirovoia pLOvrj GTparrjyeZ, navTa
^lerd TTpovoias rrpaTTovGL /cat crKeipeojs, eTnôvXas
^ ed. pr, : irpoareTayiJL^vijov mS3.
234
Titus, on the contrary, viewed this surprising invitation with suspicion. For having only the day
before, through Josephus, invited them to terms, he
had met with no reasonable response ; he therefore
now ordered his men to remain where they Mere.
However, some who were stationed in the forefront
of the works had, without awaiting orders, seized

their arms and rushed towards the gates. The pretended outcasts at first retired before them, but, as
soon as the Romans came between the gateway
towers, they darted out and surrounded and attacked
them in rear ; while those on the wall showered upon
them a volley of stones and every species of missile,
kilHng many and wounding most. For it was no
easy matter to escape from the wall with the enemy
pressing them behind ; moreover, shame at their
error and dread of their officers impelled them to
persevere in their blunder. Consequently, it was
only after a prolonged combat with spears and after
receiving many wounds from the Jews inflicting,
to be sure, no fewer in return that they eventually
repelled their encircling enemy. Even when they
retired, the Jews still followed and kept them under
fire as far as the tomb of Helena.
(4) Then, with vulgar abuse of their good fortune, Titus

they jeered at the Romans for being deluded by a h^^îlôb^**
ruse and brandishing their bucklers danced and ordinate
shouted for joy. The soldiers, for their part, were ^p*'
met by threats from their officers and a furious
Caesar. " These Jews," he protested, " Mith desperation for their only leader, do everything with
forethought and circumspection : their stratagems
* 55 note.
235
JOSEPHUS
re crvvrdaaovTe? kol Ao;ôus", eTrerat 8* avrayv

TaZs iveSpatg Kal rvx^] Sta. to TTeidrjVLOv Kal rr^v
122 rrpos aXXriXovs evvoidv re kol ttlotiv' 'PcD/xatot hi,

ols Si evra^lav Kal ro irpos rovs -qyep.ovas
evTTeidks aet hovXevei kol ^'u^f], vvv vtto tujv
evavTtOJV vraLovGL Kal Slol yêipajv aKpacrtav
oXiGKOvrai, TO rravTow alG-)(^LGrov , darpar'q'yrjroL
123 fxaxop-evoL Trapovros Yiaiuapo? . tj p-eydXa fJLev

GTevdêLV ecf)!] rov? rrj? Grpareias v6p.ovs, pêydXa
8 avTOV rov Trarepa r-qvhe ttjv TrX-qyrjv Trvdopievov,
124 ei ye o p.ev ev 7ToXep.oi? yqpdGas ovSerroT enraiGev

oxjTOJS, OL vopLOL 8 del Kal TOV ^paxv TL rrjg
rdêojg TTapaKLvrjGavras davdrco KoXdi,ovGLV, vvv
125 8' oXrjV GTpandv eojpdKaGL XiTTordKrrjv. yvcoGeGdau

ye pLTjV avTLKa tov aTTavOabiGapievovs on /cat
TO vLKav TTapd 'Ptu/xatots" hixa. rrapayyeXpLaros
126 dSoêlrai. roLavra diareLvdpLevog irpos rovs "^y^'

piovas brjXos TjV Kara Trdrrcov ;^pT]0'eCTât^ toj
vopLOj. /cat OL pikv TrapelGav rd< ipv^ds d>S ogov
127 ovdeTTOj redvqôpievoi hiKaicus, Trepix^devra 8e rd

rdyp-ara toj Titoj rrepL rcov GVGTparLUjrojv iKereve
/cat rr]v oXtycvv TTpoirereiav ;âptO'aCTât tt] rravrajv
evTreiOeLa KaTr^vnôXovv dvaXrjxjjeGd at yap to
TTapov TTTalGpLa Tat? et? to pieXXov apeTalg.
128 (5) HetêTat Katorap d/xa Tat? re LKeGiai?
/cat TO) Gvpi(j)epovTL- TTjv pikv yap KaO evog TLp-copiav
weTO XPW'^'- H-^XP^^ epyov TrpoKOTTTeiv, T-qv 8
^ Destinon : xP^^-<^^-'- o^" XPW^^'-'- mss.

236
and ambuscades are carefully planned, and their

schemes are further favoured by fortune because of
their obedience and their mutual loyalty and confidence ; while Romans who, through orderly discipline and obedience to command, have ever found
even fortune their slave, are now brought to grief
by conduct the very opposite, are defeated through
their intemperate pugnacity, and direst disgrace of
all while fiffhtino; without a leader under the eves of
Caesar ! Deeply indeed may the laws of the service
mourn," deeply too my fatlier when he hears of this
rebuff; seeing that he, though grown grey in warfare,
never met with a like disaster, while those laws invariably punish Mith death the very shghtest breach
of discipline, whereas now they have beheld a whole
corps quit the ranks I However, these rash adventurers shall learn forthwith that, among Romans, even
a victory without orders given is held dishonourable."
From such determined language to his officers it was
clear that Titus intended to put the law into force
against all. The offenders, accordingly, gave themselves up for lost, expecting in a moment to meet their
merited death ; but the legions, flocking round Titus,
made intercession for their fellow-soldiers, imploring
him, in consideration of the obedience of them all,

to forgive the recklessness of a few, and assuring
him that these would retrieve their present error by
future meritorious deeds.
(5) To these entreaties, backed by considerations

of expediency, Caesar yielded ; for he held that,
while in the case of an individual punishment should
actually be carried into execution, where numbers
" Cf. the similar phrase used by the companions of

Josephus in the cave at Jotapata, ill. 356.
237
JOSEPHUS
129 7n TrX-qOov? fj-^xpi- Aoyow. rots \ilv ovv or paTLorraLS hLi^XXdrrero ttoXXcl vovder-qaas avdis
elvai ^poviiiojripovs , avros S' ottcos" ap.vvelrai
130 TTiv \ovhaiajv imôvXT^v eoKOTrei. Teauapoi h

TjiiepaLg i^Lcrojdevro? tov P-^XP^ "^^^ tlx<^v
biaGrrjpiaToSy ôvX6p.vos /xcra aa(/)aAetas' rds
T OLTTOGKevas KOI TO XoLTTOv ttXtjOo? TTapayayelv^

TO Kaprepajrarov rij? Svvap.eaj avrLTrapeêreLvev
TO) reixei Kara, to ôpeiov KXlp-a Kal rrpos iaTrepav,
131 e^' eTTTO. âûVa? TrjV (f)dXayya, tcjv t TreLchv

rrpoTeTayjxivojv Kal KaTOTTLV rcov lttttIcov, Tpi-
GTOLXOJV KaTepOJV, e^Sop-OL KaTOL p.eGov eLGTrjKGaV
132 OL TOÔTai. TOGOVTCp he GTL(f)L 7T(1) pay pL6V OJV
lovSaCoLS Tcov eKhpopiOJV to. re VTTO^vyia tojv

Tpi<2)v TaypLaTCDV Kal tj ttXtjBvs aSecu? TrapojhevGev,
133 avTos pLv OVV TItos aTrixojv ogov elg GTadlovg

ovo TOV TLxov? KaTa TO yojvialov avTov pLepog
avTiKpij TOV KaXovpLVOV ^'-qcfylvov TTvpyov GTpaTOTTeSeveTaL, Trpos ov 6 kvkXos tov TeLôv? an
134 apKTOJv^ KaOrjKOJV dvaKapLTTTei Trpos bvGLV r]

Tpa pLOLpa TTJs GTpaTids KaTa TOV 'Ittttlkov
TTpoGayopevdevTa nvpyov Teix^teTai hieGTOJGa ttjs
135 TToXeOJ? OpiOLCDS SvO GTahioVS. to pLVTOL SeKaTOV
Tayp.a KaTa ;^c6pav errt tov 'EAattuv opovs efieve.
136 (iv. i) TptCT: 8' d>xypo^p-evq Teix^Giv rj ttoXls

Kadd^ pLTj rats' dâTOis (^dpayî KKVKXa>TO, TavTj]
yap elg -qv TreplôXos, avT-q /xev vrrep hvo Xocfxjjv
avTLTTpoGcoTTOs eKTLGTO piGrj (jidpayyi Sirjp-qpievajv,
137 LS ^v eTrdXXrjXoL KaTeXrjyov at otVtat. T(jl)V be
^ Trapdyeiv PA.
' Destinon : &pktov or dpKTov mss.
LVRC {cf. hi. 464, v. 223 etc.): KaO' V the rest.
2S8
were concerned it should not go beyond reproof. He

was therefore reconciled to the soldiers, after strictly
admonishing them to be wiser in future ; while he
privately reflected how best to avenge himself on
the Jews for their stratagem. In four days all the Titus
intervening ground up to the walls was levelled ; and fn tw^"
Titus, now anxious to secure a safe passage for the divisions

baggage and camp-followers, drew up the nower or from the
his forces facing the northern and western portions ^*^^ôf the wall, in Hnes seven deep : the infantry in
front, the cavalry behind, each of these arms in
three ranks, the archers forming a seventh Une in the
middle. The sallies of the Jews being held in check
by this formidable array, the beasts of burden belonging to the three legions with their train of
followers passed securely on. Titus himself encamped ^ about two furlongs from the ramparts, at
the angle opposite the tower called Psephinus, where
the circuit of the wall bends back from the north to
the west. The other division of the army entrenched
itself opposite the tower named Hippicus, hkewise
at a distance of two furlongs from the city. The
tenth legion kept its position on the Mount of Olives.
(iv. 1) The city was fortified by three walls, ex- Description

cept M'here it was enclosed by impassable ra\-ines, gaiem.^
a single rampart there sufficing. It was built, in
portions facing each other, on two hills separated
by a central valley,^ in which the tiers of houses
ended.
" On the 14th of Xanthicus (1 May), as appears from 567.
'' The Tyropoeon, in the modern city a shallow glen

known as El-Wad,
239
JOSEPHUS
X6(f)ow 6 jiev TTjv dvco ttoXlv eôju vifjTjXorepos t

TToXXo) Kai TO fxrJKog Wvrepog -qv dtd yovv ttjv
oxvpoTTjra (fypovptov [jlv vtto AaviSov rod /SacrtAeojs" e/caAetro, Trarrjp ôXojjlwvos tjv ovtos tou
TrpojTOv rov^ vaov KTLGavrog, rj dvcj Se dyopa
7Tpo rjpLcov drepog 8' o KaXovfxevo? "A/cpa /cat
138 Tiqv Karoj ttoXlv V(^gt(jjs ajj-cblKvpTog. tovtov

S' dvTLKpvg rpiros tjv Xochos, TarreLvoTepog re
<l)VGeL TTjs "AKpag Kal TrXareia (hapayyt Sl-
139 eLpyopLevog dXXrj Trporepov avOlg ye ijltjv Ka9^ ovg

OL AaapLajvaloL ^povovs iâcrlXevov Tr\v re <j)dpayya eôjoav, Gvvdibai ôuXofievoL to) Upo) ttjv
ttoXlv, Kal rrjg "AKpag KarepyaadpLevoL to vipos
CTTOLTjaav )(daiJ.aXajrepov, d)s VTrepcfâiPOLTO Kal
140 ravr-ff to lepov. rj he tujv TvpoTTOiojv TTpoaayopevofievq (j)dpay^, tjv ecfiapêv tov re tt]? dvaj
TToAectj? Kal tov KaTco Xocfyov StacrreAAetv, KaO^Ket
pLexpL StAcuas" ovTOj yap ttjv TT-qy-qv yXvKeldv re
141 Kai rroXXqv ovuav eKaXovpiev. eôjdev 8' ol Trjg

TToXeoJS dvo X6(f)0L âOelaig (f)dpay^Lv rrepLelxovTO,
Kai Sta Tovg eKaTepcodev Kp-qpivovs TrpooLTov
ovSap.6dev rjv.
^ irp'JjTOv Tbv'\ TOV TTpC'-ov p. ' TavTrjs C.
" Cf. 2 Sam. v. 7. '
^ Most archaeologists now hold that Josephus here and in

his account of the capture of Jebus by David (A. vii. 65) is
in error as to the ancient topography, and that the " City of
David " or Sion lay, not on the western, but on the eastern
hill on the part called Ophel above the Virgin's spring
(G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, i. 134 f., 161 ff.). The historian's
error is perpetuated in modern nomenclature ; the so-called
" David's Tower " in the present citadel stands near the
Jaffa Gate on the basis of Herod's Tower of Phasael.
= Literally " gibbous," like the moon in its third quarter.
240
Of these hills that on which the upper city lay was The two
far higher and had a straighter ridge than the other ;
consequently, owing to its strength it was called by
King Da\ad the father of Solomon the first builder
of the temple the Stronghold,'^ but we called it the
upper agora. ^ The second hill, which bore the name
of Acra and supported the lower city, was a hog's
back.*' Opposite this was a third hill, by nature lower
than Acra, and once di\'ided from it by another broad
ra\dne. Afterwards, however, the Hasmonaeans,
during the period of their reign, both filled up
the ravine, with the object of uniting the city to the
temple, and also reduced the elevation of Acra by
levelling its summit, in order that it might not block
the view of the temple.*^ The Valley of the Cheesemakers,* as the ra\ine was called, which, as we said,
divides the hill of the upper city from that of the
lower, extends down to Siloam ; for so we called that
fountain of sweet and abundant water. On the
exterior the two hills on which the city stood were
encompassed by deep ravines, and the precipitous

cliffs on either side of it rendered the to^vn nowhere
accessible.
Cf. the name Ophel (= " hump ") given to a portion of this
hill.
<* Cf. B. i. 50 and the more detailed description in A. xjii.

215-217 ; in both those passages the levelling of Acra is
ascribed to Simon. But this is incompatible with 1 Mace,
xiv. 37 which states that he fortified it. Josephus is writing
of what had disappeared two centuries before his day, and
his description is probably in some points erroneous. It has
been suggested that the work was due to Hyrcanus I and
that his erection of a Baris or castle at the N.W. corner of
the temple led to the demolition of the Syrian Acra to the
S. of it. (Smith, Jerusalem, i. 159 f., Schiirer, G.J. V. (ed. 3),
i. 247.) ' Tyropoeon.
241
JOSEPHUS
142 (2) Toiv Se TpLcJjv ri\a)v to yikv dp')(aLov 8ta re
rag (f)dpayyag /cat top vnep tovtojv X6(f)OV, ecf) ov
143 KaTGKvaGTO y SvadXcoTOV rjv irpos 8e rco irXeoveKTTJfJLan rod rorrov koI Kaprepojg ehehopLfjro,
AavlSov re Kal HoXojjlojvo?, tl Se rcov fjiera^v
rovrojv âcnXeojv (f)LXoTLijLr]devrajv irepl to epyov.
144 dpxop-^vov 8e Kara ôppdv drro rod 'Ittttlkov

KaXovjjLevov TTvpyov Kal Staretyov eVt rov ^vorov^
7TLTa rfj ôvXfj (TwdnTov errl ttjv loTrepLov rod
145 Upov GTodv dn-qpTLêro. Kara ddrepa Se Trpo?

bvGLv, drro ravTOV pikv dpxojxevov, Sid Se rov
Bt^^ctcu^ KaXovfievov )(a)pov KarareZvov cttl ttjv
âo-qvdjv TTvXrjv, KaTreira rrpos vorov vrrep rrjv

YîXcodv e7TLOTp(j)0v TTTiy-qv, evOev re TrdXiv IkkXIvov
TTpog dvaroXrjv irrl rrjv ôXojjlojvos KoXvfi^rjdpav
Kal Sltjkov P-^XP^ ;COjpoi; rivos, ov KaXovaiv
0(f)Xdv,^ rfj irpos dvaroXrjV crroa rov Upov ovv-
146 rJTTre. to he Sevrepov rrjv p.V dpx^jv dno 7TvXr]g

iX^, Tjv Tevvdd^ KdXovv rov irpcvrov reixovg
ovaav, KVKXovfjLvov Se to TrpoadpKriov KXtfia
147 p.6vov dvjjei p-^xpi- TrJ9 Âvrcovia?. rw rpiro) 8'

o.pxf) ''7^ d ^Yttttiko'S TTvpyos, 69 ev p-^XP'' "^^^
ôpelov /cAt/xaTOS" Kararelvov errl rov m^rjcjyivov
TTvpyov, 7TLTa KaOrJKov dvTLKpv rdjv 'EAeVi^j
^ + Xeyofxevov LVRC (Lat.) : + KaXoi'ixevov M.

2 B77(tol' pa : Betiso Lat.
Hudson with Lat. : 'u^Xa? (-a/x L) mss. * Vevad PC.
At the N.W. angle.
* Described below, 163. Eastwards.
* The gymnasium, used for public speeches, and connected

with the temple by a bridge, B. ii. 344 note.
A hall in or adjoining the S. part of the temple area, in

which the Sanhedrin usually met; Mishna, Middoth, v. 4 c
242
(2) Of the three walls, the most ancient, owing The first
to the surrounding ravines and the hill above them ^ân.
on which it was reared, was well-nigh impregnable.
But, besides the advantage of its position, it was also
strongly built, David and Solomon and their successors
on the throne having taken pride in the work. Beginning on the north ** at the tower called Hippicus,*
it extended '^ to the Xystus,** and then joining the
council-chamber * terminated at the -svestern portico
of the temple. Beginning at the same point in the
other direction, westward, it descended past the place
called Bethso ' to the gate of the Essenes,^ then
turned southwards above the fountain of Siloam ;
thence it again incUned to the east towards Solomon's
pool,-'' and after passing a spot which they call Ophlas,^
finally joined the eastern portico of the temple.
The second wâll started from the gate in the first The second
wall which they called Gennath,'* and, enclosing only ^^^
the northern district of the tovvn, went up as far as
Antonia.
The third began at the tower Hippicus, whence it The third

stretched northwards to the tower Psephinus, and Agrippa's)
then descending opposite the monuments of Helena * ^âii
(Holtzmann), Schiirer, op. cit. ii. 211. Its burning by the

Romans is mentioned in vi. 354. The name by which it is
called in the Mishna, Lishkath hag-Gazith, probably means,
not, as usually translated, " Chamber of Hewn Stone," but
" Chamber beside the Xystus " ; in the LXX Gazith =
^varos (Schurer). ' Unidentified.
" The Biblical Ophel (= " hump "), Neh. iii. 26, etc. ; in
Sir G. A. Smith's opinion probably a synonym for Sion,
Jerusalerriy i. 153.
^ Perhaps = Garden Gate. Its position, like the course

of the second wall, is uncertain ; it has been " placed by some
between the towers Hippicus and Phasael ... by others
at the latter tower," ih. i. 243. 55.
243
JOSEPHUS
fjLvrjfieiOJV, ÂSLa^TjVTj âoiXl? rjv avrrj *lt,drov^

âCTtAeoj? 9vya.rr]p, /cat 8ta OTn^Xaicov âuiXiKcov
IJL7]KVv6fjLVov e/ca/XTTTero fiv yojviaia) TTvpyco Kara
TO rod Tvaêcos Trpoaayopevofxevov [jLvrjpLa, rep
8 apxo.LCi) TTepiôXcp avvarrrov els Tr]V KeSpcova
148 KaXovp-iv-qv (^dpayya KareXrjyev . rovro rfj TrpoGKTiGdeioTj TToAet 7TpLdrjKv ÂypLTTTTa?, rfTTep r^v
ndaa yvpLvrj- rrXridei yap VTrepxÔjJLevrj Kara
149 fjLLKpov iêlpne rcov rrepLôXojv. /cat rod tepov

rd TTpoadpKTLa rrpos rep X6(f)cp GViX7ToXit,ovrs 77
ovK oXiyov TTporjXOov^ /cat reraprov TTepLOLKTqOrjvai
Xocfyov, OS /caAetrat Beêâ, Kelfievos /xev dvTLKpv
rrjs 'AvTOJvlas, aTTorepLvopLevos S' opvypLan jSaêt*
150 hiera(j)pevdri yap CTrtrr^Ses", co? /xt] to) X6(f)(i) cruvaiTTovres ol OepLeXioL rijs Avrajvcas evTrpoaiToi re
151 elev /cat tjttov vifjrjXor Sto Sr] /cat TrXelarov vipos
roZs TTvpyoLS TrpoaeSiSov to ^ddos rrjs rd(f>pov.
eKX-^drj 8' e7Tt;(aptaj? êêOd to vcoktigtov pilpos,
o pLedeppLrjvev6pLvov 'EAAaSt yXcoGcrr] Kaivrj Aeyotr
152 av ttoXls. SeopLevojv ovv tojv Tavrrj GK7Tr]s o

TTaTTjp rod vvv âcrtAecos" K.ai opLcovvpLOs AypnrTras dpx^Tai puev ov TrpoeiTTopLev Tei-yovs, 8eto-as' 8e
KAau8tov Katcrapa, pLTj to pilyedos ttJs /caraOKevrjs 7n veajTeptapicp TrpaypLaTcov VTTOVorjcrr) /cat
ardaeajs, Trauerat depLeXlovg pLovov âXopievos.
153 /cat yap ovh^ dv rjv dXwGipLOs rj ttoXls, et TrpovKOTrre
^ 'Idfa Tov, 'Ifa rod or 'Afâ tov mss. ; cf. iv. 567,
" The course of the third wall after Psephinus is uncertain ; some identifying it with the present N. wall, others
making it embrace a wider area farther north. Recent
excavations (1926) favour the latter theory.
244
(queen of Adiabene and daughter of king Izates),

and proceeding past the royal caverns it bent round
a corner tower over against the so-called Fuller's
tomb and joining the ancient rampart terminated at
the valley called Kedron." This wall was built by built to
Agrippa to enclose the later additions to the city, g^^g^^^j^
which were quite unprotected ; for the town, over- the new'
flowing with inhabitants, had gradually crept beyond "i"*^^^^the ramparts. Indeed, the population, uniting to the
liill ^ the district north of the temple, had encroached
so far that even a fourth hill was surrounded with

houses. This hill, which is called Bezetha, lay
opposite Antonia, but was cut off from it by a deep
fosse, dug on purpose to sever the foundations of
Antonia from the hill and so to render them at
once less easy of access and more elevated, the
depth of the trench materially increasing the height
of the towers. The recently built quarter was
called in the vernacular Bezetha, which, might
be translated into Greek as New Town.^ Seeing
then the residents of this district in need of
defence, Agrippa, the father and namesake of the
present king, began the above-mentioned wall ; but,
fearing that Claudius Caesar might suspect from the
vast scale of the structure that he had designs of
revolution and revolt, he desisted after merely
laying the foundations. Indeed the city would have
been impregnable, had the Mall been continued as it
* On which the upper town lay.
" More correctly in ii. 530 : " the district called Bezetha
and also New Town (Caenopolis)." Bezetha probably =
Beth - zaith =" house of olives" (Smith, Jerusalem, i. 244 ^
note) ; it does not mean " New Town." Similar loose
etymological statements occur in the Antiquities.
245
JOSEPHUS
TO TLXO? (hs rjpâro- XlOol? fiev yap elKOGair-qx^f^^
TO fJLTJKOS Kal TO evpOS hKaTrrjX^GL OVVTjppLolêTO,
fJLTjO^ VTTopvyrjvaL GLhrjpcp paStcus" p^rjO vtt opydvotg
154 Stacretcr^T^vat bvvdfJLevov , SeVa Se TT-qxêi'S avTO^

TO Teiô? irrXaTvvTo , Kal to vijjos TrXeZov fxev dv,
dj eLKos, ^crx^ p-'f] SLaKa)Xvdi(jrjg ttjs tov KaTap-
155 âpiivov <f)iXoTLpLLas. avOus Se KaiToi /xera arrovhrj'^

iyLp6pLvov 1)770 ^lovhaiojv LS eLKOGL TT-qxîS
avduTT], Kal SL7TrjXL pLv Tas eTrdXêiSy TpiTrrjx^f'S
Se Tovs TTpop.ax'-^'^'o.s ^^X^^> ^^ '^ "^^^ vipos els
eLKOGLTTevTe TTrjXî-S dvaTTd(jdaL.
156 (3) Tov Se TLXOVS vrrepelxov ol TTVpyoi Tr-qx^'^?

eiKOGL p.kv els evpos, elKooL he els vxjjoSy TeTpdycovoL
T Kal TrX-qpeis warrep avTO to Telxos ovTes' tj ye

pLTjv appLOvla Kal to KdXXos tojv Xidojv ovhev
157 aTTehei vaov. /xerd he to vauTov vipos tojv TTupywv,

orrep rjv elKoodrrrixv , TToXvTeXels rjuav olkol, Kal
KadvTTepdev vrrepcha, heâpLevai re Trpos Tas tojv
veTcov vTTohoxds, eXiKes Te Kat TrXaTeZai Kad^
158 eKauTov dvohoi. tolovtovs ptev ovv rrvpyovs to

TpiTov Telxos ^^X^^ evevrjKOVTa, ra pLeTairvpyia he
TOVTOJV dm TTTjX^'-S hiaKOGLovs' TO h av pieGov
els TeGGapas Kal heKa TTvpyovs, to 8' dpxoXov
159 els eî]KOVTa pLep.epLGTO. tt]s rroXecos S' d rrds

kvkXos GTohiajv fjv TpLaKOVTaTpiojv . davpLaoLov
8' ovTos oXov TOV TpLTOv retôfs" OavpiaGicjoTepos
dvelx^ /card ycovlav ôpeios Te Kau rrpos hvGLV 6
^'rj(f)Lvos TTvpyos, KaB^ ov eGTpaTOTrehevGaTO Titos.
160 eirl yap e^hopi-qKovra TT-qx^'-S vip-qXos cov Wpa^lav

T dviGxovTos rjXLOV TTapelx^v d(f)opdv Kal pêxpi
^ aiTi2 M : aiTw vat P : airo Kai A.

33 stades= about 3^ miles. The circumference esti246
began ; for it was constructed of stones twenty cubits

long and ten broad, so closely joined that they could
scarcely haye been undermined with tools of iron or
shaken by engines. The wall itself was ten cubits
broad, and it would doubtless haye attained a greater
height than it did, had not the ambition of its founder
been frustrated. Subsequently, although hurriedly
erected by the Jews, it rose to a height of tM'enty
cubits, besides ha\'ing battlements of two cubits and
bulwarks of three cubits high, bringing the total
altitude up to twenty-five cubits.
(3) Aboye the wall, however, rose towers, twenty The towers
cubits broad and twenty high, square and solid as the
wall itself, and in the joining and beauty of the
stones in no wise inferior to a temple. Over this
solid masonry, twenty cubits in altitude, were magnificent apartments, and above these, upper chambers
and cisterns to receive the rain-water, each tower
having broad spiral staircases. Of such towers the
third wall had ninety, disposed at intervals of two ^
hundred cubits ; the Hne of the middle wall was
broken by fourteen towers, that of the old wall by

sixty. The whole circumference of the city was
thirty-three furlongs." But wonderful as was the
third wall throughout, still more so was the tower
Psephinus, which rose at its north-west angle and Psepinnus,
opposite to which Titus encamped. For, beingseventy cubits high, it afforded from sunrise a prospect embracing both Arabia and the utmost limits
mated by " the land surveyor of Syria " {ap. Euseb. Praep,
Ev. ix. 36) in the second century b.c. was 27 stades ; for
other exaggerated estimates of 40 and 50 stades see ^-ip. i,
197 note. The circumference here given for the larger city ^
of the first century a.d. favours a more northerly position U
for the third wall than that of the existing north wall. f
247
JOSEPHUS
daXdrrr]? ra rrjs 'E^patcov kXtjpovx^cls eaxciTa'
161 oKrdyojvog 8 rjv. tovtov S' dvTiKpvs 6 'Ittttlkos

Kal Trap" avrov hvo KareoKevdadrjaav yikv v(f)^
*ipcoSov /SacrtAecD? iv rw apxaloj recxî, fieyedog

Se Kal KdXXo? rjGav Kal 6)(yp6r-qra tojv Kara ttjv
162 OLKOVjJLevrjv hidôpoi' rrpos yap rep (f)VGeL jdeyaXoijjvxî^ f^^^^ "^fj TT^pl TYfv ttoXlv (l>iXoTipiia rr]v
VTTepox'qv Tcbv epycov 6 âcrtAeus" rrddeoiv oIklol?
ixapil,TO, /cat rptcrt rots' rjSiGroL? rrpoacoTTOLS,
d(f)^ coy (hvojiaae rovs irvpyovs, dSeAôj /cat
<j>iXcp Kal yvvaiKi, tt)v fjLvqfJLrjv dvidrjKe, rrjv piev
CO? 7TpoLprjKapLv [/cat]^ KTLvas St* epcora, tov 8'
aTTOâXdjv ev TToXep^co yewatco? ayajviaapievovs .
163 o p-kv ovv Yttttikos arro rod (f)LXov rrpoGayopevdels

rerpdyojvos pikv tjv, evpos Se Kal pu'qKo? cIkoolTTevre tttix^v eKaarov Kal vipo? rpidKovra, ovSapLov
164 SidKevos. VTTep he ro TrXrjpeg Kal rals rrerpais

cruvrjva>pLVov et? e/cSo;^)]^ op^pcov elKOGdin^xv?
165 XdKKos TjV ro ^ddos, eTrdvco Se rovrov hiareyog

oIkos [fi'^Y eiKOGi Kai Trivre ttt^x^'^ '^^ vipos eis
TTOiKiXa rey-q birjp-qpievos, vrrep ov rvpcrei? pikv
hnrrixî'S Trpopiax^jves Be rrepLê^X-qvro rpLTTrjX^^^>
CO? ro TTav vijjos els oyhorjKovra tttjx^^? Gvvapid-
166 pLetadaL. 6 8e hevrepos rrvpyos, ov (hvopaaev drro
TdheX(f>ov âadrjXov, ro piev TrXdros Kal ro pLTJKog

taov ^^X^^> reuoapdKovra tttjxojv eKaaroVy eirl
^ AL : om. the rest. ^ om. L.
" Phasael, Hippicus (strangely ignored in the narrative of

Herod's reign), and Mariamme. ^ i. 443.
^ Phasael, taken prisoner by the Parthians, committed

suicide, i. 271 ; of the other's end there is no record.
** Probably the N.W. tower of the present citadel (Smith,
248
of Hebrew territory as far as the sea ; it was of

octagonal form.
Ovêr against this was the tower Hippicus, and and Herod's
close to it two others, all built by King Herod into towe^rs:
the old wall, and for magnitude, beauty and strength
without their equal in the world. For, apart from
his innate magnanimity and his pride in the city, the

king sought, in the super-excellence of these works,
to gratify his private feelings ; dedicating them to
the memory of three persons to whom he was most
fondly attached, and after whom he named these
towers brother, friend, and wife.'* The last, as we
have previously related, he had for love's sake
actually slain ^ ; the others he had lost in war, after
valiant fight. '^
Now Hippicus,*^ called after his friend, was quad- Hippicus,

rangular, its length and breadth being each twentyfive cubits, and to the height of thirty cubits it was
solid throughout. But above this solid and compact
mass of masonry was a reservoir, twenty cubits deep,
to receive the rain-water, and over this a doubleroofed chamber, twenty-five cubits high, with roofs
of diverse colours ; this again was crowned by
turrets, two cubits, and battlements, three cubits
high, so that the total altitude amounted to eighty
cubits.
The second tower, which he named Phasael * after Phasaei,

his brother, was of equal length and breadth, forty
Jerusalem, i. 240). The three Herodian towers were pre-
served by Titus for the admiration of future ages, vii. 1 f.
* The N.E. tower of the present citadel, erroneouslj' called

" David's tower." The dimensions approximate to the
round statement of Josephus (a cube of 40 cubits = c. 60 feet),
being actually 65.6 ft. high x 55.78 broad x 70.21 long;
ih. 191.
249
JOSEPHUS
167 reaaapaKovra S' avrov to vaarov -qv vijjos. iTrdvco

5e avTOV TTepLT^CL GToa heKarrrj-^vs ro vipo?, dcopa-
168 KLOL? re Kal TrpoôXoLS OKeTTopievr]. fiearjv 8'
VTTepOJKoSopL'qTO TTjV GTOOLV TTVpyOS TpOS, ??
re OLKOvs TToAureAets' Kal Srj Kal âXavelov 8tTjprjfjLevos, (x) IjL7]8v ivbeoL rep TTvpyco âGiXeiov
hoKeZv. TO, 8 aKpa rols 77po/xa;â>(7t Kal rats
169 rvpGGLV "I" 7^ TTepLavTOVj^ KeKOGfjLrjTO. TT-q-^cjjv 8'
TjV TO 77dv Ui/fos" CO? ivevqKOVTa, Kal ro /xev o)(fipia

TTapecpKei rep Kara ttjv Odpov eKirvpaevovri rols
ttI ÂXeâvhpeias rrXeovGL, rfj Trepioxfj Se ttoXv
pLeit,cx>v -qv' rrjVLKavrd ye pLTjv rvpavvelov aTreheLxOr]
170 Tov HlpLCovog. 6 8e rpiros TTvpyog r) MaptajLt^ry,

Tovro yap r] âatAt? e/caAetro, P-^XP^ H'^^ clkogl
7Tr]xo^v vaarog rjv, eiKoat 8e Trrjx^^'? ets" evpos
171 SueâLve Kal p.rJKO lgov, TToXvreXeGrepav 8e Kal

TTOiKiXwrepav rcov dXXojv ttjv olktjglv elx^v iirdvco,
rod âGiXeoj? OLKelov vrroXaôvros rov diro
yvvaiKos ovopLaGdevra KeKOGpirjGdai TrXiov ?} rovs
diT^ dvhpojv, (joGTrep eKeivovs rod rrjs yvvaiKos
iGxvpordpovs. rovrov ro irdv vipos TrevrrjKovra
Kal rrevre 7n]x<^^ tjv.
172 (-i) TrjXiKovroi 8' ovres" ol rpels ro pieyedos
173 TToXv pLLôves e<j>aivovro 8td rov roTtov avro re

yap ro apxcilov relxo?^ iv (L rjGav, i(f)^ vip-qXco
X6<f)cp hehop.'qro, Kal rov X6(f)OV Kadairep Kopv(f)TJ
ris vijjr]Xorepa rrpoaveZx^^ ^^V rpidKOvra irrixeiSy
virep Tjv ol TTvpyoL Keipievoi ttoXu St^ rt rov
17-4 p-erecopov TTpoGeXdpcâvov . OavpidGLOV 8e Kal rcov
Xidojv TjV ro pLeyedo?' ov yap i^ eiKaias x^p/xaSos"

ovhk (f)op-qra)v dvOpujTTOis rrerpoiv ovveLGr^KeGav,
^ PA: fxaWov ijvep 6 irpb aiToO the rest: om. Lat.

250
cubits each ; forty cubits was also the height of its

sohd base. Above and around this ran a cloister, ten
cubits high, protected by parapets and bulwarks.
Over this and rising from the centre of the cloister
was built another tower, apportioned into sumptuous
apartments, including a bath, in order that nothing
might be wanting to impart to this tower the appearance of a palace. Its summit was crowned with
battlements and turrets, and its total height was about
ninety cubits. In form it resembled the tower of
Pharos that emits its beacon hght to na\'igators
approaching Alexandria, but in circumference it was
much larger. It had now become the seat of Simon's
tyranny.
The third tower, Mariamme ^ for such was the and
queen's name was soUd to a height of but twenty ' ^^^*'

cubits, its breadth being also twenty cubits and its
length the same. But its upper residential quarters
were far more luxurious and ornate than those of
the other towers, the king considering it appropriate
that the one named after a woman should so far
surpass in decoration those called after men, as they
outdid the woman's tower in strength. The total
height of this last was fifty-five cubits.
(4) But while such were the proportions of these

three towers, they seemed far larger owing to their
site. For the old wall in which they stood was itself
built on a lofty hill, and above the hill rose as it were
a crest thirty cubits higher still ; on this the towers
stood and thus gained immensely in elevation.
Marvellous, too, were the dimensions of the stones ;
for these were not composed of ordinary blocks
or boulders such as men might carry, but were
iv. 613. ^ Site unknown, apparently E. of Phasael.
VOL. Ill I 251
JOSEPHUS
115 XevKT] 8e iidpjiapos irfi-qOrj- Kal to jxev fjLT]Kos

iKaGTTjg TTTjxo^v Tjv eiKOGL, 8e/ca Se evpos Kal
^ddos 7Tvre, (rvvqvojvro 8 in olXXtJXols, coj
SoKetv eKaarov nvpyov pnav elvau irirpav dva7T<f)VKVLav, erretra Se TrepLeêudai X^P^^^ rexyirwv
els ^Xni^^ ^^^^ yojvias' ovtojs ovSapiodev rj ovvd-
176 êta tt^s" dpyiovias Sie(/)atVeTO. Keifievois Se Trpog

dpKTOv avTols vho9ev -q rod jSacrtAeo)? avXrj
177 TTpoGelêvKTO rravros \6yov KpeiGGiov ovre yap

TToXvreXeias ovre KaraGKevrjs nvos eXeiirev vrrepôXrjV, dXXd rereix^'Oro [lev drraGa rpiOLKovra
mjx^^^ '^^ ^4^'^? kvkXo), Kar lgov hiaGriqpLa KeKOGfir^fievoLS Se^ rrvpyoLS SteiA7]77ro drhpajGi re
178 fieyLGTOLS Kai els êvcjvas eKarovraKXivovs' ev

ols dhiriyqros p-^v r] TTOiKiXla rcjv XlOojv rjv, GVvrJKro
yap rroXus 6 rravraxov GTrdvios, davpLaGral S*
6po(f>al fjLTjKeL re Sokcov Kal XapLTrpor-qn Trpo-
179 KOGfjL7]p,drci)V, oXkcjjv Se ttXtjOos Kal Staôpat

GxrjpLdrojv rrepl rovrovs pLvpiai, TrdGiv ye [xr)v
drroGKeval TrXrjpeis, Kal rd rrXeioj rcJov ev eKdGroLS
180 KLpLeva>v e^ dpyvpov re Kal ;;^puo-OL'. irepiGroa

Se St' dXXrjXojv ev kvkXo) TToXXd, Kal GrvXoi npos
eKdGro) SLd(f)opoL' ra ye pnqv rovra)v vnaiOpa
181 Trdvra^ ;)(Aoepa, Kal TToiKiXaL pLev uAat pLaKpol Se St'

avrojv TTepiTTaroL Kal Trepl rovrovs evpioi âdels
SeâpLeval re navraxov ;(aA/<:oupy7]/xaT6L>i^ nepurrXeoL, St' chv ro v8a>p eêx^-lro, Kal TroAAot Tiept rd
182 vdpLara rrvpyoL TreXeidhcov -qpuepajv. dXXd yap

ovO^ eppLTjvevGaL Bvvarov d^Lcos rd âGiXeic, koI
^ U seems out of place and should probably stand before

(Niese) or after di.daTr]/j.a : L places it after 8ui\r]VTo.
* PAM : iravTaxov the rest.
252
cut out of white marble. The length of each

block was twenty cubits, the breadth ten, and the
depth five, and so nicely were they joined to one
another that each tower seemed like one natural

rock, that had later been pohshed by the hands of
craftsmen into shape and angles ; so wholly imperceptible was the fitting of the joints.
Adjoining and on the inner side of these towers, Herod's

which lay to the north of it, was the king's palace, p^^^^baffling all description : indeed, in extravagance
and equipment no building surpassed it. It was
completely enclosed within a wall thirty cubits high,
broken at equal distances by ornamental towers, and
contained immense banqueting-halls and bedchambers for a hundred guests. The interior fittings
are indescribable the variety of the stones (for
species rare in every other country were here
collected in abundance), ceilings wonderful both for
the length of the beams and the splendour of their
surface decoration, the host of apartments with their
infinite varieties of design, all amply furnished, while
most of the objects in each of them were of silver or
gold. All around were many circular cloisters, leading one into another, the columns in each being
different, and their open courts all of greensward ;
there were groves of various trees intersected by
long walks, which were bordered by deep canals, and
ponds everywhere studded with bronze figures,
through which the water was discharged, and around

the streams were numerous cots for tame pigeons.
However, it is impossible adequately to delineate the
palace, and the memory of it is harrowing, recalling
253
JOSEPHUS
(f).pi ^daavov rj fJLinjfjLT], ras rod XrjarpiKov TTvpo?
183 SaTrdvag dva<^povGa' ov yap ravra 'Pco/xatot

Kare(/)Xâv, dAA' vtto tcov evhov eTTLôvXajv, cv?
7rpoLp'qKafJLV, iv otpXTJ '^V^ dTTOGrdaecos^ aTTO
fXv rrjg AvTCovias TJpâro ro TTvp, ptere^r] 8' irrl
rd âalXeia Kal rojv rpiojv TTvpycov rds areya?
eTTCvepL-qOr] .
184 (v. l) To S' Upov IBpVTO fJLV, ojGTTep e^Tjv , cttI

X6(f)OV Kaprepov, arar* dp^dg 8e /xoAt? e^rjpKei to
avcDrdraj "^dapiaXdv avrov ro) re vaw Kal rep
ôjpLO)' rd ydp rrepi^ dnoKprjpLVOs tjv Kal KardvTrjg.
185 Tov Se âGuXeajg ôXojjlojvos, os Stj Kal rov vaov
eKTiGev, TO Kar dvaroXds pLepos iKreLXâavros,

eTrereOr] /xta otoo. tw ;âj/LtaTf /cat Kard ye rd
XoLTrd pieprj yvpLVog 6 vaos "^v, rots S* i^ris alojGLV
del TL rod Xaov rrpoGy^cuvvvvTOs dvLGOvpLvo? 6
186 X6(f)Os T^vpvvero. SiaKoipavres Se Kal to TrpoG-
dpKTlOV TLXO? TOGOVTOV TTpOGeXdfJLâVOV OGOV
vGrepov 7Telxev o rod ttovtos lepov TrepiôXos.
187 retxiGavres S' eK pi^rjg Tp^XV KVKXodev rov

X6<j)OV /cat pLelôv eATrtSo? iKTrovqGavres epyov, els
^ L : + /cat {KarecpX^x^Vô-^ 'ât C) the rest.
" B. ii. 430-440 ; the rebels first set fire to Antonia and
then besieged the Roman garrison in Herod's palace and
burnt their camp (September a.d. 66).
^ For comparison with this account of Herod's temple we

possess a second partial description in the tractate of the
Mishna entitled Middot{h) (=" measures" sc. of the
temple), written c. a.d. 150. The two accounts are in many
particulars inconsistent. Middoth on some points usefully
supplements Josephus ; but its author, whose information
comes to him at second hand, writes without the strict regard

for accuracy of a mere antiquarian. Like Ezekiel, he has
before him a picture of the ideal temple of the future. Of
254
as it does the ravages of the brigands' fire. For it its conwas not the Romans who burnt it to the ground, but bythe
this was done, as we have said ab-eady,'* by con- brigands.
spirators within the Malls at the opening of the revolt.
The conflagration beginning at Antonia passed to
the palace, and spread to the roofs of the three
towers.
(v. 1) Though the temple,* as I said,*' was Description

seated on a strong hill, the level area on its summit temple.
originally barely sufficed for shrine and altar, the Gradual
ground around it being precipitous and steep. But of the
king Solomon, the actual founder of the temple, temple hiii
having walled up the eastern side, a single portico
was reared on this made ground ; on its other
sides the sanctuary remained exposed. In course of
ages, however, through the constant additions of

the people to the embankment, the hill-top by this
process of levelling up was widened. They further
broke down the north wall and thus took in an area
as large as the whole temple enclosure subsequently
occupied.'* Then, after having enclosed the hill
from its base "vîth a Avail on three sides,* and accomplished a task greater than they could ever have
the two accounts, that of Josephus, who had seen the temple,
is the more trustworthy ; but the discrepancies between
Josephus, Middoth, and archaeological discovery are so
great that in the opinion of the most recent editor of the
tractate " the true picture of the Herodian temple can no
longer to-day be drawn." See O. Holtzmann, Die Misclina,
Middot (Giessen, 1913), p. vi, and especially pp. 15-44,
" Der Traktat Middot und Josephus."
" See 138 f.
^ According to Middoth ii. 1 the temple hill was 500 cubits

square (a figure perhaps derived from Ezek. xlii. 16-20).
* Solomon having already walled up the E. side, as stated

above, 185.
255
JOSEPHUS
fiaKpoL fXv âvaXojOr]aav alowe? avroZs koX
01 Upol 8e dfjuavpol rravres, ovs dveTTLfiTrXaaav ol

TTapa rrjg OLKovfievrjg haapiOL irepLTTopLevoi toj Oecp,
Tovs re avoj TrepiôXovs kol to Kara) Upov ap,(^-
188 eheipâvTo. rovrov to raTreivorarov airo rpiaKOCJLOJV averei'xîaavTO TTrjôw, Kara 8e nva?
T07T0VS Kai^ 7rXeLovo. ou pLvroL TTav ro ^ddos
(f)aLVro rcov OepLeXtajv inl ttoXv yap exôcrav
ras" (^dpayyag, dvLGOvv ôvXcfievoi rovs arevcoTTovg
189 rou dareo?. rrerpai Se reGGapaKovraTrrjXî^? t-o

fxeyedos rjuav rod SofnjpLaros' rj re yap SaiplXeia
rojv ;^p7]âTa)y Kal rod Xaov (îXoripiia Xoyov
fieLôvas erroLelro rds eTnôXd?, Kal ro p^'r]^^
eXTTiadev eêiv rrepas impôvfj Kal xP^vols rjv dvv-
GLpLOV.
190 (2) *Hv Se afta row rrjXiKovrajv depLeXiajv Kal

rd VTTep avTcov epya' StTzAat pLev yap at crroal
TTaaaL, Kioves S' avrals elKoanrevre tttjxojv ro
vi/jo? ecfieGT-qKeaav , p.ov6XidoL XevKordr-qs pLap-
191 p-dpoVy Kehpivois Se (ârvojpLaaLV cLpocfxjuvro. rovrojv Tj pLev <f)VGLKrj TToXvreXeia Kal rd evêarov Kal
ro appLOVLOv irapeZx^ deajpiav a^toXoyov, ovSevL S
eôjOev ovre tojypafhias ovre yXv(f)LBog ^PY^
192 TTpoG-qyXdLGro. Kal TrXarelai p,ev rJGav eirl rpidKovra vqxî-S} o 8e Trd? kvkXos avrwv els e^
urahiovs (JVvep.erpelro TrepiXapLâvopievT]? Kal rrjs
AvTCDVias" ro S' VTraiOpov drrav TreTTOiKiXro
193 TTavrohaTTOj Xldo/ Karearpajpievov . 8td rovrov

TTpo'Covrcxjv errl to hevrepov lepov hpv(l)aKros
^ L Lat. (etiara) : iK the rest.

' Destinon : iravTodairuiv Xidojp ms3.
256
hoped to achieve a task upon which long ages

were spent by them as well as all their sacred
treasures, though replenished by the tributes offered
to God from every quarter of the world they built
around the original block the upper courts and
the lower temple enclosure. The latter, where its
foundations were lowest, they built up from a depth
of three hundred cubits ; at some spots this figure
was exceeded. The whole depth of the foundations
was, however, not apparent ; for they filled up a
considerable part of the ra\ines, wishing to level the
narrow allevs of the to^^Tl. Blocks of stone were Magnitude
I . .1 ' 1 .^ T . r>, !, n of the stoues
used m the building measuring torty cubits; tor used in the

lavish funds and popular enthusiasm led to incred foundations.
ible enterprises, and a task seemingly interminable
was through perseverance and in time actually
achieved.
(2) Nor was the superstructure unworthy of such The

foundations. The porticoes, all in double rows, were and th?^
supported by columns five and twenty cubits high ^^^^ court.
each a single block of the purest white marble and
ceiled with panels of cedar. The natural magnificence of these columns, their excellent polish and fine
adjustment presented a striking spectacle, without
any adventitious embellishment of painting or
sculpture. The porticoes were thirty cubits broad, ">
and the complete circuit of them, embracing the
tower of Antonia, measured six furlongs. The open
court was from end to end variegated with pa\'ing
of all manner of stones.
Proceeding across this towards the second court The second

of the temple, one found it surrounded by a stone debarred to
"^57 foreig6"-
JOSEPHUS I
TTepLê^XrjTo Xidivos, rpL7Trjxv9 /Xv vifjos, ttolvv 8e
194 X^P'^^^'^^^ hieipyaayievos' v avro) S' eLGT-qKeaap

i^ Lcrov SiaGT-qfjLaros arrjXaL rov rrjs ayveia?
TTpoarjfjLaivovaaL voptov, at [lev '^XX'qvLKols at he
Paj/xatKots" ypdixpLaaiv, iirjSeva dXX6cf)vXov evros

rod dyiov irapiivai' to yap hevrepov Upov dyiov
195 eKaXelro. Kal reGoapeuKaiheKa /xev âdfiois rjv

dvaârov dno rod Trpcvrov, reTpdycovov he dvoj
196 Kal retx^L irepLTTecfypayyievov Ihicn. rovrov ro puev

eôjdev vijjos KaiTrep reGoapdKovra tttjôji^ VTvdpxov
v7t6 twv âdfiojv eKaXvTTrero, ro h evhov ecKOGL
Kal TTevre TTTjxoiiv rjv Trpog yap viffqXorepoj hehopL'qp.evov rod ^dQpov^ ovKer rjV airav ecGOJ Kara-
197 (f)ave? KaXvTTropievov vtto rod X6j)OV. fxerd he rovs

heKareGGapas âdfiovs ro p-^XP^ "^^^ reuxovs
198 hidGrrjfjLa Trr^p^cov rjv heKa, rrdv LGOTrehov. evSev

aXXoi rrdXiv TrevreâOpLOL^ KXipiaKes dvrjyov inl rds
TTvXag, at drro pLev dpKrov /cat pLeGr]p.^pLag OKro),
Kad^ eKarepov reGGapeg, hvo S' rJGav e^ dvaroXrjs
Kar dvdyK-qv hiarereix^Gpievov yap Kara rovro
ro KXlpLa rai? yvvai^lv Ihuov irpos OprjGKeiav
* rod ^ddpov Destinon : rod ^ddixov (or rots ^dd/jiois) mss.

2 hdeKdâdfxoi. PAML ; cf. 206.
" Hebrew soreg, Middoth ii. 3 a.
* c. 4| feet : according to Middoth^ " ten handbreadths "
= c. 2i feet.
* One of these slabs was discovered in 1871 by M. Clermont-Ganneau, and is now at Constantinople ; the inscription on it runs /XTjOeua dWoyevT] elcnropevecrdai ivrbs tov wepi to
lepbv rpvcpaKTOv Kal irepLôXov. 8s 5' Slp \-q<p6r] iavru atrios iarat.
Sid rb iâKo\ovOe"Lv ddvarov. Josephus mentions it again in
258
balustrade,** three cubits^ high and of exquisite

workmanship ; in this at regular intervals stood slabs
giving Avarning, some in Greek, others in Latin
characters, of the law of purification, to wit that no

foreigner was permitted to enter the holy place,''
for so the second enclosure of the temple was called.
It was approached from the first by fourteen steps ;
the area above was quadrangular, and screened by
a wall of its own. The exterior height of this,
actually forty cubits, was disguised by the steps, the
interior altitude was but five and twenty ; for the
floor being built on a higher level,'^ the whole was not
visible from within, a portion being concealed by the
hill. Beyond the fourteen steps there ^vas a space
of ten cubits between them and the wall, forming a
level terrace.^ From this again other flights of five
steps led up to the gates. Of these there were eight
on the north and south, four on either side, and two
on the east ^ necessarily ; since in this quarter a
special place of worship was walled off for the M'omen,
A. XV. 417 epKLOv \idivov 8pv(pdKTov ypacpfj KioXvov eicrievaL top

dWoedyrj davaTLKrjs direLXov/j.ei'ris ttjs ^ri,uias ; cf. the allusion in
Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, 31 {212 Cohn). St. Paul's arrest was
due to a belief that he had brought Trophimus the Ephesian
within the barrier, Acts xxi. 26 ff.
* Or (with the mss.) " the staircase being built against

rising ground."
The steps, with the terrace above them, ran round three
sides of the building ; at the west end there were no steps
( 38). Middoth ii. 3 b mentions the terrace {Chel), 10 cubits
(broad), but speaks of 12 steps only, instead of the 14 + 5
of Josephus. In this and other discrepancies Josephus
appears to be the more trustworthy authority.
^ i.e. relatively to the vabs and the courts immediately

surrounding it ; the two gates were in the centre of the east
and west walls respectively of the Women's Court, which
formed the main access to the inner courts.
VOL. Ill 1 2 259
JOSEPHUS
)(OJpov, eSet Seurepav etvat TTvXrjv TCTfi-qro 8 avrrj
199 TTjs TTpciJTTjs dvTLKpvg. KO-K TOW clAAcov Se KXijxdrajv

fjLia fiarjii^pLvrj TTvXrj Kal fiia ôpecos, St' rjg^ elg
T7]v yvvaLKowlriv eiarjyov Kara yap rag aAAa?
o'UK i^rjv TTapeXQelv yvvai^Lv, aXX ovhe Kara Ttjv
G(i)Tpav VTrep^rjvaL to Siaretj^tcr/Lta. dvelro ye
fiTjV Tals t' iTTLXcopi-OLg Kat rat? e^coBev ofiocfivXoL?
200 iv Igoj irpos 6prjcrKLav 6 x^^po?- to Se Trpog Svglv

lidpog ovK LX. TTvXrjV, aXXd Si-qveKeg ihehofJLTjro
ravrrj to Telxo?- at aroat Se jJLera^v tlov ttvXojv
6.7:6 Tov TLxovs evhov iaTpajJijievai rrpo tojv
yaLo(f)vXaKLOJV G(f)6hpa [lev KaXolg Kal fieyaXoig
dveixovTO kloolv, rjcav h drrXaly Kal TrXrjV rod
p.eyedovs tojv Karco Kar ouSev aTTeXeLTTOvro.
201 (3) Ttov e 7TvXa)v at fxev ewea XP"^^^ ^^^

dpyvpcp KKaXvfifivaL TravraxoBev rjoav, ojxoiojs
re at re TrapaGrddes Kal ra vrrlpdvpa, fiia S' 7]
e^codev TOV vew JôpivOiov pâA/cou, rroXv Trj TLfXTJ
ra? KaTapyvpovg Kat TrepixpvGOvg virepdyovGa.
202 Kal hvo jikv eKdGTov TTvXojvog Ovpai, TpidKovTa

Se 7Ti'jxd)v TO vijjog eKaGTYjg Kal to irXaTog -qv
203 TTevTeKatheKa. pterd fievTOL Tag etCToSou? IvhoTepco

7rXaTVv6pLV0L Trap eKdrepov rpta/covraTrry^ct?
iêSpas etxov evpos t Kal fjii^Kos TTvpyoethels,
^ 01 ^s] quibus Lat.
" Or " facing inwards from."
^ These lay round the walls of the whole inner court and
were used for the storage of temple property (Smith, JerusaUm, ii. 510 n., Hastings, I).B. iv. 714 a) ; they included
perhaps the strong-rooms for private wealth deposited here
for safety, B. vi. 282, cf. A. xix. 294 " the treasury." In the
^-^^ N.T. (Mark xii. 41, etc.), on the other hand, " the treasury "
260
rendering a second gate requisite ; this approach xiie

opened opposite to the first. On the other sides ^\1^"' ^
there was one gate on the south and one on tlie north
giving access to the women's court ; for women were
not permitted to enter by the others nor yet to pass
by way of their own gate beyond the partition walL
This court was, however, thrown open for worship
to all Jewish women alike, whether natives of the
country or \'isitors from abroad. The west end of the
building had no gate, the wall there being unbroken.
The porticoes between the gates, on the inner side

of <* the wall in front of the treasury chambers,^ were
supported by exceedingly beautiful and lofty columns ;
these porticoes were single, but, except in point of
size, in no way inferior to those in the lower court.
(3) Of the gates'' nine were completely overlaid Tha gates.

with gold and silver, as were also their door-posts
and hntels ; but one, that outside the sanctuary,
was of Corinthian bronze, and far exceeded in value
those plated with silver and set in gold,*^ Each
gateway had two doors, and each door was thirty
cubits in height and fifteen in breadth. Beyond and
within the entrances, however, the portals expanded,
embracing on either side turret-hke chambers *
measuring thirty cubits in breadth and length, and
means the 13 trumpet-shaped receptacles for alms and

offerings which stood in the Women's Court.
' The 10 gates mentioned in 198.
** "The Corinthian gate "=" the gate of Nicanor " of

MtddotJi (ii. 3 g, " All the gates were gilded except the gate
of Nicanor," mentioning its bronze), and probably " the
Beautiful gate " of Acts iii. 2, 10. From Josephus, though
his language is difficult, it seems clear that it was in the east

wall, not (as some have argued) in the west wall, of the ^
women's court. Corinthian bronze was famous.
Or " gate-rooms."
261
JOSEPHUS
vipTjAas o VTTep TGaapaKOvra tttjx^'-S' ovo

avelxov eKaar-qv klov?, ScoheKa 7rr]-)(a)V rrjv
204 '^^pi-oxriv e)(0VT. Kai rcov jiev dXXojv tcrov rjv

TO fieyedog, rj 8 VTrep t7]v Koptv^tav oltto rrjg
yuvaiKajviTLhos i^ dvaroXrj? dvoLyoiJLevr] ttjs rod
205 iÔLOv 77vXr]g dvriKpv ttoXv pLel^cov TTevrrJKovra

yap 7Trj-)(^cx)v ovaa ttjv dvaGraGLV reaaapaKovra7Trj-)(eLg ras Ovpag ct^ê Kat rov Koapiov ttoXvreXearepov iirl SaipcXe? ird'^ôs dpyvpov re Kat
Xpvaov. rovTOV Se rats' ivvea TriÂat? eTrex^^v 6
206 Tiêpiov TTarrjp ÂXeâvSpog. âdfiol Se Se/ca-
77VT TTpog TT^V fJLLL.OVa TTvX'qV djTO TOV TCJV
yvvaLKOJV 8taTet;^t(7/j,aTOS" avi^yov' tcjv yap Kara

rag dXXag Trevre âdp-aJv rjGav ^pa^vrepoL.
207 (^) Auto? 8 o vaos Kara y.Oov KeLjievog, ro

ayiov Upov, ScoScKa âQfiols tjv dvaâro?, xrat
TO pev Kara rrpoGOJTrov vipos re Kai evpog lgop
ava rr-qx^Ls eKarov, KaroTTiv Se reGGapaKovra
TTrjxeGi Grevorepos' ep^TrpoGdev yap dtGTrep djpoL
208 Trap eKdrepov elKOGarriq-xêLs hiiâivov . rj Trpcorr]

avrov ttvXt], rrrjxdjv i^doiJLiJKOvra ro vipog ovGa
Kai evpog LKOGL Kai 7Tvr, Ovpag ovK L-)(e- rov
yap ovpavov ro a;)/ave?^ Kat aSta/cActCTTOv ivefbauve'
KexpvGOJTO 8e rd plrojira Trdvra, Kai 8t' avrrjg
o re TTpojrog OiKog e^coQev Trdg /<:aTe<âtVTO fxdyiGrog dw, Kai rd rrepl rr^v eiGw ttvXtjv Trdvra
209 Xap opera xp^^d) rolg opojGLV VTreTTiTrrev. rod

vaov Se ovrog etGco hioreyov p,6vog 6 Trpdorog
^ Lat. ; I'l/'TjXat MSS. ^ Bekker : dâver mss.
" i.e. west of.
* i.e. forming the eastern approach to the sanctuary^ from

the west end of the Women's Court.
over forty cubits high, each supported by two columns,

twelve cubits in circumference. The dimensions of
the other gates were all alike, but the one beyond '^
the Corinthian gate, opening from the Women's
Court on the east,^ opposite the gate of the sanctuary,
was far larger, having an altitude of fifty cubits, with
doors of forty, and richer decoration, being overlaid
with massive plates of silver and gold. The nine
gates were thus plated by Alexander " the father of
Tiberius. Fifteen steps led up from the women's
compartment to the greater gate, these steps being
shallower than the five at each of the other gates.**
(4) The sacred edifice itself, the holy temple, in xh*- temple
the central position, was approached by a flight of |î"jêVafde
twelve steps. The facade ^ was of equal height and
breadth, each being a hundred cubits ; ^ but the

building behind was narrower by forty cubits, for in
front it had as it were shoulders extending twenty
cubits on either side.^ The first gate was seventy
cubits high and twenty-five broad and had no doors,
displaying unexcluded the void expanse of heaven;
the entire face was covered with gold, and through it
the first edifice was \isible to a spectator without in
all its grandeur and the surroundings of the inner
gate all gleaming with gold fell beneath his eye.
But, whereas the sanctuary within consisted of two
* Alabarch of Alexandria and brother of the philosopher /

Philo,^.xviii. 259; forhisson,Tiberiiis Alexander, now a staff- r
oflficer in the Roman army, see B. ii. 220, v. 45. '^ 19S. J
' One must imagine a great propylaeon or porch.
^ So Middoth iv. 6. In Nero's time King Agrippa had

made preparations for raising the height to 120 cubits, but
the work was prevented by the outbreak of war, B. v. 3G f.,
cf. A. XV. 391.
" Middoth, iv. 7 c : " The sanctuary was narrow behind

and broad in front, like a lion."
263
JOSEPHUS
oTko? 7TpovKiTo Kai Sti^veAce? et? to vipo?, dua-
TLv6fJLVO? IXeV 7T* iveVTjKOVTa TTrjXÎ-^y fJi'qKVVO'
fievos he eirl Trevr'qKovra kol SiajSatvcoy 77' e'lKOGiv.
210 Tj Se Sta rod olkov TrvXrj KexpvGcoro /xeV, (hs e(f)rjv,

TTaua Kol oAo? o irepi avrrjv roZxos, et;ê Se kol
rds ;)(puCTas' VTrep lavrrjs dfnreXovg, dcf)* ojv ôrpves
211 dvSpojjLTjKeL? KareKpepiavro. [ovtos 8e rjhr] rod

vaov SiGreyov, raTreivorepa rfjs e^codev oijjecos
Tj evSov TjvY Kai Qvpas et^^ p^pucra? TrevrrjKovra-
212 TTevre TTrixâjv ro vipos, evpog 8 eKKauSeKa. irpo

8e rovTOJv laopr^Kes KaraTreraGpLa TrerrXos rjv
Ba^vXojvLog TTOiKiXrog i^ vaKLvdov Kai ^vggov
KOKKov re Kai 7Top(f)vpag, OavpLaGrcog puev etpyaGpevog, ovk adeajp-qrov 8e rrjs vXrj? ttjv KpaGLV
213 ex(JOV, aAA' ajGrrep eiKova rwv oXojv ihoKet yap

alvLTTGdaL rfj kokkco piv TO TTvp, Trj ^vGGcp he
rrjv yrjv, rfj S' vaKLvOqj tov depa, Kai Trj rropcfivpa
Tiqv OdXaGGav, tojv pLev eK ttjs xP^''^^ opLOLovpLeva)V,
rrjs 8e ^vggov Kai rrjs 7Top(f)vpas hid rr^v yeveGuv,
erreLorj rrjv pLev avaoiocoGLV fj yrj, rrjV rj oaAaGGa.
214 KareyeypaTTTO 8' o rrerrXos drraGav rrjv ovpdvLov

deojpiav 7rXr]v row l,ajhLOJv.
215 (5) HapLovras 8' ecGco ro errLTrehov rod vaov

piepos eêhex^TO. rovrov roivvv ro pLev vipos
e^rjKovra Trrixo^"^ Kai ro pirJKOs lgov, eLKOGi^ Se
^ See note d. ^ dKoaiTeacxapôv L.
" hlareyos must, from the context, here mean " with two
chambers on the sayne floor,'" i.e. the Holy Place and the Holy
of Holies ; not (as in 211, note d below) " in two stories."
208 fin.
* Cf. A. XV. 395. Tacitus, Hist. v. 5 alludes to the " vitis

aurea templo reperta " and to the inference drawn by som<
that the Jews were worshippers of Father Liber (Baxichus)
264
separate chambers," the first building alone stood

exposed to \-iew, from top to bottom, towering to a
height of ninety cubits, its length being fifty and its
breadth twenty. The gate opening into the building
was, as I said,'' completely overlaid with gold, as was
the whole wall around it. It had, moreover, above it
those golden vines,'' from which depended grape- The golden
clusters as tall as a man ; ^ and it had golden doors th" veil.
fifty-five cubits high and sixteen broad. Before
these hung a veil of equal length, of Babylonian
tapestry, Mith embroidery of blue and fine linen, of
scarlet also and purple, AVTOught with marvellous
skill. Nor was this mixture of materials Mithout its
mystic meaning : it typified the universe. For the
scarlet seemed emblematical of fire, the fine linen of
the earth, the blue of the air, and the purple of the
sea ; the comparison in two cases being suggested
by their colour, and in that of the fine linen and
purple by their origin, as the one is produced by the
earth and the other by the sea. On this tapestry
was portrayed a panorama of the heavens, the signs

of the Zodiac excepted.
(5) Passing within one found oneself in the ground- The

floor of the sanctuary. This was sixty cubits in I'nterion^ '
height, the same in length, and twenty cubits in
** Here the mss. add : " But, as the sanctuary was now
in two stories, it appeared lower within than from without."
This irrelevant parenthesis interrupts the sentence, gives to
Siareyos a meaning different from that in which it has just
been used, and is a premature reference to the interior of the
building, the description of which begins only at 215 ; the
two stories are mentioned in 221. I take the clause to be
a gloss on the opening words of 209, perhaps a correction
of the author himself or of a avuepyos ; there are indications
that the text has been worked over.
265
JOSEPHUS
216 TT-qyôjv ro TrXdros rjv. ro 8' i^rjKovraTTrjxv ttolXlv

hiT^p-qro, Kal ro fxev Trpwrov fJLepog a-noTeriiriixevov
.TTL reGGapoLKovra TT-qx^^S ^^X^^ ^^ iavroj rpia

TO, davpLacncoTara /cat Treptôrjra ttolglv dvOpcoTTOig
217 epya, Xvxvlav rpdiretâv OvfiLarrjpLov. iv(f)aLVov

8' ol fiev 7Trd Xvxôi rovg irXav-qTa?- togovtol
yap OLTT^ a-urrj? Sirjprjvro rrjs Ai;;^vtas"" ol S em
rrjs Tpa77^r]s dprot ScoSeKa rov re ^cuStaKov
218 kvkXov Kal rov eviavrov. ro dvfitar'qpiov 8e Sta

TOJV rpLGKalheKa dvpnapidrojv, ols K daXaGG-qs
dveTTLpLTrXaro Kal yrj doiK-qrov re^ Kal OLKOVfiev-qs,
219 eGrjfiaiVv on rod deov rravra Kal rw 9ecp. ro

8' ivhordroj yiipos eiKOGi jxkv TnrjX(^'^ rj^' hieLpyero
8' 6fJLola)s KaraTTerdGfJiari Trpos ro eôjBev. kKeiro
8' ovhev oXoJS V avrcpy dârov 8e /cat axp^^vrov
Kal ddearov rjp TraGiv, dyiov 8e dyiov e/caAetro.
220 rrepl 8c rd TrXevpd rov Kdruj vaov 8t dXXrjXojv

TjGav OLKOL rpiGreyoi ttoXXol, /cat nap eKarepov
221 et? avroij? aTio rrjs 7TvXr]g etcroSot. to 8 vrrepwov

fiepog rovrovs jjiev ovKer ^lx^v rovs oIkovs,
rrapoGOV rjv Kal Grevorepov, vipr^Xorepov^ 8 em
reGGapdKovra rrrix^^S /cat Xtrorepov rov /caroj'
crvvdyerai yap ovrcos rrpds eîJKovra rols tov
imTreSov 7rr]xdi)v eKardv ro rrdv vifjos.
^ yrjs doi.KrjTov re Xiese : ttjs re aoLKTjTov MSS. ^ v\J/r]\bv L.
" So the Talmud (as quoted in Encycl. Bibl. ii. 2167).

To the four ingredients prescribed in Exod. xxx. 34 (" stacte,
onycha, galbanum, frankincense ") there were added in
Rabbinic times nine more, viz. myrrh, cassia, spikenard,
saffron, cosrus, mace, cinnamon, salt and a herb which had
the property of causing the smoke to ascend vertically. An
incense of seven ingredients is mentioned in Jubilees, xvi. 24,
cf. Ecclus. xxiv. 15
266
breadth. But the sixty cubits of its length were

again divided. The first portion, partitioned off at The Holy
forty cubits, contained ^\'ithin it three most wonderful p^^<^^works of art, universally renowned : a lampstand, a
table, and an altar of incense. The seven lamps (such
being the number of the branches from the lampstand) represented the planets ; the loaves on the
table, twelve in number, the circle of the Zodiac and

the year ; while the altar of incense, by the thirteen "
fragrant spices from sea and from land, both desert
and inhabited, with which it was replenished, signified
that all things are of God and for God.^
The innermost recess measured twenty cubits. The Holy

and was screened in like manner from the outer ^ ^ô''^'"^'
portion by a veil. In this stood nothing whatever :
unapproachable, in\-iolable, invisible to all, it was
called the Holy of Holy.''
Around the sides of the lower part of the sanctuary Priests'

were numerous chambers, in three stories, communi- ^ '^^ ^^"^
eating with one another ; these were approached
by entrances from either side of the gateway. The
upper part of the building had no similar chambers,
being proportionately narrower, but rose forty
cubits higher in a severer style than the lower story.
These forty cubits, added to the sixty of the
ground-floor, amount to a total altitude of a hundred
cubits.
* To Philo the four Mosaic ingredients of the incense

symbolize the four elements, Quis rer. div. heres, 197 (40). A
similar " cosmical " interpretation of the tabernacle and of
the priestly vestments ( 231) is given by Josephus elsewhere

{A. iii. 180 if. eKaara yap tovtcjv eis a.Tro/XL,ar)<np /cat dLaTVTrcjcni'
T^v oXiou, cf. B. iv. 324 7/ KocTfj-LKri dp-qcTKeia) and by Philo, Vita
Mosis ii. 117 Cohn (iii. 12) dTreLKOtîaua Kal fxiixruxa tov koct/jlov.
' The Hebrew names for it were d^bir (" hindmost

chamber ") or " Holy of Holies."
267
JOSEPHUS
222 (6) To 8' eôjSev avrov npoawTTOV o-uSev out

L ipvxT]? ovT^ el? d/Xjuarojv eKTiX-q^LV aTreXeiTTev
TrXa^l yap ;^pu(7ou OTLâpals KeKaXvjjLjjievo? TrdvTodev, VTTO TOL? TTpwTag avaroXag TTvpajSearaT-qv
arreTTaXXev avyrjV Kal rtbv ^taô/ieVcov iSetv ra?
223 6xpLS coGTTep -qXiaKaZs o-ktIglv 6.77 ear pecji^v. rolg

ye fxr]v d(f)LKVoviJivoL^ êvois TToppcodev opLOiog
6pL xôvos TrXrjpeL Karecjiaivero' Kal yap Kada
224 fJir] KexpvGOJTO XevKoraros tjv. Kara Kopv(f)rjv 8e

Xpvaeovg oêXovg dveZ^^v TeO-qyfievovg, d)S fiij rivi
TTpooKadetopilvoj [jloXvvolto tcov opvicxjv. tcjv S

ev avTO) Xldojv evioi [irJKog irevre Kat reaaapaKovra 7Tr])(ojv Tjuav, vifjog Trevre, evpos 8' ^.
225 7Tp6 avrov 8' o ôj/xo? TrevreKalSeKa p.v vipog

Tjv rr-qxôjv y evpo? 8e Kat [irJKog eKreivcov luov
dvd TTevri^Kovra rr-qxeis rerpdycovos Ihpvro, KeparoetSet? TTpoavexo^v yojvias, Kal drro pLGr]p.^pLas
77 avrov dvohos rjpejjLa TrpooavrrjS VTrnaoro.
KareoKevdadrj 8' dvev GLhrjpov, Kal ovSeiror
226 eipavev avrov GiSrjpo?. 7TpLeGr(f)e 8e rov re

vaov Kai rov âjpLov evXiOov ri Kal âpiev yeiGiov,
oGov TTTixvaZov vipo, o hLelpyev i^corepco rov Syjfxov
227 drro rcov lepecov. yovoppoloL? jiev Srj Kal XeirpoL?
7j ttoXls oXf], TO 8' Upov^ yvvaiKCjjv ifipi'qvoLS
^ elaaîKuov/jievoLS LVRC.
^ TO 8' iepbv Niese : to dieipyov or to dielpyov to iepbv most

MSS.
" Mid doth iv. 6 mentions a " raven-scarer " (scare-crow)

one cubit high.
* These blocks, of almost incredible length, must have

been exceptional : A. xv. 392 gives the dimensions of the
stones as about 25 cubits long, 8 high, and about 12 broad.
Cf. the disciples' exclamation, " Master, behold what manner
of stones ! " Mark xiii. 1.
268
(6) The exterior of the building wanted nothing Exterior of

that could astound either mind or eye. For, being ^^ ^^^ ^'
covered on all sides with massive plates of gold, the
sun was no sooner up than it radiated so fiery a flash
that persons straining to look at it were compelled
to avert their eyes, as from the solar rays. To
approaching strangers it appeared from a distance
like a snow-clad mountain ; for all that was not overlaid with gold was of purest white. From its summit
protruded sharp golden spikes to prevent birds from
settling upon and polluting the roof.^ Some of the
stones in the building were forty-five cubits in length,
five in height and six in breadth.^
In front of it stood the altar, fifteen cubits high, The altar.

and with a breadth and length extending alike to
fifty cubits, in shape a square with horn-like projections at the corners, and approached from the
south by a gently sloping acclivity.^ No iron was
used in its construction, nor did iron ever touch it.*
Surrounding both the sanctuary and the altar was

a low stone parapet,-'' fair and graceful, about a cubit
high, which separated the laity outside from the
priests.
Persons afflicted with gonorrhoea or leprosy were Areas proexcluded from the city altogether ; the temple was particular
closed to women during their menstruation, and even persons.
* Middoth iii. 1 a likewise describes the altar as a square

with horns at the corners, but gives smaller dimensions, the
base being- a square of 3:? cubits, the highest portion a square
of 24 cubits, and the height 8 cubits ; it mentions an older
and still smaller altar.
** So Middoth iii. 3 b (adding dimensions).
So Middoth iii. 4 a, b (no iron tool was used in cleaning
it), adding the quaint explanation " for iron is created to

shorten man's days and the altar is built to lensrthen man's
days." ' Mentioned in Midd. ii. 7 b.
269
JOSEPHUS
dn^KeKXeLGTO, napeXOelv 8e ravrais ovhk KaOapat^

e^rjv ov 7Tpoi7TayLev opov. avhpujv h ol fJir]
Kaddnav rjyvevKoreg etpyovro rrjs evhov avXrjg,
Kal Tcov tepeojv TrdXiv ol^ KaOapevovreg etpyovro.
22S (7) Tojv 5' drro yevovs Upecov ogol 8ta TTTjpcoGLV
ovK iXeLTovpyovv Traprjadv re dfia rols oXoKXrjpoig
ivdorepoj rod yeioiov Kal rds dno rod yevovg
iXdpLâvov (jLeplSas, rats ye pLrjv eadrjueGLv^ IdtojTiKols ixpojVTO' TTjV ydp Lepdv o Xetrovpycvv
229 r)fi6LvvvTO jjlovo?. 7rt ro OvGiaGr-qpiov /cat

rov vaov dveâivov ol rwv lepiojv djjLOJfJLOL, ^vggov
jiev dfiTrexop-evoL, /zdAtcrra 8' avr* dKparov vrj(f)Ovrs
heL TT]? 6pr]GKLag, (Ls fx-q tl -rrapaâZev iv rfi
230 XeLTOvpyLa. 6 Se dpxi-^p^vs dvQei /xev gvv avrols,
aAA' OVK dec, rals 8' i^dofidGL Kal vovpLiqvLaLg

Kal el' Tt? ioprrj Trdrpios tj Travqyvpis rfv^ Trdvh-qixos
231 dyofievr) 8t' erovg. iXeirovpyei 8e rovs firjpovg fiev

dxpi-S alhoiov hiatajGiiaTL KaXvTTrwv, Xivovv 8e
VTTodvrrjv evdodev XapL^dvcuv Kai TTohijpr] KadvTrepdev vaKLvOivov, evhvpLa GrpoyyvXov dvGavcorov
TOW 8e OvGdvwv d7Trjprr]VTO Kojhojveg ;)(pi;CT60t Kat
poal rrapdXX'qXoL, ^povrrjs p-^v ol KojSojves, a-
232 GTpaTTrjg 8' al poal Grjixelov. tj 8e to evSvpâ rw

GTpvoj TrpoG-qXovGa raivia nevre ht'qvdLGp.evr]
^ Destinon with Lat. : + ixri mss. ' ecrdrjcnv L.
^ Destinon : 7) PAL: om. the rest.
199.
* Cf. with this paragraph Ap. ii. 103 f.
A fuller description of the vestments both of the ordinary

priests and of the high priest, based on Exodus xxviii etc.,
is given in A. iii. 151-178. Cjf. Ecclus. xlv. 7-12.
270
when free from impurity they were not permitted

to pass the boundary which we have mentioned
above. Men not thoroughly clean were debarred
from admission to the inner court, from which even
priests were excluded when undergoing purification.^
(7) All who were of priestly lineage but were pre- The
vented from officiating by some physical defect, M-ere pneltl!"^
admitted within the parapet, along vrith those free
from any imperfection, and received the portions
which were their birthright, but wore ordinary
dress ; none but the officiating priest was clad in
the holy vestments. The priests who were without
blemish went up to the altar and the sanctuary
clothed in fine linen, scrupulously abstaining from
strong drink through reverence for the ritual, lest
they should be guilty of any transgression in their
ministrations.
The high priest accompanied them, not on all The i.igh

occasions, but on the seventh days and new moons, vestments,
and on any national festival or annual assemblage

of all the people. When ministering, he wore''
breeches'* which covered his thighs up to the loins,
an under vest of hnen, and over that a blue robe*
reaching to the feet, full and tasselled ; and from the
tassels hung golden bells and pomegranates alternately, the bells symbohzing thunder and the pomegranates hghtning. The embroidered sash-'' which
attached this robe to the breast consisted of five
* "linen breeches" (miknesei bad), Ex. xxviii. 42, rbv

fiavaxicrv^ yêyo/mepop ji. iii. 152.
" the robe of the ephod all of blue," Ex. xxviii. 31-35,
A. iii. 159-161 {/J-eeip K-a\etrat /card rr^v ijfieT^pav 'y\waaav =
Heb. myil).
' " A girdle the work of the embroiderer," Ex. xxviii. 39,
A. iii. 159.
271
JOSEPHUS
^ctjvats" TTeTroLKiXro, ;)^pucroLi re Kal nopcfyvpas Kal

KOKKov, 77p6? Se ^VGGOV Kai vaKivOov , hi chv
eâ/xev /cat ra rov vaov KaraTTeracrfxaTa oruvv(f)dvdaL.
233 TOVTOLg Se Kal 776t)^tSa KKpajjLvrjv ^^x^v, iv fj

rrXeLow -)(pvG6s rjv. Gxy^p-o. p.kv ovv evhvrov^ Oo)paKos ^''X^'î ^ô ^ avTTjv everropTTOVV aamhiGKaL
XpvGal, KareKEKXeiVTO 8' iv raurat? KaXXiGTol
re /cat jxlyiGroi Gaph6vvx^9, tov eTTCovvpLOvg toji'
234 rod edvovs (f)vXa}V eTityeypa^/xeVat. /caret 8e

Odrepov aAAot TrpoGrjpriqvTO Xidoi SojSe/ca, /caret
rpels LS TGGapa p-ipt] hirjprjpiivoL, Gaphiov
TOaLos GpdpayBog, dvSpa^ tacTTTt? Gd7T(f)eLpos ,
dxdrqs dpedvGTOs Xiyvptov, ovv^ ^rjpvXXog XP^^^'
XlOoS, (hv i(f)^ KdGTOV TTCtAtV 6t? TCOV eTTCOVVpLOJU
235 iyeypanro. rrjv Se Ke(j)aX-qv ^VGGLViq pep GK7Tv

Tidpa, KareGrerrro 8' vaKLvdoj, rrepl tjv ;)(pL'crous"
dXXog TjV GT(f)avog eKTVira (f)pcov ret tcpa ypdp-
236 p.ara' raura S' ecrrt (f)a)vqVTa reGGapa. ravr-qv
^ iirevovTov L.
'' 212 f. (excluding gold which is not mentioned in

connexion îth the veilj.
^ Ex. xxviii. 6 ff., A. iii. 162 ff. Epomis, the Greek

rendering here and in the LXX of the Heb. ephod, means
the upper part of a woman's tunic attached by shoulderstraps, a sort of " cape." * i.e. at the shoulders.
** So A. iii. 165 : the gem intended in Ex. xxviii. 9 is

uncertain, R.V. text " onj-x," margin " beryl," LXX
ijiidpayoos (? " emerald "). * i.e. in front.
' ^ Ex. xx\-iii. 17-20, A. iii. 168.
" A. iii. 16S " sardonyx."
'^ In ^. iii. 168 the stones in the two last rows are named
in another order, on which emphasis is laid : " The third row
begins with jacinth, then amethyst, and thirdly agate, being
the ninth in all ; in the fourth row chrysolite comes first,
next onyx, then beryl it is the last."
272
bands of variegated colours, gold, purple, scarlet,

fine linen and blue, with which, as we have said,^ the
veils in the sanctuary were also interwoven. Of the
same mixture of materials, ^\'ith gold preponderating,
was the high-priest's epliod.^ In form like an ordinary cuirass, it was fastened^ by two golden brooches,
set vnih very large and beautiful sardonyxes,'^ on
which were engraved the names of those after whom
the tribes of the nation were called. Attached to
the other side* were twelve more stones,-^ in four
rows of three each : sardius,^ topaz, emerald ; carbuncle, jasper, sapphire ; agate, amethyst, jacinth ;
onyx, beryl, chrysolite ; ^ on each of which, again,
was engraved the name of one of the heads of the
tribes. His head was covered by a tiara* of fine
linen, wTeathed Avith blue, encircling which was
another cro\\Ti, of gold, whereon were embossed the
sacred letters, to wit, four vowels.^ These robes were
* The " mitre of fine linen " or (R.V. margin) " turban ot
silk," Ex. xxviii. 37, 39 ; a fuller description of the head-dress
is given in A. iii. 172-178, where it is compared to a cup-like
flower.
' i.e. the tetragrammaton YH\'H. That this was the

inscription, and that the phrase in Ex. xxviii. 36 means " the
sacred name Jahve," not " Holy (or ' Holiness ') to the
Lord " is shown in two notes on Aaron's head-dress by
Mr. J. E. Hogg and Prof. F. C. Burkitt in the Journal of
Theol. Studies, vol. xxvi. 72, 180. The interpretation has
the support of Philo, De vita Mosis ii. (iii.) 114 Cohn, rerrapas
exop y\v(pas opo/xaros, Origen on Ps. ii. 2 and Bar Hebraeus ;
cf. Jos. A. iii. 178 reXa/xwi' . . . iepols ypd/xfiaai. tov deov ttju
Trpoarjyopiav iirLTer/XTjueyos, viii. 93 r; (jTe(pdvr] eis rju tov debv
Mwrcj-v)? ypa\pe. Why Josephus speaks of " four voicels " is
uncertain. The first and third letters are probably "by
nature vowels" {=i and w), though by usage consonants
(Gesenius, Heh. Grammar, ed. Cowley, pp. 26, 45). He is
perhaps thinking of a Greek form (laie).
273
JOSEPHUS
fjLv ovv rrjv eaOrjra ovk (j>6pei )(p6vLov, Xtrorepav

aveAap.pavev , oirore o etcrtot ets" to aovrov
LGT^L S OLTTa^ KaT* ivLaVTOV fJ,6v09 V fj VrjGTVLV
237 005 Tjiiepa rravras ro) dew. /cat to, /xev Trepl rrj?
TToXecDs Kal rod vaov rcov re Trepl rovrov^ iOojv
KaL vofjLojv au^t? aKpiêarepov epovfiev ov yap
oXtyo? Trepl avrojv KaraXeiTreraL Xoyog,
238 (8) 'H 8' Âvrcjovia Kara yojviav /xev hvo

GT0(JL)V eKeiTO rod Trpcorov lepov, rrjg re irpos
ecTTTepav kol rrjg Trpos apKrov, heSopL-qro S VTrep
rrerpas TrevrrjKovraTT'qx^'^^ H'^^ vôs, rrepLKp-qfjivov
Se TrdarjS' epyov 8' tjv 'HpcoSou rod âatXeaJSy
ev (L fidXiGra ro ûcret fieyaXovovv eTreheiâro.
239 TTpaJrov p.ev yap eV pit^rjs r] Tterpa TrXa^l KeKaXvrrro

Aetat? XWojv, ets re KaXXog Kal co? dTToXiaddvoL
240 TTd? 6 TTpoGâiveiv tj Karievai TreipwpLevos. eTreira

TTpo rrj? rod TTvpyov hofi-qGecos rpiaJv tttjxoji^
relxo? TjV, evSorepoj Se rovrov ro Trdv dvaGnqpia^
rrjs AvrojVLas em reoGapaKovra TT-qx^f'S rjyeipero.
241 ro 8* evhov âoiXeiajv elxe p^cupav Kal hiddeoiv

jjiefieptGro yap els Trdoav oIkcov t8eav re /cat
Xprjcri'V TTepiorod re Kal âAaveta /cat orparoTTeBcou avXals TrAaretats-/ cos" rco fiev rrdvr exetv
rd p^peiciSSTy TToAts" ett'at SoKelv, rfj TToXvreXeia
^ Trepl TovTov L : eVt toitols the rest.

^ L : dLd(jTr]fj.a the rest. ^ avXas TrXaret'as C.
' " The Day of Atonement ; Lev. xv'i.
* Doubtless in his projected work " On Customs and
274
not worn by the high priest in general, when he

assumed plainer attire, but only when he penetrated
to the innermost sanctuary ; this he entered alone
once in the year, on the day on which it was the
universal custom to keep fast to God. Of the city
and the temple and of the customs and laws relating
to the latter we shall speak more minutely hereafter ^ ; for on these topics much yet remains to be
told.
(8) The tower of Antonia lay at the angle where The castle
two porticoes, the western and the northern, of the
first court of the temple met ; it was built upon a

rock fifty cubits high and on all sides precipitous.
It was the work of King Herod " and a croM-ning exhibition of the innate grandeur of his genius.^ For,
to begin with, the rock was covered from its base
upwards with smooth flagstones, both for ornament
and in order that anyone attempting to ascend or
descend it might sHp off. Next, in front of the
actual edifice, there was a wall three cubits high ;
and behind this the tower of Antonia rose majestic
to an altitude of forty cubits. The interior resembled
a palace in its spaciousness and appointments, being
divided into apartments of every description and for
every purpose, including cloisters, baths and broad
courtyards for the accommodation of troops ; so that
from its possession of all conveniences it seemed a
town, from its magnificence a palace.* The general
Causes," often referred to in the Antiquities^ but never

apparently completed.
Built on the site of an older castle (/SSpis) erected by John

Hyrcanus, A. xviii. 91, c/. xv. 403, B. i. 75, and named after
Mark Antony, B. i. 401 ; it is the " castle " of Acts xxi. 34. ^
** The same phrase occurs in i. 408 (of Caesarea).
Cf. i. 421 (of Herodion).
275
JOSEPHUS
242
he âaiXeiov . irvpyoeihr^s Se oucra ro rrdv ax^fJL.a
Kara yojviav riaoapGiv irepoLg hielX-qTrro TTvpyoL?,
wv ol jxev aXXoL rrevTrjKovra to vipog, 6 8 iin rfj
fjLecrrjii^pLvfj Kai Kara avaroX-qv yujvLa KeLjievo?
^do[nJKovra 7T'qy(_ajv -qv, cLs Kadopdv oXov arr
avTOV TO lepov. Kada Se crvvrJTrre Tat? tov uepov
GToals els dfJL(f)OTpa etx^ KaraâoeLSy St tuv
Karrjeaav ol cf^povpoi' Kadrjaro yap det^ ctt' aurr)?
Tayp.a PojfiaLOJi', Kat buGrafievoi rrepc ra? UToag
_ /Lterd Toiv ottXojv iv rats' eoprals tov brjfJLOV, cos
jjL-q TL vecDTepLGdelr], jrape^vXarTOV cf)povpLOV yap
i7TKLTO TTj TToXeL jJiEV TO UpOV, TO) UpO) S 7]
Wi'Tcuvla, KaTOL d TavT-qv ol tojv Tpiojv (^-uXaKes

Tjoav Kal TTjs dvoj Se TToXeojs Idcov (f)povpLov
TjV TO. 'Upcodov âoiXeia. rj Beê^d^ Se Aoô?
hLTjprjTO jieVy ojs ecjuqv, diro Trjs WvTajvLag, Travrajv
8' viprjXoTaros a)V [lepei ttjs Kaivqs TToXeojs
TrpOGOJKLUTOy Kai flOVOS TO) Lepo)^ KaT apKTOV
iTTeGKorei. Trepl fxev dr] tt]s rroXecos Kal tlov reix^v

avOis el-elv aKpLêGrepov eKaGTa rrporedeipilvois
7TL TOV TrapOVTOS aTTOXP'Tj'

248 / ' ,\ "T^ ^ I ^'' >~ > ry
(VI. 1) lo [layip-ov o ep avTTj Kat GTaGiaLôv

ttXtjOos rrepl Zt^cova fiev TjGav pLvpioi St;iâ tcjv
ÎdovpLalajv, TrevTrJKovTa d' -qyefioves rcov fJLvpicov,
ecp OLS ovTOS Kvpios TOJV oAojv . loou/xatot O

avTcp GVVTeXovvTes els TrevraKiGX^Xiovs dpxovTas
etôv SeKa' tovtojv Trpoupêtv eSoKovv o t tov
ScoCTCL 'Idxcoôs" Kal Hlfiajv vlos KaOXd.* ^lojdvvrjs
1 om. P. * Bes'a^d P: B-ncrffadi] L Lat. (c/. 151).
TO lepbv PA. * KaTdea L : Catiae Lat. ; cf. iv. i?35.
276
appearance of the whole was that of a tower with

other towers at each of the four corners ; three of
these turrets were fifty cubits high, while that at
the south-east angle rose to seventy cubits, and so
commanded a view of the whole area of the temple.
At the point where it impinged upon the porticoes
of the temple, there were stairs '^ leading down to
both of them, by which the guards descended ; for The Roman
a Roman cohort was permanently quartered there, Autonîa/^
and at the festivals took up positions in arms around
the porticoes to watch the people and repress any in-
surrectionary movement. For if the temple lay as a

fortress over the city, Antonia dominated the temple,
and the occupants of that post were the guards of all
three ; the upper town had its o^^n fortress Herod's
palace.* The hill Bezetha was, as I said,*^ cut off
from Antonia ; the highest of all the hills, it was encroached on by part of the new town and formed on
the north the only obstruction to the vie^^^ of the
temple. As I propose hereafter ^ to give a fuller "^
and more circumstantial description of the temple
and the walls, these remarks shall for the present *
suffice. ''
(vi. 1) The strength of the combatants and in- The

surgents within tlie city was as follows. Simon had fjil^ftuaan army, exclusive of the Idumaeans, of ten thousand tion of the
men ; over these were fifty officers, Simon himself factions. "^
being commander-in-chief. His Idumaean contingent numbered five thousand and had ten chiefs,
among whom James, son of Sosas, and Simon, son of
" From which St. Paul, when arrested, addressed the Jews,
Acts xxi. 40.
" Described above, 176 ff.
149. ^ See note 6 on 237.
277
JOSEPHUS
Se TO Upov KarLX'q(f)d>g eâKto^tAtous" oirXiTas

i')(V V(j)^ rjyefJLOvas eiKOGi. Trpooeyevovro 8' avrco
rore kol ol l^TjXcDral TravudfjLevoi rod 'bia<f>epeGOai,
Slgx^Xlol iikv 6vrs koI rerpaKoatot, )(^pojp.evoi
8' dpxovTL TO) Kal TTporepov 'EAeaâpoj kol
251 ^LJJLCDVL Tip TOV ^ KpiVOV } TToXepLOVVTOJV Sc TOVTCOV ,
(hs e(f)apLv, dSXov 6 SrjpLOS rjv eKarepajv, kol to

{jLTj GVvahiKovv rod Xaov piipos vtt api(f)olv Snqprrd-
252 ^ro. KareZx^v 8' o /xev Hlp^cov rrjv re dvco ttoXlv

Kol TO /xeya tcIxos d^P^ "ôv KeSpajyos", tov re
dpâiov Tetxovs ogov 0,776 tt^S" StAoja? dvaKap^rrrov
els dvaToXr]V p-^XP'' '^^ MovojSaôu Kareâivev
avXrjS' âuiXevs 8' ovros iuTiv^ tCjv virkp Eu(/>paT7^v
253 'A8ta/S?]vcuv Kraretpê 8e /cat Tr]v Trrjyrjv /cat tt^s"
"A/cpas", avTTj 8' 7]v 77 /caret) TToAts", to, pi^xpi tcov

'EAevT]? âGiXelajv ttjs tov Movo^dt,ov pL-qrpos,
254 o o Itoain^T^S" to a tepov /cat Ta Treptg ctt ou/c

oAtyoy, TOV tc ^0(f)Xdv /cat tt]v Ke8pa>va /caAoupivTjv (f)dpayya. to /xeraû 8e tovtojv epLirp-qGavTCS TO) Trpds ciAAtÂous" TToAe/xoj ;^6L>pav dvelGav
255 ouSe yap rrpos" Tots" Telx^GLV iGTpaTOTrehevpLevajv

^PojpLalojv evSov tj GTaois rjpepieL, ^po-X^ ^^ rrpos
rrjV TTpcoTTjv VTTOvqipavTes iKSpopLTjv dvevoGovv /cat
^ 'Apivov LLat. (c/. 'Apt vi. 92, 148): 'Ap{)idvov most mss.,
'laet'poi/ C.
2 L Lat. : ^1/ the rest.
" C/. iv. 235, where four generals of the original Idumaean
army of 20,000. including James and Simon, are mentioned.
-. From the present passage it appears that not more than half
that force had withdrawn from Jerusalem ; iv. 353 implies
that the whole body had retired in disgust.
'^ 27. * The third (or Agrippa's) wail.
* Simon manned the walls at the two points where they
278
Cathlas, ranked highest." John, at the time when

he seized the temple, had an army of six thousand
men, commanded by twenty officers ; but now the
Zealots also had joined him having abandoned theiiquarrel, to the number of two thousand four hundred,
led by Eleazar, their former chief, and Simon, son o
Arinus. These two factions, being, as we said,^ at )
war with each other, the citizens were their common .
prize, and those of the people who discountenanced
their iniquities became the prey of both. Simon
occupied the upper toM'n, the great wall " as far as the
Kedron, and a portion of the old wall,^ from the point
where it bent eastward at Siloam to its descent to
the court-house of Monobazus, king of Adiabene
beyond the Euphrates ; he held also the fountain *
and part of the Acra, that is to say, the lower to^\^l,

as far as the palace of Helena, the mother of Monobazus.-^ John held the temple with much of the environs, Ophla and the valley called Kedron. The
region between them they reduced to ashes and left
as the arena of their mutual conflicts. For not even
when the Romans were encamped beneath the walls,
did the civil strife slacken within ; the brief return to
comparative sanity when they made their first sally "
were exposed to Roman attack, on the N.W. against the main

army of Titus, on the S.E. against the tenth legion encamped
on the Mt. of Olives ( 70).
Siloam. The exhortation of Josephus a little later on '^,

( 410) seems to imply that Siloam was extra muros and in 1
Roman hands ; but the apparent inconsistency (Smith, /
Jerusalem, i. 224) may be explained by supposing that the
Romans held Gihon, the spring outside the walls, which fed -p
the pool of Siloam within, and were thus virtually, though
not actually, masters of Siloam as well. !
^ The positions of the palaces of Monobazus and Helena

are unidentified. 71 ff.
279
JOSEPHUS
Kara a(f)ds ttoKlv hiaaravres ifJidxovro, ra Kar

ev^rqv re TTOvra toZs rroXiopKovoLv err parr ov.
256 ovre yovv avroi n )(^Lpov vtto Pcoâicov eTradov

cLv dXXrjXovg eBpaaav, ovre {jLerd rovrovs r) ttoXls
eTTCLpdO-q Kaivoripov rrddovg, dAA' rj pLv )(aX7Ta)repov Tt TT/DO rod TreaeXv rirv-)(riGev , ol S' iXovres
'261 avTTjv KaTcopdojordv tl [xeiôv. (jiTjpil yap ojs rrjv

jjLev ttoXlv Tj orduLs, 'Pcoâtot S' elXov rrjv ardaiv,
rjrrep tjv ttoXv tcov recxow oy(vp(x>Tepa' koi to
piev (jKvdpcoTTOv rots" olklols, to hiKaiov 8 dv
Tts^ evXoyojs *Pa>/xatots" 7TpoGypd(f>OL. voeircj 8'
OTTTj Tols rrpdypLaGLV eKaaros dyerai.
258 {-2) Tcov ye pirjv evhov ovrcos SiaKeipLevcov 6

Ttros" pLT emXeKrajv LTmicuv Trepudjv eôjQev ff
259 TTpoa^dXXoL tols TeixêGi KaTorK7rTTO. drropovp.voj 8e TrdvTodeVy ovt yap Kara ra? (f)dpayyag
Tjv rrpoGLTOv Kal /cara OdTepa to irpajTov TeZÔ'^
e(j)aiveTO tu)v opyavojv (jTepeojTepov , eSo/cet /card

TO \cx>awov Tov apxêpeojs p.vrjp.lov TTpouâXeiv
260 TavTT) yap to re TrpujTOV rjv epvp.a xâpLaXojTepov

Kal TO hevTepov ov ouvfJTTTev, dp,eXr]advTa)v Kadd
firj Xiav Tj KatvTj ttoXls ctuvojkloto Tet;^têtv, dXX
6771 TO TpiTOV TjV VTreTLa, 8t* OV TTjV T dvOJ
ttoXlv Kal Std TTJs WvTOJvlas to lepdv alprjGeiv
261 776^061. V Se TOVTO) 7TpLl6vTOS aVTOV TO^CVeTal
TLs Tojv (f)lXajVy ovopLa ^LKdvojp, /card tov XaLov
" Analogous phrases recur repeatedly in the Antiquities,

e.g. i. 108 Trept p.kv TOVTUjv, us OLP eKaarois y (pi\ou, ovr<jj aKOireiTwaap, ii. 348, iii. 81, etc. They are probably derived
from Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who appends a similar
formula to an expression of his personal opinion {e.g. Kpivero}
5' eKa(7Tos ws /SouXerai iii. 35. 6, ixeTit) 5' ott-q tij avrbv reldei
i. 48. 1).
280
was followed by a relapse, and the parties divided

and fell to fighting once more, doing all that theii'
besiegers could have desired. Certainly, they
suffered nothing worse at the hands of the Romans
than what they inflicted upon each other, nor after
her experience of them did the city meet with any
novel calamity ; on the contrary, her more cruel
disaster preceded her fall, and the rehef which her
captors brought her outweighed the loss. For I
maintain that it was the sedition that subdued the
city, and the Romans the sedition, a foe far more
stubborn than her walls ; and that all the tragedy of
it may properly be ascribed to her own people, all
the justice to the Romans. But let every one follow
his own opinion whither the facts may lead him .^
(2) Such being the situation \îthin the walls, Titus, Titus select
with some picked cavalry, made a tour of inspection point for
without, to select a spot against which to direct his begins
attack. Baffled at all other points, the ravines earthworks
rendering access impossible, mMIc beyond them the
first Mâll seemed too solid for his engines, he decided
to make the assault opposite the tomb of John the
high priest ^ ; for here the first Hne of ramparts was

on lower ground, and the second was disconnected
with it, the builders ha\'ing neglected to fortify the
sparsely populated portions of the new town, while
there was an easy approach to the third wall, tlu'ough
which his intention was to capture the upper town
and so, by way of Antonia, the temple. In the meantime, while Titus was riding round the city, one of his
friends, named Nicanor,*' having approached too near
" John HjTcanus (135-105 b.c), B. i. 54, etc. His monument, often mentioned as a landmark (v. 304, 356, vi. 169),
seems to have lain to the N.W. of the Jaffa gate.
A tribune and an old friend of Josephus, iii. 346.
281
JOSEPHUS
wfiov, eyytov jiera rod Îcog^ttov TrpocreXOojv Kai

7TLp(X)ixvos lpr]VLKa Tol^ 7rl Tov Telxovs, ov
262 yap ayvojGTOs rjv, hiaXiyeadai. 8ta rovrov ras
oppLOLg avTOJV eTnyvovs Katcrap, et /xr^Se rujv Ittl

aojTiqpia TrpoGiovrajv aTrexoivro, TTapo^vverau rrpos
Tr)V TToXiopKLav, dfia re ovv^ rol? rdyjjLaGL hr)ovv
TO, 77/30 rrjs TToXeoog ri(Ûi kol crupLcfyopovvras
263 cKeAeucre rrjv vX-qv eyeipeiv y.^p.ara. rpLxrj 8e

Biardâg rrjv arparidv Trpos rd epya pLeaovg
lanqGi rcJov ;)(6u/xaT6L)y rov re OLKovrLcrrds Kal
roôras kol irpo rovrojv rovs S^vêXels Kal
KararreXras Kal rds XlOoôXovs /LtT^^âva?, d)S
rds r eKhpopLOLS etpyoL rcbv TToXepLLOJV irn rd
epya Kal rov? 0,776 rod retxov? KUjXveLV Tretpoj-
264 p.evovs. KOTTrojievojv he rwv hevhpojv rd rrpodareia piev ev rd^î yeyvpLvojro, ovpL(f>opovpieva)v
8' eVt rd ;)(dj/i,aTa rcov ûAcov /cat rij? arpands
dTrdar}? errl ro epyov djppLr)pLevrig ovSe rd irapd
265 rcov 'lofSatcov rjpepLei. rov pLev ovv hrjpLOV ev

dpTTayals ovra Kal <f>6voLS cruveâive rore dappelv
dvaTTvevaeiv re ydp Trepio-TrajpLevajv irpos rovs
e^codev VTTeXdpiâvov /cat XrjijjeGOai Trapd rcov
alrlojv avrol St/ca?, et Pco/xatot Trepiyevoivro.
266 (3) ^Ycodvvrjs he, Kairoi ;!(ajpetv eVt rovs e^codev

TToXepLLOVs rojv TTepl avrov cvppLTjpLevcov, 8eet rod
267 Hlpiojvo? epLevev. ov pLTjV 6 Hipaov -qpepiei, Kal

ydp rjv eyyiojv rfj TToXiopKLa, rd 8' dêrr^pta
SiLGr-qoLV eirl rov relxovg, ocra YieGriov re a(l)-^pr]vro
Trporepov Kal rr]v eirl rrjs ^ Avrcjvias (j^povpdv
^ ody Holwerda: a-vv mss. : Kai Destinon, Niese.

282
with Josephus, was wounded by an arrow in the left

shoulder while endeavouring to parley with those
on the wall, to whom he was not unknown, on the
subject of peace. Caesar apprised by this incident
of their animosity, since they would not refrain from
assaulting even those who approached them for their
welfare, was stimulated to undertake the siege. He
at once gave the legions permission to lay waste the
suburbs and issued orders to collect timber and erect
earthworks. Forming his army into three divisions
for these operations, he placed the javelin-men and
archers in the intervals between the embankments,
and in front of them the quick-firers," catapults, and
stone-projectors,^ to check any sallies of the enemy

against the works and any attempts from the ramparts to impede them. So the trees were felled and
the suburbs rapidly stripped ; but while the timber
was being collected for the earthworks and the whole
army busily engaged in the work, the Jews on their
side were not inactive. The people who were
victims or rapine and massacre now began to take
heart, hoping to gain some respite while their
oppressors were occupied with the external foe and
to have their revenge on the culprits, should the
Romans prove victorious.
(3) But John, though his followers were impatient Jewish

for an encounter M-ith the enemy outside, from fear o^^ê^
of Simon did not stir. Simon, however, being builders,
nearer the besiegers, was not inactive, but posted
his artillery upon the ramparts, both the engines
which they had formerly taken from Cestius,^ and
those captured when they overpowered the garrison
Op " scorpions." ^ hallistae.
' In November of a.d. 66, ii. 554.
VOL. Ill K 283
JOSEPHUS
268 iXovres lAaôv. dXXa rovroyv iikv roZs ttoXXols

dxp^Zos rj KTTjGis rjv 8t' dTTeipiav oXiyoL 8' vtto
rojv avTOfJLoXojv SihaxOevreg expowro KaKws rolg
opydvoLSy ;)(ep/Ltacrt Se koI toôl^ rovg ;\;aj^Twras'
eâAAov OLTTO rov reixovs koI Kara cruvrdêi?
269 eKTpexovres a'drols cruveTrXeKovro. rots S ipyaôfiVOL dTTO fikv Tcov êXcov TjV GKeTTTj yeppa roju
XapaKcofjidrajv VTreprerapievay rd 8' d<f>eTrjpia rrpos
rovs eKdiovrag- davfiaard Se Trdcn fiev KarGKvaGro Tols rdyfiaGL, 8ta(/)opa)S" 8 rco SeKdroj
^laiorepoi re o^vêXels Kal fJLCLôva XidoôXa,
hi a)V ov jiovov rds eKBpofidg aXXd /cat rovs eVt
270 Tov relxovs dvlrperrov. raXavrialoi fiev yap yaav

at âXX6[ivaL Trerpai, Svo he Kal TrAetoya? jjeaav
arahiovs' rj TrXrjyr] 8' ov rols Trpoevrvxovai jiovov,
eTTL TToXv he Kal rot? /xer' eKeivovs -qv dwrroararos*
271 ol ye firjv 'louSatot ro rrpcorov ecjivXdrrovro r-qv

TTerpav XevKT) yap 'qv, ware jxrj rco poil,co arj-
fiaLveadai fiovov, dXXd Kai rfj XafiTrpor-qn Trpoopd-
272 crât. gkottoI ovv^ avroZs errl rcov TTvpycov Ka6el,6p.evoL 77 poefjLTivvov, oTrore Gxaadeirj ro opyavov
Kal 7) TTerpa <f)poLro, rfj Trarpico yXojacrri ôd)vreg
o VLOS epxerai. OLiaravro oe Kau ovs f]ei

Kal TrpoKareKXivovro , Kal Gvveâive (f)vXarrofieva)v
^ yovv Destinon (avoiding hiatus).

' tot Niese.
" In August A.D. 66, ii. 430.
* Presumably from the ranks of the auxihary (Syrian)

forces of the Roman army.
The tenth legion had its camp on the Mt. of Olives, E.

of the city ( 70) ; unless they had been moved, their attack
must have been meant to divert the Jews from their assault
on the earthworks being raised by the Romans on the W.
284'
of Antonia.** The possession of these, however, was î

for most of them useless owing to inexperience ; but
some few, instructed by the deserters,^ made a
blundering use of them. They also assailed the
builders with stones and arrows from the wall, and
dashing out by companies engaged them in close
combat. The workmen were protected from the
missiles by hurdles stretched over paHsades, and from
the enemy's salHes by the artiller}'. Wonderfully The Roman
constructed as were the engines of all the legions, ^^ ^ ^^^'
those of the tenth" were supreme. Their quickfirers^ were more powerful and their stone-projectors* larger, enabhng them to repel not only the
sallying parties but also those on the ramparts. The
rocks which they hurled weighed a talent-'' and had
a range of two furlongs or more ; and their impact
not only to those who first met it but even to those
considerably in rear was irresistible. The Jews, and Jewisii
however, at the first were on their guard against agaSu?''
the stone, for, being white, its approach was intimated not only to the ear by the whiz, but also to
the eye by its brilHance. Watchmen were accordingly posted by them on the towers, who gave warning whenever the engine was fired and the stone in
transit, by shouting in their native tongue, " Sonny's ^

coming " ; whereupon those in the line of fire
promptly made way and lay down, owing to which
precautions the stone passed harmlessly through
** Or " scorpions." * hallistae.
f About three-quarters of a hundredweight (Attic

standard) ; cf, iii. 167. -.
" Probably, as Reland suggests, ha-ehen (" the stone '*) /

was corrupted to habben (" the son ") ; compare similar >
jocose terms, such as " Black Maria," " Jack Johnson," used
in the Great War.
285
JOSEPHUS
273 arrpaKTOV dieKTTLTTreLv rrjv Tterpav. avT7Tivoovoi

he 'PcofjLOLOL iJLXaLVLV avTTjV' TOTC yap ovkIO
ofiOLOJ? 77 poo pojfieirqg evuro'xôvv /cat ttoAAou? a/xa
274 ôXfj pita hUchd^Lpov. dAA* ovhe KaKovpLevot pier
aScia? 7Tapei-)(ov 'Poj/iaiot? iyeipeiv ra âjpLara,

Trdcrrj ' imvoia kol roXpLT] )(pci)pLV0L /cat vvKTOjp
Koi pLed* TjpLepav elpyov.
275 (4) Ttx)V 8' epyojv cruvreTeXeGpevajv /xoAtîSt pLev

Kal Xlvo) hiapLerpovcTLv ol reKrove? to hcaGT-qpia
TTpog TO Telxo?, o.'ô tojv )(cop.dT(jjv plipavTes' ov
yap ivrjv aXXco? dvcudev jSaAAo/xeVots" evpovTes d
i^LKveLGdat hvvapievas tols eXeiroXeis Trpoarjyoi'.
270 /cat Tlto eyyvTepoj to. d(f)TrjpLa oLaGTrjaag, co^

puTj Toijs Kpioijs etpyoLev 6.7:6 tov Telxovg, eKeXevGe
277 TV7TTLV. Tptxodev 5' iâiGLOV KTV7T0V 7TpLr]xr]GavTog ai(f)vihi(i>g ttjv ttoXlv Kpavyrj re Trapa tojv
evhov TjpOrj /cat rots' GTaGUlGTalg LGOV epL7TL7TTL
Seo?. KOLvov 8' eKaTepoL tov Kivhvvov IhovTes
KOLVTjV 7Tv6oVV TJSr] 7TOieiGdai KOL TTjV dpLVVaV .
278 hiaôcijvTOJV 8e Trpos dXXriXovs tCjv 8ta<ôpcov cu?

TrdvTa TTpdTTOiev vTrep tojv TToXepLLcov, heov, et
/cat puTj SiTjveKrj SlSojglv avTols opiovoiav 6 deos,
iv yovv TO) TTapovTi ttjv rrpos" dXXrjXovg cjaXo-
veiKiav vrrepdepevovs /caret 'Pojp.aLOJV GVveXdelv,

KTjpvGGei p.v dheiav 6 HcpLajv rot? a770 tov lepov
77apeXdelv eVt to ret;^?, iTTLTpirrei 8e /catrrep
279 dmGTojv 6 ^Yojdwiqs. ol he tov pLLGOVs Kat tcov

Ihiojv hia(ôpcov XaQovTeg dp.vr]GTLav ev G(jjp.a
yivovTai, /cat to pLev Telx^s TrepLGXovTeg aTT avTOV
TTvpd re 77apL77Xrjdrj /caret rtuv pLrixcv-qpLaTcov
leaav /cat tovs eTTi^pidovTas rds eAeTToAetj a8ta-
286
and fell in their rear. To frustrate this it occurred

to the Romans to blacken it ; when, as it was no
longer equally discernible beforehand, they hit their
mark and destroyed many with a single shot. Yet,
though under this galhng fire, the Jews did not suffer
the Romans to raise their earthworks unmolested,
but by every resource of ingenuity and daring
strove, night and day, to thwart them.
(4) The works being completed, the engineers The batter-
measured the distance to the wall with lead and line, bJ-ought^
which they cast from the embankments the only i^^to action.
practicable method for men under fire from above
and finding that the battering-rams could reach it,
they brought them up. Titus then, after posting
his artillery nearer the walls, to prevent the defenders
from obstructing the rams, gave the order to strike.
Suddenly, from three different quarters, a terrific din
echoed round the city, a cry went up from the
citizens within, and the rebels themselves were seized
with a Uke alarm. Seeing themselves exposed to a The rival
common danger, both parties now bethought them johSôrces.
of a common defence. The rival factions shouted
across to each other that they were doing all they
could to assist the enemy, when they ought, even if
God denied them lasting concord, for the present at
least to postpone their mutual strife and unite
against the Romans ; whereupon Simon proclaimed
that all were at liberty to pass from the temple to
the wall, and John, though mistrusting him, gave his
permission. The parties, consigning their hatred
and private quarrels to oblixion, thus became one
body ; and, lining the ramparts, they hurled from
them showers of firebrands at the machines and kept
those who were impelling the battering - engines
287
JOSEPHUS
280 XeiTTTO)? eâXXoVy ol roXixrjporepoi Se Kara GTL<f)rj

TTpoTT-qhiovT^S ra yeppa tojv fi-qyâvrjfjLdrcov luTrdparrov Kac rolg Itt* avrcjv TTpoGTTLTTTOvres eVtGT-qjiTj p.ev oAtya, roXfjLT] Se rd TrAeto) rrepieyivovro,
281 TTpooreôrjdeL Se rols ttovovglv avros del Tiros,

Kai Trap eKarepov tojv opydvojv totjs re LTrrreag
Kai rovg roôras hiaGrrjGas elpyev /xev rovs ro
TTvp eTTLcjiepovra?, dveGreXXev Se rovs diro rojv
TTvpycov ^dXXovras, evepyovs 8' enoiei rds eXeTTo-
282 Xets. ov pLTjV rats rrX-qyals VTTiJKove ro rel)(os,

eL p.-q KadoGov 6 rod TrevreKaiheKdrov rdypLaros
283 Kpios yojVLav SieKLvrjGe TTvpyov. ro Se relx^S

aKepaiov -qv ovhe yap evOecos GvveKLvhvveve ro)
rrvpyoj TTpovxovrt ttoXu Kai iitj hvvafievco ovvaTTopprjâi ri paBlajs rod rrepLôXov.
284. (5) IlavGapLevoL he rojv eKdpopLow rrpos oXiyov
Kai rovs PojfjLaiovs eTTirrjprjGavres eGKehaGfievovs em rd epya Kai Kard rd GrparorreSa,

Kafiaroj yap avaxojprJGau Kai heei rovs "lovhaiovs
Tj^Lovv, eKOeovGL Kard rov 'Ittttlkov rrvpyov 8td
TTvX-qs achavovs Trdvres, TTvp re rots epyoLs em(êpovres Kai p-^XP^ '^^^^ epvfidrojv irrl rovs
285 'Pcu/xatous" TrpoeXdelv djppLTjpêvoi. Trpos Se rrjv

Kpavyr]v avrojv ol re ttXijglov GVVLGravro raxeoJS
Kai Ol TToppojdev Gvvedeov. e(j)6ave S* -q ^lovhaiojv
roXfia rr]v 'Pajfiaiajv evraîav, Kai rovs rrpoevrvyXO-vovras rpeipapievoi TrpoGeKeivro Kai rots gvX-
286 XeyopievoLs. heivrj Se rrepl rds pirjxoL^ds GVpnriTrrei

p-o-XV' '^^^ H'^'^ VTTOTTipLTTpdvaiy rcov Se KcoXveiv
^laLopLevojv, Kpavyq re rrap dp.(f)orepojv aG-qpâvros
TjVy Kai TToXXoi rcbv 7Tpoayojvit,opievojv eTTiTrrov,
287 ^lovSaioi 8* vrrepeixov dirovoia, Kai roJv epyojv

288
under incessant fire. The more venturesome, dash-
ing out in bands, tore up the hurdles protecting the

machines, and, falHng upon the gunners, seldom
through skill but generally through intrepidity, got
the better of them. Titus, however, invariably came
in person to the relief of those who were hard pressed
and, posting his horsemen and archers on either side
of the engines, kept the incendiaries at bay, beat
back assailants from the towers, and brought the
battering-rams into action. For all that, the M'all
did not succumb to the blows, save that the ram of
the fifteenth legion dislodged the corner of a tower.
But the wall itself was unimpaired ; for it was not
involved in immediate danger along M-ith the tower,
which projected far out and so could not easily bring
down with it any of the main rampart.
(5) The Jews, having desisted from their salhes The Jews
for a while and watched their opportunity when the ê?penite
Romans had dispersed about the works and their attempt to
several encampments, in the belief that from ex- Roman
haustion and terror their enemy had retired, suddenlv repuise^d^
all dashed out together through a concealed gate near by Titus,
the Hippicus tower, carrying firebrands to burn the
works and determined to push their attack right up
to the Roman entrenchments. At their shouts the
legionaries near the spot instantly mustered and
those further off came dashing up. But Jewish

daring outstripped Roman disciphne, and having
routed those who first encountered them they pressed
on against the assembhng troops, A fierce conflict
ensued around the engines, one side striving to set
them alight, the other to prevent them ; confused
shouts arose from both and many of the foremost
fighters fell. Jewish desperation, however, was
289
JOSEPHUS
7]7rTro TO TTvp, K'aTa(/)Aey7)vat t' ay iKLvSvvevae

TTavra fxeTOL rcov opydvcov, el {jltj tcov 0,77' 'AAeâvhpelag eTTtAe/crcuv OLvreGT-qaav ol ttoXXoI irapa
TTjv (j(f)Tpav VTToXrjifjLv avSpLGafievoL' Kal yap
rwv ivhoôripwv hiiqveyKav Kara Tavrrjv rrjv
jjidXT^v- fJidxpt' KatCTap rovs rcbv IttttIojv Svvarcx)-
288 rdrovs dvaXaôjv ifi^dXXei rols 77oAe/xtot?. /cat

hojheKa jiev avros rojv rrpopLdxoJV dvaipei, Trpos
he TO TOVTOJV rrdOos iyKXivavros^ rod Xolttov
ttXtjOovs eTTOfievo? oruveXavvet Trdvras els Tr)v
289 ttoXlv KaK rod irvpos Stacratêt ret epya. GVve^T]

8' iv ravrrj rfj fJ-dxi] Kal l,ojypr]6rjvaL riva rcov
^lovSalojv, ov 6 Tiros dvaGTavpojoai rrpo rod
relxovs eKeXevuev, el n Trpos rrjv orpiv evholev
290 ol Xoirrol KararrXayevres ^ fierd he rrjv dvaXojpr]GLv Kai Icodvvris 6 rwv 'ISou/xatcDV rjyeixd)v
77/50 rod reixovs yvajplpLcp rivl arpanwrr) StaXeyopievos vtto tlvos tcov Apd^cjv Kara rod
orepvov roêver ai Kal TTapaxpyjjJLa BvqaKei, p-eyiorov rols Te IhovfjiaLOLs Trevdos Kal Xvir-qv rols
araaiaarals aTToXLTTcov Kal yap Kard re X^^P^
Kal (JvveGei hidarjiios rjv.
291 ("^'ii. 1) Tfj S' eTTLovcrrj vuktI rapaxrj Kal rols

^92 'Pco/xatot? ipLTTLTTreL TrapaXoyos. rod yap Tlrov
TTvpyovs rpels KaraoKevdaaL KeXevaavros irevrriKovra7rr]xî'?, t,v eKaarov ;)(oj/xaTOS" erriGrrjGas

0.770 roijrojv rovs irrl rod relxovs rpeTTotro,
GVve^T] Treuelv avrofidrajs eva fxeoiqs vvKros.
^ Bekker (after Zonaras ^j'e\-Xtvai') : iKK\ipoi'Tos {-avros) ass.
" The first named of the four original Idumaean leaders,
290
pro\'ing superior, already the fire was gaining hold

upon the works, and the whole would probably have
perished in the flames, along with the engines, had
not the picked troops from Alexandria in the main
stood firm, displaying a gallantry which exceeded
their owti reputation (for indeed they surpassed on
that occasion regiments of greater renown), until
Caesar, bringing up the most stalwart of his cavalry,
charged the enemy. A dozen of the foremost he
slew Avith his own hand ; terrified at their fate the
remainder gave way ; he followed, drove them all
into the town, and rescued the works from the flames.
One incident in tliis engagement was the capture
of a Jewish prisoner, whom Titus ordered to crucifixion before the walls, in the hope that the spectacle
might lead the rest to surrender in dismay. Moreover, after the retreat, John, the chieftain of the ê^îiiof
Idumaeans, while talking before the wall to an general.
acquaintance in the ranks, was pierced in the breast
by an arrow from an Arab's bow and killed on the
spot. This loss occasioned profound grief to the

Idumaeans and sorrow to the Jewish insurgents ; for
he was distinguished alike for gallantry and sound
judgement.
(vii. 1) On the ensuing night the Romans them- Anight

selves were thrown into unexpected^ alarm. For R^Jnian"
Titus had given command for the construction of ^^î^three towers, fifty cubits high, to be erected on the
respective embankments, in order that from them he
might repel the defenders of the ramparts ; and one
of these accidentally fell in the middle of the night.
iv. 235 ; he seems later to have been outshone by his brother

James, v. 249 (where John is not mentioned).
" Or " baseless."
VOL. Ill K 2 291
JOSEPHUS
293 fJLeyLGTOV S* apdivros ip6(f)ov Seo? eyLTnTrrei rw

arparoj, Kal roi)? TToXefiLovg iTTLXîpelv G<f)Lcn
294 hoâvres iirl rot OTrAa Travreg eOeov. rapaxr) 8e

Tcov rayfiOLTCOv Kal Oopvôg tjv, Kai to avfjLâv
ovSevos eiTTelv exovros IttI TrXelarov airopovixevoi^
hL(f)povTO, pL-qhevos re (f)aivopLVov TToXepiiov hi
295 aXXriXajv ivroovvro, Kal ro ovvdrj pia /xera GTTovhrjs

eKaoTOs Tov TrXTjuiov iTrr^pcora Kaddnep \ovhaux>v
ipLê^XrjKOTOJV els to, arpaTOTreha^ iraviKa) re
Setârt KVKXovpLevoLg irapecpKeaav, oixP^ jua^wv
TO arvpLâv Tiros StayyeAAetv iKeXevcre irdoiy /cat
pLoXis irravGavTO rrjs TapaxT]S-
296 (2) 'louSatou? ye pLTjv vpos ra Xolttol Kaprepois

avrexovras eKaKtoGav ol TTvpyoi' Kal yap rcov
opydvojv Tols Kovcôrepois oltt^ avrG)V i^dXXovTO
Kal Tols aKovTiGTaZs Kal roôrais Kal XlOoôXols.
297 ovre he rovrcov avTol hid to vipos ej>LKVovvTO

Kal Tovs TTvpyovs rjv dpnqx^-vov iXelv, pLrjr dvarparjvai paStcD? Bid to ^pWos pi'^r epLTrprjad-qvaL
Std TOV GiSrjpov hvvapLevovs, d> KaTKaXv7TTOVTO.
298 rpeTTopLCvoL 8* i^corepco êXovs ovKeT iKojXvov

Twv Kpiojv Tas" ipLôXds, OL aStaAetTTTO)? TTaiovres
299 Tjwov Kar oXiyov. TJhrj Se tw iSt/ccovc tou tclxovs
ivhihovTOs , avTOL ydp tovto lovSaloL rrjv pLeytaTTjv

eKdXeaav 'Pco/xatojv IXeiroXiv diro tov TrdvTa
VLKav, aTTEKapLvov pLV rrdXai rrpos t Tas pidxas
Kal Tas <f>vXaKds TToppcudev ttjs TroXecos hiavvK-
300 TepevovTCs, dXXa>s 8 vtto paGTcovrjs Kal tov

ôvXeveadat TrdvTa KaKcos TrepiTTOv avToZs hoâv
TO TLxos eTepojv pLT* avTO XeiTTopilvojv hvo,
^ Holwerda with ms. authority: aTroSvpo/xevoL most mss.

292
The crash was tremendous, and the terrified troops,

supposing that the enemy were upon them, all
rushed to arms. Alarm and confusion pervaded the
legions. None being able to say what had happened, they scattered far and wide in their perplexity, and sighting no enemy became scared of
one another, and each hurriedly asked his neighbour the password, as though the Jews had invaded
their camps. In fact they behaved like men beset
by panic fright, until Titus, having learnt what had
happened, gave orders to make it generally known ;

and thus, though with difficulty, was the alarm
allayed.
(2) The Jews, stubbornly though they held out The Jews
against everything else, suffered severely from these ^^^^^^'
towers ; for from them they became targets for the
lighter artillery, the javelin-men, archers, and stonethrowers. Being so high up, these assailants were
out of range, while there was no means of mastering
the towers, their weiglit rendering it difficult to
overturn them and their casing of iron impossible to
set them on fire. If, on the other hand, they withdrew out of range of missiles, they could no longer
check the impact of the rams, whose incessant
battering was gradually taking effect. And now at
length the wall began to succumb to Victor^ (so
the Jews themselvês called the largest of the Roman
engines from its victory over all obstacles) ; they had
long been exhausted with fighting and watching, on
night duty at a distance from the city ; moreover,
through indolence and their invariably misguided
judgement, they decided that to defend this wall was
superfluous, as two others remained behind it. Most
Greek " Nicon."
293
JOSEPHUS
301 fiaXaKLGdevres dvxojpovv ot ttoXXol. kol t(x)V

'Pajfialajv im^dpTcov KaOo Trapepprjêv 6 NtVcuv,
KaraXiTTOvTeg rag (f)vXaKdg Travre? els to hevrepov
relxos dva(f)vyovGLv . ol 8' vrrepâvres to.? nvXas
302 dvoiâvres Trdaav elodexovrai ttjv OTpandv. kol
Poj/xatot pikv ovrcu rod rrpcorov relxovs rrevreKaiheKdr-Q Kparrjoavres rjfJiepay i^dofir] he tjv
AprefJiLGLov jjLrjVos, avrov re ttoXv KaraaKdirrovGi

KOL rd TTpocrdpKTLa rrj? rroXeajg, a Kal rrporepov
303 (S) Merao-TpaTOTreSeuerat Se Tltos eiGCxJ Kara

Tiqv Aoovpiow TTapeiiôXrjV KaXovjiivqv, e7TLOxd>v
rrdv TO pieraû p-^xpi- tov Isêdpowog, diro he rod
Bevrepov relxov? ogov i^corepoj êXov^ elpat'
304 TTpoGôXds 5' evdeojg eVotetro. ififiepLGdevre?^
o [otj lovhaloL Kaprepdjg djT'qp.'uvavro rov rei-
XOVSy 01 p..v Ttepi TOV lojdvvqv drro re ttj? 'Av-
Tcovta? /cat TTJg TrpoGapKTLOv GTods TOV Upov
/cat TTpo Tcov ÂXe^di'Spov [tov âoiXeajg avTcov]^
pLVTjiieLOjv piaxop-evoi, to 8e tov ^ljiojvos TdypLa
TTji' Trapa to \ojavvov tov apxt-epeojgY p-viqp^^.Zov
.p.ôXrjv hiaXaôvTes i(f)pdâvTO P-^XP^ ttvXtjs,
KaO Tjv TO vbojp irrl tov 'Ittttlkov irvpyov eLGrJKTO.
^ PAM : Kai /j.e()Ladei'TS L: /xepicrdei'Tes the rest.

^ oin. Lat. : om. o.vtQ)v L.
^ om. L Lat.
" Greek " Xicon."
* From the Roman standpoint : previously called the third

wall from the Jewish and chronoloarical point of view, 147.
" ii. 580.
^ ^ The traditional site of the camp of Sennacherib's army,
unidentified; see 2 Kings xviii. 17, xix. 35. The calamity

which decimated his forces, though placed by Jewish tradition within or on the outskirts of the city (Ps. Ixxvi. 2 f. " in
294.
of them, accordingly, turned slack and retired ; and

when the Romans mounted the breach which \'ictor ^
had made, all deserted their posts and fled back to
the second wall. Those who had scaled the ram- and the
parts now opened the gates and admitted the whole capture^
army. The Romans having thus on the fifteenth t^^fl'^st
day (of the siege), being the seventh of the month wall.
Artemisius, become masters of the first ^ wall, razed c. 25 May
a large part of it along with the northern quarter of ^'^' '^'
the city, previously destroyed by Cestius/
(3) Titus now shifted his camp Mithin the first Titus
wall to the so-called Camp of the AssjTians,^ occupy- wiS^the
ing all the ground between it and the Kedron, but outer waiu
keeping far enough back to be out of bowshot from

the second wall, which he forthwith proceeded to
attack. The Jews, dividing their forces, maintained
a stubborn defence from the ramparts : John's
division fighting from Antonia, from the north
portico of the temple, and in front of the tomb of
King Alexander^; while Simon's troops occupied
the approach-'' alongside the tomb of John the high
priest ^ and manned the wall as far as the gate ^
through wliich water was conveyed to the Hippicus
Salem "), probably befell elsewhere during his Egyptian

campaign {-2 Kings xix. 9), according to Herodotus ii. 141
at Pelusium.
* Alexander Jannaeus, 10478 b.c, B. i. So ff. The site '^

of his tomb is unidentified ; doubtless a conspicuous object,
for, notwithstanding his unpopularity, the influence of his
widow. Queen Alexandra, obtained for him a funeral more
splendid than that of any of his predecessors, A. xiii. 406.
/ Or " intercepted the assault," the brunt of which was

here, 259.
" John Hvrcanus, 135-105 b.c, father of Alexander; for ^

his tomb cf. ' 259.
* Near the present Jaffa Gate.
295
JOSEPHUS
305 TrpoTTTjhwvres re 7To)C^dKLs K tojv twXcvv ovdTdSrjv

eTToXeyiOVv Koi Gvvhi(x>xdevTs 7n^ tov relxov?
/caret fxev rds ovfiTrXoKas 'qrrajvro, ttjs 'Pcofxaiajv
7TLGTrj[Ji'qg ovres drteLpoL, Trepirjaav 8 iv rals
306 reLXOfiaxLOLLs. Kal rovs fxev p.er lgxvo? e/X7retpia

TTapcKporeiy 'louSatous" 8e roA/xa Sect rpeô/xei/?^
/cat TO (f)VGL KaprepLKov V (TV p.(j)o pals' TTpoarjv 8'
eATTi? eVt oajrrjpias ff /cat Pojâtots" rod rax^cos
307 KparrjGeLv. ovherepcov 8' ^Trrero kottos, aAAd

TTpoGôXal /cat reLxopiaxôii' Kal Kara Xoxovs
eKhpojial Gvvexî? 8t' oXr]s rjfiepas rjGav, ouS*
308 eGTLV 7]rL t8ea fJ-O-xi]? aTreAetTrero. toif 8* dveVaue

pLoXts lojêv dpxopLvovs- -qv 8 duTrvo? dpL<f)OTepoLs
Kal ;!âAe77a>Tepa tt^s" rjp.ipas, 8eet rcDv êv ocrov
ovTTOj KaTaXr](b6rjGeG9aL to Telxo?, tcjv 8* CTrt6-qGG6aL 'louSatous' rot? GrpaTOTrihois, V re rot?

oTrAots- c/cctrepot Stavu/crepeuovTes" i^tto rds" TrpojTas
309 auyd? erot/xot Trpo? P-dx'^v rjGav. Kal rrapd pukv

^lovhaloLs epi? r)v ogtls rrpoKLvhwevGas ;!(aptaatTo
rots' rjyepLOGLV, jLtdAtcrra 8e rou ^ljiojvos alSdjg
rjv Kal hios, ovtojs re TrpoGeZx^v e/caaro? aura)
rcov vrroreTayiievwVy ojs /cat Trpo? avTox^Lplav
310 iTOipLoraTOS elvau KeXevGavTOS' Poi/i-atots" 8' evr*

dvhpeiav tjv Trporpovrrj tov re /cparety eô? /cat v^rrr^s'
d?]êta cn;re;>(7^? re arpareia /cat 8t7]ye/cets" /LteAeVat
/cat pieyedos -qyepLovLas, Trpo 8e TrdvTcov Ttro?
311 det Trdaty navTaxov vrapaTvyxdvajv . to re ydp
^ Hudson : dTro mss.

^ After PA 77 : 77, ^ or ^ the rest.
* C/". Thuc. iv. 55 r^s Trpti' d77êtaj rou KaKOwpayelv.

* In det Trdcrti' Trai'raxor, an underlying Latin is traceable;
" quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus " (sc.
296
tower. Often they would dash out from the gates

and fight hand to hand, and though driven back on Desperate
to the walls and defeated in these close combats, ^ ^^'
through lack of the Romans' military skill, they had
the advantage of them in the battles from the ramparts. Experience combined Mith strength was the
Romans' mainstay : daring, fostered by fear, along
with their innate fortitude under calamities, sustained
the Jews. Moreover, they still cherished hopes of
salvation, as did the Romans of speedy victory.
Neither army felt fatigue : assaults, battles at the
wall, salhes by companies continued incessantly
throughout the day, and no form of warfare was
omitted. Beginning at dawn, night scarcely brought
them respite : its hours were sleepless for both
and more terrible than day, one party dreading every
moment the capture of the wall, the other a Je^^'ish
invasion of their camps. Both armies thus passed
the night under arms and at the first break of day
were ready for battle.
Among the Jews there was rivalry who should be Contrasted
foremost in the fray and so win favour with his of the

officers ; Simon in particular was regarded M'ith beiiigerenta
reverence and awe, and such was the esteem in which
he was held by all under his command, that each
was quite prepared to take his very own hfe had he
given the order. With the Romans, on the other
hand, the incentives to valour were their habit of
victory and inexperience of defeat,** their continuous
campaigns and perpetual training, the magnitude of
their empire, and above all Titus, ever and everywhere
present beside all.^ For cowardice when Caesar was
creditur), the definition of the Catholic Faith attributed to

St. Vincent of Lerins (5th cent, a.d.), has older parallels.
297
JOSEPHUS
fjLaXaKLGdrjvai Trapovrog Kal ovvayojviLôjiivov Katcrapos SeLvov iSoKei, /cat rco KaXcog dycovtcra/xeVoj
lidprvg avTog 6 Kal TLfn]Gajv Traprjv KepSog 5*
rjv rjhrj Kat ro yi'coGOrjvai Katcrapt yevvaXov ovra.
8td rovTo TToXXoL TTJs KaTOL G(f)dg iGxvo djjLelvovs
312 rfj 77po6vfiLa hieâviquav . TraparaâjJiivajv yovv

Kara ravra? ras rjfiepas rcuv lovhaLOJV Trpo rod
relxovg Kaprepoj arKêi Kal hiaKovTit,op.iv(jjv tl
TToppcoOev rojv raypLarojv exarepojv, Aoyylvos
TLS Tcov 17777 ecu v iâXXofxevog rrjg 'PajjjLaiKrjg
rdêojg ep.77Tjhd. p-eGrj rfj tcov 'louSaicuv (j)d\ayyiy
313 Kal hiaoKehaaOevTojv rrpog rrjv iptôXrjv Svo rovg

yewaiordrovg dvaipel, rov fxev Kara aroiia
TrX-qâg VTravrLdaavra, rov 8 dvaarrdcrag eK rod
TTporepov TO bopv Kara TrXevpdv Sta77etpet rpajTOfxevov, CK fieacjv re rwv TroXepnajv drpojrog^ elg
314 roijg crêrepous" eSpa/xev. d jiev ovv hi dperrjv

.7TLGrijiog rjv, L-qXcoral Se rrjg dvSpecag^ iytvovTO
315 TToXXoL. Kau lovdaloi fxev afieXovvreg rov TraOelv

TO hiaOeivai jjlovov iaKOTTovv, 6 re ddvarog avrolg
eSdaret Kov<f)6rarog l fiera rov Krelvai riva rcov
316 rroXejiLwy TrpoarreGOL' Tlrog 8e rrjg rojv or panto TCOV aochaXeiag ovx r}rrov rov KpareZv rrpovvoeL,
Kai r-qv fiev apLUK7Trov oppLrjv drrovoiav Xeycov,
pi6v7]v d aperrjv ttjv p.erd Trpovotag Kal rod fjirjhev
rov hpcovra Tradelv, iv dKLvhvvco rco Kara a(f)dg
eKeXevGev aphplCeodaL.
317 (4) YlpoodyeL S' avrog rov ôpeiov reixovg rco

[jieGcp rrvpycp ttjv iXioXiv, iv co rcov ^\ovhaicov
Tig dvi-jp y6r]g ovojia Kdcrrcop iXoâ jied^ ofioiajv
BeKa, TCOV XoiTTchv (f)vy6vrcov 8td rovg roôrag.
^ Holwerda : irpun-os mss. * dvdpayadias L.
298
with them and sharing the contest seemed monstrous,

while the man who fought bravely had as witness of his
valour one M'ho would also reward it ; nay, it was gain ^
already to be known to Caesar as courageous. Hence
many in their enthusiasm displayed greater valour
than their strength warranted. Thus when, in the
course of these days, the Jews were arrayed in stout f^^^^fj,,.,
force outside the walls and both armies were as yet
engaged in distant combat Mith javeHns, a certain
trooper Longinus leapt out of the Roman lines and
daslied into the midst of the Jewish phalanx. Break-
ing their ranks by his charge, he slew two of their

bravest, piercing one in front as he advanced to meet
him, and transfixing the other through the side, as
he turned to flee, with the spear which he drew from
his comrade's body ; he then escaped unscathed to
his OAvn lines from the midst of the enemy. His
valour gained him distinction, and led many to
emulate his gallantry. The Jews, for their part,
regardless of suffering, thought only of the injury
which they could inflict, and death seemed to them
a tri\'ial matter if it involved the fall of one of the
enemy. Titus, on the other hand, cared as much
for his soldiers' safety as for success ; and, pronouncing inconsiderate impetuosity to be mere desperation,
and valour only deserving of the name when coupled
with forethought and a regard for the actor's security,
he ordered his troops to prove their manhood without
running personal risks.
(4) He now brought up the battering-ram against p^gl^^

the central tower of the north wall, where a certain the Jew.
Jewish impostor, named Castor, lay in ambush with
ten others of like character, the rest having been
routed by the archers. Here for some time they
299
JOSEPHUS
318 OVrOL fJL^Xpi' IjLV TLVOS V7T7TTrjXOT? TOt? dcx)paKLOL?
ripefiovVy Xvofj-lvov^ Se rov TTvpyov hLaviaravrai,

Kal TTporeLvag o Kacrrcup ra? ;)êtpas' co? lkTv<jjv
hrjdev eKaXec rov Kaicrapa /cat rfj (f)a>V7J Kar-
319 oLKrLLojJLevos iXerjaaL ucbds TrapearaAet. Tnarevcras

' e" dTrAoTT^TOs" o Tlto? /cat fieravoelv rjSr] rov?
^lovSatovg eXrTiuas, erriyêi jxev rod Kpiov ttjv
ifjLôXrjV KOjX'uei re roêvetv rovg tVeVa?, Xiyecv
320 3' KeXevev 6 n ôvXerat rw Kacrropt. roi; 5'

L7t6vtos 771 Se^-ioL KaTa^7]vaL diXeiv, 6 TtVos"
Gvvrjhecrdai jiev avrw ttj? evôvXias ^^v], CTfvTjdeGOaL 8e, et Trdvreg ravra TJhrj (^povovai, Kal
321 ''^ 77oAet didovaL re ttlgtlv eTot/xtu?. tcov 8e/<:a

8e ot 7Tvre fxev avrcp cruvvTreKpLVOVTO ttjv iKer-qplav,
ol XoLTTol 8' ovK av 7T0T SouAeucTetv Pco/xatots"
322 iôcov rrapov iXevdepovg arrodavelv. Kal p-^XP^
TToXXov hiacjêpopêvcov irplêro pLev r] TrpoGôXij,

77pL77ajv 8' o KaaTcop Trpos" Tov Ydiiiiova (JxoXfj
ôvXeveodai rrepl tojv iTreiyovrtov eAeyey, co?
of/c 77 oAr/ov avTOs oiaTraiLÔL rrjv rcopiaiojv
dpxT]v. dp-a he ravra rrejirrajv Kara(i>avrjs rjv
Kal rovs aTTeiBovvras errl rrjV Se^tav TrapaKaXow.
323 ot S' ojurrep dyavaKrovvres virep rd OojpaKia

hi-Qpovv re rd ^L<prj yvpLvd Kai rovs dojpaKas
avrojv TrXiTjâvres cvs d7TG(l)aypLevoL Karerreoov.
324 ddjiôs he rov Tirov Kai rovs Trepi avrov eLGiêi

rov row dvhpojv rrapaGr-qpiaros , Kai pLTj hvvapLevoi
KdrojOev dKpt^cbs rd yeyevrjiievov ibelv edavpLaôv
re rijs evroXpaas avrovs Kai rov Tradovs r^Xeovv.
325 roêvei he ns ev rovroj Trapd rrjv pZva rov Y^dGropa,

KaKelvos evOeojs dvaGnaGas to êXos erreheiKw
^ aaXevofi^pov L. * Staxat'êi L Lat. (illudere).
soo
remained motionless, crouching beneath the parapet,

but when the tower began to rock they rose up, and
Castor, stretching out his hands in supphant pose,
called upon Caesar and in piteous tones implored him
to have mercy on them. Titus, in the simplicity of
his heart, believed him, and, hoping that the Jews
were at length repenting, stopped the battering of
the ram, forbade the archers to shoot at the suppliants, and directed Castor to state what he wanted.
The latter replying that he desired to come do"v\Ti
under pledge of protection, Titus said that he congratulated him on his sound judgement, and would
congratulate the city, if all were now of the same
mind, and gladly offer them security. But while
five of Castor's ten companions joined in this feigned
supplication, the rest cried out that they would
never be slaves of the Romans, so long as they might
die free men. During this protracted dispute, the
assault was suspended, and Castor sent word to Simon
to take his time in deUberating on the necessary
measures, as he could fool the Roman command for a
long while yet. While dispatching this message
he was to all appearance urging his recalcitrant
comrades to accept the proffered pledge. They, on
the other hand, in seeming indignation, brandished
their naked swords above the breastworks and,

striking their own breast-plates, fell down as though
slain. Titus and his staff, amazed at the men's
intrepidity, and unable from below to see exactly
what had happened, admired their courage and commiserated their fate. Meanwhile, Castor was struck
close to the nose with an arrow, which missile he
instantly drew out and showed to Titus, complaining
SOI
JOSEPHUS
roi Tlto) Kal ws ov StVata ttolgxojv KariJLfJL<f>To.

TTpos he rov âXovra (jêrXLaGas YLaiaap eVe/XTre
TTapearajra rov ^lajcrrjrrov hovvai ro) Kacropt
326 heîdv. aAA' o fiev ovr avro? (f)T] TrpoeXevaeGdat,^

<j)pove'Lv yap ovdev uyte? rovs Seofxevov?, Kal rovs
ojppirijiivovs Tojv (f)LXa)v Karia-xev' AtVeta? hi ns
327 Ta)v avropLoXajv auro? ecfir] TrpoeXevoeaBai} Kac
rov Kacrropos- KaXovvros, ottoj? Sefatrd rtg Kai

TO dpyupiov o (f)poL fieO avrov, OTTOvhaLorepov
6 Alveias hLaTTerdaas rov koXttov Trpoaehpafiev.
328 dpdpLvos S' 6 Kacrrcop Trirpav 7Ta(l)LrjGLV avroj,

Kal TOVTOV p-kv hiTjpapTe (f)vXaâpLevov, rtrpojcr/cet
329 he GTpaTLcorrjV erepov irpoGeXdovra. GvivovGa^

he Katcrap Tr]v aTrdrrjV rrpog ^Xd^-qs pêv eyvoj
rov ev 7ToXep.OLs eXeov, to yap drr-qveGrepov rjrrov
VTTOTTLTTTeLV TO) TTavovpycp , rd? 8' ipôXds rrj^
eXeTToXeojs opyfj ttj? pÂeuT]? erroielro hvvarajrepag,
330 VTrohLhovra he rov TTvpyov epLTTLTrpaGLV ol rrepi rov

Kaaropa, Kal hid rrj? t^Xoyog elg rrjV vri' avroj
Kpvrrrrjv dXX6p.evoi rrdXiv hoâv arhpecas Pcu/xatots'
TTapeGôv ojs" pLipavres G(j)ds avrovs ecs ro rrvp.
331 (viii. l) Xlpel he Katcrap ravrrj ro relxos

rjpLepa TrepLTrrrj pLerd ro Trpojrov, Kai rdjv lovhalajv
(j)vy6vrojv drr^ avrov Trapep^^rai /xera ;\;tAta>v
evhov OTrXircov Kal rcov Trepl avrov eTTtXeKrajv,
Kado Kal rrjg KaivrjS rroXeojs epioTTcLXia re tjv Kai
âXKela Kal lp.arLOJv dyopd, Trpos re^ ro relxos
332 TrXdyioi Karereivov ol GrevojTTOi. ei piev ovv rj
rov reiôvs evdecos TrXeov hieXvaev -^ TToXepLov
^ P : TrpoffeXeva-eadai the rest.

* Destinon : om. PA : 5e the rest.
302
of being unfairly treated. Caesar sternly rebuked

the archer and commissioned Josephus, who was at
his side, to offer his hand to Castor, Josephus. however, not only dechned to go himself, con^-inced that
these suppliants meant no good, but restrained those
of his friends who were anxious to step forward.
However, Aeneas, one of the deserters, volunteered
to go ; and Castor calhng out for someone to take the
money which he was bringing with him, Aeneas ran
forward the more eagerly with robes extended to
receive it. Castor thereupon picked up a boulder
and hurled it at him ; it missed Aeneas who manased
to avoid it, but wounded another soldier who had
come up. Caesar, now that his eyes were opened to
the trick, decided that in warfare compassion was
mischievous severe measures affording less scope

for artifice and, indignant at this mockery, put the
battering-ram more \'igorously into action. When
the tower began to give way. Castor and his friends
set fire to it, and, leaping through the flames into
the vault beneath," again impressed the Romans,
who imagined that they had plunged into the fire,
with a sense of their courage.
(viii. 1) At this spot,^ on the fifth day after the The Romans
capture of the first wall, Caesar stormed the second ; second^van
and, as the Jews had fled from it, he made his entry, c. 30 May,
with a thousand legionaries and his own picked
troops, in that district of the new tovm where lay
the wool-shops, the braziers' smithies and the clothesmarket, and where the narrow alleys descended
obhquely to the ramparts. Now, had he either at
once broken down more of the wall or, by right of
" Cf. the similar escape of the Jewish general Niger, iii. 27.
"" i.e. at " the central tower of the north wall," 317.
303
JOSEPHUS
vofici) TTapeXdojv erropBei to At^^^cV, ovk av otfiai
333 Ti? ^P-^Y'l iÂa^r] to* Kparei. vvv Se ^lovhaiovs
{JLV iXTTLGaS hv(7aJ7Trj(JLV ÔV KaKOVV TOJ yiT]
deXetv, Trpos [S']^ dvaxcop'f]cnv evpLaprj ttjv elcrôXr^v

OVK eTrXdrvvev ov yap imôvXevGeiv ov evep-
334 yerelv v-eXdp.âvev. TrapeXOow yovv ovre KreiveLV

rivd rojv KaraXapLJâvopLevajv eTrerpeipev ov9^ vttoTTLpLTTpdvaL Tcx? OLKLag, aAA' tt/xa Tols [jLev araGLaGralg, el ôvXolvto pLdxecdaL hiya ttjs rod
Si^jiov ^Xd^rj, aSetav iôbov, rep S-qpLco he rd?
Krrjoei? v7ncr)(yeiro hojueiv Trepl rrXeLorov yap
erroieZro GcoaaL rr]v /xev ttoXlv avro), rov 8e vaov
335 rfi TToXei. rov p.ev ovv Xaov eroiy.ov et)(ev etV
a rrpovrpeTrev Kal TrdXaL, rols pLaxlfioL? S eooKet
TO (f)LXdpdpaj7rov dadeveLa, /cat rov Turov adwafiLO.
rov rrjv dXXrjv ttoXlv eXelv ravra rrporeiveiv
336 VTTeXdfifâvov. ScaTreLXovvreg he rols hrjp.6rais 6dvarov, el Trepl Trapahoaeajs fiviqadeirj rt? avraJv,
Kal rovs TTapacfydeyyopLevovs eLprjvrjv a7roG(^drrovres, eTTiriOevrai Kal rols eioeXQovGi PcD/xatcov,
ol fiev Kara rov? arevojTTOVs VTravridaavres y ol
S' czTro rcov olklow, aAAot S' eôj rov retxovs Kara
337 rag dvoj TTpoTrrjhrioavreg TTvXas. rrpos ov? rapa^Bevres ol (f)povpol rod relxov? KaQaXX6p.evoi rujv
338 TTvpyojv dvexojpovv ei? ra arparoTreha. Kpavyrf

8' rjV rcov pLev etcroj rrdvrodev 7ToXep.iois KeKVKXojfJLevojv, row 8' e^codev Trepl rots dTroX-q(^deiGi^
hehoLKorojv. vXrjdvvovres 8* del 'louSatot Kal
TToXXd TrXeoveKrovvres Kar ifiTreipuLV rcov arevojTTCJV erlrpojGKov re rroXXovg Kai TrpoGTmrrovreg
^ om. C. * Destinon : airdX^KpOdat. mss.
" Cf. his similar later offer, vi. 95.

304
war, followed up his entry by sacking what he had

captured, no loss, I imagine, would have attended
his triumph. But, in fact, because he hoped to

shame the Jews by his reluctance to injure when in a
position to do so, he omitted to ^îden the breach to
facilitate a retreat, never supposing that after such
treatment they would plot against their benefactor.
Accordingly, on entering, he would not allow his
troops to kill any persons caught or to fire the
houses ; to the factions he offered a free exit from
the city to fight, if such was their desire, without
detriment to the people,** while to the people he
promised restoration of their property. For his J
paramount object was to preserve the city for liimself and the temple for the city. The people indeed but are sooc
had long been ready to act on his ad\-ice, but the ^î^^^^^mihtants mistook his humanity for weakness and
regarded these overtures as due to his inability to
capture the rest of the to^\Tl. Threatening, therefore, to kill anv of the to\\Tisfolk who should mention
surrender, and butchering all who let fall a word
about peace, they attacked the Roman di\'ision that
had entered. Some confronted them in the streets,
some assailed them from the houses, while others,
rushing outside the wall by the upper gates, caused
such commotion among the sentries on the ramparts that they leapt down from the towers and
made off to their camp. There were cries from those
within, surrounded by a ring of enemies, from those

without, alarmed for their intercepted comrades.
The Jews, constantly gro^\ing in numbers and
greatly at an advantage through their knowledge of
the streets, wounded multitudes of the enemy and
with their charges thrust them before them. The
305
JOSEPHUS
339 iôjdovv. OL 8e /car' avayK-qv ro ttAcov avrelx^^'^y

ov yap Tjv ddpoovg htac^vyeiv Std urevov rod
TELXOV?, SoKOVGL T aV KaTaKOTTTJvaL 7Tavr OL
340 TTapeXdovre? pLT) TTpoGafivvavro? rod Tltov. 8taCTTT^cra? yap en aKpois rocs arevcoTTOLg tou?
roôras Kal Kara rov /xaAtcrra TrXrjOvoPTa oraOeis
avroSy dveWeAAe roZs îXeai roijs TroXepiLOvg,
Kal (jvv avro) ôfierLO? Yâ^vos, dvrjp dyaOos
341 Kal Kara ravrrjv (âvel? Tqv fxdx''^^- TrapepLecve

he (jvveyôjs Toêvojv Kataap Kal rov? louSaiou?
kojXvojv TTapeXOetv, p-^XP^ Trdvres dvexo^pT)(ô.v ol

OTpanajTai.
342 (2) 'Pojâtot pikv ovtojs KparrjoavTes rov 8euripov reixovs eêojoB'qaav ^^ rcov S ava ro aurv
jjLax^P-cov iTTrjpdrj rd (f}povqp.ara, Kal pêrecopoi
TTpog rrjv evTrpaytav rjuav, ovr av Pco/xatou? et?
rrfv ttoXlv roXp-ijcreiv eVt TrapeXdelv ovr avroc
343 TrapeXdovrojv rjrr'qd'qGeadaL SoKovvres. eTreoKorei

yap avrojv rat? yvajp-ai? hid rd? 7Tapavop.ia? o
deos, Kal ovre rT]v 'VcopLaicov lgxvv octoj TrAetojp'
KareXeiTTero rrj? eêAacrêtO"/]? e^Xerrov ovre rov
344 vêprrovra Xtp-dv avrol?. en yap Trapi^v eadieLU

eK rwv hrjpLOGLwv KaKoJv Kal rd rrj? TToXecos alfia
TTLveiv evheia he rov? dyadovs erreZx^ TrdXat, Kai
345 oirdvei rwv eTTirrjheLOJv hieXvovro ttoXXol. rrjv

he rov Xaov (jidopdv eavrojv ol GraoLaarau kov(f)Lop,6v vTTeXdfjLâvov p.ovovs ydp tj^lovv a(jjl,eodai
Tovs fJLT) ^Tjrovvras^ elprjV7]v Kal Kard PojfxaLOJV
^ Dindorf : iêud-qaav or eûad-qaav MSS.

^ ^rjXovvras L.
Tribune of the fifteenth legion, who, again with Titus,

306
Romans, on their side, mainly through sheer necessity continued to resist, as it was impossible for all
to retire at once through the narrow breach ; and
the entire invading force would probably have been
annihilated, had not Titus come to their relief.
Posting his archers at the ends of the streets and
taking up a position himself where the throng was
thickest, he with showers of arrows kept the enemy
at bay, assisted by Domitius Sabinus,** a man who
proved his gallantry in this as in other engagements,
So Caesar stood his ground, incessantly shooting his
arrows and stemming the advance of the Jews, until
all his soldiers had retired.
(2) Thus, after gaining possession of the second

wall, were the Romans ejected. Within the city the
spirits of the war party, elated at their success, rose
high ; since they imagined that the Romans would
never again venture into the city, or that, if they did,
they themselves would prove invincible. For God

was bhnding their minds because of their transgressions ; and they perceived neither how the forces
still left to the Romans far outnumbered those which
had been expelled, nor yet the stealthy approach of
famine. For it was still possible to feed upon the
public miseries and to drink of the city's life-blood ;
but honest men had long since felt the pinch of want,
and many were already failing for lack of necessaries.
The factions, however, regarded the destruction of
the people as a relief to themselves ; for they held
that only those should be preserved who were enemies
to peace and determined to devote their hves to
resisting the Romans, and rejoiced at the wasting
had been the first to enter Jotapata, iii. 324. The personal
prowess of Titus the hero is, as often, emphasized.
307
JOSEPHUS
^TJv 7Tpor]pr]fjLvovgy ro 8 ivavriov TrXrjdog wanep
346 ^dpos^ rjbovro haTravcop-evov. tolovtol /xev 817

TTpos rovs vhov Tjcrav 'PcopLatovs Sc TraAtv rrj?
lg6oov TTeipojpievovs eKojXvov (jipa^dfxevoi /cat to
Karapptcbdev dvTirL)(_iGavrs rol? CTtu/xacrt rpial
pLV dvTGxov TjpepaL^ Kaprepo)? dpLVVopievoL, rrj
rerdprr) 8e TrpocrâXovra yevvaicos Tirov ovk
TjveyKav, dXXd ^taadevre? fj koL Trporepov dva-
347 (j)evyovaLV . 6 Se irdXiv rod relxov? Kpar-qaag

TO TTpoaapKTiov pLv evOecog Kareppupe rrdv, IttI
8e rod Kara pL(jrjp.^8pLav ^povpds roZs TTvpyois
iyKaraGrrjGas raj rpiroj TTpoa^dXXeiv iTrevoet.
348 (ix. 1) Aoâv 8' eTTavelvai rrpos dXiyov ttjv

TToXiopKiav Kal hiojpiav ôvXrjg toIs uraaiaGTaZs
7TapaG')(elv , et ri rrpos rrjv KadaipeGiv evholev rov
hevrepov relxovs rj Kal rov XipLOv VTToheiGavres , ov
yap els ttoXu rds dpTrayds avTols eâp/cecretv, etV
349 heov KaTXpT]TO ttjv dveGiv ivGrdGrjg yap rrjs

7TpoBeGp.ias, Kad^ rjv ehei hiahovvai rots GrpaTLcoraLs Tpo(j)dSi ^^ dTroTrro) roZs TToAe/xtot? exreXevGe rovs rjyepiovas e/craâvras" rr^v SvvajJLLV
350 aTTapiBpieiv eKdGTCp rdpyvpiov. ol 8', wGTrep

edos, drroKaXvijjavTes rd dirXa B-qKais eGKerra-
GpLeva riios, KardcfipaKTOL TTpo-peGav Kal roug
351 L7T7TOVS dyovres ol iTTTreZs KCKOGpL-qpêvovS' ctti

ttXeZgtov 8e rd Trpo ttjs TToXecos dpyvpcp /cat
XpvGo) TTepieXdyLerOy Kal rrjs oipews eKeivrjs
ovhev ovre roZg G(f)repoLs eTTLTepireGTepov ovre roZs
352 TToAe/xtot? TTapeGTTj (fyoêpwrepov. KaTTrX-qGdrj
* After Lat. onus quoddam : ^dpâpov {-wv) PAML:

âpSapuv ^dpos C : virb âp^dpujv /Sd/3oj VR { ^dpos apybv
Destinon.
308
JEWISH WAR, V. 34^352
away of masses of their opponents who were only

an encumbrance. Such were then* feelings towards
those within ; while, having blocked and walled up
the breach \viih. their own bodies, they were holding
up the Romans who were again attempting to break
through. For three days they maintained a stubborn
defence and held their ground ; but on the fourth, The Romans
unable to withstand a gallant assault of Titus, they the^Scond

were compelled to fall back to their former refuge, wall.
Titus, once more master of the wall, immediately
razed the whole of the northern portion ; and,
placing garrisons in the towers in the southern
quarter, laid his plans for an attack on the third
wall."
(ix. 1) He now decided to suspend the siege for Suspension

a while and to afford the factions an interval for and'jirade
reflection, to see if the demolition of the second of Roman
wall or haply dread of famine might lead to any Jerusalem.
surrender, as the fruits of their rapine could not long
suffice them ; and he turned the period of inaction
to good account. For the appointed day ha\ing
arrived for the distribution of the soldiers' pay,
he ordered his officers to parade the forces and
count out the money to each man in full \iew of the
enemy. So the troops, as was their custom, di-ew
forth their arms from the cases in which till now they
had been covered and advanced clad in mail, the
cavalry leading their horses which were richly caparisoned. The area in front of the city gleamed far
and wide with silver and gold, and nothing was more
gratifying to the Romans, or more awe-inspiring to
the enemy, than that spectacle. For the whole of
* i.e. the first or " old " wall from the Jewish standpoint,
142.
309
JOSEPHUS
yap d(f)opci)VTa>v to t apxo.lov relyôs dnav koI

rod Upov TO ôpeiov xAtjU-a, rag re otVia?
fjLearag tjv ttpokvtttovtojv VTrepihelv,^ koI rrjs
TToXeojs ouSev o [jltj KeKoXvTTTO TrXrjdeL 8i(/atVeT0.
353 KardrrX-q^LS 3e heLvrj Kal rols roXfi-qpordTOLs

ev7Tue TTjV re ^vvapLLV errl ravTO irdoav opojoi
Kal TO KaXXo? Tcov ottXojv Kol TTjV evra^lav tow
354 avhpojv hoKovai re dv fioi irpos eKeivrjv ol crraGiaGral ixeraâXeodaL ttjv oiJjlv, el pLTj St' virepôXtjv dw Tov bijiJLov ehpauav KaKUJv avyyvcoiirjv
355 Trapd 'PajfiaioLs dTr-qXTTLlov. aTTOKetpLevov 8e tov

/xera KoXdcrecug, l rravoaivTO , ttoXv KpeiTTOva tov
iv TToXepoj Odvarov rjyovvTO. Kal to ')(^pdjv 8'
e/cparet tojjs re dvairiovs rots' atrtot? ovvaTTOXeoOai Kal ttj Grdoei ttjv ttoXlv.
356 (2) Teoaapcnv p.ev ovv rjpiepais ol 'Pojâtot

Kad eKaarov ray/xa hiereXeaav rd? Tpo6dg
KO[iiLopLevoL, TTJ TTepLTTTTj h d)s oi58ej^ aTnjvTa
Trapd Tojv \ovhai.ojv ecprji-LKov, î-XV 8teAav Ta
TdypaTa Tlrog rjpx^TO tojv /.^jp.dTOJV Kard re ttjv
AvTOJviav Kal to tov ^\ojdvvov pivrjpLelov, TavTT]

pLV T'qv ai'aj ttoXiv aiprjueiv iTnvoojv, to 8 Upov
357 Kara ttjv ÂvTOJViav' tovtov ydp pLT) Xrjc^devTOs

ovde TO do-TV KaTexêiv dKLvSvvov rjv Trpog e/carepoj
8e pepeL hvo ;(CL/x,aTa rjyelpeTO Kad^ ev eKduTov
358 TdypaTog. Kal tov? pLev Trapd to pLvripLelov ipyatopevovs ol re 'I8ou/xatot Kal to perd tov ÎpLowos
OTrXiTLKOv etpyov eTreKdiovTs, tov? 8e Trpo Trjs
AvTOjvLas ol Trepl tov ^lajdw-qv Kal to tcov
359 t^TjXojTUJV ttXtÔoS' eTrXeoveKTOvv 8' ov /card X^^P^
^ KaTLdelu M : IBecv P.
SIO
the old wall and the north side of the temple were
thronged with spectators, the houses across the wall
were to be seen packed with craning heads, and
there was not a spot \'isible in the city which was not
covered by the crowd. Even the hardiest were
struck with dire dismay at the sight of this assemblage
of all the forces, the beauty of their armour and the
admirable order of the men ; and I cannot but think
that the rebels would have been converted by that
vision, had not the enormity of their crimes against
the people made them despair of obtaining pardon
from the Romans. But, death being the punishment in store for them if they desisted, they thought
it far better to die in battle. Fate, moreover, was
prevaihng to involve both innocent and guilty, city
and sedition, in a common ruin.
(2) In four days the several Roman legions had all The siege
received their pay. On the fifth, no overtures for Earthwoika
peace having come from the Jews, Titus formed the raised
f . ... J' ' J 1, .1, opposite
legions into two divisions and began raising earth- Antonia

works opposite Antonia and John's monument '^ tomb^^'^^
respectively ; his design being to carry the upper
tovm. at the latter point, and the temple by way of
Antonia, for unless the temple were secured, to hold
even the to\\Ti would be precarious. The erection
of two banks at each of these two quarters was
accordingly begun, one being assigned to each
legion. Those at work alongside the monument
were impeded by sallies of the Idumaeans and the
troops of Simon ; those before Antonia suffered
obstruction from John's followers and the Zealots.
Their adversaries, moreover, were successful, not
only with hand - missiles, owing to superiority of
259.
311
JOSEPHUS
fjLovov d(f)^ vxjjiqXoTipajv fjuaxofxevoi, /cat rot? opyavois

8' rjhiq ^(priGO ai fxepiad -qKores' r) yap Kad^ rffiepav
rpL^rj Kara fXLKpov edpeipe tt^v ejXTTeLpiav . el-ôv 8
o^vêXeis jjLev rpiaKOGiovSy rcGGapaKOvra 8e tojv
XlOoôXcov, 8t' djv ra )(ûjiiaTa roXs Poj/Ltatot?
360 eTToiovv hvaepyaara} Tiros 8 GcoêaOai t rrjv

ttoXlv /cat OLTToXXvaOaL elScbg iavrco, a/xa /cat rfj
TToAtop/cta 7TpoaeKLro /cat rov Trapaivelv 'lou-
361 Saiot? [xerdvoLav ovk rjjjLeXeL, rots' 8' epyois

dvefxiuye avpLôvXiaVy /cat TroAAa/cts" yivaûKOJv
dwTLKwrepov ottXcov rov Xoyov, avros^ t Ga>t,eaOai
Trape/caAet TrapaSovra? tt]!^ TToAtv "^897' TrapiXr]fX[ievr]v /cat rov ÎcoGrjTTou KaOiei rfj Trarpvo)
yXcoo-arj hiaXeyeaOai, rdx ap* evhovvai rrpos
opio^vXov hoKOJV avrovs.
862 (3) Ovros TTepuojv ro retxo? /cat Trctpcujacvo?

e^-oj re^ êXovs etvai /cat ev 777] koco, TToAAa /carrjvnôXeL êioaodai jxkv avrojv /cat roiJ Stjijlov,
êLGaaOac 8c tt^s" TrarptSos" /cat tol tepov jxr^Se
yeveoOai 77 pos ravra rojv dXXo(f)vXa)v aTraSeore-
363 pous". 'Poj/xatous" /xev ye tou? jLt?) fierexovras

evrplrreodai rd rcov TToXepmov dyia /cat jJi^XP^ ^^
rag x^^P^^ e77e;êtv, rous" 8' ivrpa(f)vras avrots

/cay 7TpLGcodfj pLovovs eôvras djppLrjadai Trpos
364 d77cuAetav avraav. rj pirjv rd Kaprepcorepa fjuev

avrwv opdv reixT) 7re77Taj/coTa, XeiTTopievov Se ro
1 dvaepyorepa LVRC (c/. 496).
^ Destinon : avrovs or aurols mss.
' + <7rap 6Xt7o;'> Destinon (c/. 369).
* rd-x ci^ Destinon : rdxa mss.
eôj re Nicsc (from Lat.) : ^^w or eûr^pio mss.
267 f. . ^ Or " scorpions."
312
position, but also with their engines, which they had

now learnt to use,** daily practice having gradually
fostered their skill ; and they possessed three

hundred quick-firers,^ and forty stone-projectors,'' by t^
means of which they seriously retarded the erection
of the Roman earthworks. Titus, conscious that the
preservation or destruction of the city vitally affected
himself, while pressing the siege did not omit to
urge the Jews to reconsider their poHcy. Blending
active operations with advice, and aware that speech
is often more effectual than arms, he not only personally exhorted them to seek salvation by the
surrender of the city, already practically '^ taken, but
also delegated Josephus to parley with them in their
native tongue, thinking that possibly they might
yield to the expostulation of a fellow-countryman.
(3) Josephus, accordingly, went round the wall, Josephus u

and, endeavouring to keep out of range of missiles skJuei'to
and yet within ear-shot, repeatedly * implored them urge the
to spare themselves and the people, to spare their surrender.
country and their temple, and not to display towards !^gi|,/;^,ij
them greater indifference than was shown by aliens, side."
The Romans, he urged, though without a share
in them, yet reverenced the holy places'^ of their
enemies, and had thus far restrained their hands
from them ; whereas men who had been brought up
in them and, were they preserved, would alone enjoy
them, were bent on their destruction. Indeed, they

beheld their stoutest walls prostrate and but one
* ballistae.
^ The preposition in TrapetXrj/x/xip-qv possibly here has the

force of Trap' 6X1701'," almost."
* TToWd probably impHes numerous speeches at different

spots rather than " at great length."
^ Literally " things," including perhaps rites, etc.
313
JOSEPHUS
rcov eaXcoKorojv dadevearepov yiv(jjoKLV he Tqv

*PcofiaLajv Ldxvv dvvTTOGrarov Kal to SouAeuetv
365 TOVTOL 01) K (iTTeLpaGTOV^ avTolS' L yap St] Kai

TToAe/xetv VTTep iXevdeptas KaXov, XPW^^ '^
7Tpa>T0V' TO S' OLTTa^ VTTOTTeoovTas Kal fiaKpols
eiâvras XP^^^''^ erretra aTTOGeLeudai rov t,vy6v
366 hvaBavarovvTOJv , ov (^lAeAeuêpcov etvat. Selv /xeVTOL Kal SeaTTorag dSoêlv raTTeLvoripovs , o^x ots"
VTTOx^Lpia rd Trdvra. ri yap 'PcxjfxaLovs hiaTreêvyevai, rrXrjv et /xt] tl hid ddXiros tj Kpvog dxp'f](JTOV ;
367 iJLra^rjvaL yap Trpos avrovs rravrodev rr^v rvx^'^,

Kal Kard edvog rov Bedv ijjLTrepLayovTa rrjv dpx^]^
vvv cttI TTJs 'IraAta? etvai. vofiov ye fjLTjv ajpiodai
Kai TTapd 6-qpalv laxvpoTarov Kal Trap dvdpcvTTOLS,
LKLV TOLs Svi'arojTepoLs Kal TO KpaTeiv Trap ols
368 aKpLTj Tcov ottXcov etvai. 8 to, tovto Kal tovs

TTpoyovovs avTCJV jtoXvY Kal rat? ifjvxoLL? Kat toIs
GajfiaGLv TL Se Kal rat? aAAat? d(f)opiiaLs afieivovs
ovTas, etfat 'PojjjLaLOL?, ovk dv el firj tov deov
369 rjSeaav gvv avTols tovB^ V7Top.eivavTas. avTovs

8e TLVL Kal TTeTToiSoTas dpTex^LV, iaXojKvtas piev
CK TrXeLGTOV T7J TToXeCOS pilpOVS, TCOV 8 evhov, L
Kal TO, TLXi] TTapepievev, dXojGecos ;!(etpov 8ta-
370 KLpLvcov; ov ydp Xavdavetv 'Pajfialovs tov ev Tjj
TToXcL XipOV, (1) vvv pLeV TOV Srjp,OV, pLT^ OV TToXv
371 Se hia(j}dap-qGeGOai Kal tov? pax^pov?. el ydp

St] Kal rravGaiVTO 'Poiâtot tt^s" TToXiopKias
^ dweipaToi' ML.
2 L Lat. : om. the rest.
Josephus, here and in the sequel, repeats what he has

314
remaining, weaker than those which had fallen ;

they knew that the might of the Romans was irresistible and that to serve them was no new experience
for themselves. Be it granted that it was noble to
fight for freedom, they should have done so at first ;
but, after having once succumbed and submitted for
so long, to seek then to shake off the yoke was the
part of men madly courting death, not of lovers of
liberty.** To scorn meaner masters might, indeed,
be legitimate, but not those to whom the universe
was subject. For what was there that had escaped
the Romans, save maybe some spot useless through

heat or cold ? Fortune, indeed, had from all quarters
passed over to them, and God who went the round
of the nations, bringing to each in turn the rod of
empire, now rested over Italy. There was, in fact,
an estabHshed law, as supreme among brutes as
among men, " Yield to the stronger " and " The
mastery is for those pre-eminent in arms." That
was why their forefathers, men who in soul and
body, aye and in resources to boot, were by far their
superiors, had yielded to the Romans a thing intolerable to them, had they not known that God
was on the Roman side. As for them, on what did
they rely in thus holding out, when the main part
of the city was already captured, and when those
within it, though their walls still stood, were in a
plight even worse than capture ? Assuredly, the
Romans were not ignorant of the famine raging
in the city, which was now consuming the populace,
and would ere long consume the combatants as well.
For, even were the Romans to desist from the siege
previously put into the mouth of Agrippa at the opening of

the war, ii. 355 flF.
VOL. Ill L 3] 5
JOSEPHUS I
fJLTjS iTTLTriTTTOLeV^ rfj TToAct ^L(f)rjpLS, aVTOLS ye TOV
afiaxov TToXefMov eVSov TrapaKadijadai Kad^ eKaGTrjv

ojpav rp(l)6pievoVy el jjltj kol irpos tov Xifiov apai
ra oirXa kol p.d\udai hvvavrai, jxovoi re kol
372 TTadcov eTTLKparelv. TrpoGertdei he oj? KaXov irpo

avTjKeorov Gvii(j>opds pLeraâXeadai kol rrpos to
(JOJT-qpLov eojs eêari peifjai' /cat yap ovSe pLinqaiKaK-qaeiv avrols 'Pajfiacov? rwv yeyevqpLevcjov, el
fXT] fJ.expi' reXov? aTTavOahiGaivro' (f)VGeL re yap
ev ro) Kparelv rjiiepovs elvat /cat Trpo rcov dvfJLCov
373 drjGeaBaL ro Gvp.(l>epov. rovro 8' etvat {I'qre rrjv

ttoXlv dvSpa)V Kevrjv piT]re rrjv x^'jpav eprjpLov ex^LV.
Sto /cat vvv KatCTapa ôvXeGdat Be^tdv avrols
TrapaGx^LV o^^ yap dv GWGai riva ^ca Xaôvra rr)v
TToXiv, /cat ptdXiGra fJ-rjS^ ev eGxdrats GviJL(f)opaXs
374 VTTaKovGavrcDV TrapaKaXovvri. rod ye ixtjv raxecog

ro rpirov relxo? dXajGeodai ra vpoeaXcoKora
TTLGriv eivai' Kav dpprjKrov Se fj ro epvfia, rov

Xljjlov VTrep 'PojfiaLOJV avrols pLaxîGOat.^
375 (4) Taura rov Îcogtjttov Trapaivovvra rroXXol

fj-ev eGKOJTrrov diro rod reixovs, rroXXol 8 e^XaG<pr]iiovv, evLOL 8' eâXXov. 6 8' ojs rats" (f>avepals
ovK errecde Gvp^ôvXiais, enl rag opLocJivXovs
376 fierepaivev Loropias, a oeiAoL, pocop, /cat rcxjp

LOLcop afjLvqf.ioves GvpLpidxoJv, ottXols /cat X^P^^
TToXepLelre 'PajpLalots; riva yap dXXov ovrco?
311 evLKTjGapiev ; irore 8' ov deos 6 Krioas, dv d8t-
^ iireLcririTrTOLev LV.
* Niese from Lat.: ndxeadai ms9.
' PA : deiXatoi the rest.
" Cf, Xicanor's words to Josephus himself at Jotapata,

316
and not fall upon the city ^\ith dra^\^l swords, yet "it is
tliey had at their doors a war with which none could SÊt'the^
contend, gaining strength every hour, unless indeed limine. "
they could take arms and fight against famine itself
and, alone of all men, master even its pangs. They
would do well, he added, to repent ere irretrievable
disaster befell them and to incline to salutary counsels while they had the opportunity ; for the Romans
would bear them no malice for the past, unless they
persisted in their contumacy to the end : they were
naturally lenient in \'ictory," and would put above
vindictiveness considerations of expediency, which
did not consist in having on their hands either a
depopulated city or a de\ astated country. That was
why, even at this late hour, Caesar desired to grant
them terms ; whereas, if he took the city by storm,
he would not spare a man of them, especially after
the rejection of offers made to them when in extremities. That the third M'all would be quickly
carried was vouched for by the fall of those already
captured ; and even were that defence impregnable,
the famine would fight for the Romans against tliem.
(4) Josephus, during this exhortation, was derided

by many from the ramparts, by many execrated, and
by some assailed Mith missiles. Failing to move

them by this direct advice, he passed to reminiscences
of their nation's history.
** Ah, miserable ^vTetches," he cried, " unmindful The lessom

of your own true allies, would you make war on o<"h'^ô'">
the Romans with arms and might of hand ? What
other foe have we conquered thus, and when did God Former
who created, fail to avenge, the Jews, if they were ances^r
iii. 347, and the Virgilian " parcere devictis " {Aen. vi. 853),
doubtless familiar to the author.
317
JOSEPHUS
Kiovrai, 'louSaicDv ckSlko^; ovk i7TLGrpa<f)vrs

otpecrde TToOev opixcofievoL fidx^crOe Kal tttjXlkov
eixidvare avjipiaxov ; ovk dvafivrjaeaOe Trarepajv
epya Sat/xovta, Kal rov dyiov rovhe x^pov 'qXiKovg
378 Tjpiv TTaXai TroAe/xou?^ KadelXev; iycb jiev ^ptrrcD

TO, epya rod Oeov Xiyojv els dvaîovs d/coas"
aKovere 8' oficog, Iva yvcore (jltj fjLOvov 'PajfialoL?
379 TToXepiOvvres dXXd Kal rep deep. âcnXevs 6 rore

êâcbs AlyvTTTLCov, 6 8' avrog eKaXeZro Kal
Oapaco, fivpla X^^P^ Kara^ds yjpTTaGe Hdppav
380 âcrtAtSa, rrjv jJLTjrepa rod yevovs rjpcbv. ri ovv

o ravr-qs dvrjp W^padjJL, TrpoTrdrcop 8' rjfJLerepo? ;
dpa Tov v^pLGTTjv rjpvvaTO roXs OTrAot?, Kairoi
OKTOjKaiheKa pikv Kal rpiaKOGLovs vrrdpxovs ex<J^v,
hvvapLLv 8' u(/)'^ eKdorcp tovtwv direipov ; r] avrovs
fxev iprjiiiav rjyqaaro pLi) avp^Trapovrog 9eov,
KaOapds 8' dvareivas rds ;)(etpas' els ov vvv epudvare
Xojpov Vfiels, Tov dvLKrjrov avrcp ôrjdov earparo-
381 Xoyrjuev ; ov perd piav eairepav dxpavros p.ev r]

âaiXLuaa dveTrepcj^drj npos rov dvhpa, npoaKWcbv
Se rov vcf)* vpcov alpLaxOevra x^P^^ 6pL0(^vXcp
(f)6vcp Kal rpepwv dTTO rdjv ev vvKrl (âvracr/xdran^
e(f)evyev 6 AlyvTrnos, dpyvpco 8e Kal ;^/DU(7a) rovg
382 deo(f)LXLS 'E^patofs eha)pelro; etVcu rr^v eus
^ TToXeatoi's Hudson (perhaps rightly).

2 e0' ALR.
* Or (with Hudson's text) " enemies."
* Again recalling Virgil, " horresco referens."
^ * Josephus here follows some strange version, doubtless

derived from Jewish legend (Haggadah), of the story in
Genesis xii. 10-20 {cf. the variant form of the story in xx. 1 ff.).
In the Biblical account Abraham goes down into Egypt ;
here Pharaoh invades Palestine. Necho, moreover, was the
318
wronged ? Will you not turn your eyes and mark

what place is that whence you issue to battle and
reflect how mighty an Ally you have outraged ?
Will you not recall your fathers' superhuman exploits
and what mighty wars " this holy place has quelled
for us in days of old ? For myself, I shudder at
recounting ^ the works of God to unworthy ears ; yet
listen, that you may learn that you are warring not
against the Romans only, but also against God.
" Nechaos, also called Pharaoh,^ the reigning king 0) Pharani

of Egypt, came do\Mi with a prodigious host and sarah.
carried off Sarah, a princess '^ and the mother of our
race. What action, then, did her husband Abraham,
our forefather, take ? Did he avenge himself on the
ravisher \vith the sword ? He had, to be sure, three
hundred and eighteen officers under him,^ each in
command of a boundless army. Or did he not rather
count these as nothing, if unaided by God, and
uplifting pure hands towards this spot which you
have now polluted enUst the invincible Ally on his
side ? And was not the queen, after one night's
absence, sent back immaculate to her lord, while the
Egyptian, in awe of the spot which you have stained
with the blood of your countrymen and trembling
at his visions of the night, fled, bestowing silver and
gold' upon those Hebrews beloved of God ?
name of a Pharaoh of far later date, the conqueror of Josiah,

2 Chron. xxxv. 20 ; no monarch of the name in patriarchal
times is known.
* The name Sarah means " princess."
* The 318 " trained men, born in his house " whom he led
out to the rescue of Lot, Gen. xiv. 14.
^ Abimelech in similar circumstances bestowed gifts upon

Abraham, Gen. xx. 14-16 ; no gifts from Pharaoh are
recorded in xii. 20.
319
JOSEPHUS
AlyvTTTOV fieroLKLav raJv Trarepajv; ov^ rvpavvov}jLVOL /cat âaiXevGiv aX\o(f)vXoLs VTTorreTrrojKores rerpaKOGLOLs Tgl, napov ottXois d/xuveaBai Kai "xêpui, (j(j)8.'^ avrovs eTrdrpeipav rco
383 deep; tls ovk olhev rrjv Travrog B-qpiov KaTaTrXrjGdelaav Atyvrrrov Kal Trdar^ (^dapeloav vouco, ttjv
aKapTTOV yrjv, tov iTTiXeLTTOvra êZXov, ras irraXXrjXov? heKci rrX-qyag, rov Std ravra /xerd (jipovpds
7rpo77efi77op.evovs rrarepas r^p.ow avacpLaKTOvg aKiv-
384 hvvovs, ovs o Oeos avro) vewKopovg rjyev ; dAAd

rr^v VTTO ^vpcDV apayelaav ayiav -qplv XdpvaKa
OVK earivaê pLCv 7] IlaXaLGTLVi] Kai \ayujv to
ôavov, iarivaê Se ttov to tojv aprraaajxeviov
385 edvos, crrjrropievoL be to. KpvTTTOL tov oojp.aTO'? Kai

hi avTOJv TO. GTrX6.y\vrx pLETa tojv gltlow KaTa(j)povT, X^P^^ Tais" XrjGap.ivaLs dvcKopAoav KVfi^dXojv Kal TvpLTTavcjv ''7X<^J ^^^ rrdui pLeiXiKTrjp to is
386 IXaGKopLCVOL to ayiov; Beos tjv 6 TavTa TraTpdoiv

TjpeTepoLs GTpaTrjyojv, otl tol? xîpas Kai rd OTiAa
387 TTapevTeg avTOj Kplvai to epyov iTreTpeipav. âGiXevg *AG(7vpLOjv TiewaxT^p^lp- ot ndGav ttjv
'AcrtaV 7TLGVp6pLV0 TT^l'Sf TTepieGTpaTOTTehevGaTO
388 TTjv ttoXlv, dpa x^polv dvBpcoTTLvais eeGev; ovx o-t

/xev aTTo Tujv ottXcov rjpepLOVGaL eV TrpoGevxûs
TjGav, dyyeXos Se tov Beov pna vvktl t7)v aTreipov
GTpaTidv iXvpLijvaTO, Kai pêB^ rjpiepav avaoTas o
AGGvpLos OKTOJKaiheKa pLvptaoas eTTt irevTaKiGXt-XiOLs veKpojv vpf pLTd Tojv KaToXeLTTopievojv
1 AM : ol the rest.
* The round number given in Gen. xv. 13 and followed

in Jos. A. ii. 201- and in St. Stephen's speech, Acts vii. 6 ;
Exodus xii. 40 more precisely " 430 years."
320
" Need I speak of the migration of our fathers to (ii-) Tiie

Egypt? Oppressed and in subjection to foreign Egypând
monarchs for four liundred years,^ yet, though they ^^^ Exodus,
might have defended themselves by resort to arms
and violence, did they not commit themselves to
God ? Who has not heard tell of Egvpt overrun
with all manner of beasts and M-asted with every
disease, of the barren land, the failing Nile, the ten
successive plagues, and how in consequence our
fathers were sent forth under escort,* without bloodshed, ^\^thout risk, God conducting them as the
future guardians of his shrine ?
" Or again did not Phihstia and the image Dagon (iii-) The
rue the rape of our sacred ark by the Svrians r - theark^
Did not the whole nation of those raiders rue the 1'!^. ^^
1 1 1 i 1 1 1 . i'hiliatines.
deed, ulcerated m their secret parts and excretmg
their entrails along with their food,'^ until with the

hands which stole it they restored it, to the sound
of cymbals and timbrels,^ and with all manner of
expiations propitiating the sanctuary ? God's leadership it was that brought our fathers this triumph,
because, without resort to hand or weapon, they
committed the issue to his decision.
' When Sennacherib, king of Ass}Tia, with all Asia (iv.) Over.
follo\^-ing in his train, encamped around this city,^ semX^
was it by human hands he fell ? Were not those cherib's
hands at rest from arms and raised in prayer, while
God's angel, in one night, destroyed that countless
liost ? And when the xA.ssyrian arose next morning,
did he not find 185,000 corpses, and with the re-
* Cf. Wisdom xix. 2 /zera (77ror5-^j ir poire, a-âvres avTov?^ of

the Egyptians speeding the Israelites on their way.
^ 1 Sam. v.-vi. "* Rhetorical ampHfication of i Sam. v. 6.

' Another addition to the Biblical story. ^ See 303 n.
3'2l
JOSEPHUS
avoTrXov? /cat firj hiajKovras *K^paiov? <j)vyev;
389 tcrre /cat rrjv iv Ba^vXowL hovXelav, evda /.leravduT-q? o Xaos cov ereaiv e^So/xr^/covra oi) irporepov
els iXevdeptav ave'xp.iriaev r) YsJjpov tovto X^P^'
Gaadai rep deoj' TrpovTrp.<f)OrjGav yovv v-n avTOV,
/cat ttolXlv tov avrcov (TvpLixaxov eveojKopovv.
390 KadoXov S' L77LV, ovK eoTiv 6 TL KaTcopdojcjav ol

TTarepes rjpiojv rols OTrXoig ^ 8t;â tovtojv hi-qpiaprov emrpedfavres rep Oeo)' pîvovres p,V ye Kara
"Xojpav evLKOJV co? eSo/cet rep KpLri], pLax6pLVOL S
391 7TTai(jav deL rovro p.v, rjVLKa âaiXev? BaûXcovLOJV eVoAtop/cet ravrrjv ttjv ttoXlv, (JvpLâXd)v
êbeKLa? 6 rjpierepos âauXevs napd rds 'Iepe/i,tou
7rpo(f)r]Tlas avros 6^ idXco /cat to aaru pLrd rod
vaov KarauKaTTTopLevop etde* Kairoi noacp p,rpiojrepos 6 pikv âatXevg eKelvos rcov vpLerepcDV
392 Tjyepoi'ODV rjv, 6 8 vtt avrcp Aao? vpLOJV. ôcovra

yovv TOV 'lepepLLav, ojs dTr4-)(6oiVTO pikv rep dew 8ta
ras" et's" avTov TrX'qpLp.eXeias , aXwaoivro 8 et ^t)

rrapaholev r-qv ttoXlv, ovd^ 6 âatXevg ovd^ 6 SijpLOS
o\)6 aveiAev. aAA u/xet?, iv eacrco ravoov, ov yap

<dv> ^ ippnqvevaai hwaipL-qv rds vapavopLias vpiwv
d^LOJS, e'/Lte rov napaKaXovvra rrpds aojrrjpLav
vpids ^XaG(f)-qpLlr /cat ^dXXere, Trapo^vvopLevoL
TTpds rds VTrofLV-qcreis rdjv dpLaprrjpidrcjv /cat pLrjSe
rovs Xoyovs (hepovres o)V rdpya Spare Kad
394 TjpLepav. rovro 8', rjVLKa Avnoôv rov KXr]devros
^ ins. Destinon.
* 2 Kings xix. 35.
* Literally " manes " ; the same metaphor occurs in

Agrippa's speech, ii. 370.
* 2 Kings XXV. 1-10. Zedekiah did not " see " the
destruction of town and temple, which in the Biblical account
322
mainder flee from the Hebrews who were neither

armed nor pursuing ? **
" You know, moreover, of the bondage in Babylon, (v.) Cyras

where our people passed seventy years in exile and rejtoraon
never reared their heads ^ for liberty, until Cyrus f e^'ie.
granted it in gratitude to God ; yes, it was through
him that they were sent forth and re-estabhshed the
temple-worship of their Ally. In short, there is no
instance of our forefathers having triumphed by arms
or failed of success without them when they committed their cause to God : if they sat still they
conquered, as it pleased their Judge, if they fought
they were invariably defeated.
" Thus, when the king of Babylon besieged this Former

city, our king Zedekiah ha\'ing, contrary to the the city '^
prophetic warnings of Jeremiah, given hirn battle, ^q\^.J ^^^^
was himself taken prisoner and saw the to\\Ti and the ians,
temple levelled to the ground.'' Yet, how much
more moderate was that monarch than your leaders,
and his subjects than you I For, though Jeremiah
loudly proclaimed that they were hateful to God for
their transgressions against Him, and would be taken
captive unless they surrendered the city, neither the

king nor the people put him to death.*^ But you
to pass over those scenes within, for it would be
beyond me adequately to portray your enormities
you, I say, assail with abuse and missiles me who
exhort you to save yourselves, exasperated at being
reminded of your sins and intolerant of any mention
of those crimes which you actually perpetrate every
day.
" Or again, when our ancestors went forth in (ii.) by
Antiochus
occurred ten years after he had been taken, a blindea *^^^^ ^^'
prisoner, to Babylon. <* Cf. Jer. xxvii. 12 ff.
VOL. Ill L 2 323
JOSEPHUS
*^7n(f)avov TTpoGKaOetofievov rfj rroXei ttoXXcl

Trpo? TO Oelov e^v^pLKorog, ol rrpoyovoi fiera tojv
ottXojv TTporjXOov, avToi p.kv aTreGcfxiyqcrav ev rfj
IxdxX), hirjpTrd^^ he to dorv tol? TToXepLLOL?,
rjprjpLOjdr] ' ervj rpia koI firjvas i^ ro dyiov.
395 KaL TL Set rdXXa Xeyeiv; aAAa PojfiaLOvg rt?

euTparoXoyrjoe Kara rod edvovs ; ovx rj rojv
i7n\(jjpL(jjv doeêia; TToOev h rip^dj-ieda hovXeias ;
396 dp ov^l .K Gr6.GOJS rcov Trpoyovojv, ore r) AptGroôvXov Kal 'YpKavov pLavia Kal Trpo? dXXijXovs
epLS XlopLTrqiov eTrriyayev rfj rroXei Kal PcopLatoLs
vrreraêv 6 deo? rovs ovk d^lovs eXevOepuag;
397 rpLGL yovv pLrjGL TToXiopK-qQevres iavrovg TrapedoGav, ovd^ dpLaprovre? el? rd dyia Kal rovg
vopiovs TjXLKa vpLelg KaL ttoXv pLeLÔGiv achoppidtg
398 77pOb rov rroXeptov xpajpievoL. ro S Wvnyovov

reXog rov ^ ApiGroôvXov rraihos ovk "iGfiev, ov
âGiXevovros 6 deog dXojGei TrdXiv rov Xadv rjXavve
TrXrjpLpLeXovvra, Kal 'Hpojbrjs pLev o Avrirrdrpov
ÔGGLOV, Zdacrtos" Se 'Poj/xaiojv Grpandv rjyayev,
nepLGxeOevreg errl pL-qvag e^ erroXLopKovvro,
piexpi' hiKag rcLv dpLapriuiv hovreg edXojoav Kat
hiTjpTrdyrj rolg 7ToXe}XLOig rj TToXig ;
399 Qvra>g ovhe-rrore roj edveu rd orrXa SeSorat, rep

he TroXep,LG9aL Kal ro dXajGeodai Travrojg rrrpoG-
400 cart. Set yap, oi/xat, rovg ;(c/jpto^' dyiov vepLOfJLCPOvs eTTirperreiv Trdvra rw deqj hiKateiv Kal
" Cf. 1 Mace. i. 20 ff., Jos. A. xii. :?46 ff., where, however,
no contest is recorded ; according to the account in the
Antiquities Jerusalem was twice captured by Antiochns.
once without a battle {aaaxnTl, 246j, once by treachery
(dTTClTTJ. 248).
^ ' c. December 168-June 164 b.c, the 1290 davs of Dan.
S24
arms against Antiochus,'* surnamed Epiphanes, Avho

was blockading this city and had grossly outraged
the Deity, they were cut to pieces in the battle, the
toMTi was plundered by the enemy and the sanctuary
for three years and six months^ lay desolate.
" Why need I mention more ? But. pray, who en- ("') by
listed the Romans against our country ? Was it not

the impiety of its inhabitants ? Whence did our
seryitude arise ? Was it not from party strife among
our forefathers, when the madness of Aristobulus
and Hyrcanus and their mutual dissensions brought
Pompey against the city,*' and God subjected to the o3 &.c,
Romans those who were unworthy of Hberty ? Yes,
after a three months' siege ^ they surrendered,
though innocent of such offences as yours against
the sanctuary and against the laws, and possessing
far ampler resources for war.
"Or know we not the fate of Antigonus, son of(iv.)by

Aristobulus, in whose reign God again smote the so^s^*?us^^^
people for their offences by the capture of this city ;
M'hen Herod, son of Antipater, brought up Sossius,^ 37 b.c.
and Sossius a Roman army, by whom they were for
six ^ months invested and besieged, until in retribution for their sins they were captured and the city
was sacked by the enemy ?
" Thus invariably have arms been refused to our Anns have
nation, and warfare has been the sure signal for defeat. !!^n^^"to
For it is, I suppose, the duty of the occupants of holy the Jews.
ground to leave everything to the arbitrament of
xii. 11. 1 Mace, i. 54 with iv. 52, reckons the period as

3 years (to Dec. 165 b.c). " B. i. ISl f?.
'" B. i. 149, ^. xiv. 66. ' B. i. 345, A. xiv. 468.
f 5 months according to B. i. 351 ; under 2 months

according to A. xiv. 476, the two walls being captured in
40 and 15 days respectively.
325
JOSEPHUS
Karaiipovîv totc )(Lp6g dvOpojTTLvrjg, orav avroL
401 TTeiOajGi rov avco hiKaGTrji' . vyuv 8e rt rojv

evXoyriOei'TOjv vtto tov voiioOerov 7TTrpaKr at; ri
he rcov V7T eKeivov Kari^pafxevcov TrapaXeXenrTai ;
TTOGcp 8* CTTe Tcuv ro-XLOv aXovTOJV daeêGrepoi;
402 ov rd KpvTrrd /xev rcov diiapT-qjidrcov rjdo^-qKare,

/cAoTrd? Xeyoj /cat iveSpag /cat piOL-)(êias , dpTrayals
8 epiter /cat côi'ot? /cat êvag Kaivoroyieire
/ca/ct'a? oSoi;?, e/c8o;êtor Se Trayrajv to lepov yeyovev
/cat ;Y^po-^^' ipLcj^vXiOLg 6 delos ixepaavrai )(ajpo?,

ov /cat 'Poj/xatot TTopptoBev TrpoaeKvvovv, TToXXa
rcov Ihlajv iOcJov et? rov vfierepov TrapaXvovres
403 vofiov} etr eVt TOUTOt? rov dae^-qOevra aviipiaxov

TTpoaboKare ; iraw yovv eare oi/catot t/cerat /cat
;(cpCTt Kadapalg rov ôrjOov vp,cjjv TrapaKaXelre .
404 TotauVats" o âGcXevg r)fjLOJv LKerevaev CTit rov
Acrcjuptov, ore rov fieyav eKelvov Grparov fiia
WKri KareGrpojGev 6 deos; ofioia he roj AGGvptco
PojpLaloL hpcoGLV, Iva /cat dfivvav vfielg ofxoiav
405 iXrrcGrjre ; ov^ d fJLev ^(prjiiara rrapd rod jSacrtAeojS"

rjpLOJV Aaôji^ eci* co fir] TropOrjoeL rrjv ttoXlv Kare^r]
TTapd rovs opKovg ifjLTrprJGai rov vaov, 'Pco/xatot
Be rov Gvvrjdr] haG/JLOV alrouGLV, ov ol irarepes
^ et'j . . . v6jj.ov L (C similar, reading jjuerepoi') : irapaXuoi'Tes

Kai vbfxoiv the rest.
" Moses.
* For Tdxiop = irpoTepov cf. e.g. B. i. 284 (where the

parallel in A. has to -kpOitov). The rendering " more
speedily defeated " would not be true, if the comparison
were between the duration of previous sieges of Jerusalem
alluded to and that of the present siege which had so far
lasted only some two months ; though it might apply to the
length of the war as a whole.
God and to scorn the aid of human hands, can they

but conciliate the Arbiter above. But as for you, Your
what have you done that is blessed by the lawgiver," deprive yoa
what deed that he has cursed have you left undone ? of any hope
1 ' 1 1 1 of deliver-
How much more mipious are you than those who ance.
have been defeated in the past ! ^ Secret sins I
mean thefts, treacheries, adulteries are not beneath
your disdain,^ while in rapine and murder you vie
with each other in opening up new and unheard of
paths of vice ; aye and the temple has become the
receptacle '^ for all, and native hands have polluted
those divine precincts, which even Romans reverenced

from afar,^ forgoing many customs of their own in
deference to your law. And after all this do you
expect Him, thus outraged, to be your ally ? Righteous supphants are ye, forsooth, and pure the hands
with M-hich you appeal to your protector ! ^^'ith such,
I ween, our king besought aid against the Assyrian,-^
when God in one night laid low that mighty host !
And so like are the deeds of the Romans to those of
the Assyrian, that you may look for a like vengeance
yourselves ! Did not he accept money from our
king^ on condition that he would not sack the city,
and then come down, in \'iolation of his oaths, to
burn the sanctuary, whereas the Romans are but
demanding the customary tribute, which our fathers
' Or perhaps interrogatively, " Have not secret sins . . .

been disdained by you . . . ?," i.e. become too trivial to
satisfy you.
^ Or" sink "; cf. Sallust, Cat. 37, " omnes . . . Romam
sicut in sentinam confiuxerant."
i.e. without passing tlie parapet marking the boundary

of the court of the Gentiles, 193 f. Cf. ii. 341, where
Neapolitanus pays his devotions to the sanctuary " from the
peraiitted area."
' Sennacherib, 387. 2 Kings xviii. 14 f.
327
JOSEPHUS
40G 77/xajv rots' iKLVOJV rrarpoLGL TrapeGôv ; koI tovtov
TV)(6vT OVT6 TTOpdoVGL TrjV TToXtV OVT ifjaVOVGL
TOW dylcoVy StSoaCTt S Vfjuv ra aAAa, yevea? t'

iXevdepag^ Kai KTijcreLg ras eavrojv vifxecrdau Kal
407 Tovg Upovg vofjiovg gojLôvgl. fiavta di] rov Oeov
TTpOohoKaV 7TL SiKaiOLS 0L0 77 ddlKOLS i(l)dvrj .
Kal 7rapa)(prj[JLa 8 dpivveiv oihev orav her]' rovg

yovv ^ A.G(Jvpiov<^ Kara vvKra rrjv TrpcoTrjv napa-
408 oTpo-OTTehevGajiivovs cK'Aaaev ojgt et Kal rrjv

rjfjLerepav yevedv iXevOepcag tj Pojâtous" KoXaGeojg
d^Lovg eKpive, ko.v TrapaxprjlJ-a Kadarrep rols
AGGvpLOLS eveGK-qipev, ore rod edvov^ rjrrrero

n 0/2 777^10?, ore pier avrov dvQei Zocrcrtos", ore
OveGTTaGLavos eTTopBei r7]V TaXtXalav, ra reXev-
409 rata vvv, ore rjyyLLe Tiro? rfj TroXeu. Kairoi

Mayvos" l-iev Kal Soctctios" 77^0? roj fJLTjhev Tradelv
Kai ava Kpdrog eXajiov r-qv ttoXlv, OveGTraGiavos
b Ik rod Trpog rjixag voXepLov Kal âGiXeias rjpâro,
Tiroj pev ydp'" Kal TT-qyal TrXovGiojrepai peovGiv
410 at ^TjpavdelGai Trporepov vplv Trpo yovv rrjg avrov

TTapovGLas r-qv re ZtAtuav eTnXeinovGav tare /cat
ras TTpo rov aGreos drraGas, oiGre Trpos apiôpeas
ojvelGOai ro vhojp' ro he vvv ovrojg ttX-qOvovgl rols
rroXepiois vpLcov, ojg pLTj povov avrols Kai KriqveGLv,
411 aAAa K:at ktjttols hiapKelv. ro ye pLiqv repas rovro

rreTrelparai' Kal Trporepov e(f> dXcoGei rrjs rroXeajs
yeyevrjpLevov, 66^ 6 Trpoetprjp.evog Ba/juAojvto?
erreGrpdrevGev, og rr^v re ttoXlv eXojv everrprjGe Kai
rov vaov, ovhev olpLau rcvv rore qae^'qKorajv
^ fj^v yap] ixevroL or ye jxriv Niese.

' Niese : TreTretpaorat or Tre-rrdpacrde {-daC) MSS.
328
paid to theirs ? Once they obtain this, they neither

sack the city, nor touch the holy things, but grant
you everything else, the freedom of your families, the
enjoyment of your possessions and the protection of
your sacred laws. It is surely madness to expect
God to show the same treatment to the just as to
the unjust. Moreover, He knows how, at need, to
inflict instant vengeance, as when He broke the
Assyrians on the very first night when they encamped
hard by ^ ; so that had he judged our generation
worthy of freedom or the Romans of punishment, He
would, as He did the Ass\'Tians. have instantly visited
them when Pompey intermeddled with the nation,
when after him Sossius came up, when Vespasian
ravaged Gahlee, and lastly now, when Titus was
approaching the city. And yet Magnus ^ and Sossius,
far from sustaining any injury, took the city by storm ;
Vespasian from his war against us mounted to a
throne : ^ while as for Titus, the very springs flow
more copiouslv for him which had erstwhile dried up

for you. For before his coming, as you know,
Siloam and all the springs outside the to^\^l were
failing, insomuch that water was sold by the amphora^ \
whereas now they flow so freely for your enemies as
to suffice not only for themselves and their beasts
but even for gardens. This miracle, moreover, has
been experienced ere now on the fall of the city,
when the Babvlonian whom I mentioned ^ marched
against it and captured and burnt both the city and
the sanctuary, although the Jews of that day were
" 2 Kings xix. 35, " that night," but see 303 note.
* Pompey the Great.
' iv. 604. ^ about 9 gallons.
' 391. The " miracle " in his day is imrecorded in

Scripture.
3^^y
JOSEPHUS
412 ttiXlkovtov -qXiKa vyieZs' war iyoj 7T^vyevai fiev

K ra)v ayiiov oljiai to Belov, ecrravat he Trap otg
413 TToXefJLeXre vvv. dAA' dvrjp [lev dyadog OLKiav

aaeXyrj (jyevêrai /cat rovs eV avTTj arvyrjaeL, tov
he deov en Treldeade rol? OLKeiois KaKolg rrapaixeveiv, OS rd re Kpyrrrd Trdvra e(ôpd. Kau tojv
414 GLycojJLevojv d/couet; tl he oiydrai Trap" vjjuv t) tl

KpvTTreraL; ri 3' ov)(l kol toIs e^Qpols <f)avep6p
yeyove; TTOfXTrevere yap TrapavopiovvTe? /cat Kad
rj[jLepav epiCere, tls x^'-P^^ yev-qrai, rrjs dSt/cta?
415 ojGTTep dperrjs eTnhei^LV TTOiovpLevoL. KaraXenrerat b 6p.ojg en GconqpLas oho?, edv deXrjre, /cat to
Selov evhiaXXaKTOV eôjioXoyovjievoLS /cat fiera-
416 voovGiv. CO aihr^peioi, piipare rd? TravoirXias ,

Xdêre ^hrj KarepeLTTopievq? alho) rrarpiho?, errtorpachrjre /cat dedoauOe rd /cdAAo? -qs irpohihore,
417 oiov durv, olov lepov, oorojv eOvcov hcupa. ein

ravra ns 6hr]yel (f}X6ya; ravrd n? pL-qKer etvat
OeXec; /cat rl awLeaOai rovrojv dîojrepov, drey-
418 >crot^ /cat XWcdv drradearepoL. /cat et pnq ravra
yvT)OLOLs opLpLaau' ftXeere, yeved? yovv vpLerepa?

OLKretpare, /cat Trpo 6(l)6aX[jia)v eKdarco yeveaOcu
reKva /cat yvvri /cat yovels, ov? avaXwaei yuera
419 pLLKpdv Tj At/XO? Tj TToXepLOS. Ot8' OTt fJLOL (JVyKLV-
hvvevei piijrrjp /cat yvvrj /cat yevos ovk aGrjpiov Kal

TrdXai XapLTTpo? olko?, /cat rdxci hoKOj hid ravra
cruiiôvXeveLV. drroKreivare avrovs, Xdêre pLioOoi^
* After Aeschines (77. 25).
* His father, Matthias, though not mentioned here, was

still alive, his imprisonment being referred to below, 533.
330
guilty, I imagine, of no such rank impiety as yours.

My belief, therefore, is that the Deity has fled from fl'^/^*!^^
the holy places and taken His stand on the side of Romans.
those with whom you are now at war.
" Nay, an honourable man will fly from a wanton

house and abhor its inmates, and can you persuade
yourselves that God still remains with his household
in their iniquity God who sees every secret thing
and hears what is buried in silence ? And what is
there veiled in silence or secrecy among you ? Nay,
what has not been exposed even to your foes ? For
you parade your enormities and daily contend who
shall be the worst, making an exhibition of vice as
though it were virtue.
*' Yet a way of salvation is still left you, if you will ; Final
and the Deity is easily reconciled to such as confess ^^^^
and repent. Oh ! iron-hearted men,^ fling away
your weapons, take compassion on your country even
now tottering to its fall, turn round and behold the
beauty of what you are betraying : what a city !
what a temple ! what countless nations' gifts !
Against these would any man direct the flames ? Is
there any who wishes that these should be no more ?
What could be more worthy of preservation than
these ye relentless creatures, more insensible than
stone ! Yet if you look not on these with the eyes
of genuine aifection, at least have pity on your
families, and let each set before his eyes his children,
wife and parents, ere long to be the victims either of
famine or of war. I know that I have a mother,^ a wife,

a not ignoble family, and an ancient and illustrious
house involved in these perils ; and maybe you think
that it is on their account that my advice is offered.
Slay them, take my blood as the price of your own
331
JOSEPHUS
T^S" eavrcuv awTijpLag to e/nov at/xa* Kayoj dvqcTKeLV

eroLyLOs, el fxer ifie ocoopovelv fieXkere."
420 (x. l) ToiavTa rod 'Icuctt^ttoi; /xerd haKpvojv

ifjLÔiovTOS ol GTaGLaGTal fiev ovr' evehoaav ovt^
d(T(f)aXrj rrjv fieraôX-qv eKpivav, 6 Se BrjiJiog
421 eKLv-qOi'i rrpos avTOjxoXiav. kol ol jiev ras Kriâeis

iXax^crrov rrcoXovvres , ol he to. TToXvreXeG-epa
Tcov KeLjirjXLOJv, rovs fxev xpvGovg, ojg [jltj (f)Ojpadetev VTTO TCOV Xt^gtcov, KaTeTTivov, eTreuTa Trpog
Tou? 'Poj/xatous" hLahiSpoLGKOvTes, orroTe KaT-
422 eveyKatev evTTopovv Trpos a SeoiVTO. hir](j)iei yap
Tovs TToXXovg 6 Tlto? els rrjv )((jjpav ottol ôuXolto

eKauTog, kol tovt avTO^ fidXXov Tjpos avTopLoXiav'^
TTapeKaXei, tcov pLev e'low KaKcov OTeprjooiJievovs,
423 p-^ hovXevGOVTas Se 'Pco/.tatots'. ol Se Trepl tov
lojdvvTjv Kal TOV 1!.Lpojva 7Tape(f)vXaTTOv^ tols

TOVTOJV eôSovs rrXeov t) rd? 'PcvpiaLcov ecGodovg,
Kal GKidv ng inrovoias napaGxcov pLovov evOecos
aireGcjidTTeTO.
424 (2) Tot? ye pLTjv evTTopois Kal to pLevecv Trpos

aTTOjXeLav lgov Yjv rrpo(^dGei yap avTopLoXias
avrjpelTo tls Std ttjv ovGiav. to) At/xoj S' tj
aTTOvoLa Tojv GTaGiaGTUJV GvvrjKiJLaL,e, Kal KaO^
425 Tjpiepav dpL(f)6Tepa TrpoGeêKaieTO to. Setva. (f)avepos pLev yap ovSapLov gltos tjv, eTreLGTTrjhcjVTes
Se hirjpevvojv rds olKtas, eTreiO^ evpovTes pêv d>s
apvrjGapievovs j^klôvto, pLTj evpovTes S ojs eirt-
426 pieXeGTepov KpvipavTas eâadviiôv. TeKpL-qpiov Se

TOV T* exeiv Kal pLT) to. GcopiaTa tCjv dOXtajv, cbv
ol pLev ert (TVveGTuJTeg evrropeZv Tpo<f)rjs eSoKovv,
^ eos Lat. - M : -n-pos (+ to L) arroMoXetf the rest.
3 Niese (cf. 493-6) : irepiec^vXaTTo:' MS3.
332
salvation ! I too am prepared to die, if my death

will lead to your learning wisdom."
(x. 1) Yet, though Josephus with tears thus loudly Desertion

appealed to them, the insurgents neither yielded "^ xuu^-=.
nor deemed it safe to alter their course. The people,
however, were incited to desert ; and selling for a
trifling sum, some their whole property, others their
most valuable treasures, they would swallow the gold
coins ^ to prevent discovery by the brigands, and
then, escaping to the Romans, on discharging their
bowels, have ample supphes for their needs. For
Titus dismissed the majority into the country,
whithersoever they would ; a fact which induced
still more to desert, as they would be relieved from
the misery within and yet not be enslaved by the
Romans. The partisans of John and Simon, however,
kept a sharper look-out for the egress of these

refugees than for the ingress of Romans, and whoever afforded but a shadow of suspicion was instantly
slaughtered.
(2) To the well-to-do, however, to remain in the The famine

city was equally fatal ; for under pretext of desertion ôiJe
individuals were put to death for the sake of their search.
property. The recklessness of the insurgents kept
pace with the famine, and both horrors daily burst
out in more furious flame. For, as corn was nowhere
to be seen, they would rush in and search the houses,
and then if they found any they belaboured the inmates as having denied the possession of it ; if they
found none they tortured them for more carefully
concealing it. The personal appearance of the
WTCtches was an index wliether they had it or not :
those still in good condition were presumed to be
For the horrible nemesis which befell them see 550 ff.
333
JOSEPHUS
ot TTjKofjievoL 8c 97817 vapcoSevovro , Kal Kreiveiv

dXoyov eSoxet rovs vtt^ ivSelag TeOvrjôjJievovs
427 avTLKa. TroAAot 8e Xddpa rag KTrjueis evos

dvTTjXXdâvro jxlrpov, rrvpcov /xev et TrXovauorepoL
rvyxdvoLv ovres, ol 8e TrevearepoL Kpidrjg, CTretra
KaraKXeiovre? avrovg ct? ra ixv)(aLTaTa tojv
OLKLwv TLves jikv VTT^ aKpas eVSeta? dvipyaarov
rOV GLTOV tJgOlOV, ol 8' 7TGG0V d)S 1) T dvdyKTj
428 Kal TO Seo? TTaprjvei. Kal rpaTreâ pikv ovSapLOV

TTaperLOero, rov 8e irvpos v(f)eXKovrs er cu/xd
rd GL-ia hirjp7TaL,ov.
429 (3) 'EAeeti'T] 8' tjv tj rpo<f)rj Kal SaKpvojv dfto?

Tj dea, Tcjjv fiev hvvarcjrepojv rrXeoveKTOvvrcov ,
TcDy 8' dGdevojv ohvpopievojv. iravTiov jxev Srj
TTadcov vrrepLGraraL Xiyios, ovSeu 8' ovrojg diroXXvGiv (jjs alho)' TO yap dXXa>s euTpoTrrjg dîov iv
430 TOVTO) KaTa(f)povLTai. yvvaiKeg yovv dvhpcnv Kal

TTalhes TiaTepojv, Kal, to OLKrpoTaTOV, pLTjTepes
mrjTrlow e^rjprra'C.ov i^ avrojv tcov GTopLdrcuv Tas
Tpocf)d, Kal Ta)V cf)LXTaTa)v ev X^P^^ pLapaivopievajv
ovK TjV (jêihoj Tovs Tov i,rjv d(f)eXGdaL GraXayfJLOvg,
431 TOtaura 8* eoOlovres ojiajs ov SieXdvOavov, rravTaxov 8' i(f)lGTavro [ol aracrtaaTat] Kal tovtcov
432 rat? dpTrayals . oiroTe yap KarlSoiev dnoKeKXeLGfievqv oIkIov, GrjfjLelov r)v tovto tovs evhov irpoG(f)6pGdaL Tpo(f)rjV' vdeajs 8' iâpdâvTeg Tag
Ovpag iG7rrjSojv , Kal fiovov ovk k tojv (bap-uyyojv
433 dvadXlôvreg Tag aKoXovg av(j)pov . tv7ttovto

8e yepovTeg dvTexop-^voL tojv gltlojv, Kal KOfirjg
iGTrapdrrovTO yvvaiKeg GvyKaXviTTOVGai rd ev
X^pGLV. ovbe Tig rjv ot/cro? TToXtdg tj vr]Tr lajv^
dAAd GVV7TaLpovTg Ta 7rat8ta tcov ipajpicjv /c334
well off for food, while those already emaciated were

passed over, as it seemed senseless to kill persons
so soon to die of starvation. Many clandestinely
bartered their possessions for a single measure of
wheat, if they were rich, of barley, if they were poor ;
then shutting themselves up in the most remote

recesses of their houses, some in the extremity of
hunger devoured the grain unground, others so
baked it as necessity and fear dictated. Nowhere
was any table laid ; they snatched the food halfcooked from the fire and tore it in pieces.
(3) Pitiful was the fare and lamentable the spec- Horrors of
tacle, the stronger taking more than their share, the and
weak whimpering. Famine, indeed, overpowers all atrocities of
the emotions, but of notliing is it so destructive as
of shame : what at other times would claim respect
is then treated with contempt. Thus, wives would
snatch the food from husbands, children from fathers,
and most pitiable sight of all mothers from the
very mouths of their infants, and while their dearest
ones were pining in their arms they scrupled not to
rob them of the life-giving drops. Nor, though thus
feeding, did they escape detection : everywhere
the rebels hovered even over these wretches' prey.
For, whenever they saw a house shut up, this was a
signal that the inmates were taking food, and forthwith bursting open the doors they leapt in and
forcing the morsels almost out of their very jaws
brought them up again. Old men were beaten,
clutching their victuals, and women were dragged
by the hair, concealing what was in their hands.

There was no compassion for hoary hairs or infancy :
cliildren were actually lifted up with the fragments to
335
JOSEPHUS
434 xpefJLajJLeva Kareaeiov elg ISacô?. rots Se (J)9acraai

TTjv elaBpojjLTjv avrchv xrat TTpoKaTamovGi ro
dprrayrjGoiievov (Ls adiKrjdevres Tâav cjpiOTepoi.
435 Setvas' Se âadvajv ohov? eirevoovv rrpos epevvav

rpo(f>rjs, opoôLs [lev iiJL(f)pdrTOvrs rols dOXlois
rov Tojv alSouoi' rropov?, pd^SoL? 8' oêtat?
avaTTeipovres rag eSpas", rd (f)pLKTd be Kai aKoals
7TaGx^ TLS LS iôpoXoyquLV evo? dprov Kai Lva
436 iir^vvoTj hpdKa paav KeKpvpLpêvrjv d\<j)LTOJv. ol

âoavLorai h ovk 7Tlv(jjv, Kac yap tjttou av
(hlMOV TjV TO /xer' dvdyK-qg, yv/jLvdôvres Se ttjv
arrovoiav Kai 7Tpo7TapaGKevd(ôvTs avToZs ls
437 ras" grj^ rjijiepas <pooLa. tols o CTTt ttjv tâjjiaLCDP (f)povpdv vvKTOjp iêpTTVoraGLV CTTt Xaxdvcxjv
orv?<Xoyrjv ayptcov Kai TToas VTravrcovres , or 7]0T]
hiajrecêvyivai rovs TToXefxiov? ihoKovv, d<f>-qp7raL,oi'
438 rd KOjiLGdevra, Kai TToAAaxrts" iKerevovrcov kol to

(jipLKTOV iTTLKaXovfievcov 6vop.a rod deov pêrahovvai
Tt [idpos a'UTols djv KLvhwevaavres TjveyKav, ovh
ortovv pLereSoaav dyair-qrov 8' -qv to {jli) Kai
TTpoGarroXeadai GeavXruilvov .
439 (4-) Ot p.v Srj raTreivorepoL roLavra Trpog tojv
hopVCÔpOJV 7TaGXOV, OL 8' iv d^LCOfiaTL Kai 7tXovt(x)
TTpo? Tovs Tvpdvvovs avTjyovTO . tovtcjov ol fjLev

iTTLôvXds iJjevSels eTTLKaXovpLevoi SLecfyOelpovTo,
OL Se tu? TrpoStSotev 'PojjJiaLOLS ttjv ttoXlv, to 8
eTOLpLOTaTov rjv p.rjvvTrjg rt?^ vno^XrjTog ws
440 avTopLoXelv hLeyvcoKOTcov. 6 8' vrro ^Lj-Lcuros
1 om. Tis PAL Lat.

336
which they clung and dashed to the ground. To

those who had anticipated their raid and aheady
SM'allowed their expected spoil they were yet more
brutal, as defrauded of their due. Horrible were the
methods of torture which they devised in their search
for food, blocking with pulse the passages in their
poor victims' frames and driving sharp stakes up
their bodies ; and one would shudder at the mere
recital of the pangs to which they were subjected to
make them confess to the possession of a single loaf
or to reveal the hiding-place of a handful of barleymeal. Yet their tormentors were not famished :
their cruelty would have been less, had it had the
excuse of necessity ; they were but practising their
recklessness and providing supplies for themselves
against the days to come. Again, if any under
cover of night had crept out to the Roman outposts
to gather wild herbs and grass, they would go to
meet them and, at the moment when these imagined
themselves clear of the enemy, snatch from them
what they had procured ; and oft though their
victims implored them, invoking even the awful
name of God, to return them a portion of what

they had at their own peril obtained, not a morsel was
given them. They might congratulate themselves
if, when robbed, they were not killed as M'ell.
(4) Such was the treatment to which the lower Persecution

classes were subjected by the satellites ; the men jg^vs by^"^"^
of rank and wealth, on the other hand, were brought sunou and
up to the tyrants. Of them some were falsely
accused of conspiracy and executed, as were others
on the charge of betraying the city to the Romans ;
but the readiest expedient was to suborn an informer
to state that they had decided to desert. One who
3S7
JOSEPHUS
yvfivajdetg npo? Îcodwrjv avTri^Ttro, kol rov

V7t6 Yojdvvov aeavXr][jivov 6 Et/xa>y /xereAa/i-âvev
ain-LTTpov7TLVov 8 dAAiÂots- TO acfJLa tojv Stjijlotojv
441 Kat ra irrcofiara tojv olOXlcov hieiipil,ovTO. Kal

Tov jjLev KpareZv orduLS i)v iv dii(f)OTpoLSt rcov
o doe^-qiJidrajv 6p.6voia- Kal yap 6 firj /xcraSou?

/c rcov aXXorpioiv KaKcov Oarepoj p-ovorpoTTOi^
e8d/<:et TTOvqpo?, kol 6 pi-q peraXa^cbv co? dyadov
TLUog rjXyet rov voG(f)LGp6v rrjs (hponqros.
442 (5) Ka^' eKaarov pev ovv eVe^teVat t7]v rrapavopLiav avTOjp dSuVarov, cruveXovTL^ 8' elneXv,
prjT ttoXlv dXXr]v roiavra TTeTTOvBlvai p-qre yevedv
443 ef aL(x)vos yeyovevai KaKias yovLpwrepav, ol ye

reXevratov Kal to yevos eâuAtôv rcov 'E^/aatcuv,
COS' rjrrov doeêZs hoKolev irpog aXXorplovs, iâjpLoXoy-qcravro 8' orrep rjaav etvat SovXol Kal
444 avyKXvSe? Kal voda rod eOvovs (f)6dppara. rrjv

pLv ye ttoXlv dverpeipav avrol, 'Pajpalov? 8
a/covra? rfvayKaaav i7nypa(^rjvaL OKvdpcoTTO) Karop9cL)p,arL Kal povov ovx elXKvaav errl rov vaov
44') ^paSvvov ro TTvp. dpeXei Kaiopevov eV rrjs dvuj

TToXeojs d(f)opcovre ovr^ rjXyqoav ovr^ iSdKpvaav,
dXXd ravra ra Trddiq rrapd 'PajpâloLS evpedrj.
Kai ravra pev Kara âypav vcrrepov /Lter' diro861^60)? TOJV TTpaypdrcov epovpev.
446 (xi. l) Tiro) 8e ra pev ^^copLara irpovKOTrrev
Kairoi TToXXd KaKovpevcov dno rov reL)(ovg rcov

arparLOJTOJV y rrepifjas 8' avros p,otpav rcov LTTrrecov
KeXevGev rovg Kara rds <f>dpayya inl GvyKopuhfj
* Niese : (rweXovra ms3.

S38
had been fleeced by Simon was passed on to John,

and he who had been plundered by John was taken
over by Simon ; they pledged each other in turn in
the burghers' blood and shared the carcases of their
unfortunate victims. As rivals for power they were
divided, but in their crimes unanimous ; for the one
who gave his comrade no share in the proceeds of
the miseries of others was ranked a scurvy villain,
and he M-ho received no share was aggrieved at his
exclusion from the barbarity, as though defrauded
of some good thing.
(5) To narrate their enormities in detail is im- Degradatiot
of the
possible ; but, to put it briefly, no other city ever Jewish race

endured such miseries, nor since the world began
has there been a generation more prolific in crime.
Indeed they ended by actually disparaging the Hebrew race, in order to appear less impious in so treating ahens," and owned themselves, what indeed they
were, slaves, the dregs of society and the bastard scum
of the nation. It was they who overthrew the city,
and compelled the reluctant Romans to register so
melancholy a triumph, and all but attracted to the
temple the tardy flames. Verily, when from the upper
town they beheld it burning, they neither grieved nor
shed a tear,** though in the Roman ranks these signs of
emotion were detected. But this we shall describe hereafter in its place, M'ith a full exposition of the facts,
(xi. 1) Meanwhile the earthworks of Titus were
progressing, notwithstanding the galhng fire from Cmcifixi
the ramparts to which his men were exposed. The ^^'"^
general, moreover, sent a detachment of horse with
orders to lie in wait for any who issued from the town
" Cf. vi. 364 Kaiofihrjv yovv d<popu)PTi Tr]u ir6\ii> IXapols rotf
wpoadjTTOis eCdv/xot. kt\.
339
on
h
prisoners.
JOSEPHUS
447 Tpo(f)rj? ef tovra? iveSpevetv. rjoav 8e rtve? Kai

TOW ixay^Ljiajv , ovKen dLapKOvjievoL rat? aprrayal?,
TO he TrXiov K tov dijjiov rrevrjTes, ovg avroiioXelv
448 aneTpeTTe to rrepi tojv olklow 8eos' ovt yap

X-qaeadai tov? crTaatacrras" rjXTTLLôv p,Ta yvvaiKaiv
Kat TraiSLOJV StaStSpacr/covres' Kal KaraXirrelv tols
XrjGTals TavTa ov)( vrrep.evov vrrep avrcov Gchayrj-
440 aopieva' ToXpi'qpovs he Trpos tol? egohovs o At/xo?

7roLty Kai KaTeXelrreTo^ XavOdvovTas eis^ tov?
TToXepLiovs aXiGKeuOrj.i. XaiifâvofJLevoL he xrar
dvdyKrjv r^pivvovTO ^^ Kal pLeTa pidxrjv LKeTeveiv
dojpov eooKei. jiacTLyovpLevoL hrj Kal TTpojâoavLôpLevoL TOV BavdTOV Trddav alKtav dvecjTavpovvTO
450 TOV TeLXOVs avTiKpv. Tltoj pLev ovv OlKTpOV TO

TrdOos KaTe(jiaLveTOy TrevraKOGLcov eKdoT-qs rjpLepas
GTL 8' OTe Kal TrXeLovojv dXiGKopievcov, oirre he
rovs îo. Xrj(f>6evTas dchelvai daaXes Kal <j>vXdTTeiv
TOGOVTOVs (jypovpdv TOW (bvXaôvTOjv eojpa' to ye
pLTjV irXeov ovK eKOjXvev Td-^ dv evhovvai Trpos
T'qv oijjLV eXiTLGas avTovg <oj?>,* el pLTj Trapaholev,
4')! opLota 7TeiGop.evovs. TrpoG-qXovv S' ot CTrpartajrat

hi opyqv Kal pLLGos tov? dXovTas dXXov dXXcp
GXT^lP^fiTL TTpos x^CL-ryi^, Kal hid to ttXtjOos X^P^
T eveXeiTTe tols oravpols Kau GTavpoi tols GcopLaGLV.
452 (2) Ot GTaGLaGTal he togovtov drrehe-qGau tov

p-eTaâXeGdaL Trpos to TrdOos, tScrre Kal TovvavTLOv
453 avTol CTOîcraCTât vpos to Xolttov ttXtjOos. gv-
^ + /x'q Bekker with one ms.
' els (om. PA) is confirmed by the parallel in Plato, Fep.

468 A els Tovs TToXepiiovs aXuvra,
' + 5eei T^s KoXdaews L Lat. * ins. Destinon after Lat.
340
into the ravines in quest of food. These included

some of the combatants, no longer satisfied with
their plunder, but the majority were citizens of the
poorer class, who were deterred from deserting by
fear for their families ; for they could neither hope
to elude the rebels if they attempted to escape with
their wives and children, nor endure to leave them
to be butchered by the brigands on their behalf.
Famine, however, emboldened them to undertake
these excursions, and it but remained for them if
they escaped unobserved from the town to be taken
prisoners by the enemy. When caught, they were
driven to resist,^ and after a conflict it seemed too
late to sue for mercy. They were accordingly
scourged and subjected to torture of every description, before being killed, and then crucified opposite
the walls. Titus indeed commiserated their fate,
five hundred or sometimes more being captured
daily ; on the other hand, he recognized the risk of
dismissing prisoners of war, and that the custody of
such numbers would amount to the imprisonment of

tlieir custodians ; but his main reason for not stopping
the crucifixions M-as the hope that the spectacle
might perhaps induce the Jews to surrender, for fear
that continued resistance would involve them in a
similar fate. The soldiers out of rage and hatred
amused themselves by nailing their prisoners in
different postures ; and so great was their number,
that space could not be found for the crosses nor
crosses for the bodies.
(2) The insurgents, however, far from relenting at

these sufferings, deluded tlie remainder by inventing
a contrary motive for them. Dragging the relatives
" Some authorities add " from fear of punishment."
341
JOSEPHUS
>
povTS yap Tovg rwv avrofioXcDV oIklov? 7n to

relx^? Kal rcov brjiiorow rov? em ttlcttlv wpfirjfievovs, ota 7Ta.G)(ovGLV ol Pojâtot? TrpoGcjêvyovre?
7TdeLKwuav Kal Tovs KEKpaTTjiievovs^ LKerag
454 eXeyov, ovk alyjiaXojrovs . rovro ttoXXov? tcov

avTOjioXeiv ojpjJLTjiJLevcDV p-^XP^ ToX-qOks i^/vcvaOrj
Kareux^v' eiaL 6 ol Kal vapaxp^jpâ hiehpaoav
(jJS 771 ^dâLov npajpiav, avaTravGiv rjyovpievoL
TOP K Tojv 7ToXep.LOJV ddvaTov iv XipLov avyKplaei.
455 TToXXovs he Kal ;;êtpoK:o7r7^crat KeXevaas Titos

Tujv iaXojKOTOJV, ojs pLTj hoKoZev avTopoXoL Kal
marevoLVTo 8ta tt^v avpiSopdv, el(j7Tpii^ npog
456 Tov ILipajva Kal tov ^lojdvvrjv, vvv ye rjhrj TravGaadai irapaivajv Kal p.-q Trpo? dvalpeGiv Trj?
TToAecos" a'UTOv ^laLeaOaL, KepSrJGaL S' eV ttjs iv
VGTaTOis peTapeXeias Tas re avTojv ipvxd? Kai
TrjXiKavT-qv TraTpiba Kai vaov aKoivojvrjTOV aAAot?.
457 TTepuojv be ra x^^P-'^'^'^ tovs epyat,ojievovg a/xa

KarrjTTeLyev, ojs ovk elg p.aKpdv dKoXovdy](7ojv
458 epyoLS tlo Xoyoj. -rrpos raura avTov t e^XaG(l)-qpovv

aiTO TOV TeLxovs Kaiaapa Kau tov TraTepa avTov,
Kal TOV p,ev SavaTOV KaTacppovelv efôojv, fiprjaOaL
yap avTov rrpo hovXeias KaXcog, epydaeGdaL 6*
ocra dv hvvcjjvTai KaKa 'PcopLaLOvg ea>s ep7Tve(jj<TL,
TTaTpihos S' ov pLeXeLV Tolg co? avTo? <f)r]cnv aTToXovp.evoLS, Kal vaov^ dpêivoj tovtov tw deep tov
459 KoapLov eLvai. acoO-qaeudaL ye pLTjv Kai tovtov

V7T0 tov KaTOLKovvTos, OV Kat avTOt crvpLpLaxov
* Kpe/xa/jLevovs Destinon.
vaov Bekker with Lat. : vaov + diro\o{v)fx^vov (om. Lat.

ed. pr.) Mss.
342
of the deserters to the wall, together \viih any

citizens who were anxious to accept the offer of terms,
they showed them what was the fate of those who
sought refuge ^\^th the Romans, asserting that the

arrested victims were not captives, but suppliants.
This, until the truth became known, kept back many
who were eager to desert ; some, however, instantly
fled, as to certain punishment, regarding death at
the enemy's hands as rest in comparison with
starvation. But Titus now gave orders to cut oflP
the hands of several of the prisoners, that they might
not be mistaken for deserters and that their calamity
might add credit to their statements, and then sent
them in to Simon and John, exhorting them now at Admonileast to pause, and not compel him to destroy the xiuis
city, but by repentance at the eleventh hour to gain
their own lives, their magnificent city, and a temple
unshared by others. At the same time he Ment
round the embankments, urging on the workmen, as
if intending shortly to follow up his threats by action.
To this message the Jews retorted by heaping abuse and retoru
from the ramparts upon Caesar himself, and his jewiL
father, crying out that they scorned death, which leaders.
they honourably preferred to slavery ; that they
would do Romans every injury in their power while
they had breath in their bodies ; that men so soon,
as he himself said, to perish, were unconcerned for
their native place, and that the world was a better
temple for God than this one.*^ But, they added, it
would yet be saved by Him who dwelt therein, and
"* Cf. Baruch ill. 24, " O Israel, how great is the house of
God ! and how large is the place of his possession ! " etc.
Writing after the tragedy of a.d. 70 the author of that work
says in effect "The house of God is not the ruined Temple
but the broad universe."
343
JOSEPHUS
exovres iraaav xêvaaeiv dTrciXrjv vcrrepovcrav

epycxjv TO yap reAos" elvai rod Oeov. roiavra
rais XoiZoplais dvafitayovreg eKeKpayeaav.
4C0 (3) 'Ey Se rovrco Kal 6 'ETrtâirj^S" Âvtloxo?

nap'qv dX\ov re OTrXiTas crvxyovs exojv Kal rrepl
avTov Gr'L(f)05 Ma/ceSoi'cov KaXoTjp.vov, -qXtKas
TTavraSy vi/jrjXov?, oXiyov vrrkp avri-naihas, rov
âKehovLKov rpoTTOv djTrXiapievovs re /cat TTeiraiSevfievovs, oOev Kal ttjv IttlkXt^glv elxov, vare-
-iOl povvres ol ttoXXoI rov yevovs. evSaipLOvrjaai yap
hrj p.dXioTa tCjv vtto Poj/xaiot? âcnXeojv rov

"KofjLjJLayrjvov avve^-q Trplv yevaaaOaL fjieraôXrjgaTreSfjve 8e KaKelvo? im yrjpojg d>s ovheva XPV
4G2 XeyeLV irpo davdrov p.aKdpiov . aXX 6 ye Trals

aKpdtovros avrov rrjViKavra Trapcbv Bavp-dteiv
eâcr/ce, ri hrjTTore 'Poj/âtot KaroKvolev TrpoGievai
ro) reixei' TToXefiLGrTjg he ns avrog rjv Kal (j)vaeL
TTapdôXog Kard re lTt^p*] aXKTjv roaovros, co?
463 oXiyojv^ rd rrjs roXpLrjg hiajiaprdveiv. fxeihidaavrog Se rod Tirov Kal " koivos 6 ttovos "
eiTTovrog, cog ^^X^^ ajpiirjuev o Avrioxog puera
464 Twv ^{aKehovcov rrpog ro ret^ôs". adrog /xev ovv

SiCL re LGXVP Kai Kar epireipiav e(f)vXdrrero rd
rd)v louSatojv ^^X-q roêvwv et? avroTjg, rd
peipdKia 8' avro) avverpl^rj rrdvra ttXtjv oAtycuv
8td ydp alSdJ rrjg VTroGxececog 7TpoGe(j>iXoveLKei
^ Bekker : 6\iyio mss.
^ Son of Antiochus IV, King of Commagene; he appears

again in B. vii. 232, with his brother Ephialtes, fighting in
defence of his father's kingdom.
^ Antiochus IV. He had previously sent supports to

Cestius, B, ii. oOO, and to Vespasian in (Talilee, iii. 68.
* A petty kingdom on the upper Euphrates, between
344
while they had Him for their ally they would deride
all menaces unsupported by action ; for the issue
rested vriih God. Such, with invectives interspersed, were their exclamations.
(3) Meanwhile there appeared on the scene Antiochus

Antiochus Epiphanes," bringing Mith him, besides Epiphanes
numerous other forces, a bodyguard calling them- valiant
selves " Macedonians," all of the same age, tall, just jo^fa^n^
emerged from adolescence, and armed and trained
in the Macedonian fashion, from which circumstance
indeed they took their title, most of them lacking
any claim to belong to that race. For of all the
monarchs owning allegiance to Rome the king ^ of
Commagene ^ enjoyed the highest prosperity, before
he experienced reverse ; but he too proved in old

age how no man should be pronounced happy before
his death.^ However, the father's fortunes were at
their zenith at the time when his son arrived and
expressed his surprise that a Roman army should
hesitate to attack the ramparts ; something of a
warrior himself, he was of an adventurous nature
and wdthal so robust that his daring was seldom unsuccessful. Titus replying with a smile, " The field
is open," Antiochus, without further ado, dashed
with his Macedonians at the wall. His o^^^l strength
and skill enabled him to avoid the missiles of the
Jews, while raining arrows upon them, but his young
comrades with few exceptions were all overpoMcred.
For, out of respect for their engagement, they
Cilicia and Armenia, with Samosata for capital. Annexed

by Rome under Tiberius, the king-dom was revived by
Gaius, but was finally annexed to Syria by Vespasian, when
Antiochus was accused of an intention to revolt from Rome,
B. vii. 219 If.
* Allusion to Solon's saying, Herodotus i. 32.
34-5
JOSEPHUS
465 jj,axofiva' Kat reAo? avexcopovv rpau/xartat iroWoi,

avvvoovvres on kol tols dXrjda)? Ma/<:e8ocrtv, et
/xe'AAotev Kparelvy Set rrjg ÂXe^dvSpov rvx-qg.
466 (^) ToLS" Se 'PcD/xatotS" dpâfiivoLs ScoSe/cari]

fxrjvos ^ ApTefiiGLOV avvereXeadrj rd ;!^CL>âra fioXis
ivdrrj Kal etxaSt, rat? 8e;(e77Ta cri;j.'e;!^6tJS' ttovov-
467 pLevcjv rfpiipais' pLeyiara yap ixcvcrOr] rd reGoapa,

/cat Barepov fiev to errt tt]i' Avrcovtav U770 rou
TTefnTTOv rdyfiaTos i^Xiqdr] Kard fidaov rrjs
Hrpovdlov^ KaXovpLevrjS KoXvfji^rjOpag, rd S' erepov
VTTO rod hioSeKdrov hiearajTos doov elg tttjx^^S
468 eiKOUL. TO) heKdrto Se ray/xart hUxovn ttoXv

TOVTOJV Kard to ôpeuov /cAt/xa to epyov rjv Kai
KoXvjJLîjdpav 'A/xuySaAov Trpooayopevofxev-qv rovrov he TO TrevTKaiheKaTOv dird rpidKovra ttyjxcj^v
469 e;)(ou /caTct to tou dpxt-^pecos /JLvr^fxelov. rrpooayojievcov 8 t^'St^ tcDv dpyavco^'^ o êv \ojdvvris
evhodev VTTopvâs to Kard ttjv AvTcovlav P'^XP^
Tcbv ;>^cuâTa;v Kat hiaXaôjv oravpoZs tovs vttovopLOVs dvaKp-qiivqGLV rd epya, TTLcrarj Se Kal
duc^dXrcp hLaKexpLcrjJievrjv [tt^v] vXr]^ eioKopiLaas
470 eviiqai TTvp. Kal tojv OTavpcov VTTOKaivTWV rj t

Sicopv^ iveSojKev dOpoa, Kal pêrd pLeyLorov ifjotôv
471 Kareoeiadri to, ;)â/>taTa els avr-qv. rd pikv ovv

TTpuyrov pierd tov Kovioprov Karrvos rjyeipeTo âdvs
TTViyopLevov tco TTTata/xaTt^ tol TTvpos, ttjs Se
dXiôvG-qs vX-qs hia^L^pojGKopLeirqs rjhr] (f)avepd
472 (j)X6^ eppriyvvTO. Kal toIs 'Pco^Ltatot? eKTrXrjîs
^ C : TOV I.Tpovdiov L : tov deiov the rest.

" Tuiv opydi'uv] avTojv PA. ^ wTijbfxaTi LC.
Identified by M. Clermont-Ganneau with the so-called

346
emulously maintained the fight, until at length,

mainly wounded, they retired, reflecting that even
genuine Macedonians, if they are to conquer, must

have Alexander's fortune.
(4) Though the Romans had begun their earth- Completion

works on the twelfth of the month Artemisius, they earthworks.
were scarcely completed on the twenty-ninth, after c. 30 May
seventeen days of continuous toil. For the four '^- 1*^^""
embankments were immense. Of the first two, that
at Antonia was thrown up by the fifth legion over
against the middle of the pool called Struthion,** the
other by the twelfth legion about twenty cubits
away. The tenth legion, at a considerable distance
from these, was employed in the northern region and
over against the pool termed Amygdalon ^ ; while,
thirty cubits from them, the fifteenth were at work
opposite the high priest's monument." But while
the engines were now being brought up, John from John under-
. mines and
within had undermined the ground from Antonia i^,rns iip

right up to the earthworks, supporting the tunnels f^}P^^'^'"
with props, and thus leaving the Roman works
suspended ; having then introduced timber besmeared with pitch and bitumen he set the whole
mass alight. The props being consumed, the mine
collapsed in a heap, and with a tremendous crash the

earthworks fell in. At first dense volumes of smoke
arose with clouds of dust, the fire being smothered
by the debris, but as the materials which crushed it
were eaten away, a vi\-id flame now burst forth. The
Romans were in consternation at this sudden cata-
Twin Pools, adjoining the N.W. corner of Antonia (G. A.

Smith, Jerusalem, i. 116).
^ Probably to be identified with the " Pool of the Palriaroh's Bath," near the Jaffa Gate, ib. 115. " 259.
VOL. Ill M 347
JOSEPHUS
flV TTpOS TO atCpVLOLOV, aC/U^ta 0 TTpog TTjV 771-
voiav ejiTTLTTTeL, /cat Kpar-qaeiv OLOfievotg 77817 to

ovpLâv Kal rrpos to fieXXov eipvê ttjv iXTrlBa'
TO 8e dpLVveiv o-xp^-lov ihoKeu irpog to rrvp, kol el
oêoOeiri tojv ôjiidrcov KaraTTodivrajv .
473 (5) Mera 8' 'qfiepas ^vo Kal rots aAAot? eTTtTiSevraL ;\;oj/[xao"tv ot Trept Toy St/xcova* /cat yap 817
77po(Tayayoi^S' ravrrj rds iXerroXeLs ol 'PcD/xatot
474 dtecretov 77877] ro Ter;(os'. T<f)dalos^ 8e Tt? a770

Fapis- 77dA6ajs' TTJg FaAtAatas", /cat Mayaao-apo?
row âatXiKajv Mapia/x/LtT^S" depaTrajv, /xe^' cSv*
ÂbLa^Tjvos ns fto? Naâratou, rovvofia KXr]dLg
auo rrjs Tv-)(rj'; Keayipa?/ OTrep orniaLvei yôjXog,
dpTTOiGavTes XafXTrdSag 7:po7Trjhr]aav ettl rag fir]-
475 ;)(ams'. toutcov tcov av'8pa)v oure ToXfirjporepoL

Kara rovhe rov 7T6Xep.ov K T77? TroAeo;? icjiavrjaav
476 ovre (f)0êpojrpoL' KadaTrep yap et? (f)iXov Krpexovre? ov TToXepiitov otZ(ôs,^ ovr ifjLeXXrjaav
ovr^ aTreGrrjaav,* dXXd Std pLeGa>v ivdopovre? tojv
477 ^xOp^v v(l)TJipav rd? firjâvd?. âXXoyievoi he Kal

roLs ^L(f)eGLV dvojdovfievoL Trdvrodev ov irporepov
eK Tov KLvhvvov pLereKLVT^drjaav rj hpdâaOai rcov
478 opydvojv to rrvp. alpojjLevris 8 77817 rrjs <f)Xoy6g

'PajfialoL fiev aTTO rcov GrparoTredajv GvvOeovres
eôrjOovv, 'IoL'8arot 8' eV tou Teixovs eKojXvov
Kal ToZs oêwveLv TTeLpajjievois GwerrXeKOVTO Kara
479 p.'qhev tojv Ihiojv (/)et8op,erot oo}p.dTaiV. Kal ol
1 From vi. 148 (c/. 92) : TecpOalo^ mss.
* With Lat, : /cai 'A^/tpaj or Kal 'Ayrjpa^ etc. MSS. : 'Kayeipai

Hudson.
' + oCT(e) eoeiaap some MSS. * Oin. oih' dirâTrjffav L.
348
strophe and dispirited by the enemy's ingenuity ;

moreover, coming at the moment when they imagined
victory within their grasp, the casualty damped their
hopes of ultimate success. It seemed useless to
fight the flames, when even if they were extinguished
their earthworks were overwhelmed.
(5) Two days later Simon's party launched a and Simon
1 .< attacks
further attack on the other earthworks, for the the oUier.

Romans had there brought up the rams and were
aheady battering the wall. A certain Gephthaeus,
of Garis, a to^vTl in Gahlee, and Magassarus, a soldier
of the king and henchman of Mariamme,* along with
the son of a certain Nabataeus from Adiabene, called
from his misfortune by the name of Ceagiras, signifying " lame," * snatched up torches and rushed forth
against the engines. No bolder men than these
three sallied from the town throughout this war or
inspired greater terror ; for, as though racing for
friendly ranks and not into a mass of enemies, they
neither slackened nor turned aside, but, plunging
through the midst of the foe, set hght to the machines.
Assailed by shots and sword-thrusts from every
quarter, nothing could move them from the field of
danger until the fire had caught hold of the engines.
The flames now towering aloft, the Romans came
rushing from their encampments to the rescue ;
while the Jew^s obstructed them from the ramparts
and, utterly regardless of their o\\ti lives, struggled
hand to hand with those who were endeavouring to
extinguish the conflagration. On the one side were
" Or " one of the royal henchmen of Mariamme." Mariamme was daughter of Agrippa I and sister of Agrippa II
" the king," B. ii. 220 ; the man must have been a deserter.
" Aramaic h.aggera\ '\lame man."
349
JOSEPHUS
fiev lXkov eK rov irvpog rag iXenoXeig tojv vrrep

avra? yippcov (jiXeyojievcov , ol 8 'lovSatot Kal
Std Try? cbXoyo? avreXap.Qa.vovTO Kal rod GLhtjpov
êovTO? hpaaaofJLevoL tov? Kpiovs ov jxedUoav
hieâive 8' o-tto tovtcov em to. ;\;coâTa to rrvp
480 Kal Toijg dpLvvovra? TrpoeXdjiâvev. ev rovro) 8'

OL fiev P(jj[ialoL KVKXovfievoL rfj (f)Xoyl Kal rrjv
GOJTqpLav Ta)v epytov diroyvovres dvX<^povv 7tl
481 ra orparoTreha, lovhaloi 8e TrpooeKeLvro TrXeiov?

aet yLvofievoL tojv evhoBev TTpoGôrjdovvTcov Kai
TO) Kparelv reOapprjKOTe? drajiLevroLg expoiivro
Tals op/xats-/ TTpoeXdovres^ 8e /xe^pt tojv ipvfjidrojv
482 7]dr] GvveTrXeKovTO rot? (i>povpols. rd^tg eonv

K biaooy(fj LGTap.evrj rrpo rod GrpaTonebov,^ Kai
Setvo? 77* avTfi 'Poj/xaitov vopuo? rov VTrox^jopi]-
483 Gavra KaB rjv h-qiror^ ovv alrlav OvqGKeiv. ovtol

Tov fierd KoXdGeoj? rov p.eT* dperrjg ddvarov
7rpoKpLvavT9 LGTavraL, Kal Trpog Trjv toutcdv
avayKTjv ttoXXoI rcov rpaTrevrajv e7TGTpd(f)-qGau
484 alSovjjievoL. Stadevres 8e Kal rov? o^vêXel? errl

rov TLXOV etpyov to 7TpoGyLv6p.vov rrX-qOog e/c
rrjg TToXeo)?, ovSev elg dG(f)dXeLav rj (jivXaKr^v rcov
GOJiidrajv rrpovoovpLevovg- GVveTrXeKOvro yap [ot]
YovhaloL Tols TTpoGTVôvGL Kol Talg alxfJ-al?*

a(l)vXdKTajs fi7TL7TrovT avTOL? Tols GojjiaGi rovg
^_ ixdpov? 7TaLov. ovT 8' epyoLs avTol rrXeov rj

TO) 6appLv TrepLrJGav Kal 'Pco/xatot rfj ToA/xry
nXeov cIkov iq rep KaKOvodaL.
486 (6) Haprjv 8' rj8-q Titos' dno tt]s ÂvrcovLa?,
OTTOV^ KeXCJOpLGTO KaTaGK7TT6pLVOS TOTTOV ClAAot?
^ Cf. iv. 44, vi. 171 : 6p-yah PA.

^ Niese with Lat. : irpocre\d6vTts MS3.
350
the Romans striving to drag the battering-engines

out of the fire, their wicker shelters all ablaze ; on
the other, the Jews holding on to them through the
flames, clutching the red-hot iron and refusing to
rehnquish the rams. From these the fire spread to
the earth-works, outstripping the defenders. Thereupon the Romans, enveloped in flames and despairing
of the preservation of the works, beat a retreat to
their camps ; while the Jews, hotly pursuing, their The Jews
numbers continually augmented by fresh reinforce- Roman
ments from the city, and flushed with success, pressed camp.
on with uncontrolled impetuosity right up to the
entrenchments, and finally grappled with the
sentries. There is a line of troops, reheved from
time to time, M'ho are stationed in front of every
camp and come under a severe Roman law that he
who quits his post under any pretext whatsoever dies.

These men, preferring an heroic death to capital
punishment, stood firm ; and seeing the straits of
their comrades many of the fugitives for very shame
returned. Posting the " quick-firers " ^ along the
camp-wall, they kept at bay the masses who, \\'ithout a
thought for safety or personal defence, were surging
up from the town ; for the Jews grappled with any
whom they met, and all unguardedly flinging themselves bodily upon the spear-points, struck at their
antagonists. But their superiority lay less in deeds
than in daring, and the Romans yielded rather to
intrepidity than to injuries received.
(6) But now Titus appeared from Antonia, whither Titus repels
he had gone to inspect a site for fresh earthworks.
* Or " scorpions."
' -t- /xera tQ:v ottXujv LC Lat. Suid.

* L : cLKfj-ah tlie rest. * quo ( = 6'7roi) Lat.
.S51
JOSEPHUS
^(wixaGiy Kai TToAAa rovs crrpaTLcLrag (f)avXiGag, ei

Kparovvreg rwv TToXefxlajv tlxojv KLvhvvvovcn
Tols IdloLS Kal TToXLOpKOVfJLeVCxJV V7TOlxivOV(7lV aVTOL
TVX'Tjv, a)(J77p K heufJLOJTiqpiov Kad* avrcov 'lofSatovs avVTs, 7TpL-j^L fJLeTCL Tojv iTTiXeKTOjv Kara
487 TrXevpa tov? TToXep-Lov? avros' ol he Kara UTOjxa

77atd/ii'ot Kal TTpos rovrov eTnuTpaîvre? eKaprepovv. iiLyeiuTjs he ri]g Traparaêcos o fiev KOVLopTos" Tcxjv opLfj-drajv, rj Kpavyrj he rcov oLKooav erreKpdreiy Kal ovherepcn rraprjv en TeKp.-qpaadai to
488 exOpov t] to (jiiXiov. 'louSatcov he ov togovtov

eTL xrar' aXKr^v ogov aTToyvojGei GcoTTjpias TrapafjievovTOJV Kal 'Poj/xatous" eTovojGev alhojs hc^rjs
Te Kal TOJV ottXojv Kal TrpoKivhwevovTos Katcrapos""
489 cuCTre /xot hoKovGi to. TeXeuTala 8t* virepôX-qv

dyfiajv Kav [oAov] dpTraGaO' to tojv lovhatwv
TrXrjdos, el fir] ttjv pom)v tt^s" TrapaTaêcos (f>da-
490 GavTe? dvexcoprjGav etV ttjv ttoXlv. hLe(f)6apiieva>v

he TcDv ;\;aj/xa7a)v 'Poj/xatot fxev rjGav ev ddvpnais
Tov p-aKpov KafiaTOV errl pids ojpas drroXeGavTes'

Kal rroXXol [xev rats' GvmjdeGL jji-qxaval? OLTT-qXTTLôv
dXajGeadai t7]v ttoXlv.
491 (xii. l) TtVos" he /xera tcov rjyep.6vajv eôvXeveTO,

Kal ToZs fiev deppLOTepoLs TraGav ehoKei TrpoGcfiepeiv
T-qv hvvapLLV aTTOTTeipaGdai Te tov Teixovs ^ta'
492 piexpi p-ev yap vvv xard GTzaGpLa 'lovSatot? [Trjs

GTpa-Lag ^ GvprreTrXexOaL, TTpoGLOVTOJV S' dOpoojv
ovhe TTjv e(j)ohov oLGeiv KaTaxcocrOrjGeGOai yap
493 VTTO TOJi^ êXojv. tcdv h aG(f)aXeGTepojv ol pLev

Kal TO. ;ôj/xaTa TTOielv TrdXtv, ol he Kal St;â tovtojv
TTpoGKaSeêGdaL pLovov Trapa(j>vXdTT0VTas ra? t
^ avapTrdaai conj. Niese, cf. ii. 550 (some mss.).

352
Severely reprimanding his troops for having, while

mastering the enemy's fortifications, thus jeopardized
their own, and put themselves in the position of the
besieged, by letting loose the Jews upon them from

their prison house, he then with his picked force,
himself at their head, got round and took the enemy
in flank ; but though attacked in front as well,
they turned and resolutely withstood him. In the
medley of the fight, bUnded by the dust and deafened
bv the din, neither side could any lono;er distinguish
friend from foe. The Jews still held out, though
now less through prowess than from despair of
salvation, while the Romans were braced bv a regard
for glory, for the honour of their arms, and for Caesar
foremost in danger ; insomuch that I imagine that,
in the excess of their fury, they would have ended
by wiping out the entire Jewish host, had not their
enemy, anticipating the turn of the battle, retreated
into the city. The Romans, however, \\'ith their
earthworks demolished, were in deep dejection,
having lost in one hour the fruit of their long labour,
and many despaired of ever carrying the town by
the ordinary apphances.
(xii. 1) Titus now held a consultation with his Titus holds a

officers. The more sanguine were of opinion that If^^^^
he should bring up his entire force and essav to carrv
the wall by storm ; for hitherto separate sections
only had been engaged with the Jews, whereas
under a mass attack the Jews would be powerless to

resist their onset, as they would be overwhelmed bv
the hail of missiles. Of the more cautious, some
were for reconstructing the earthAvorks ; others
advised that they should dispense with these and 5
resort to a blockade, merely guarding against the
353
JOSEPHUS
iôSovs avTcov Kal rag ctcr/coîSa? Ta)v iTTiTTjheioJv

TTaprjVOVv Kal tco Xljjlo) KaraXeLTreLV rrjv ttoAcv,
/LtT^Se avfiTrXeKeadaL Kara X^^P^ '^^^^ TToXeynois'
494 afiaxov yap elvat rrjv dnoyvcocrLV otg VX'^ p-^v ro^
oihrjpa) TTCueZv, airoKeirai he Kac St;(a rovrov
495 irddos x^^^'^^'^^P'^^- o-vro) he ro puev dpyeZv

KadoXov pberd roaavTTjg hvvdp,eco ovk ihoKei
TTpeireiv Kal ro pidx^cjOaL Trepirrov Trpos aXX-qXcov
496 (f)6aprjGopLVOLS , ^dXXeodai he ;)(6tj/xaTa hvaepyov
aTTecjyaLvev vXrj dTTopia Kal ro TTapa^vXarreiv ras

eôhovs hvaepyorepov KVKXojoaGOai re yap rfj
orparLa rr^v ttoXlv hid pieyedos /cat 8fa;)â;/3tav
OVK evpLapes elvai Kal aâXepov dXXcDS npog ra?
497 eTTiOeoeis. rcov he (fiavepdjv (fivXarropLevcov dcfiavei?

eTTLvorjO-qaeadai^ 'louSatot? ohovg Kard re dvayKTjv
Kal hi epLTTeLpLav et he n Xadpa rrapeioKopnud-qaoiro, rpL^rjV eoeodai TrXeioj rfj TToXiopKia.
498 hehievai re pLTj rrjv hoâv rod KaropOwpiaros avrcp

ro pLTJKo? eXarrwcrrj rod xpo^'îJ' rovrco piev yap
elvai TTav dvvGLpLOV, irpo? he rrjs evKXeias ro raxos.
499 helv ye piTjv, el Kal rep rdxî' /xcr' daâXeias

ôvXoLvro^ XpyjcraadaL, TrepcreLXiêLV oXrjv rrjV ttoXlv
pLovcxJ? yap ovrojs dv vdaas drrocj^pdâi ras eôhovg,
/cat lovhalovs r) 77^0? dnavra drroyvovras rrjv
oojrrjpLav Trapahojoeiv rrjv ttoXlv tj XipLcorrovras
500 X^'-P^^V^^^^^'- po-hlo)?' ovhe yap r]pep.rjGeiv auro?"

aAAojs", dXXd Kal rcov ;>^cu/xaTCov eTTLpLeXyjaeaOaL
ndXiv p^poj/xep'os' rot? kcoXvovctlv arovajrepois-
501 et he rep pLeya So/cet /cat hvori^vvrov ro epyov,
^ L : TO) the rest.
- After Lat. (excogitaturos) : eirivocicdat. MSS.
^ L : ôOXoiTo the rest.
* Destinon : avrbv L : ai>Tovs the rest.
354
egress of the besieged and the introduction of

supplies, and that, leaving the city to the famine,
they should avoid direct conflict \\ith the foe ; for
there was no contending with desperate men whose
prayer was to fall by the sword, and for whom, if that
was denied them, a harder fate was in store. To
Titus, however, to remain totally inactive with so
large a force appeared undignified, while to contend
with men who would soon destroy each other seemed
superfluous. At the same time he pointed out the
extreme difficulty of throwing up earthworks, owing
to lack of materials, and the even greater difficulty
of guarding against salhes ; for to encompass the city

with troops would, owing to its extent and the obstacles
presented by the ground, be no easy matter, and
would, moreover, expose them to the risk of enemy
attacks. They might guard the obvious outlets, but
the Jews from necessity and their knowledge of the
locality would contrive secret routes ; and, should
supplies be furtively smuggled in, the siege would
be still further protracted. He feared, moreover,
that the glory of success Mould be diminished by
the delay ; for though time could accomphsh everything, yet rapidity was essential to renown. If, Decision to
however, they wished to combine speed and security, vonnd' ^^^
they must throw a wall round the whole city : only J'^sai^"ithus could every exit be blocked, and the Jews would
then either in utter despair of salvation surrender the
city, or, wasted by famine, fall an easy prey ; for he
himself would not remain altogether inactive, but
would once more turn his attention to the earthworks when he had an enfeebled foe to obstruct him.
And if anyone considered this a great and arduous
VOL. Ill M 2 355
JOSEPHUS
XprjyOLt' <JK07TLVy COS" OVTe 'PojjJLaCoiS Tt jJLLKpOV
evepyeiv TrpeVct, Kal Slx'^ rrovov Karopdovv tl twv

lieydXcjv ovovl pahiov.
502 (2) TovroLS TTelaag tov rjyefiovag 8tave/xetv

eKeXevae ra? SvvdfjLei? iirl to epyov. oppLrj Se rt?
i[jL7TL7rTi Sat/xovto? Tots" GTpaTLcoTat^, /cat fJLepL(jajjievojv Tov TreplôXov ov fjLOVOV rwv raypLarajp
Tjv epiSy dXXd Kal Ta)V iv avroZ? rdêojv Tvpog
503 dAArÂas", ât GrpaTLOjrt]s p-^v SeKaSdpxrjv, ScKaSdpxi]? S* eKarovrdpxf]^, ovrog 8' iaTTOvbaêv
dpeaaudai xîXiapxov , rtuv he x'^XidpxoJV em rov?
rjyepova? eretvev tj îXoripLa /cat rdv riyepovojv
TTjV dpiXXav i^pdêve Kalaap' Trepuojv yap
avTOs eKdGrrjs rjfjLepag TroAAa/cts- eireaKOTreL to
504 epyov. dp^dpvos S' 0776 TT]g Aoovpicav napep.ôXrjs, /ca^' rjv avro? earparoTTehevGaro, cttI rrjv
Karojrepoj ItâivoTToXiv rjye ro relxo?, evOev hid rod
505 Kedpoji'os" irrl to 'EAatoji^ opos" lt avaKdpTrrojv

Kara pLeorip^pLav TrepiXap^dvei to opos o-xpt- rrj?
Uepidrepecovog KaXovp,V7]s irirpag rov t i^rjs
X6(ôVy OS eVt/cetTat tt] Kara rrjV SiAcua/x (f)dpayyL,

KaKelOev e/c/cAtVa? rrpos Svglv et? rr^v ri^s Trrjyrjs
506 KaTrjL cf)dpayya. peS^ tjv dvaâivajv Kara to

'Avavou rov dpx^^pô^S pLvrjpLelov Kal StaXaâjv
" Probably a reminiscence of Soph. El. 945 opa irovov tol

X^pij ovo(v ei'Ti'xe?, of which a similar paraphrase is put into
the mouth of Titus elsewhere, iii. 495. Titus was familiar
with Greek literature (" Latine Graeceque, vel in orando vel
in fingendis poematibus, promptus," Suet. Tit. 3), and the
S56
operation, let him reflect that it ill became Romans

to undertake a trixial task and that without toil
nothing great could lightly be achieved by any man.**
(2) Having by these arguments con\'inced his
officers, Titus ordered them to distribute the task
among the forces. The troops thereupon were
seized with a sort of preternatural enthusiasm, and,
the circuit of the wall being respectively apportioned,
not only the legions, but their component companies

\ied with one another : the soldier studied to please
his decurion, the decurion the centurion, and he the
tribune^ while the emulation of the tribunes extended
to the staff-officers, and in the rivalry betM'een the
officers Caesar himself was umpire ; for he went
round himself frequently every day and inspected
the work. Beginning at the camp of the Assyrians ^
the site of his own encampment he directed the
wall towards the lower region of the New Town and
thence across the Kedron to the Mount of Olives ;
then, bending round to the south, he enclosed the
mount as far as the rock called Peristereon '^ together
with the adjoining hill, which overhangs the Siloam
ravine ; thence, inclining westwards, the line ^
descended into the Valley of the Fountain,^ beyond
which it ascended over against the tomb of Ananus
the high priest^ and, taking in ^ the mountain where
Sophoclean phrase possibly in these two instances comes

from the Emperor himself.
" 303. " = " Dovecote " ; unidentified.
* Literally " he descended " and so on.
Siloam is apparently meant.
' Probably the elder Ananus, son of Sethi, the father of

five high priests, A. xviii. 26, xx.l97 f., including the younger
and more famous Ananus who was slain by the Zealots,
iv. 315 f.
Or, perhaps, " cutting across."
357
JOSEPHUS
TO opost ^yOa TiofXTrrjLos iarparoTreSevcraro, Trpog
507 KXifia ^6pLov e7TeGTpe(ê, Kal TrpoeXdow jiexpt'

Ka)fjLT]s TLVog, F^pe^Lvdcov oIko? KoXeZraL, /cat
/Lter eKeivTjV to HpcoSov fJLtrqiJieXov irepLGXcov xrara
avaToXrjV to) tStco GTpaTOTr4hoj avvri7TTv , odev
508 rjp^riTO. to p.kv ovv Telxo? v6s hiovTOS reauapaKOVTa GTahicuv rjv, e^codev S' avTO) rrpoaujKoSofiTjdr] TpiGKaiheKa (f)povpLa, Kal totjtojv ol
509 kvkXol SeVa (ivvqpid p.ovvTO OTahlcov. Tpial S' ojkoSofjLTJdr] TO ndv -qiiepaLS, (hs to fxev epyov fjirjvaju
[eivat] d^Lov, to Taôs 8' rjTTdadai TTLdTeaJS.
510 TTepLKXelaa? he tco ret^êt ttjv ttoXlv Kal hvvafJLLV

TOls (f)pOVpLOLS iyKaTaUTTjGaS , TTjV fJLev TTpcoTrjv
(f)vXaKr)V TTJ? VVKTO? TTepilOJV aVTOS TTGK7TTeTO,
TT]u hevTepav S' eTreTpeipev 'AAefav8pa>, ttjv TpiT-qv
511 S eXaxov ol tojv ray/xarcoy riyeyLOves. hieKXrjpovvTO

h ol (f)vXaK Tovs VTTVovs, Kal St* oXtj^ vuktos
TTepiTjeoav KaTO. [Ta~\ SiaGTajfiaTa tojv (jypovpiaiv.
512 (3) lofSatots" Se /xera tcov iôSojv aTreKOTrrj

TTdua GOJTTjpLag IXttls, Kal âOvvas avTov 6 At/xo?
/car oiKovs Kal yevea? tov hrjpiov iireôGKeTO.
513 Kat Ta piV reyr^ TreTrXrjpojTO yvvaiKCJV Kal ^pe(f)OJU

XeXvfjLevcov, ol GTevojTTol Se yepovTOJv veKpow,
TTalhes Se Kal veavlat StotSouvres" ojGTrep etScuAa
KaTO. rds" dyopas dveiXovvTO Kal KaTeinTTTOV otttj
514 TLvd TO nddog KaTaXajjL^dvoL. 6drTTiv 8e rous"
TTpOGrjKOVTaS OVT LGXVOV ol Kdp.VOVTS Kal TO
hievTOvovv a)KVL Sid re TrXrjdos tujv veKpcov Kal
TO KaTa G<f)ds dbrjXov noXXol yovv tols vtt avTCJV
" According to A. xiv. 60 Pompey encamped "to the

north of the temple " {cf. A. xiv. 466, B. i. 343, " before the
temple ") ; the present passage appears to locate his camp
rather to the west of the temple.
358
Pompey encamped,^ turned northwards, and proceeded to a \illage called " House of pulse," ^ after
passing which it encompassed Herod's monument,*
and so joined the east side of the general's own camp
from which it had started. The wall wa"? thirty-nine
furlongs in length and had attached to its outer side
thirteen forts, whose united circumferences amounted
to ten furlongs. The whole was built in three days,
such rapidity, over a work that might well have
occupied months, being well-nigh incredible. Ha\ing
enclosed the city ^\'ithin this wall and posted garrisons

in the forts, Titus went round himself during the first
watch of the night and inspected everything ; the
second watch he entrusted to Alexander '^ ; for the
third the commanders of the legions drew lots. The
sentries, too, had their allotted hours of rest and all
night long patrolled the intervals between the forts.
(3) For the Jews, along with all egress, every increased
hope of escape was now cut off ; and the famine, mortality.
enlarging its maw,^ devoured the people by households and families. The roofs were thronged with
women and babes completely exhausted, the alleys
with the corpses of the aged ; children and youths,
with swollen figures, roamed like phantoms through
the market-places and collapsed wherever their
doom overtook them. As for burying their relatives. Neglect of
the sick had not the strength, while those with ^"^'^^
vigour still left were deterred both by the multitude
of the dead and by the uncertainty of their owti fate.
* Unidentified ; cf. the name Bethlehem (" house of

bread "). lOS.
* Tiberius Alexander, 45.
* Literally " deepening itself " ; perhaps " deepening

{i.e. tightening) its grip." Famine is pictured as a bird of
prey.
S59
JOSEPHUS
BaTTToyLevois 7Ta77edurj(7Kov, ttoXXol 8' inl ras

olo BiqKas TTpiv iTTLurrjvai ro y^^pôjv TrporjXdov. ovt
he Oprji'o? iv rats' GvpL(f)opaLg ovr^ 6Xo(j)vpix6s rjv,
aAA o Xtfio? rjXeyxe ra TrdOrj, ^rjpol? 8e rols
ofifjLaaL Kat oecr-qpocn rot? UTopiacjLv ol hvadavaTovvres (f)ojpcov rovs (f>OdGavras dvaTravaaudai,
âSela he Trepielxev Tqv ttoXlv aLyrj /cat vv^ Oavdrov
ye/jLovaa Kat rovrcov ol Xrjaral ;\;aA7rojTepot.
516 rvfi^(jjpv)(ovvres yovv rds oiVta? eavXcov rovs

veKpovs Kai ra KaXvfijiaTa tojv Gojpidrcov nepi(jrrojvres fJLerd yeXioros e^rjecrav, rds re alxp-dg^ rcov
.^Lfixjjv ehoKLfialov ev rols TTrojpiaGLV, Kai nvas

row eppLpLjievajv en Ca)vras hii^Xavvoi' errl TTcipa
517 rod aibrjpov rovg LKerevovrag ;^p7]CTat ae^tcrt

heîdv Kai ^L(bo ro) Xifio) KareXeiTTOV v77epr](f)avovvreg, Kai row eKrrveovrojv eKaarog drevioas els
rov vaov a4)eojpa rovg orauiaords towras airo-
518 Xlttcvv. ol he ro jJLev Trpojrov eK rov hrjjJLoaLOV

drjaavpov rovg veKpovs Odrrreiv eKeXevov, r-qv oopirjv
ov (jiepovres, erreid' (Ls ov hcqpKovv diTO rcov
rei)(ôw eppiTTrov els rds (f)dpayyas.
519 (i) HepLLOjv he ravras 6 Tiros o)S idedaaro

TTeTrXriGfievas rojv veKpow Kai âdvv l)(0)pa pivhojvrojv^ VTTOppeovra rcov aojpidrojv, eorevaê re Kat
rds X^^P^^ dvarelvas Karefiaprvparo rov 6eov,
520 cos ovK el-q ro epyov avrov. rd fiev hi] Kara nqv
ttoXlv elxev ovrojs, 'Pco/xatot he fJLTjhevos ert rcov
oraoiaGrcbv eKrpexovros, TJhr] ydp Kat rovrojv
ddvfila Kai Ai/xos" e^r^Trrero, Trpds^ evdvfxlais
Tjuav GLrov re d(f)6ovlav Kat roiv dXXtov eTTirr\-
^ Lkixo.% L Eus. ^ -r Tov Mss. (om. Bekker).
After L : H' the rest.
360
For many fell dead while burying others, and manywent forth to their tombs ere fate was upon them."
And amidst these calamities there was neither
lamentation nor waihng : famine stifled the emotions,
and M'ith dry eyes and grinning mouths these slowly
dying \ictims looked on those who had gone to their
rest before them. The city, wrapped in profound
silence and night laden with death, was in the grip
of a yet fiercer foe the brigands. For breaking into
habitations that were now mere charnel-houses, they
rifled the dead and stripping the coverings from the
bodies departed Mith shouts of laughter ; they tried
the points of their swords on the corpses and ran them
through some of the prostrate but still living wretches,
to test the temper of the blade, but any who implored
them to lend them their hand and sword they disdainfully left to the mercy of the famine. And each
victim expired with his eyes fixed on the temple and
averted from the rebels whom he left alive. The
latter at the outset ordered the bodies to be buried
at the pubhc expense, finding the stench intolerable ;
afterwards, when incapable of continuing this, they

flung them from the ramparts into the ravines.
(4) When Titus, going his rounds, beheld these

valleys choked with dead and the thick matter oozing
from under the clammy carcases, he groaned and,
raising his hands to heaven, called God to witness
that this was not his doing. Such was the situation
within the city. Meanwhile the Romans, reheved
from further salHes of the rebels (for now even
these felt the grip of despondency and famine) were
in the highest spirits, with abundant supplies of corn
** i.e. hastened their own end by attending the funeral of

others.
361
JOSEPHUS
SeLOjv cV ri]s Supta? /cat row ttXtjctlov 7Tap\i(7)V

521 -)(ôvTS' LGrdfievoL Se ttoXXoI rod rL)(Ovs ttXt^ctlov
Kat TToXv ttXtjOos t(jl)v iScxjSljjLOJv iTnhetKvvfjLevoi
TO) Kara ac^ds Kopco rov Xljjlov rcov noXefilajv
622 eêKaiov. irpos he ro rrados ra)V Graaiaarajv

pLTjOev ivhiSovrow, Tiros olKreipojv ra Xelipava
rov hrjfiov Kal gttovSol^cov ro yovv Tvepiov iâpTTaaat, TrdXiv rjp)(ero x^Jixdrcov xaXeTTOJS avroj
523 rrjs vXrjs vopi'CoiiivriS' rj fiev yap Trepl rr^v rroXiv

TTaaa rot? nporepots epyois KKOTrro, avi>e(f)6povv
dXXrjv drr* ivevqKovra Grahiojv ol ar par icbr at.
/cat 7Tpo fJLOVTjs vijjovv rTjS AvrojvLa? Kara, /^tepr^
reoaapa ttoXv pêlCova rcov Trporepojv )(a)p.ara.
524 nepuow S o Katcrap ra rdyfiara Kal KareTTeiyojv

ro pyov 7TeheiK\ru roZs Xxjurals, ojs iv )(pGLV
525 eLTjGav avrov. p.6voLS S' eVetVoi? apa KaKUJV

aTToXojXei pLerafieXeta, Kal rds ijjvy^^ds ;)(ajptcrap'TS'
a770 rcx)v Gcopidrojv dpicborepoLS ojs dXXorpioLs
526 expoJvro. ovre yap rrddos avrow rjfxepov rrjv

xjjvxTjv ovr dXyrjdow rjTrrero rov GcopLarog, ol ye
/cat veKpov rov hrjpiov coGirep Kvves eGTrdparrov
/cat ra oeGpLOjrr^pta rcov dppcoGrcov ev7TLp,TrXaGav .
527 (xiii. l) 'LlpLcov yovv ovde ^lardlav, 5t' ov

KareG)( rrjv ttoXlv, dâGdviGrov avetAe* BoTyôu
TratS" 7)v ovros Ik row dp)(Lepcov, ev roZs fidXtara
528 rep hrip-cp viGrog Kal ripaos' os vtto rols {^rjXcoralg

KaKovpLevov rod ttXtjSovs, ols ijdrj Kal Îcodvvrjs
TTpoGTJv, TTeiSeL rov drjpLOv ctcracîetvat rov Hipicjva
" i.e. becoming like brute beasts, they treated soul and
body as of no concern to them, they did not care what
happened to anyone's soul or bodv. I owe this suggestion
362
and other necessaries from Syria and the adjoining

proxinces ; and many of them would approach the
ramparts and, displaying masses of victuals, inflame
by their superabundance the pangs of the enemy's
hunger. The rebels still remaining unmoved by
these sufFerinffs. Titus, commiserating the remnants ^'^^^
of the people and anxious at least to rescue the begun.
sur\ivors, recommenced the erection of earth-works,
though timber was now procured with difficulty ; for, ";
all the trees round the city ha\ing been felled for the
pre\ious works, the troops had to collect fresh
material from a distance of ninety furlongs. The
new mounds were raised only opposite Antonia, in
four sections, and were much larger than the former
embankments. Caesar, meanwhile, making the
round of the legions and expediting operations,
plainly showed the brigands that they were now in
his hands. In them alone, however, all remorse for
eîls was extinct ; and divorcing soul from body
they treated both as ahens.** For neither could
suffering tame their souls nor anguish affect their
bodies, seeing that they continued, Hke dogs, to
maul the very carcase of the people and to pack the
prisons with the feeble.
(xiii. 1) Simon indeed did not suffer even Matthias, Simon

to whom he owed his possession of the city, to go >}an!XV
untortured to his death. This Matthias was the son îs former
of Boethus, claimed high-priestly ancestry, and had others.' *
won the special confidence and esteem of the people.
At the time when the multitude were being maltreated by the Zealots, to whom John had now
attached himself, he had persuaded the citizens to
to Dr T. E. Page; but the meaning of this artificial passage
is doubtful.
JOSEPHUS
ôrjOov, ovhev ovre TrpoGwdefxevos ovt Trpocr-
529 SoKijoas (f)avXov i^ avrov. vapeXdojv 8 Klvos

(Lg Kp(irr]G rrjg TToXecos, iÔpov ev tacp rots'
aAAots" riyeZro koI tov vrrep avrov uvp.ôvXov
530 COS" av ef aTrXoriqros ycyevqpiivov. axOevra Se

nqvLKavra /cat Kar-qyopovpêvov to. tcjv 'Poj/xatCDV
<f)povelv KaraKplvei /xev davdrco, /xt^S' aTToAoytas"
aîojoas, (Jvv rptolv vloZs' 6 yap Terapro? (f)9rj
Siahpag Trpos Tirov LKcrevovra 8* dvaipedrjvaL
rrpo rwv reKvojv /cat ravrrjv airovpLevov ttjv X^P^^
av6 (hv dvoLêiev avro) rrjv ttoXlv, rcXevralov
531 dueXelv eKeXevaev. 6 piev ovv Iv 6ipL (j)ovvdlGLV^

7ra(j)dyq rolg rraiGlv dvTLKpvs 'Pco/xatcov npoax'
deis' ovTiO yap 6 Zt/xcov ^ Avdvco ro) BayaSaroL'^
TTpocrdraêv, o r^v wporarog avro) rcov Sopv(f)6pa)v,
7TLpCxJVv6pLeV09, i Tt ^Q-qd-qGOVGLV aVTO) TTpOS
ovs iêXdelv etXero, ddTrreiv r o-TretTre rd ocopara.
532 pierd rovrovs lepevs ns Âvavias vlos MacrâAou^

rcJov eTTLGripajv /cat o ypappbarevg tt^S" ôvXrjs
ApLGTvs, ylvos ef WpLpLaovSy /cat gvv tovtols

Tret're/catSe/ca rcnv dnd tov S-qpLov Xapurpwv
533 avaipovvraL. rdv he tov 'IcuCTT^Trou Trarepa GvyKXeLGavres (f)vXaTT0V, K-qpvrrovGi Se p^-qhei x raJv
Kard TTjV ttoXlv pnqTe Gvvop.iXeiv pL-qT 7tI rauro
Gvva6poL^GdaL 8eet TrpoSoGias, /cat tovs gvvoXo<j)vpopLivovs TTpo eêraaeajs" dvrjpovv.
^ (poyevdeicriv Hudson from Lat. : <povvdeh mss.
* PAM : yLayabdrov should perhaps be read, cf. vi. 229.
' yiaffaixâXov L Lat.
* iv. 574.
S64
admit Simon as an ally,** without making any previous stipulation ^\'ith him or anticipating foul play
on his part. But when Simon had once entered and
become master of the town, he considered the very
man who had advocated his cause an enemy, equally
with the rest, as ha\'ing done so from pure simplicity.
And now he had him brought up, accused him of
siding with the Romans, and, M'ithout even granting
him an opportunity of defence, condemned him to
death, along with three of his sons ; the fourth
ha\'ing already fled to Titus. Moreover, when
Matthias entreated that he might be slain before
his children, begging this favour in return for his
having opened the gates to him, Simon ordered that
he should be slain last. He was, accordingly,
butchered over the bodies of his sons, who had been
slaughtered before his eyes, after having been led
out in \'iew of the Romans ; for such M-ere the
instructions given by Simon to Ananus,^ son of
Bagadates, the most truculent of his satelUtes, with
the ironical remark, " Let him see whether his friends
to whom he intended to desert will assist him." He
moreover refused burial to the bodies. /Vfter these a

priest named Ananias, son of Masbalus, a person of
distinction, and Aristeus, the secretary of the council,*' a native of Emmaus, and along with them fifteen
eminent men from among the people were executed.
They further detained the father of Josephus in
prison, issued a proclamation forbidding any tliroughout the city to confabulate or congregate in one spot
for fear of treason and put to death without inquiry persons taking part in joint lamentation.
* A native of Emmaus who afterwards deserted to the

Romans, vi. 229. ' The Sanhedrin.
S65
JOSEPHUS
534 (2) TaOra opwv 'IouSt]? ng vlog *IovSov, tojv

V7rdp)(OJV rod Hljjlojvos t? cov /cat 7r7nGTV[jLV09
V7T a-UTOV TTVpyOV (l)vXdTTLV, TOLâ flV Tt Kai
OLKTco TOJV (Lfia)s oLTroXXvjjLevojv , TO Se irXiov avTov
TTpovoLciy ovyKaXeoas tovs TnoTOTarovs tojv vtt
ocJo avTov oKa, P-^XP'' ''"t^'OS" avuegopi^Vy ^(p^>

"toZs KaKolg ; rj TLva crojT'qpias e;ô/xev eXinba
636 TTLGTol TTOvrjpcp piVOVT5; ovx o p,ev AtjLtO? 'q^''^
KaO^ rjpLOJVy 'Pco/xatot 8e irapd puKpov evhov,
îpLOjv Se Koi TTpos evepyeras aTitcrros', Kai
heog pLV rjSr] Trap* avTOV KoXdueo)?, rj Sc irapa
IPojpLaioLs Se^LOL êâios; (l)pe, irapahovTes to
537 TZ)(os GOJGOjpLv eauTovs Kai ttjv ttoXlv, Tretcrerat

8 ovbev heLvov Zt/xcov, idv oLTreyvoiKcos iavTOV
538 Taxi-ov Sep SuK-qv." tovtol? tojv SeKa TreioOevTOJV
V7T0 TTjV koj TOV? XoLTTOVS TCOV VTT OTT ay pLeV OJV
aXXov aXXaôae SieTrepiTrev, cus" p^T) cfiOjpadeLrj tl

TOJV êôvXevptevojv , avTog 8e 7Tpl TpiTTjV ojpav
539 aTTO Tov nvpyov tovs ^Vojp-aiovs e/caAet. tcop' 8
OL pLV VTTep-qcfidvovv, ol 8e tjttlgtovv, ol ttoXXol S
COKVOVV d)S pLeTOL piiKpOV OLKivSvVOJS X-qipOpbeVOL TTjV
540 TToXiv. iv oGcp 8e Ttro? /xe^' ottXltcov Trap'êt

TTpos TO retpôs", eKJyd-q yvovs 6 îpLOJV, Kai pLTa
Taxovs TOV re nvpyov rrpoKaTaXapL^dvei Kai tovs
avSpas orvXXaôjv iv oipei tojv 'PojpiaLOJV dvaipei
Kai TTpo TOV Ti)(ovs Xoj^Tjudpievos eppcipe ra
GojpiaTa.
541 (3) Kav TOVTCp irepiiojv ^Yojgiqttos, ov yap dvUi

vapaKaXcov , âAAerat ttjv KecjyaXrjV Xidco Kai
7rapaxpT]p.a mTTTei Kapojdeis. eKhpopir] he etti to
366
(2) A spectator of these scenes, Judes, son of Judes, not to

one of Simon's lieutenants and entrusted by him with ^^""rppder
the custody ot a tower, partly perhaps out or com- di<:covered
passion for the victims thus cruelly slain, but mainly ^'^ S'"ô"thinking of his own safety, called together ten of the
men under him on Avhom he could most rely and

said : " How long are we to tolerate these crimes ?
Or M-hat prospect have we of escaping by keeping
faith Avith this villain ? Is not the famine already
upon us, the Roman army all but in the town, and
Simon treacherous even to his benefactors ? Have
we not reason to fear that he Mill soon punish us,
while a RoiQan pledge can be trusted ? Come, let
us surrender the ramparts and save ourselves and
the city ! Simon will suffer no great hardship if,
despairing of his Ufa, he is brought sooner to justice."
The ten assenting to these proposals, early next
morning he dispatched the rest of the men under
his command in various directions, to prevent any
discovery of the plot, and about the third hour called
to the Romans from the tower. Of the latter some
disdained him, others were incredulous, while the
majority shrank from interfering, certain of taking
the city ere long without running any risks. However, while Titus was preparing to advance to the ^
wall with a body of troops, Simon, receiving timely
intelligence, forestalled him by promptly occupying
the tower, arrested and slew the men in full \iew
of the Romans, and after mutilating their bodies
flung them over the ramparts.
(3) Meanwhile, Josephus while going his rounds Josephus

for he was unremitting in his exhortations was Itpl^rted*^
struck on the head with a stone and instantly dropped killed.
insensible. The Jews made a rush for the body, and
367
JOSEPHUS
TTTOJâ^ Tcov ^lovhalojv ylverac, kov ecfydrj crvpels

et? rriv ttoXiv, et iirj rayêojs Katcrap errefiipe tov?
542 v7TpaG77Li,ovra . fiaxofievajv Se rovrojv 6 Icocr'q770? [-Lv oXpercu fjpay^v n row TrparTOfievajv
eTTatajv, ol GTaGLaaral 5 ojs" aveXovTe? ov eir-
543 edvp.ovp p-dXiara fiera x^P^^ dveôcov. 8tayyeAAerat re et? tt^v ttoXlv, /cat to KaTaXenropievov
7tX7]9o irreaxî^ dOvpîay 7T7TiGpLvovg otx^crOac
'(44 to) ovTt dt' ov avTO/xoAety edappovv. aKovaaaa

8' 7^ Tou 'Icocrr^TTOL' pL-qrrjp ev tco oeGpLOJTrjpLOj
redvdvai tov vlov, irpos pi^^v rovg (f>vXaKas diro 'Ico-
raTrdrajv rovr^ (f)rj TrerreladaL- /cat yap ovoe
545 ^(jjvTO drroXaveLV tota d 6Xo(l>vpopLV7] rrpos ras

depaTTaLvihag rovrov LXrj(f)evaL T7]g evreKvlag eXeye
Kaprrov ro p.rjd ddipai tov vlov, vcji* ov Ta(f)-q-
546 aeadai vpoaedoK-qaev. aAAa yap ovre TavTrjv

CTTt TrXiov (jjhvva to ipevdos ovre tovs Xr^GTag
eOaXTTC- Tax^cos yap c/c tt}? TrXrjyrjs dviqveyKev 6
^\ojo-q7Tog , /cat TrpoeXdcov Tovg p-kv ovk et? /xa/cpai'
iôa St/ca? avTO) hojaeiv tov rpaup-aro?, tov he
547 hrip.OV 77t 7TLGTLV TidXiV TTpOVKaXeiTO . ddpGO 0
TOJ Xao) /cat TOtS" GTacnaGTalg eKTrXrj^Ls efi7TL7TTL
TrpOS TTjV oxjjiv aVTOV.
548 (4-) Tojv d' auro/xoAoii^ ot pLv vtt^ dvayKi^g arro

TOV TLXOV eTT-qhcov Ta;(;ea)S', ot Se Trpo'CovTes cos
irrl P-dxXj p-cra ;(eppa8a;v e77etTa 77pos" roi;?
'Pcapatou? e(j)evyov. GweiTreTO 6e tovtoi? tvx'î
rwv etcro) ;(aAe77ajrepa, /cat rou Trapd G(f)lGL Xtpiov
CrUVTOpi(x)TpOV^ VpLOKOV TTpOS oXcdpOV TOV TTapa
^ TO TTTLbfJ-a] TU TTTijbfJ.aTl MVRC.
* L Lat. (velociorem) : avvrovibrepov the rest.
368
he would have been dragged into the city, had not

Caesar promptly sent out a rescue party. During
the ensuing conflict Josephus was borne away, little
conscious of what was passing ; while the rebels,
supposing that they had killed the man for whose
blood they thirsted most, shouted with delight. The
rumour spreading to the town, the residue of the
populace were deeply dejected, believing that he
who gave them courage to desert had really perished.
The mother of Josephus, hearing in prison that her
son was dead, remarked to her warders, " Ever since
Jotapata^ I was sure of it ; indeed I had no joy of
him in his lifetime " ; but in private lamentation to

her handmaidens she said, " This, then, is the fruit
that I reap of my blessed child-bearing that I am to
be denied the burial of the son by whom I hoped to
have been buried." Happily, however, neither the
distress which this false report occasioned her nor
the solace which it brought to the brigands was of
long duration ; for Josephus, quickly recovering from
the blow, came forward and, shouting to his foes
that he would ere long be avenged on them for his
wound, renewed his exhortations to the citizens to
accept his assurances. The sight of him animated
the people and filled the rebels \nth dismay.
(4) As for the deserters, some, ha\inr no alter- Horrible
\ / ' ' o fate of
native, hastily leapt from the ramparts ; others, Jewish

starting out \vith stones, as for a skirmish, then fled r^p?,eîôpen
to the Romans. Hither, however, a harsher fate by Syrians
pursued them than that of their comrades within ; ^
and they found satiety in the Roman camp more
rapidly ** fatal than the famine which they had left
" Or perhaps " when the news came from Jotapata " ;
c/. iii. 432 ff. * Or (with the other reading) " drastically."
369
JOSEPHUS
549 *PojfiaCoLg Kopov. Trapeylvovro fjLV yap oltto rrjs

ivheias TrecbvcrqiievoL Kal wGTTcp vhpcoTTLwvres,
7TLTa adpOOJS KVOL V7Tpp.7TL7TXdpLV0L TOLS
acLpLacTLV ipp-qyvvvTO, ttXtjv rwv 8t' e{i7TLplav

TajJLLevGapLevojv rag opiêis koI /car' oXiyov Trpoadivrojv rpocbrjv aTTeiSLGfievoj ro) Gajfian (fjepeiv.
550 /cat rovs ovroj 8e crajLopLevovs irepa TrXrjyrj piereXdpLâve' tcjv yap Trapd rols Hvpois ns avropLoXow (jxjjparai tojv rrj? yaurpos Xvpidrajv p^pucrou?
eVAeyojv KaraTTLovres^ S , OJS eâ/i.ev', avrovs
7Tpor]oav, iTreihrj hi-qpevvojv^ rravrag ol CTraatacrrat,
Kal TToXv TrXrjBos tjv iv rfj TToXei -x^pvaov- hojheKa
yovv Âttlkcov (hvovvro Trporepov la-)(yovras^ rrivre
651 Kal eiKooiv. dXXd rot ttjs eTTivoias eXeyxSeicrqs
hi ivos, dvaTTLpLTTXarai pkv (j^-qpirjs^ rd arparoTreha,

w? pLGTol y^pvoLov TTapelcv ol avropioXoL, to he tojv
Âpdôjv ttXtjOo? Kal ol Hvpoc Tovg LKeras dva-
652 TcpLVOvre? rjpevvojv rd? yaarepas- Kai rovrov

rod Trddovs ovhev efioiye hoKel cruu^rjvaL lovSatots" X'^^^'^^'^^P'^^' P-^9- yovv dvaxlGOy]Gav wktl
irpds 8t(7;)^tAtoi;s'.
653 (5) Kat yvovs ttjv TTapavop.iav Tiros dXiyov

[JLV iherjGe to lttttlkov TrepLGrrjGas KaraKovrLGac
Tous" alriovs, et /xt] ttoXv ttXtiOos evecxero Kal
TOJV dvr)pripLvojv TToXXaTrXaGcovs rjGav ol KoXa-
654 GdrjGopievoL. GvyKaXeGas he tovs t tojv Gvp.iidxojv

TjyepLovas Kal tovs tojv ray/xarcov, ovvhieâXXovro
yap Kal tojv OTpaTiojTOJV Tives, rrpds eKarepovs
^ Herwerden : KarairivovTes mss.
* Destiiutn (avoiding hiatus) : a.p-qpevrun' wss.
^ PAL : t'crxi. oj'Ta the rest.
* Holwerda : (pr]fJ-rj els mss.
S70
at home. For they arrived swollen from hunger, like

persons afflicted with dropsy, and then, overcharging
at a gulp their empty stomachs, burst asunder ;
though some had learnt by experience to restrain
their appetites and little by little administered
nourishment to bodies unused to the load. But even
those who thus escaped were overtaken later by
another catastrophe. For one of the refugees in the
Syrian ranks was discovered picking gold coins from
his excrements ; these pieces, as we have said,** they
had swallowed before their departure, because they
were all searched by the rebels and gold was so
abundant in the town that they could purchase for
twelve Attic drachmas coin formerly worth five-andtwenty.'' This artifice being, however, detected in
one instance, a rumour ran through the camps that
the deserters had come full of gold, whereupon the
Arab rabble with the Syrians proceeded to cut open
the supphants and search their intestines. No more
cruel calamity, in my opinion, befell the Jews than
this : actually in one night no less than two thousand

were ripped up.
(5) On learning of this outrage Titus very nearly Titus

ordered his horse to surround the culprits and shoot reprimands
them down, being only checked by the multitude of his troops,
persons implicated, those who would have to be
punished far outnumbering their victims. Summoning, however, the commanders both of the auxiliaries
and of the legions (for some of his own soldiers also
were involved in the charge) and addressing both
" 421.
* Cf. vi. 317 (in consequence of the plunder of Jerusalem)

" throug-hout Syria the standard of gold was depreciated to
half its former value."
371
JOSEPHUS
555 ayavaKreZv^ eXeyev, et roiv fiev crvv avrco arparevofievojv rives roiavTa Spcocnv Kephovs evKv
dSryAou, fiiqhk ra orrXa G<j)a)v avrwv atSou/xevot
556 7T7roLiiiJiva dpyvpov re Kal ')(pvoov, roZs S

"ApaipL Kal rot? Supot?, et npcoTov [jLV iv aXXorpico
TToXijjLcp Tol? TrdQeuLV avTeôvGiojs XP^'^'''^^> ^Tretra
rfl 7Tpl (jiOVOVS djfJLOTTjTL Kol TO) TTpOS 'lofSatOL'S"
/xtcrct 'PcofiaLovs emypdj>ovui' Kal yap vvv ivtov?

avTCJV^ Tcov (jrparLajTwv avvaTToXaveiv rrjs KaKO-
557 Sottas'. TOVTOL? jiev ovv hi-qTretX-qGe davarov, et

TiS" evpedeirj TrdXcv to avro toXjjlwv, rot? S arro
TCOV rayiidrcov lireoTeXXev ipevvrjcavTas tovs
558 VTTOTTTOVs dvdyeLV ctt' avrov. KaTa(l)povV h ,

d)S OLK, (l)iXo\pripLarLa TraGTjg KoXaaecos , Kai
SeiVOS IJL7T(f)VKV dvdpdjTTOlS TOV KpSaLVLV kpOJS ,
ovhev T ovrojs rrdOos <(!)?>* rrXeoveîa rrapa-
559 ^dXXerai. i^ ravra /xev dXXojg /cat [lerpou cxî

Kal (j)6ôLs VTrordauerai, deos 8* 17V o rod Xaov
Travro's KaraKpivas Kai rrdaav avrols Gojrrjptas
560 686v et? aTTcoXeLav aTToar pe(j)(X)v . o yovv pier

dTTeiXrjs aTTelrrev 6 Katcrap Xddpa Kara rojv
avropLoXojv iroXfjidro, Kal rovs SLaScSpdaKovras
TTplv rrdoLV 6(^6rjvaL TrpoaTravrajvres aTreaârrov
OL ^dpâpoL, TTepLaKOTTOVfievoi Se, /xt^ rt? emhoi
'PwpalwVy dveGxt-ôv KaK rcjv arrXdyxô^v ro
561 fjLiapov KepSog elXKov. oAtyot? S ivevpiGKero, Kai

rovs TToXXovs TTapavqXiGKev eXms pLovrj. rovro piev
hr] ro Trddos ttoXXovs rcov avropLoXojv eTravqyayev .
562 (6) Îcxjdvirqs S' ojs eTreXenrov at dpnayal napd
^ dyapaKTeiv Bekker : dyavaKTuv MSS. * a^roj VRC-
^ Destinon with Lat. : KaTe<pp6vei mss.

* ins. Hudson : Niese omits TrXeo^'eîo.
372
groups, he said that he was indignant that soldiers

in his service should be guilty of such acts for the
sake of uncertain lucre, and did not blush for their
own arms, made of silver and gold. To the Arabs and

Syrians he expressed his \\Tath, first at the idea that
in a foreign war they should give unrestrained licence
to their passions, and next that they sliould induce
Romans to lend their name to their o^^^l murderous
brutahty and hatred of the Jews, seeing that some
of the very legionaries now shared tlieir infamy.
These foreigners he threatened with death, should any
be found daring to repeat the crime ; the legionaries
he directed to search for suspected offenders and to
bring them up to him. But avarice, it seems, defies
all punishment and a dire love of gain is ingrained
in human nature, no other passion being so headstrong as greed ; though, in truth, in other circumstances these passions observe some bounds and
submit to deterrents, but here God and no other had
condemned His whole people and was turning every
avenue of salvation to their destruction. Thus what
Caesar had prohibited with threats men still ventured
furtively to practise upon the deserters : advancing
to meet the fugitives before the troops had caught
sight of them, these barbarians would massacre them,
and then, looking round to see that no Roman eye
was upon them, rip them up and extract the filthy
lucre from their bowels. In few only was it found :
the bare hope of finding it caused the wanton de-
struction of most. This calamity in fact drove many

of the deserters back.
(6) John when the plunder from the people failed
373
JOSEPHUS
rov hrjfiov, irpos UpocruXiav irpeTrero, Kal ttoAAq

fiev Tcuv avadrjiidrajv Karexcoi^^vev eK rod vaov,
TToAAa 8e Twv TTpos ras Aecroupyta? avayKaicov
(TKevTj, Kparrjpas [re] /cat TrtVa/ca? /cat rpaTrilâs'
arricTxêro 8' ovhe tCjv vtto rod Heâarov /cat
563 T^S" yvvaLKCs avrov Tre^^êVrcuv aKparo(^6pcov. ol

fiiv ye 'PcujLtatcov /SaatAet? inpLrjcrdv re /cat rrpoueKoufJL-qoav ro Upov del, rore ' d 'louSato?
5t>4 /cat rd rcDy dAAo(î;AcoP' Karearra. Trpos he rovs

(jvvovras eXeyev, cos Set jier dSetas" Karaxp'qcro.(jOaL
rols QeioLs vjrep rod Oeiov /cat rovs rat vaw arpa-
565 revofievov? i^ avrov rpe'êcrât. Std rovro /cat
Tov Upov olvov /cat TO e'Aatov, o TOt? 6XoKavrajp.aoLV

ol lepels e(i>vXarrov [eVt;)(etv]/ e/c/cevcuo-as", ^v
S' eV Toi evhov lepo), Steve/xe to) 7rA7]êt, KdKeZvoi
hlô. (f)pLKr]s^ TjXelchovro /cat eTTLVov [e^ avrcuv].'
566 oi5/c dv V7TO(jreLXalp.riv elrreZv d fiOL KeXevei ro

Trddos' ot/xat 'Poj/xatajy ^pahvvovrojv eTrl rovs
dXirrjpLovs rj KararroQ-qvai dv vtto ;(d(7/i,aT0S' 'q
KaraKXvadrjvai rrjv ttoXlv tj rovs rrjs ôhofMTjvrjs
pLeraXaêlv Kepavvovs' rroXv yap rdjv ravra
vadovrcDV rjveyKe yevedv dOeajrepav rfj yovv
rovrojv aTTovola irds 6 Xaos cwvaTTOjXero.
567 (?) Kat rl hel Kara fiepos e/cStT^yetaât rds

(TV[ji(f)opds; dXXd Trpos Tlrov ev ravrais rals
Tjiiepats Mata'atos" d Aa^dpoi; (f)vyojv Std fitds
eXeyev eKKeKop^laOai nvX-qs, tjv avros eTreTrlorev-
^ LVRC: iTre.axe'ti', eTretx^" or iirexêv the rest: om. Lat.
' PA Lat. Exc. : + trXeov rod Iv the rest.
' ora. Lat.
" Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 13.
" According to the Mishna, Middoth ii. 6, the wine and
874
him, had recourse to sacrilege, melting down many John's

of the temple-offerings and many of the vessels re- pûiidefing^
quired for pubhc worship, bowls and salvers and of the
tables ; nor did he abstain from the vessels for pure
wine sent by Augustus and his consort. For the
Roman sovereigns ever honoured and added embelhshment to the temple, whereas this .Tew now
pulled down even the donations of foreigners, remarking to his companions that they should not
scruple to employ di\'ine things on the Divinity's
behalf, and that those who fought for the temple
should be supported by it.^ He accordingly drew
every drop of the sacred wine and of the oil, which the
priests kept for pouring upon the burnt-offerings and
which stood in the inner temple,^ and distributed
these to his horde, who without horror anointed
themselves and drank therefrom." Nor can I here
refrain from uttering what my emotion bids me say.
I believe that, had the Romans delayed to punish

these reprobates, either the earth would have opened
and swallowed up the city,'^ or it would have been
swept away by a flood,* or have tasted anew the
thunderbolts of the land of Sodom. For it produced
a generation far more godless than the \ictims of
those visitations, seeing that these men's frenzy involved the whole people in their ruin.
(7) But why need I severally recount the calam- xumbers of

ities .' Why, indeed, when Mannaeus, son of Lazarus, V'^ '^''^'' ^^
who sought refuge in those days with Titus, reported
that there were carried out through a single gate,
oil were stored in a chamber at the S.W. corner of the

Women's Court.
" Some Mss. add " more than a hin."
"* Like Korah and his company. Numb. xvi. 32. ,
Like the g-eneration of Noali.
375
JOSEPHUS
TO, ixvpidbas evScKa vKpa)V eirl 7revra/cccrp(tAtot?

OKraKoaioLS oyho-qKovra, dcf)* rjs avrols rjiiepag
TrapeurpaTOTTehevGaro reacrapecr/catSe/caTT^ 'E.avOiKov
568 pi-qvo? d-xpi Ylavepiov vovpL-qvcas. tovto 8 rjv

TrXrjdos OLTTopajv' Kal ovSe avrog i(f)OT(x>s, aAAa
h-qpLOuia p.La66v htôvs i^ dvdyKTjs ripiOpLei. rovs
8e XoLTTovg ot TrpoGrjKovres eOaTrrov ra(f)rj S'
569 ^v TO 77 poKO pi LGavras iK rou aGreo? piipai. pLerd

Se TOVTOV hiahpdvTes ttoXXoI rcuv 7nGrjp.(jjv ras
Tracras" rcov drropajv veKpcov dTT-qyyeXXov pLvpidSag
i^rjKOVTa 8id tojv ttvXojv KpL(f)rjvaL, rcov 8 dXXojv
670 dveêpevvrjTOV etvai top dptdpLov. pLrjKeri 8 eu-
TOVOVVTOJV TOVg 7TTOJ)(OVS K(f)pl,V, [cAeyOV^^ GVG-
Gcopevovra? et? rov pieyiGTOVs olkovs ra Trrajpiara
571 dTTOKXeUiv. Kal rod pLev gltov to pierpov TTpadrjvai

raXdvrov, pLerd ravra 8' (Ls ovSe TTorjXoyeXv e^'
OLOV r rjv TrepLreixi-crOeLGT]? rrjg TToXeoJS, TrpoeXdelv
TLvag L roGovTov avayKTj'^y coGre ras ap.apas

ipevvaJvras Kal TraXaidv ovdov ôojv 7TpoG(f)epGdaL
rd CK TOVTOJV GKvâXa, Kal rd pirjS^ oipeL (f)oprjT6v
572 TTCiAat t6t yeveGdai Tpo(l)rjv. ravra Pco/xatoi

ptev dKovovre rjXerjGav, ol GraGiaGral 8e /cat
^XeTTOvre? ov pLerevoovv, dXX rjvelxovro p^^xpi^S
avrojv TrpoeXdelv 7T7njpojvro ydp vtto rod xP^^^f
6 rfj re iroXei Kal avrols tJot] Traprjv.
1 ora. P Lat.
133.
* i.e. between 1 May and 20 July, a.d. 70 (Niese).
* Or " chambers."
* These two rare words are Homeric (dftapd H. xxi. 259 ;

tvdo'. xxiii. 775-7).
376
which had been entrusted to him, 115,880 corpses,

between the fourteenth of the month Xanthicus, on
which the general encamped before their walls," and
the new moon of Panemus ^ ? All these were of the
poorer class ; nor had he undertaken this charge
himself, but being responsible for the payment of
public funds he was bound to keep count. The
remainder were buried by their relatives, burial
consisting merely in bringing them forth and casting
them out of the to^vn. This refugee was followed
by many eminent citizens, who reported that the
corpses of the lower classes thrown out through the
gates amounted in all to 600,000 ; of the rest it was
impossible to discover the number. They added
that, when strength failed them to carry out the
poor, they piled the bodies in the largest mansions *
and shut them up ; also that a measure of corn had
been sold for a talent, and that later when it was no
longer possible to gather herbs, the city being all
walled in, some were reduced to such straits that
they searched the sewers'^ and for old cow dung*^
and ate the offal therefrom, and what once would
have disgusted them to look at had now become
food. The tale of these horrors aroused the compassion of the Romans ; yet the rebels who witnessed
them relented not, but endured to go even to these
extremes.* For they were blinded by Fate, which,
ahke for the city and for themselves, was now
imminent.
* Or, taking avruif, as masculine, = avrQ^v with Hudson and

others, " patiebantur ea usque ad ipsos progredi." For
axiTwv neuter, as translated above, cf. e.g. A. xv. 182 yuexP'
377
BIBAION r
1 (i. 1) Ta fiev ovv rcov 'lepoaoXvixojv TrdOrj

TTpovKOTTrev KaO' Tjiiepav IttI to yêipov, rojv re
(jTaGLaGTOJv pidXXov 7Tapo^vvofJLvojv îvY TOLs crvpL(f)opaLg Kal rod Xipôv /xera rov Srjpôv tJBt] KaKeivovs
2 Vp,OpLVOV. TO ")/ pLYjV TtXtJOo? TCOV GGajpVpLCVa>V
dva rrjv ttoXlv TTrajpLarajp oipei re (jypLKojSes r]V koI

XoipLcoSrj TTpoaeâXXev ocrfi-qv, rrpos T rds e/cSpo/xas"
ipLTTohiov roLS pâxoiievoLS' ojGTrep yap Sid rrapardêojs (f)ova) /xuptoj yeyvixvaapLevovs^ ;!(a)po ultras'
3 e8et rd Gojp.ara Trareiv. ol S 7nâivovTes ovr*
e(f)pLTTOV OVT TjXeOVV OVT KXrjSova KaKTjV G(f)aJV
avTOJV VTTeXdpiâvov rr^v et? rovs Karoiyôpivovs

4: v^pLV, 7T(f)vpp,V0L 8 6p,0(f)vXa) 0ovc(j rd? Se^tas"
irrl TOP Ttpos rovs aXXo(f)vXovs iroXepLov eîdeov,
6veihit,ovrs ep-oiye hoKelv rd delov els ^pahvrrjra
rrjs 7r' avrcjv^ KoXdGecos' ou ydp cArrtSt vlkt^s 6
TToXepôg, yjSrj Se aTToyvcoGei Gojrrjpias IdpaGvvero.
5 PcDâtot 8e Kairoi TToXXa rrepl rrjv rrjs vXrjs
GvyKopîhr^v raXai7T(x>povp,evoL rd ;)(ajâTa hi-qyeipav
pLia Kal LKOGLV rjpipaLs, Kelpavres, cos" Trpoelp-qrau,
rrjv TTepl rd acrru "xâjpav eV ivevi^Kovra Grahiovs
b v kvkXo) TTaGav. r^v 8 eAeetn^ /cat rris yT]S 'tj dea'
^ om. L Lat. Exc.
PALC: yty^fxuaa/Mpqs MVR (Lat).
' PA : airroi/i L Exc. : ai/roh the rest.
378
BOOK vr
(i. 1) The sufferings of Jerusalem thus daily grew New Roman

worse, the inry of the rebels being intensified by the eompietei
calamities in which they were involved, and the
famine now extending its ravages from the people
to themselves. The piles of corpses throujjhout the
city, presenting a horrible spectacle and emitting a
pestilential stench, were, moreover, an impediment
to the combatants in their sallies ; for, Uke men
inured to countless carnage on the battlefield, they
were compelled on the march to trample over the
bodies." Yet, they set foot on them without a
shudder, \vithout pity, without a thought of any evil
omen to themselves from this outrao'e to the departed. With hands imbrued with the blood of their
countrymen they rushed forth to war with the
foreigner, upbraiding the Deity (so I cannot but
tliink) for His tardiness in punishing them ; for it
was no hope of victory but despair of escape which
now nerved them to the battle. The Romans, meanwhile, though sorely harassed in the collection of
timber, had completed their earthworks in one and
twenty days, having, as abeady stated,^ cleared the
whole district around the town to a distance of ninety

furlongs. Pitiful too was the aspect of the country,
" Or (with the other reading) " like men advancing over a
battlefield strewn (Hterally ' exercised ') with countless carnage
they were compelled to trample/' etc. * v. 52S.
VOL. Ill N 379
JOSEPHUS
TO. yap TrdXai hivhpeai kol TrapaheLGOis KeKoafirjfjLeva Tore Trayrap^dêy rjp-qjicoTO koI 7TpLKK07TTO
7 rrjv vXrjV, ovdels re riqv TtdXai lovhaiav /cat to.

TTepLKaXXrj TrpodoTeia rrjs TToXeojs eojpaKOJS ciAAd^vAob, eVctra ttî^ rore ^XeTTOjv ipripLLav ovk
ojXo(j)vpaTO Kai Kareurevaêv ttjv fieraôXrjv Trap
8 ooov yevoLTO' Travra yap eXufiTJuaTO ra arjpela rod

KaAAovs" d TToXefios, /cat ovk dp rt? iâTrivrjs imCTras" rojp TrpoeyvcoKOTOJV eyvojpLoe rov tottov, d)Xd
TTapojv e^vjret r'qv ttoXlv.
9 (2) 'VcopaioLs he /cat 'louSatots" to reXos rcov
10 X^H-^"^^^ LGTjv everroiei heovs dp)(rjv ol fiev yap,

t pLT] /cat ravra /caucretay, aXojoeodai T'qv ttoXlv
TTpooehoKOJVy 'Poj/zatot 8 ovKed'^ aip-qGeLV KaKeivcov
11 SLa(f)6apevrajv. vXr] re yap rjv aTTopia, /cat rwv

p.ev TTovixjv TJBr] ro crctj/xa/ rcov S eTraXXrjXcov Trrai-
12 Giidrojv at ijjvxal rols arparicorais eXeirtOvro. rds

ye pLTjv Kara rr^v ttoXlv ovpicjiopds Poj^Ltatots" rrXeov
eivaL ovveâive rrpos ddvp^las t] rols ev avrfj'
TTapd yap ra rrjXiKavra rrdOr] rols p-axofxevoLS
13 ovbev expdi)vro paXaKOjrepoLS , dAA' eBpavovro

iravrore rds eXrrLdas, rojv pukv pôj/ârojv raty
emôvXals, r'jjv S' opydvojv arepporrjrL rov reixovs,
rrjs be Kara X^^P*^ P-^XV^ rals rdjv avp-TrXeKopêvajv
rdA/xat? TrXeoveKrovp-evoL , ro 8e fxeyiarov, ordoews
re Kai XipLov /cat rroXepov /cat roGovrwv KaKcjv
evpioKovres eirdvoj ro TrapdoriyjLa rrjs 4'^XV'^
1^ 'louSatous' exovras. vrreXdpâvov re^ rcbv aibpcuP

dpidxovs jLtev rds 6pp.ds, dvdXcorov be rrjv errl
(jvp,(f)opals evdvpLLav elvai' ri ydp dv p^r] VTroGrijvat
^ oi'Kid' HerwerJen : olk Slv kd' >iss.

* TO cTw/iara M Lat. ^ om. Lat. Syr.
380
the Romans,
JEWISH WAR, VI. 6-14
sites formerly beautified vrith. trees and parks now Judaea and
reduced to an utter desert and stripped bare of Jj'/j.ecoSztimber ; and no stranger who had seen the old ibie,
Judaea and the entrancingly beautiful suburbs of
her capital, and now beheld her present desolation,
could have refrained from tears or suppressed a sigh
at the greatness of the change. For the war had
ruined all the marks of beauty, and no one who
knew it of old, coming suddenly upon it, would have
recognized the place, but, though beside it, he would
have looked for the city.
(2) The completion of the earthworks proved, to nejection o;
the Romans no less than to the Jews, a source of

apprehension. For, while the latter thought that,
should they fail to burn these also, the city would
be taken, the Romans feared that they would never
take it, should these embankments too be destroyed.
For there was a dearth of materials, and the soldiers'
bodies were now sinking beneath their toils, and their
minds under a succession of reverses. Indeed, the
calamities of the city caused more despondency to
the Romans than to the citizens, for they found
their opponents in no wise chastened by their severe
misfortunes, while their own hopes were continually
dashed, their earthworks mastered by the enemy's
stratagems, their engines by the solidity of the walls,
their close combat by the daring of their antagonists.
But worst of all was the discovery that the Jews
possessed a fortitude of soul that could surmount
faction, famine, war and such a host of calamities.
They fancied the impetuosity of these men to
be irresistible and their cheerfulness in distress
invincible ; for what would they not endure if
381
JOSEPHUS
Sc^ta Tvxj} XP^/^^'ôus" rovs vtto KaKOJV irpos olXktjv

rpeop.vovs ; ol /xev ovv ippajfieveGrepas Sta ravra
Tojv ^ôjiidrajv 7tolovvto ras (f>vXaKds.
16 (S) 01 he 7Tpl Tov Îcodwqv Kara ttjv * Avrcoviav
a/xa Kal rrpos to fieXXov, et KarappicfideLr} to rl)(OS,
-qGcâXitôvTO Kal Trplv iTnGTrjvat rovs Kpiovs 7t-
16 idevTO roZs epyoLS. ov [ir^v eKpanqGav ye rrjs

7TL)(LpiQGCx), dXXd TTpoeXdovTes^ pLrd XapLTrdhcDV
TTpLV lyyiaai rols p^'ojâcrt ipvxporepoi rfjs iXTriBos
17 VTreGrpeipav. Trpcorov /xev yap o-uh ojjLOVolv T]

GKeipLS avTcov icvKei Kara fiepos eKTTiqh ojvtojv KaK
hiaXei}JLpLdra>v Kal jLte/xeAAr^êVco? pierd heovs,
KauoAov r L7Tlv ovk lovoaLKajs' ra yap iota rov
edvovs vardprjro d/xa rj roXpia Kal opprj /cat
Spo/xos" opLov rrdvrwv Kal ro p.'qbe Trraiovras
18 dvaarpecbeLv. drovcorepoL S* iavrojv TrpoeXOovres

Kal rovs ^ôjpaiovs evpov eppcopieveGrepov rod
19 Gvvqdovs rrapareraypLevovs' rols piiv ye GojpaGi
/cat raZs iravoTrXiais ovrcos i(f)pdâi'ro ra )(ojpara

TrdvroOev, ojs rep TTvpl prjSapLoOev KaraXiTrelv
TTapdSvGLV, rrjv 8e ipvxr]^ irovwaav CKaaros pLrj
20 pLeraKLvrjdrjvaL rrjs rdêtos rrpo Qavdrov. Trpos

yap ro) rrdaas avrojv VTroKOTrreGdat rag eXmoas,
L KdKLva Kara(f)XeyL'q ra epya, Seivq rovs
Grpancoras ^^X^^ alScos, t rrdvra Kparr^Getav
TTavovpyia p.kv dperrjs, dTTOvota 8' ottXcjv, ttXtjOos
21 8' epL7TLpLas, 'louSatot Se 'Pco/xat'cov. dpLa 8e n

Kai^ racberi^pia Gvvqpyei ra)v rrpo7T7]hojvrojv ecf^LKVovpva, Kal 7TGa}V ris rqj pLcO' avrov epLTroStov rjv,
6 re KLvSvvos rov npoGO) x^P^^^ CTrotet pLaXaKoj-
^ ed. pr. Heg. : irpoaeXdovres MSS.

* Ti Kal C : en âi MVR : /cat L r om. PA.
382
favoured by fortune, who were impelled to valour

by disasters ? For these reasons, then, the Romans
strengthened yet more their guard upon the
earthworks.
(S) John and his party within Antonia, on the Jewish

other hand, while taking precautions for the future, '^ê âra
in the event of the demolition of the wall, also works, a
made an attack on the works before the rams were '" "^^
brought up. In this enterprise, however, they did
not succeed, but, having advanced with torches, returned with ardent hopes grown cold,'^ ere they had
approached the earthworks. For, to begin Avith,
there seemed to be no unanimity in their design :
they dashed out in small parties, at intervals, hesitatingly and in alarm, in short not like Jews : the
characteristics of the nation daring, impetuosity,
the simultaneous charge, the refusal to retreat even
whenM'orsted ^ were all lacking. But while their own
advance was abnormally spiritless, they found the
Romans dra^Ti up in stouter array than usual, with
their bodies and armour so completely screening the
earthworks as to leave no loophole for firebrands from
any quarter whatever, and each man's heart braced
to die rather than quit his post. For not only would
all their hopes be cut off, should these works also be
burnt up, but the soldiers felt it a dire disgrace
that craft should invariably triumph over valour,
desperation over arms, numbers over experience,
and Jews over Romans. Tlie artillery, moreover,
rendered assistance, reaching the sallying parties
with their missiles ; each enemy who fell obstructed
the man in his rear, and the risk of advancing damped
" Literally "colder than their hope."

* Or perhaps " the retreat without so much as a hitch."
883
JOSEPHUS
22 repovg. rcov 8* ivhorepoj /SeAou? V7rohpa[i6vTCi)V

OL fiev TTplv elg ;)(etpa? iXdelv ttjv evraîav koI to
rrvKvajjJLa row TToXepiLcov KaraTrXayevTes , ol oe
vvrrojxevoi rols ^varols iTraXtvhpoiiovv Kal reAo?
dXX-qXovs KaKiLovreg et? SetAtav di'-)(ojpovv 6.77 paKTOL. voviXTjVia Ylavliiov fJLTjvo? T) ETTLX^Lp-qGLg rjv .
23 dvaxo^pTJcrdvrcov he tCjv Yovhaiojv TrpoGrjyov ol

'Poj/iatot rds eAeTToAet?, âXXofievoL irerpais re
drro rrj? 'Avroji'ta? Kal TTvpl Kai aih-qpoj Kai Travn
TO) x^prjyovfieva) lovdaLOcg vtto rrj? avayK-q?
24 /SeAef KaiTrep yap ttoXv tuj reix^L TreTTOidores Kai

Tcov opydvcov Kara(f}povovvT ofjLOJS kojXvov tovs
25 'Pco/i.atOL'S" Trpoddyeiv. ol he rrjv GTTOvhrjv rcjv

^Yovhaiajv rod fxr] TrXrjyrjvai rrjV Avrojviav vttoXaji^dvovres yiveaOai hC daSeveiav rod reiôvs
Kal GaBpovs eXiTLGavres elvai rovg dep-eXiovg avr-
26 e(îXoveLKOvv . ov firjv vn-qKove ro rvrrrofievov, aXA

ol fxev Gvvex^s âXXofievou Kal rrpog ji-qheva rcov
KadvTrepOev KLvhvvojv evhihovres evepyovg Trapetxov
27 rds eXeTToXeis' d)S 8' rJGav eXdrrovs Kal rrepieOpavovro rat? rrerpais, erepoi rovg dvpeov? opo(^xJjGavres VTrep rcov Gcofidrcov X^P^'- ^^^ p.oxXol?
VTTcLpvrrov rovs deiieXtovg, Kal reGGapds ye Xidovs
28 7rpoGKapreprjGavTe<i iêGeiGav. dveTravGe he vv^

eKarepovs, Kdv ravrr] to relxos vtto rcov Kpicov
GeGaXevfxevov, Kal^ KaO o rot? Trporepotg emôvXevcov ;)(;aj/i,aCTtv o Îcodvvrj? VTTOjpvêv ivhovGTjs
rrjs hicopvxos, eâTTiv-qs KarepeiTrerai.
^ ora. Lat.
" i.e. long range projectiles ; cf. iii. 212 tC^v 8k iroppw â\\oixvu;v (vborepw yivbtievoL TrpocreKetPro kt\.
> pila. * Iron arrow-heads : cf. iii. 240.
384
their ardour. Of those who did penetrate past the

reach of these projectiles," some sped back, before
coming to close quarters, dismayed by the admirable
order and serried ranks of their antagonists, others
only when pricked by the points of the javelins.''
Finally, reviling each other for cowardice, they all
retired, their object unattained. This attack took c. 20 Jniy
place on the new moon of the month Panemus. ^'^' '^'
On the retreat of the Jews, the Romans brought The Romans

up the siege-engines, being assailed from Antonia An"onia.
with rocks, fire, iron ^ and every species of missile

%Wth which necessity supphed the Jews, who, notwithstanding their confident reliance on their ramparts and their contempt of the engines, yet strove
to prevent the Romans from bringing them up. The
latter, surmising that the anxiety of the Jews to save
Antonia from assault arose from some weakness in
the wall and hoping that the foundations were rotten,
redoubled their efforts. Nevertheless it resisted the
battering ; but the Romans, under an incessant fire
and undeterred by the perils to which they were
exposed from above, brought the siege-engines
effectively into action. As, however, they were at a
disadvantage and crushed by the boulders, another
party, locking their bucklers over their bodies, with
hands and crowbars started undermining the foundations and by perseverance succeeded in dislodging
four stones. Night suspended the labours of both
combatants, but in the course of it the wall, whose
shaking by the rams was followed by the collapse of Coiiapsp of
the mine, at the point where John in his designs on ^^6^311
the former earthworks had dug beneath it,*^ suddenly
fell to the ground.
" V. 469.
SS5
JOSEPHUS
29 (4) TovTOV crv[j.BdvTOS Trapahoôj? eKarepoti
30 Sieredrj ra cf)povrjp.ara' 'louSat'ous" /xev yoip, ovs

aOvfielv ELKO? Tjv, TO) [iTj Trap eXmba yeveaOai ro
TTTCJiia Koi 7TporjG<âXLud ai rrpos avro OappeZv d>s
31 fxevovcr-qs crvveBaive ri] AvrowLas' Poj/iatcuv Si

ye TTjv Trap eXmha pâpar errt rw KaTappK^Blvn
raxôjs G^(Jv oipLs irepov relxovs, oTrep evSodei
32 ol TTepl Tov lojdvmqv avrcoKodojiriKecjav . eu/xapeurepa ye /X7yv tt^S" rrporepov rj TrpouôXi] KareâiVro' TO re ydp dva^rjvai 8ta rcvv KarappL(f)BVTQ}v
paov ehoKei^ Kal to teIôs aodevioTepov re ttoXXoj
Tr\s WvTOJvia? Kal Taêcos tco rrpoGKaipov etvat
AuCTetv^ VTreXap-fjavov. ov jir^v eToXp-a tls dva^rjvaL'
TTpOVTTTOS ydp TOLS dpâpLVOL? TjP aTTOjXeia.
33 (5) ôpLitixJV o 1 iTOs eyetpeadaL pidXiGTa Ta?
rojv TToXejiovvTCjjv TrpoOvpLLag iXrrlbi Kal Xoycp, Tds
T TTpOTpOTrd^ Kal Tag V7T0G)(GL' TToXXdKLg fjiev
Xrj6r]v ivepydieGdaL tow KLvhvvojVy Gtl ' OTe Kal

OavdTOV KaTaSpov'-qGiv , Gvvayayojv errl TavTO Tovg
34 aXKLpiovs eVetpdro tow avdpow, 'oj ovGTpaTLcoTOL," XeyojVy " TO p.kv TrapaKeXevetv irrl ra firj
(f)epovTa Kivhvvov avToOev tols napaKeXevop-evoig
dxAees", dpieXeL Se /cat to* TrapaKeXevovTi chepeu
35 KaTdyvojGLv dvavbpias. Set 8 , ot/xat, TrpoTpoTrrjg

et's" piova ra oSaXepa tojv TrpaypLaTOJV, tu? eKelvd
36 ye KaO^ avTOVS TrpdTTeiv dîov.' ojgt eyojye to

/xev vrrdpxî-v xaAcTTT^y ttjv 7tl to Telôs dvoBov
aVTOS VpUV TTpOTtdlQpLL- TO 6 OTL pidXiGTa T:pOGrjKL

pidx^Gdai Tols bvGKoXoL? TO'U apT7Js (f)ip.evovs
Kal OTL KaXov iv evKXîa TeXevTTj /cat cLs ovk
aKapTTov GTaL TOLS KaTapâpLcvoLs TO yevvalov,
* Bekker : Xvctlv L : Xi'-eti' the rest. * + fi** Destinon.
386
(4) The effect of this incident on the spirits of and disboth beUigerents was surprising. For the Jews, who another^
might reasonably have been disheartened by it, were, beiiind it.
in consequence of their being prepared for this
catastrophe and ha\-ing taken precautions to meet it,
quite confident, as Antonia still remained ; whereas

the unlooked-for joy of the Romans at the downfall
was extinguished by the appearance of a second wall
which John and his party had built ^^'ithin. True,
the assault of this one looked easier than that of the
first, as the ascent would be facilitated by the debris ;
they also imagined the wall itself to be far weaker
than that of Antonia and that, being a temporary
structure, it would be rapidly destroyed. Still, none
ventured to mount ; for manifest destruction awaited
the first assailants.
(5) Titus, believing that the ardour of troops in Titus

warfare is best roused by hope and encouraging ^j^^^ê^.^^^
words, and that exhortations and promises often spondent
induce forgetfulness of danger and sometimes even ^^^^'
contempt of death, called his stalwarts together and
put to the proof the mettle of his men. " Fellowsoldiers," he said, " to deliver an oration inciting to
enterprises involving no risk is to cast a direct slur
on the persons addressed, while it assuredly convicts
him who delivers it of unmanliness. Exhortation,
in my opinion, is needed only for hazardous affairs,
since in other circumstances men may be expected
to act of their own accord. That the scaling of this
wall is arduous I, therefore, myself grant you at the
outset ; but that to contend with difficulties best
becomes those who aspire to heroism, that it is
glorious to die with renown, and that the gallantry
of those who lead the way will not go unrewarded
VOL. Ill N 2 387
JOSEPHUS
37 8teêt/xi. Trpwrov jxev ovv VfjLOJV yeveudoj TrporpoTTT]

TO TLvag LGCog aTrorpeTrov, tj lovhaLow jiaKpodvpiia
38 Koi TO KaprepiKov eV of? KaKOTraSovGLv alaxpov
yap 'PcD/iatoL'S" t ovrag Kai Grpariwras e/xou?,

/cat hihaKTOV fiev iv elprjvr] ro TToXeiielv, eOifiov 8
ev TToXefjLOJ TO KpaTelv exovTas, rjTTdadai Kara
X^^P^ 'louSatcuv -^ KaTO. ijjvx'ijv, Kat TavTa rrpog to)
reAct TT^S" VLK-qs kol avvepyovpLevov? vrro tov Oeov.
39 TO. [p-^t^^^ yoLp TjiieTepa TrraiCT/xara rr^s" louSatcuv

CCTTtv aQvoiag, to. d' eKelvcov Trddrj rats' re vpLCTCpais dpETalg Kai tols tov Oeov ovvepyiais auêrat*
4(1 GTaois yap Kai At/io? /<:at TToXiopKia Kai 8t;â

pLTixo-vrjiiaTcov TTirrTOVTa Teixf) tl dv aXX rj Oeov
41 pLv etrj jjirjVL? eKelvots, ôyjOeca d rjp.Tepa; to

Toiwv [IT] LLoi'ov eXaTTovodai ;\;etpova>v, aAAa /cat
Tr]v Oeiav Gvpp.axio.v Trpohihovai Trpos -qiicoi' ovk
42 dv eiTj. 7701? S' ovk: aloxpov ^lovdatovg'^ jiev, ols

ou" TToXXrjV aLGXvvTjv (hepeL to AetTreaât fiadovoi
SovXevecv, VTrep tov p^-qKiTL tovto TrdGxî-^' OavdTov
KaTa(f)povelv Kai noXXdKLg et? p,Govs rjiJLdg KTpeX^f-^'y OVK eA77iSt TOV KpaTrjGeLV, aAAa 3ta ijjLXrjV
43 7TLhei^LV dvhpeias' vpdg Se tovs yfjg oXiyov heZv

aTrdo-qg Kai daXdaa-qg KpaTOVVTas , olg Kai to pirj
viKav dveihog, pi'i^^ drra^ et? tou? TroXeptovs -rrapa-
44 ^dXXeaOaL, TrepLfieveLV he tov Xtp.6v /car' aurojv Kai

TTjV Tvx'QV dpyovg KadeLofievovg /xera TotouTaiv
OTrAojv, Kai TavTa St' oAtyou tov rrapaôXov to
45 TTav KaTopOdJaai Svvapevovg ; dva^dvTeg yovv em

T-qv WvTOJVLav exop.ev rrjv ttoXlv Kai yap dv
ylvrjTaL tl ert 77^6? rous" evBov, orrep ovk otpaL,
^ ills. L: omit the rest. ^ L: 'loioaiois the rest.
^ OL- L : oiii. PA: inbcrt before cpepei the rest.
888
on those points I would now dwell. In the first

place, then, let that be an incentive to you which to
some might perhaps be a deterrent, I mean the longsuffering of the Jews and their fortitude in adversity.
For shameful were it that Romans, soldiers of mine,
men who in peace are trained for war, and in war
are accustomed to conquer, should be outdone, either
in strength or courage, by Jews, and that when final

victory is in sight and we are enjoying the co-operation of God. For our reverses are but the outcome
of the Jews' desperation, while their sufferings are
increased by your vahant exploits and the constant
co-operation of the Deity. For faction, famine, siege,
the fall of ramparts \\'ithout impact of engines what
can these things mean but that God is wroth with
them and extending His aid to us ? Surely, then,
to allow ourselves not merely to be surpassed by
inferiors but to betray a di'vine Ally would be beneath
our dignity. It would indeed be disgraceful that
Jews, to whom defeat brings no serious discredit
since they have learnt to be slaves, should, in order
to end their servitude, scorn death and constantly
charge into our midst, not from any hope of victory,
but for the sheer display of bravery ; and yet that
you, masters of well nigh every land and sea, to
whom not to conquer is disgrace, should never once
venture into the enemy's ranks, but should wait for
famine and fortune to bring them do^^^l, sitting idle
\dth weapons such as these, and that though at a
little hazard you have it in your power to achieve
everything. Yes, Antonia once mounted, and the
city is ours ; for, even if and I do not expect it
any further battle awaits us with those within,
389
JOSEPHUS
fidxT^, TO ye Kara Kopv(l)riv elvai /cat Tat? avaTTVoais

iTTLKaOrjadai rchv TroXefilajv raxeco? rrjv oXoax^prj
46 VLKTjv iyyvdrat. Kal eycoye to [jlv vfivelv apn rrjv

V TToAe/xoj reXevTTjV Kal ttjv eTrl rots apeLjiaviois
7TG0VGLV aOavaoiav TrapaXirrajv eTrapauaLpiV^v av
roZs aXXoJS exovoL rov /car eiprjvqv eK vocrov
ddvarov, ols /xerd rod ucopiaros Kal t) ifjvxr) Td(/)aj
47 KaraKpLverac. ris yap ovk olhe tojv dyaOcov

dvbpcJov OTL rds pev iv Trapardêi ipvxd? Gihrjpoj
rwv uapKcov dTToXvB&LGas to KaOapcorarov gtolXîov aWrjp êvoSox^J^ dorpois eyKaOihpvei, haipLOves 8* dyadol Kal ripcoes evpLevels ISlol? iyyovoLS
48 e/x(/>avtôyrat, rds S' iv vogovctl rols croj/xacrt gvvraKeiGag, Kav rd pdXiGra K-qXihcov 7] piaGpdrojv
(Lgi Kadapai, vij^ vrroyeios d(j>aviL,L Kal Xrjdr]

âdela Bex^rai, XapâvovGas dpa rod re ^lov Acai
49 Tcbv GOjpLdrojv, en be rrjg pLvqp.r]? Trepiypacfyi^v ; el

Se Ace/cAcocrrat p-ev dvdpojTTOis dvayKaia TeXevrr],
Kovô-repov S' els avrrjv vogov 7TaGT]g Gcdi-jpos
VTT-qpeT-qs , ttcos ovk dyevves p-'f] hihovai raXs XP^^'
50 at? o TO) ;^pe6oy dirohajGopev ; /cat ravra pev oj?

oi5 hvvapLevcxjv GOjdrjvaL rwv eTTLxeLprjGovrojv hte^rjXdov eveGTL he GcoLêGOai rot? dvhpilopevoLs KdK
51 rajv G(f)aXepajrdTa>v. rrpojrov pev yap rd KarappL(f)dev eveTTLSarov, eTreira irdv to OLKobopL-qOev
evhidXvTOV, vpels re TrXeiovs OapG-qoavTeg evrl ttjv
TTpdîv dXX-qXoLs TTpoTpoTTTj Kal ôT^^cta yiveode,
Kal Tols TToXepioLS TO vpieTepov Trapdonqpia Ta;(eajs
52 /cAdcret rd cf)povrjpaTa. Kal rdx dv vplv dvalpaKTOv TO KaTopdwpia yevoiro piovov Karapâ390
your position over their heads commanding the very

air your enemies breathe would ensure a complete
and speedy \'ictory.
" I refrain on this occasion from an encomium on

the warrior's death and the immortality reserved for
those who fall in the frenzy of battle, but for any
who think otherwise the worst I could Avish is that
they may die in peace of disease, soul and body alike
condemned to the tomb. For what brave man knows
not that souls released from the flesh by the sword
on the battlefield are hospitably welcomed by that
purest of elements, the ether, and placed among the
stars, and that as good genii and benignant heroes
they manifest their presence to their posterity ; while
souls which pine away in bodies wasted by disease,
however pure they may be from stain or pollution,
are obhterated in subterranean night and pass into
profound oblivion, their life, their bodies, aye and
their memory, brought simultaneously to a close ?
But if men are doomed to an inevitable end and the
sword is a gentler minister thereof than anv disease,
surely it were ignoble to deny to the public service
what we must surrender to fate.
Thus far I have spoken on the assumption that
any who may attempt this feat must necessarily

perish. Yet the valiant may come safe through even
the most hazardous of enterprises. For in the first
place, the ruined wall will be easy to mount ; again,
all that has been built up vn.\\ be easy to overthrow ;
do you but summon courage for the task, with growing numbers stimulating and supporting one another,
and your determination v\ill soon break the enemy's
spirit. Peradventure you may find the exploit bloodless, if you but begin ; for, though they will in all
391
JOSEPHUS
fievoLS' avaâtvovras fJiev yap KcoXveiv TreLpdaovrai

Kara to clko?, Xadovras he kol ^LaaafjLevovs dva^
53 ovK av VTTOGTalev en, Kav oXlyoL cjyddarjTe. top e

Karapâ/xevov alG-)(Vvoiiirjv dv el jjltj TrotT^crat/xt
/^"qXajTOV iv rals eTTiKapTriais, koI 6 jjiev lôiv dpêi
Tcjv vvv opLolajv, iiaKapLGTOL 8' OLKoXovOi^Gei Kal
Tols TTeaovGi ra apLGrela."
54 (6) Totaura rod Tltov Sue^LOVTOs ro /xev aAAo

ttXtjOo? eSetcre rod klvS-uvov to [xeyeOos, rcov S' iv
ralg OTreipais^ arparevofievajv Ha^vos rovvojia,
yevog 0.770 Supta?, dvrjp Kal Kara X^^P^ '^^^ Kara
65 ^vx'Qv dpiGTOS echdvq. Kairoi 7Tpo'Chd)V dv tls

avrov ajTo ye rrjs GOJfjLanKrjg eêojs ouS' eiKaZov
CLvai GTpaTLOjrrjV ehoê' êAa? /xev yap r)v ttjv
Xpoiav, LGxô?, TTjv GapKa TreTnXrjiJLevog, dAA'
evcvKei TLS rjpojLKrj 4'^XV ^^'^'^d) Gcofiari Kal rroXv
66 rrjs iota? aXKrjg Grevorepco.^ Trpd)TO yovv dvaGrds

" C7rtSta)/xt GOLy KatCTap/' ^^"f}) " TTpoOvfxwg
57 efiavTov Trpajrog avaâtvo) ro reZxos- Kal evxofJLaL

pLev pLOv rfj re lgxvl Kac rfj yvcvpLTj ttjv gtjv aKoXovdrJGai Tvx^v, el 3e vepLeGrjOelrjv Trjs eTTLôXrjg, lgOl
pLe pLrf TTraiGavra Trap* eXnlSa?, dAA' VTrep gov
58 KpiGei Tov ddvarov fjpi]pLvov." ravr elirdjv Kal

rfj pLev apiGrepa X^^P'- '^^'^' ^^Pôv VTrep rrj? Ke(f)aXrjs
TTpoavareivas * rfj Se^ta Se ro ^L(j)os GTiaodpêvos
exojpei rrpog ro relxo rrepi copav pidXiora rijg
59 -qpLepas eKrrjv. elrrovro S' avrw Kal rojv dXXojv

kvoeKa pLovoL l^r]Xojral rijg dvopeias yevoptevoL'
^ + Tis L Lat. (Zon. ut vid.).
^ Lat. : yevvaiOTepu} (-Tepa) MSS.
' Mf A"; LC : /jLTj fj.( the rest.
* LVRC : dvareivas the rest.
392
probability endeavour to thwart your ascent, yet if

unperceived you once force a way through, their
resistance may well break down, though but a handful of you elude them. As for him who leads the
assault, I should blush were I not to make him an
enviable man in the award of honours ; and while
the sur\'ivor shall command those who are now his
equals, the blessed meed of valour shall follow the
fallen to the grave." " "^
(6) Thus harangued by Titus, the troops in general The hero
were deterred by the gravity of the danger ; but scaies^the

among those serving in the cohorts was one named ''^'^^^'
Sabinus, a native of Syria, who showed himself both
in might of hand and in spirit the bravest of men.
Yet anyone seeing him before that day and judging
from his outward appearance would not have taken
him even for a common soldier. His skin was black,
his flesh shrunk and emaciated ; but within that
slender frame, far too strait for its native prowess,
there dwelt an heroic soul. He was the first to rise.
" Caesar," he said, " to you I gladly offer myself; I
am the first to scale the wall. x\nd I pray that my
strength and resolution may be attended bv your
good fortune.^ Yet, should some nemesis balk me
of my intent, know that my failure will not surprise
me, but that for your sake I have deliberately preferred to die." Having spoken thus, with his left
hand he extended his buckler over his head and with
his right drew his sword and advanced towards the
wall, almost exactly at the sixth hour of the day
He was followed by eleven others, who alone were
found to emulate his gallantry ; but the hero, ira-
" Auxiliary troops.
" For Titus as the favourite of Fortune cf. v. SS.
893
JOSEPHUS
TTporjye 8e ttoAl' ndvrcjv 6 dvrjp opfifj tlvl SaLfiovicu
60 XP^H'^'Ô^' o^ (f)povpoL 8 aTTo rod reixov? KarrjKovrLLov re avrov? /cat êXeoi navrodev drreipois
eâXXov Kal rreVpas" iâLGLOv? KareKyXiov, at eK
61 T(Jov fjLv evSeKa Trapeuvpav ivtovg, 6 he Ha^lvos

OLTTavTcov TOLS dcjuepievois Kal Karayajvyvfievos vtto
TcDv êXcov ov irporepov e7Tea)(e rrjv opjji-qv rj
yeveadai re err^ aKpco Kal rpeipaadat rovs TToXe-
62 fjLLovs' KararrXayevre? yap avrov r-qv re hvvapLiv

OL 'lowSatot xat ro Trapdarr]iia rrjg ipvxT]?, dfia he
Kal rrXeiovs dvaBe^rjKevaL hoâvres erpaTT-qaav.
63 ev9a Srj KarafiefidiaLr dv rt? co? SOovepdv eiTL rats'
dperals rrjv rvxrjv Kal KcoXvovoav del rd rrapddoâ
64 rcjjv KaropOcofidrcov. 6 yovv dvqp ovrog, or

Kpdri](je rrj? eTnôXrjS, eacfidX'q Kai Trraioa? rrpos
rivL Tier pa TTprjvrjg eV avr-qv jjLerd pLeylarov ip6(f)ov
Kareeoev' eTTiGrpaSevres S' ol 'louSatot /cat Karihovreg liovov re avrov Kal TreTrrojKora, rrdvrodev
65 eâXXov. 6 K es yovu Siavaordg Kal npoKaXvi/jdfxevos rop dvpeov ro [lev rrpcorov TjiJLvvero Kal rroX-
66 Xovs rcx)v TrX-qGLaodvrojv erptooev avdts S vtto ttXtjdovs rpavpidrojv TraprJKe rr]v Se^cdv /cat reXos Trpiv
dTTohovvai rrjv ijjvx'q^^ KarexoJGdi] rot? êXeoiv, avrjp
d^LOS fxev dpeivovi ;^pr]0'ât St' dvhpeiav /cat rvxX}>
67 TTeodiV he rfjs eTnôXrj? dvaXoycu? . rcov he dXXcov

r pel's pêv rovs rjhr] Trpos rolg dKpotg ovras ovvrplipavre? drreKreivav roXg Xldois, ol 8 o/crco rpavpuaTtat Karaavpevres aveKopiodrjaav ets ro arparoTrehov. ravra jjiev ovv Tplrr) pLTjvos Ilavep.ov ejrpdxQy]'
68 (?) Merd S' r)[xepa hvo rcov TrpoKoirovvrcov

rive's eTrl roZs ;)(ojâcrt ^vXdKcov eLKOGu GweXdovreg
TT poGTTOLOVvr ai^ piev rov rod TrepLTrrov rdyp-aros
394
pelled by some preternatural stimulus, far outstripped

them all. From the ramparts the guards hurled
their javelins at the party, assailed them from all
quarters with showers of arrows, and rolled down
enormous boulders which swept away some of the
eleven ; but Sabinus, facing the missiles and buried
beneath the darts, yet never slackened his pace until
he had gained the summit and routed the enemy.
For the Jews, dumbfounded at his strength and intrepidity and. moreover, imagining that more had
ascended, turned and fled. And here one cannot His
but censure Fortune as envious of feats of valour and untimely
ever thwarting marvellous achievements. For at the
moment when this hero had attained his object, he
slipped and stumbling over a rock fell headlong upon
it with a tremendous crash. The Jews, turning and
seeing him alone and prostrate, assailed him from
all sides. Rising upon his knee and screening himself with his buckler, he for a while kept them at
bay and wounded many of those who approached
him ; but soon under his numerous wounds his arm
was paralysed, and he was at length, before giving

up his life, buried under the missiles : a man whose
gallantry deserved a better fortune, but whose fall
was in keeping \\'ith his enterprise. Of his comrades
three after gaining the summit were crushed to death
by the stones ; the remaining eight were drawn down
wounded and conveyed to the camp. These events
took place on the third of the month of Panemus. c. 22 July.
(7) Two days later, twenty of the guards on

outpost duty at the earthworks came together and
enlisting the services of the standard-bearer of the
* PA Syr.: irpoaKoKovvTai the rest.
JOSEPHUS
arrjfjLaiachopoy Kai bvo rwas tojv iu rat? tAats

L7T77aji' Kai GoXTTiKT-qv va, Kara h ojpav ttjs
WKTog ivdrrjv TrpoaâivovGO' fxev tjctuxt] Std tojv
epeiTTLcov 7TL TTjv AvTOJVLav, aTroG(i)d6avTs be tov?
TTpojTovg T(x)v <f)povpojv KOLfjLajfJLevov? KparovGL rov
TLXov? Kai rqj uaXTTLKTrj G-qpLaiveiv eKeXev'aav.
69 TTpos o Tcov ixev aXXojv (f)vXdKOjv eâvaaraGLg t^

ai(j>VLhios 'qv Kai (f^vyrj Trpiv riva ro rrXrjdos eTTiheZv
TOJV eTTipep-qKorojv o re yap (popog Kau rj aaATnyg
(âvraoiav avroZs rod ttXtjOos dvaê^rjKevai rroXe-
70 p-Liov TTapeZê. Kataap he rov Grifxeiov KaraKovoas

cÔTrAtêt r-qv re bvvafiiv did rdxovs^ Kai [lerd tojv
qyefiovojv Trpojrog dvaâlvei rovg eTTcXeKrovg e-^âjv.
71 Karae(f)evy6rajv S' îovbalajv ci? ro lepov Kai

avroL bid rrjg bicopvyog eiGeTTLTTTOv, t)v 6 lojdwiqs
72 em rd x^jfiara rwv Poj/xatCDV vrrojpvê. Kai

btaGrdvreg* err " diiSorepcov ol GraGcaGral rwv
rayfiarojv, rod re lojdvvov Kai rov ^ljjlojvo?,
elpyov avrovg ovbep-iav ovre lgxvo? ovre rrpodvjiia^
73 eXXeirrovreg VTrepôXijv rrepas yap dXojGeajg vrreXdjJilSavov ro 'Pajfialovg rrapeXdelv et? ro dyiov, o br]
74 KaKelvoi rod KpareZv dpxqv. ovpp-qyvvraL be -rrepl

rds eLGobovg p-dx'q Kaprepd, rcov fiev KaraXaBeGOac
Kai ro lepov eLG^LaLoiJLevajv, rcov 5' ^lovbalcov
75 eôjOovvrojv avrovg em rrjv AvrojVLav. Kai ra

êX-q fiev tjv dpiôrepois d^p'qora Kai rd bopara,
GTraodfjievoL be rd ^L(^'q GvverrXeKovrOy Kai rrept riqv

GVfLôXT]v aKpirov -qv oTTorepcodev eKaGroL {jidxotvrOy
TTe<f)vpjJievcov p.ev rwv dvbpwv Kai Trepi rrjv Grevo-
^ irpoSaivoven Lat. (procedunt). ^ re L: om. the rest.
^ Kara 'J-Xj? L- ^ 5La:a(jT-ivT% L,.
' iV L : d7r' ed. pr. (perhaps rightly).
396
fifth legion, two troopers from the squadrons " and a Another
trumpeter, at the ninth hour of the night advanced part'v"
noiselessly over the ruins towards Antonia. The c^2rjuiy!'
first sentinels whom they encountered they cut down
in their sleep and, taking possession of the wall,
ordered the trumpeter to sound. Thereupon, the
other guards suddenly started to their feet and fled,
before any had noted what number had ascended ;
for their panic and the trumpet-call led them to

imagine that the enemy had mounted in force.
Caesar, hearing the signal, promptly called the forces Fierce night
to arms, and with the generals and his body of picked the Temple.
men was the first to mount. The Jews had fled to
the temple, into which the Romans also were penetrating through the mine excavated by John to
reach their earthworks.^ The rebels of both factions,
those of John and of Simon, drawn up in separate
divisions sought to stem their advance, with a prodigious exhibition of strength and spirit ; for they
held that the entry of the Romans into the sanctuary
meant final capture, while the latter regarded it as
the prelude to victory. So the armies clashed in
desperate struggle round the entrances, the Romans
pressing on to take possession also of the temple,
the Jews thrusting them back upon Antonia. Missiles
and spears were useless to both belligerents. Drawing their swords, they closed with each other, and
in the melee it was impossible to tell on which side
either party was fighting, the men being all jumbled
" alae, auxiliary cavalry. " 28.
397
JOSEPHUS
)(Copiav Sir^XXayiievajv, rrj? Se ôrj? dcrTjfidvTOV

76 TTpodTTnTTOVUTjs 3td TO fxiyedos. (hovog re rjv
eKarepajdev TroXvg, Kat rcov TreGovrcov ra re
awfiara Kal rag TravoTrXlas Trarovvres eQpavov ol
11 {jLaxofievoL. del S' (/)' orrorepov ^pLoeiev peojv 6
TToXepLos, rrapaKeXevGLS f-êv -qv rcov TrXeoveKrovvrwv ,
olp.ojyal de rcov rperrofjieviov. ovre 8 at (f)vyaL
rorrov etxov ovd^ at Stojêt?, aAA ay;(c/j/xaAot
pOTToi Kal ixeraKXiGets pLepLtypLev-qs iyivovro rrjs
78 TTapardêcDS ' 'i'ol? 8* epLTrpoaOev yivopievoL? tj rod

dvi]GKLV Tj rod Kreiveiv^ dvdyK-q Traprjv ovk ovgtjS
dva(f)vyrj' ol yap Kara vcorov rrpoGco ^latopLevoL
Toijs acjjerepovs Trap' dp(i)olv ovbe rfj p-d^'Q p-er-
79 aiXP-i-ov KariXeiTTOV. rrXeoveKrovvrcov he rcov 'lovSalcov rots dvpLoT? tt^v 'PcD/xatojv epLTreupLav /cat
KXivopuiviqs KaOdrrav -qbrj rrjs Trapardêcos, 0.770
ydp evdrrjs ojpag rrjs vvKros els e^bopirjv rijs
80 TjpLepas e-oXe(Xovv yol p-ev ddpooL Kal rov rijs dXcooecos

KLvhvvov exovres dvhpeias eôoiov, VojpLaloL ok
pLepeL rijs hvvdjiecos, ovrrco ydp eTravaêBiJKeL rd
rdyp-ara, KdKeivois erraveZxov ol p,axop.evoi rore,

KpareZv rijs ^ Avrojvias diroxpij^ CTrt rod irapovros
eooKei.
81 (8) 'louAtai'os" he ns eKarovrdpxf]? rcov dno rrjs

BidvvLas, OVK dcrrjpLOS cov dv-qp, c5v^ eyd> /car'
eKelvov iGTop'qaa rov rroXepLov ottXcov r epLrreipia
Kal dXKTJ Gcopiaros Kal fpvxi^ rrapaGrrjparL
82 rrdvrojv dpiGros, opcov rovs 'PcopLaiovs ivSLhovras

rjhrj Kal KaKcbs df-Lvvoptevovs, TrapetGr-qKeL he Ttrcp
Kara rrjv Âvrwvlav, rrponrjha Kal VLKcovras rjhr]
Tovs 'louSatous" rpeVerat pLOVOs P-^XP^ '''V'^ '''^^
^ f} Tov KTeiVLV fj Tov dvT](jKeiv L, Lat.

398
together and intermingled in the confined area, and

their shouts, owing to the terrific din, falHng confusedly on the ear. There was great slaughter on
either side, and the bodies and armour of the fallen
were trampled down and crushed by the combatants.
And always, in whichever direction rolled the veering

tide of war, were heard the cheers of the victors,
the wailings of the routed. Room for flight or
pursuit there was none ; dubious turns of the scale
and shifting of position were the sole incidents in
the confused contest. Those in front had either to
kill or to be killed, there being no retreat ; for those
in rear in either army pressed their comrades forward,
lea\'ing no intervening space between the combatants.
At length, Jewish fury prevailing over Roman skill, Romans
the whole line began to waver. For they had been ^ntonia! "
fighting from the ninth hour of the night until the
seventh of the day ; the Jews in full strength, with
the peril of capture as an incentive to gallantry,
the Romans with but a portion of their forces, the
legions upon whom the present combatants were
dependent having not yet come up. It was therefore
considered sufficient for the present to hold Antonia.
(8) But one Julianus, a centurion in the Bithynian Fate of

contingent, a man of some mark, and distinguished ^"o^^^r
above all whose acquaintance I made during that Juiianus.
war in the science of arms, strength of body and
intrepidity of soul, seeing the Romans beginning to
give way and offering but a sorry resistance, sprang
forward he had been standing beside Titus on
Antonia and single-handed drove back the Jews,

already victorious, to the corner of the inner temple.
2 C : 6^' the rest, the Lat. and Syr. versions apparently

reading dpiaToy below.
399
JOSEPHUS
ivSorepoj Upov yojvla?. echevye Se to TrXrjdos

ddpovv, ovre rrjv lo-xyv ovre rrjv roXpiav avd pojir iv-qv
83 VTToXapi^dvovTes 6 Se hid fxeacov rcbv (TKeSavvvpiivcjv dXXore dXXrj hidrrajv e(j)6vve rovs KaraXafxâvojjLvov?, Kal ri] oifjeoj? iKelvrjs ovSev ovre to)
KaiCTapt davjiaGLWTepov ovre rols dXXoLs Trapearr]
84 (l)piKUjhiGrepov . idicoKero 8 dpa xat avros vtto

Trj<^ eliJLappievrjs, "^v d[JLrjXOiiôv Siacfivyelv dvr]Tov
85 ovra. rd ydp VTTobrjfiara TreTrapfieva ttvkvoZs Kai

oêoLv TjXois XOJV, djGrrep rcov dXXojv arpariojTojv eKo.GTOs, Kal fcard XidoGrpcorov rpe^^cov vtt-
oXiGddveL, TTCGcov S V7TTL0S fxerd fjLyLGTOV rrjs TTav-
86 orrXlag tJx^'^ rov? (l)vyovras erriGrpecêi. /cat rchv

p.kv drro ttjS 'Avrcuvta? 'Pojâtcur ripdi] ôrj irepl
rdvhpi SeLGavTCDV, ot Se louSatot TrepiGravres
avrov dOpooL rots Te ^vgtois Kai ralg popi(âiais
87 Trdi'Todev eVatoy. o Se ttoXvv p.kv rep dvpeo) GtS-qpov

lêh^x^TOy TToXXaKLs Se dvaGrrjvai TreipdGas vtto
rod ttXiÔovs tojv TVirrovrajv averpaTrr], xrat /cet-
88 jLtevos" S' dp.ojs evvrre toj ^L(f}L ttoXXovs' ovhe ydp

dvr^peOrj rax^-tos, toj re Kpavei Kai rw dwpaKL
Tr(f)paypiivos Trdvra rd Kaipia rtpos G<âyriv Kai
rov au;)(eVa GvveXKOJV p-^^p^ KOTrropevojv avrcp
rcov dXXcov fieXcov Kal pLTjSevos 7TpoGap.vvai roX-
S9 fiojvrog ividcoKe. heivov be Trddos etV/êt Katcrapa

dvhpos ovrojs evaperov Kai ev oipet roGovrwv
<f)Ovevopevov' Kal avrov fiev 6 roTTOS SteVAete
ÔTjdelv deXovra, rovs Bwap-evovs Se KaraTrXr^^Ls.
90 ^lovXtavos p,ev ovv iroXXd hvGOavar-qGas Kal rojv

KreLvovrojv dXiyovs aTrXrjyas KaraXirrcDV /xoAt?
aTTOGcjidrrerai, pêyiGrov ov Trapd Pcu/xatot? Kai
KatCTapt pLOvov dXXd Kal Trapd rols TroXepLtoLs KXeos
400
JEWISPI WAR, VI. 82-90
The multitude fled in crowds before him, regarding

such strength and courage as superhuman ; while
he, dashing this way and that through the midst of
their scattering ranks, slew all whom he overtook,
and no spectacle that met the eye of Caesar was
more wonderful than that, nor more terrifying to
Ms foes. Yet, after all, he too was to be dogged by
Destiny, whom no mortal man may escape. For,
wearing, like any other soldier, shoes thickly studded
N\ith sharp nails," while running across the pavement
he slipped and fell on his back, with a loud clash of
armour, which made the fugitives turn. A cry of
concern for the hero went up from the Romans in
Antonia, while the Jev.s crowding round him struck
at him from all sides with spears and swords. Many
a weapon he parried with his buckler, many a time
he tried to rise but was thrown back by the number
of his assailants, and, prostrate though he was, many
a one did he stab with his sword ; for, being protected in ever}' vital part by helmet and cuirass and
drawing in his neck, he was not quickly dispatched.

At length, when all his other limbs were hacked
and no comrade ventured to his aid, he succumbed.
Caesar was deeply moved at the fall of so valiant a
soldier, butchered too under the eyes of so many ;
and though anxious personally to assist him, he was
debarred by his situation, while those who might
have done so were withheld by terror. Thus
Julianus, after a hard struggle with death and letting
few of those who slew him go unscathed, was with
difficulty slaughtered, leaving behind him the highest
reputation, not only with the Romans and Caesar,
" " studded with nails " : the Greek phrase is Homeric,
//. i. 246, xi. 633.
401
JOSEPHUS
91 KaTaAiTTOJv lovhaloi 8e /cat tov vKp6v apTraaafievoi TraXih' rous 'Pojfiatovg rperrovraL Kal Kara-
92 KXeiovGLV els rrjv WirojVLav. rjyojVLOivro he e^
avTcov eTTLCT-qiiajs Kara ravr-qv ttjv ixdyjiv 'AAe^d?

jLter TLS Kai YvchdaXog rod ^lojdvvov rdypLaroSy eK
oe Tojv rrepl Îfiajva MaAa;(tas" re Kal 6 tov
^\.ep-(jDvos ^\ovhas, Kal Scoca vlos 'la/cojjSos" tojv
IhovpLaicov rjyepLcov, tcov he t-qXojTOjv dheX(f)ol hvo,

Traloes Apt, HipLajv Te Kal ^lovhrjs,
93 (ii. Ij 1 tro? he rols fJiev cruv avro) orpaTLcvrais

KaTaoKaTTTeLv Trpoueraê tovs dep-eXiovs tt^?
\vTcovias Kal ttj hvvdp.eL Trdcrfj pahiav ttjv dvohov
94 evTpeTTiCeiv, avTog he tov Îcocr-qTrov TTapaoTTjcd'

fievo?' erreTTvoTO yap err" eKeivqs rrjs -qpLepas,
YlavepLOV 5' Tjv eTrraKatheKdTT] , tov evheXe^LopuOV
KaXovpevov dvhpchv^ aTTopla htaXeXoLTTevai toj Oed)
95 Kai TOV drjpLOV errl tovtoj heivajg dOvpLe'iv Xeyeiv toj
lojdvvj) rrdXiv eKeXevaev a Kal npoTepov, ojs el Kal

Ti avTov epojs KaKos ^X'^^ '^^^ p-dxeoBaL, rrpoeXOovTL pLed^ OGOJV ôvXeTai oXepielv eêlrf hlô.
TOV GvvaTToXeoOai T-qv re ttoXlv Kal tov vaov avTco,
jjLrjKeTL pLevTOL pLLalveiv to dytov pu-qhe els tov deov
TTA-qpipieXelv , rrapelvai S' avTO) Tag eTTiXeXoirrvlas
dvGias eKTeXelv St' cov dv eVtAe^Tyrat "lovhalojv.
96 KaL o lojorjTros J OJS dv elrj p.rj tw 'lojavi^] piovov

aXXa Kal toIs ttoXXoIs ev en-qKooj crrds'/ TCt re tov
97 KatCTapo? hirjyyeXXev i^patôjv, Kal TToXXd npoa-
^ Rea(] probably apvC.v.
' i^riv PAML: iiêlvai De.stinon.
^ om. P; for text cf. iii. 471.
<> iv, 235.
" Perhaps =Jaini=, as read by cod. C.

* The daily, morning and eveninir sacrifice, Heb. Tamid -.
402
but even with his enemies. The Jews, after snatching up the body, again routed the Homans and shut
them up in Antonia. On their side those who dis-
tinguished themselves in this engagement were, in

John's army, a certain Alexas and Gyphthaeus ; in
Simon's division Malacliias, Judas, son of Merton,
A\'ith James, son of Sosas," commander of the
Idumaeans ; and of the Zealots two brothers, Simon
and Jude:, sons of Ari.^
(ii. 1) Titus now ordered the troops that were Antonia

with him to raze the foundations of Antonia and to [he^^cround.
prepare an easy ascent for the whole army. Then, August
ha\inff learnt that on that day it was the seven- ^^- '^
P r T^ ^ ^^' 1 i -n r Cessation o
teenth oi ranemus the so-called contmuai sacrince ^ the daiijhad for lack of men ^ ceased to be offered to God -âcriiices.
and that the people were in consequence terribly
despondent, he put Josephus forsvard with in'^tructions to repeat to John ^ the same message as before.
namely " that if he was obsessed by a criminal
passion for battle, he was at liberty to come out
with as many as he chose and fight, without involving
the city and the sanctuary in his own ruin ; but that
he should no longer pollute the Holy Place nor sin
against God ; and that he had his permission to
perform the interrupted sacrifices ^îth the help of
such Jews as he might select."
Josephus, standing so that his words might reach Josephus

the ears not only of John but also of the multitude, johlflnd
delivered Caesar's message in Hebrew,-^ ^^'ith earnest the Jews.
cf. Numb, xxviii. 6. The cessation of the dtiily offering was

one of the five calamities associated by Jewish tradition with
the 17th of the month Tammuz (Panemus in the Syrian
calendar), Talm. Bab. Taanith, iv. 6.
^ Or (with corrected text) "lambs." ' J. of Gischala.
^ i.e. Aramaic ; cf. Acts xxi. 40, xxii. 2.
403
JOSEPHUS
rjVTLôXei <j>LGaadaL rfj? Trarpihos /cat Stacr/ceSaCTai

rov vaov yevo/jievov rjSrj to TTvp, rov? r' eVayt-
98 ofJLOvs OLTroBovvai ro) Oeo). rrpo? ravra rov Brjfjiov

fjLev Tjv Karij(f)La Kal Giyq, ttoXXo. S' o rvpawos
XoLdop-qdets re rqj ÎcocrrjTTCp Kal KaTapaGap.evos to

TXevTalov TTpoaidrjKev, cog ovk av rrore heioeiev
99 aXojdLV deov yap VTrapx^-iv Tqv ttoXlv. Kai 6
lojG-qTTog rrpos ravT dveKpayev " ttolvv yovv

Kadapav ro) deep rerrjpijKa? avrrjv, dp.LavTov Se
fjLVL TO ayiov, els ov r' iXTriLeis Gvp.p.ay(OV ovhkv
r]G^-qGaSy tols 8' iOlpLOVs dvGias aTToXauBdveL .
1CM3 Kav fiev gov tls d(f)Xr] rrjv Kad^ rffiepav rpo^r^v,
aGe^Grary rovrov ^yrjGaL^ rroXefiLov, avrov 8' 6v
TTJs aiajVLOV dpr]GKLag eGreprjGa? deov eXTTLêtg
101 Gv/jifiaxov ^X^^^ ^^ "^V TToXefjicp; Kal 'Poj/Ltatots"

ra? afiap-rias avaTid-qs, ol P-^XP^ ^^^ K-qhovraL
TUiv "qpierepajv vopLcov Kal rag vtto gov hiaKorreiGas
102 OvGias dTTohihoGOaL rep deep îdtôvrai ; rig ovk dv

Grevdêie Kal KaroXo^vpairo rijg Trapahoôv pLeraôXrjg rrjv ttoXlv, el ye dXX6(f)vXoL p.ev Kal TToXepnoi
Tr]v GTju dGeêiav err av opOovvr at , gv h 6 \ovhaios,
o rolg voptoLs evrpa(j)eLs, KdKelvcov Trpds avrovs
103 y-^'TJ X'^^^'^^'^'^P'^^ > dXXd roL, Icodwrj, /cat p.eravofJGat p.ev e/c /ca/cojv ovk acGXpdv ev eGxdroig /cat
KaXov VTTobeiypLa ôvXopievcp GojLeiv rrjv Trarpiha
104 GOL rrpoKeirai âGiXevs \ovhaLOjv \exovias, 6s

TTore GrparevGavTL rep Ba^vXcjvLcp 8t auroy e/ccov
eêGr-q Trplv dXchvat rrjs rroXeajs Kal pterd yeveds
aixp-O-XiOGLav vrrepLeivev eOeXovGiov vrrep rov p.rj
irapahovvai ravra TToXepiois rd dyia Kal rov oIkov
^ rjyrjcrei C Lat. : rriy)<^'n VR.

4()-i
appeals to them " to spare their country, to disperse

the flames that were already licking the sanctuary
and to restore to God the expiatory sacrifices." " His
words were received by the people in dejection and
silence ; but the tyrant,^ after many invectives and
imprecations upon Josephus, ended by saying that
he " could never fear capture, since the city was
God's."
At this Josephus cried aloud : " Pure indeed

have you kept it for God I The Holy Place too
remains undefiled ! Your looked-for Ally has suffered
no impiety from you and still receives His customary

sacrifices ! Most impious ^\Tetch, should anyone
deprive you of your daily food, you would consider
him an enemy ; and do you hope to have God, whom
you have bereft of His everlasting worship, for your
Ally in this war ? And do you impute your sins
to the Romans, who, to this day, are concerned
for our laws and are trying to force you to restore
to God those sacrifices which you have interrupted ?
Who would not bewail and lament for the city
at this amazing inversion, when aliens and enemies
rectify your impiety, while you, a Jew, nurtured in
her laws, treat them more harshly even than your
foes ?
" Yet, be sure, John, it is no disgrace to repent of

misdeeds, even at the last ; and, if you desire to save
your country, you have a noble example set before
you in Jeconiah, king of the Jews. He, when of old
his conduct had brought the Babylonian's army
upon him, of his own free will left the city before it
Mas taken, and with his family endured voluntary
captivity, rather than deliver up these holy places
Of. i. 32 note. " John.
4-05
JOSEPHUS
105 Tou deou TTcpuSetv (fyXeyofjievov. Std tovto Xoyos

T avTOv rrpos arravrcDV lovSaiajv Upo? Vfxvel^ Kal
fjLvrjfi-q peovaa 8t aiojvos dec vea rots' i7nyLvo[.Li'Oi
106 TTapaScSojcnv dOdvarov. KaXov, co Îcodvvr], vrroheiyiia, Kav TTpoafj klvSwos' iyd> Se uol Kal TrjV
107 arro Vojjiaicov Gvyyva)fxr]v iyyvwpai. iJLeiJivr]ao 8'

CDS' OLio^vXos ojv TTapaivo) Kal 'loL'Satos' cov irrayyeXXofjLai, Kai xp'^ GKOTrelv rts 6 avjjiôvXevcov Kal
TTodev. [jiTj yap eycoye 7tot yevoLfjLTjv l^cov ovtcos
aiXixdXajTO? , Iva rravucoyiai^ rod yevovs t) tcov
108 TrarpLcov emXadajfiaL. TrdXtv dyavaKrels Kai KeKpayds fjLOi Xoihopovpievos, dîoj ye Kal x^XeTTwrepatv ,
OS avTLKpvg elixapiievqs n rrapaiva) Kal rovg vtto
109 rov deov îdt,op.ai KaraKpiTOVs aojlêiv. rts" ovk

oloev ras rcov TraXaiajv TrpocjirjTOJV dvaypa(f)as /cat
rov eTTipperrovra rfj rX-qpiovi iroXei XPV^H-^^ V^l
eveGTcora; rore yap dXaja'iv avri]? TrpoelTTOv,
110 orav 6iJLO(f)vXov rig dp^Tj (j)6vov. rcov vperepcjjv

8e TTTCjOfidTajv ovx 'Q ttoXls Kal rd lepdv Se rrdv
TTerrXi^pwrai; deds dpa, Beds avrds eVdyet [lera
PojjjLaLOJv KaOdpcTLOv^ avro) TTvp Kal ttjv tooovtcov

liiao jidrcxiv yepiOVGav ttoXlv dvapTrdtêi."
111 (2) Tavra Xeyojv d IworrjTTOS fJêr ddvpfjLOV /cat
^ dwuvel L.
- ora. Lat. ; possibly corrupt.
' C, cf. Lat. lustrationis : Kadapaiv the rest.
" Amplification of the narrative in 2 Kings xxiv. 12, " And
Jelioiachin the king of Jiidah went out to the king of Babylon,

he and his mother and his servants and his princes and his
officers : and the king of Babvlon took him," etc. ; cf, Jos.
Ant. X. 100.
* Reference uncertain, but cf. Orac. Sibyll. iv. 115 fl".

ifjêt \at ôXvfxoKTi kclkt] TroXejxoio îêXXa j 'IraXdOey, njbv de dtod
406
to the enemy and see the house of God in flames.^

Therefore is he celebrated in sacred story by all
Jews, and memory, in a stream that runs down the
ages ever fresh, passes him on to posterity immortal.
A noble example, John, even were it dangerous to
follow ; but I can warrant you even pardon from the
Romans. Remember, too, that I who exhort you
am your countryman, that I who make this promise
am a Jew ; and it is right that you should consider
who is your counsellor and whence he comes. For
never may I live to become so abject a captive as to
abjure my race or to foi'get the traditions of my
forefathers !
" Once again are you indignant and shout your

abuse at me ; and indeed I deserve even harsher
treatment for offering advice in fate's despite and
for struggling to save those whom God has condemned. Who knows not the records of the ancient
prophets and that oracle which threatens this poor

city and is even now coming true ? For they foretold that it would then be taken whensoever one
should begin to slaughter his own countrymen.^
And is not the city, aye and the whole temple, filled
with your corpses } God it is then, God Himself,
who with the Romans is bringing the fire to purge
His temple and exterminating a city so laden with
pollutions."
(2) At these words, spoken with lamentation and
jxeyav eâXairdêi. | rjULKa 8' acppoavvrjaL TreTroidores evaeîriv re |

pi4/0vaiv aTvyepous re reXovai (povovs irepi vijov. I Kal tot air'
'lTa\L7]s . . . (an allusion follows to Nero's flight and the
Roman civil war). . . . j eV Zvpirjs 8' -rjêt 'Pw^t??? Trp',uos, 8s irvpl
vribv ! aviii4j\eâs SoXp/xwc ktX. The fourth book of Sibylline
Oracles dates from c. a.d. 80, and is therefore almost con'
temporary with the Jewish War of Josephus.
407
JOSEPHUS
112 haKpvojv Xvyfio) ttjv (f)ajvrjv iveKorrr]. Kal 'Pco/zatot

fxev coKTCipdv re rod irddovs Kal rrjs TrpoaLpeaeajs
avrov iOavpLaaav, ot Se nepL rov la)dvvT]v nap(jj^vvovTO fiaXXop 6771 Tovs Pco/xatows" CTTidviiovvTes
113 iyKparels yeveadai KaKeivov. rcbv ye /xTyv evyevcbv

7ToXXov eKLV-qoev 6 \6yos, Kal rive? fxev oppcuSovvres rd? (/)uAa/<:a,s' rcbv uraGiaoTiJov Kara x^^P^-v
efxevov, aTTcoXeiav [levroL G(f)(jijp re avrcijv Kal ttjs
TToXeojs KareyvojKecjav y elul 8 ot KaipocfjvXaKTJoavres dheiav dvaxcop'qoews rrpos rovs 'PcofiaLovs
114 Kare(^vyov . d)v r]Gav dp^êpeZs /xev lojorjTTOS re

Kal ÎrjGovs, viol 8' dpxi-^peojv rpels p-ev 'Icr/xaTÂou
rod KaparoprjOevTos ev s.vprjvrj, /cat reGGapes
^[ardiov Kal els erepov Mar^tou, StaSpa? perd ttjv
rov TTarpos drrajXeiav, ov 6 rov Tiojpa HipuDV
dneKreLvev gvv rpiGLV viols, a>S irpoeiprirai.
TToAAot 8c Kal rojv dXXa)vY evyevcov rols dpî-epevGL
115 Gvppere^dXovro . Kataap 8 avrovs rd re d'AAa

(f)iXo(^p6vcos eheâro Kal yuvcvGKWv dXXocf)vXoLS
ijOeGLv drjSrj rrjv hiarpt^r^v eêiv drreTTepipev avrovs
els T6<j)vav, rews eKel rrapaivcav peveiv aTTohcoGeiv
yap eKdGrcp rds Kryjaeis Kara GôX-qv arro rov
116 TToXe/jLOV yevofxevos. ol pev ovv els to hodev

rroXixvLOV jxerd TrdGTjs aaâXeias avex^jpovv dapevof
prj <f)aivopeva)v 8 avrcov hie<^rjpLiGav ol CTraotaorat
rrdXiv d)s drroGcâyelev vtto 'Pa)[jiaLa)v ol avropoXoi,
Sr]Xov6rL rovs Xolttovs aTTorperrovres rep <f)6â)
^ om. C Lat.
" Possibly Ishmael, son of Phabi, whose tenure of the

high-priesthood and detention in Rome by Nero as a hostage
are mentioned elsewhere, A. xviii. 34, xx. 179, 194 f.
408
tears, Josephus's voice broke down with sobs. Even Effect of

the Romans pitied him in his emotion and admired deser?fou
his resolution ; but John and his followers were only ^'^.^y
the miore exasperated against the Romans, being nobles
eager to get Josephus also into their power. Many,
however, of the upper class were moved by the speech.
Some of these, indeed, intimidated by the rebels'
guards, remained where they were, though convinced
that they themselves and the city were both doomed

to destruction ; but there were others who, watching
their opportunity for escaping in safety, made off to
the Romans. Among these were the chief priests
Joseph and Jesus, and certain sons of chief priests :
namely three sons of Ishmael " who was beheaded
in Cyrene, four of Matthias, and one son of another
Matthias ^ ; the last had escaped after the death of
his father, who was slain with three of his sons by
Simon, son of Gioras, as related above.*' Many otliers
also of the aristocracy went over with the chief
priests. Caesar both received them with all other '^
courtesy, and, recognizing that they Mould find life /
distasteful amidst foreign customs, dispatched them i
to Gophna,*^ advising them to remain there for the
present, and promising to restore every man's property, so soon as he had leisure after the war. They J
accordingly retired, gladly and in perfect security,
to the small town assigned ; but when nothing more
was seen of them, the rebels again ^ circulated a
report that the deserters had been slaughtered by
the Romans, with the evident intention of deterring
" Matthias, son of Boethus.
" V. 527-531.
* Jufna^ some 12 miles due N. of Jerusalem.
Cf. V. 1-5^^.
40.Q
JOSEPHUS
117 OLaoLopa(7KLv. rjvvoro S' cu? Koi irporepov avrolg

TO 77avovpyq[jLa- Trpog Kaipov 7TG)(0rjaav yap
vrro rod deov? avrojioXelv.
118 (S) AvOls d oj? avrxKaXeuas rovg avhpas arro

T7] T6(!>va Titos' eVe'Aeucre p,ra rod 'lojai^Trov
TTepieXOovras ro tL)(0 6(f)6rjvaL roj h-qyupy 7tXlgtol
119 npog rovs Poj/xatous" (j>evyov. yivojjievoL' S'

adpooL Kal TTpo TOW 'PajpLalajv LaTdp.voL /xer'
OLpLOjyrjs /cat daKpvcov LKeTCvov Tovg crTaataGrrd?
TO fxev TtpcjjTOv oXrj tovs 'Pco/xatous- diâadai rfj
120 TToXet Kal ttjv jraTplSa acbaai [ttoXlvI,^ el be {jltj,

rod ye lepov TiavTws VTreêXdeZv Kal pvoaadaL tov
vaov avTOLS' ov yap av ToXpLijaai 'Pco/xatou? ijltj

fiera fieyLUT7]s avdyKiqs KaTa(f)XeâL to. dy la.
121 TOUTOLS pidXXoV duTe(f)LXoVLKOVV , Kal TToXXd ^Xd-
G(prifia Tols avTOjjLoXoL? avTLKeKpayoreg irrl rcuv

cepcov TTvXdjp Tov^ re o^vêXels Kal KararreXTas
KaL XlOoôXovs fJLrjxavdg hieoTTfaav ^ ojs to kvkXu)
ixev Lepov auo ttXiJOov? veKpow TrpooeoiKevat
122 TToXvavdpLcp, tov 8e vaov avTov c^povpico. toZs S'

aytots" Kal d^dTois /xera twv ottXcdv eLaemjSojv
depfids eTL ra? êlpas e^ 6iJiO(f)vXa)v eôvTes
(povojv, Kal TrpovKoifjav et? togoutov TrapavofJiias,
ojg9 TjV dv elKos dyavdKTTjGLv yeveGdat ^lovdalcov,
et PojjialoL raur' e^v^plloLev* etV aurous", TavT-qv
eivat TTapa Pajp.aLOJV TOTe rrpos TouSatou? dae-
123 ôvvTas els Ta ihia. tojv p,ev ye GTpaTLOJTcbv ovk
eGTLv OGTLS ov fjLeTa (f)pLKrjs ets" TOV vaov d(f)edjpa
^ LC (cf. vi. 230, 321) : iravodpyov the rest.

- "/evjjXivoL P.
' om. Lat., probably rightly : ttoXlv was perhaps written
as a gloss on Trarftioa and then corrected to TrctXiv.

^ e^v^pLôv P.
4lU
the rest from attempting to escape. The ruse, as

before.^ was successful for a while, terror checking
desertions.
(3) Subsequently, however, Titus recalled these who appeal

men from Gophna and ordered them to go round ,.ountrymen
the ramparts with Josephus and let the people see ^ ^
them ; whereupon great numbers fled to the Romans.
Grouped together and standing before the Roman
lines, the refugees, with lamentation and tears, implored the rebels, as their best course, to admit the
Romans freely to the city and to save the fatherland ;
or, failing that, at all events to withdraw from the
temple and to preserve the sacred edifice for them,
since the Romans would never venture, except under
the direst necessity, to set fire to the holy places.
These appeals only excited fiercer opposition, and
retorting by heaping abuse upon the deserters, they

ranged their quick-firers,^ catapults, and halUstae
above the holy gates, so that the surrounding templecourt from the multitude of dead resembled a common
burial-ground and the temple itself a fortress. Into
those hallowed and inviolable precincts they rushed
in arms, their hands yet hot with the blood of their
countrymen ; and to such lengths of crime did they
proceed, that the indignation which the Jews might
naturally have displayed had the Romans inflicted
such wanton outrages upon them, was now manifested by the Romans against the Jews, for profaning their own sacred places. Of the soldiers,
indeed, there was not one who did not regard the
temple with awe and reverence and pray that the
Cf. V. 453 f. " Or " scorpions."
VOL. Ill O 41]
JOSEPHUS
Kal 7TpOGKVVL TOUS" T XrjGTCLS r]V)(TO TTplv OLV-
qKecjTOV TTadovs (JLeravorjaai.
124 (i) Ttros" Se VTTepTradrjGas TraXiv eôjveLhit,e rovs

TTepl Tov ^lojOLVv-qv, Xeycxjv " dp ovx viiels, cL
{jLLapcoraTOL, rov hpvcf)aKrov rovrov Trpov^dXeade
125 Tojv aylcov ; ovx ^H-^^? ^^ '^cl? eV avro) GTTJXas

StearrjcraTe, ypoLpLjiaGLV 'I^XXtjvlkoXs Kal -qpieripois
Kexo.pa.ypevas t^ pLr^Seva to yeiaiov VTrepâiveLv'
126 TTapayyeXXcLV^ ; ovx VH'^^^ ^^ tov? vnepâvrag vpuv

avaipelv eTrerpeipap-ev, Kav 'PcopLaLog ns fj ; ri ovv
vvv, dXirrjpLOi, Kal veKpovs v avrw KaraTTaTelre ;
ri he rov vaov at/xart êvto Kai iyx^jpiO) (fyvpere;
127 [jLaprvpofiaL Oeov? iyoj Trarplovg Kal el ns i(f)eu)pa

TTore rovhe rov ;(C(jpov, vvv jxev yap ovk olofiau,
fiaprvpopai Se Kal arparidv [tt^vJ* efxr^v Kal rovs
Trap" ipol ^lovhalov? Kal Vfids avrovg, d>s ovk iyoj
128 ravd^ vp-ds dvayKdioJ piaLveiv. Kav dXXd^rjre rrjs

TTapardêojg rov rorrov, ovre tt poaeXe-ooer ai rts"
'Pco/Lxatcuv rots' dylois ovr evv^pLaei, nqp-qaoj he
rov vaov vpuv Kal prj OeXovat.
129 (o) Taura rov Îcoa-qTrov hiayyeXXovros eV rod
Katoapos", ol XrjGral Kai 6 rvpavvos ovk arr

evvolas dXXd Kara heiXlav yiveoOai rds rrapa-
130 KXijaecs hoKovvres vrreprjcjidvovv. Tiros he ws ovre

OLKrov eavrcov rovs dvhpas ovre (êihoj" rov vaov
7TOiovp.evovs eojpa, trdXiv Trpos iroXepiov aKOJv
131 excopei. irdaav ptev ovv rrjv hvvapLLV eTrdyeiv avrols

ovx oToy re rjv prj x^^povpevrjv rev roTTOJ, rpiaKovra
S' eTTiXeâs d(f>^ eKaorrjs eKarovrapxlo-S rovs
1 -f a MV2 rsj MViRC).
* + dWoyevi) Destinon (cf. v. 194),

3 7rapa77e\\ei MVKC.
412
brigands might relent ere it met with irretrievable

calamity.
(4) Titus, yet more deeply distressed, again up- unavailing
braided John and his friends. "Was it not you," appeal of

he said, " most abominable wretches, who placed this ''"^'
balustrade before your sanctuary ? Was it not you
that ranged along it those slabs, engraved in Greek

characters and in our own, proclaiming that none
may pass the barrier ? And did we not permit you
to put to death any who passed it, even were he a
Roman ? Why then, you miscreants, do you now
actually trample corpses underfoot within it ? Why
do you defile your temple with the blood of foreigner
and native ? I call the gods of my fathers to witness
and any deity that once watched over this place
for now I beUeve that there is none I call my
army, the Jews within my hnes, and you yourselves
to witness that it is not I who force you to pollute
these precincts. Exchange the arena of conflict for
another and not a Roman shall approach or insult
your holy places ; nay, I will preserve the temple
for you, even against your ^vill."
(5) This message from Caesar being transmitted Roman

through Josephus, the brigands and their tyrant,^ attack
attributing his exhortations rather to cowardice than watched
goodwill, treated them with contempt. Titus, there- iron/ ^'^
upon, seeing that these men had neither compassion "^^ntonia.
for themselves nor regard for the temple, once more

reluctantly resumed hostilities. It was impossible "'
to bring up his whole force against them owing to <,,'

the confined nature of the ground ; he therefore- /
selected thirty of the best men from each century,
" V. 193 f. " John of Gischala.
* L: cm. the rest. ^ 0ei5u) riva LVllC.
413^
JOSEPHUb
dpLGTOV? Kal rot? ;^tAtap;(ots' avd ;\;tAtous" Trapaôv?,

rovTOJV 8* 7nrdâs rj-yejioiâ YiepedXLOV, eTnîoOai
irpoara^ rat? (fivXaKol? Trepl ojpav rrj? vvktos
132 ii'drrjv. ovra he Kal avrov iv rol? ottXol? Kal

GvyKaraâiveLv TrapecTKevaafxevov ol re ^t'Aot 8ta
TO fieyedog rod klvBvvov Kareaxov Kal rd rrapd
133 Tojv -qyep-cvajv \ey6p.eva' TrXeiov yap avrov avvueiv

<f>aGav eVt rr^s" W^VTCovias KaOeLofxevov /cat rrju
p.dxrjv dyajvoderovvra toIs GrparidjTais 7} t Kara/Sa? 7TpoKLv8vvvoL- TrdvTa? yap opojvros KatVapos"
134 ayaôv? TToXefiLGrds eaeGdai. tovtol? TreLadeis

Katcrap Kal 3t' ev rovro rot? crrpartajTats" uttopLVLV L7Tcoi>, Lva KpivTj rd? dp^rds avTcov Kal fx-qre
rcov ayadwv rt? dyepaarog pi-qre rcbv evavTLOJV
arLpLOjprjTO hiaXdOrj, yevrjrai S' avroTrrrj? /cat
fiaprvs aiTavTwv 6 /cat roO /coAaêtv /cat rou
135 rip.dv KVpLos, rovg pLev irrl ttjv Trpd^Lv 7Tp.7T KaO
Tjv ojpav TTpoelprjraL, TrpoeXdojv 8' avros els to
evKaroTTTov diro t^s *AvTa)VLas e/capa8o/cet ro
p.4XXov.
136 {Q) Ov pLTjv OL ye Tre/^^êWe? rovg c^vXaKas evpov

KOLpLOjpLevovs, d) 7]X7TLGav, dXX dvaTTTjhrjGacn p-era
Kpavyrjs evdecxj? GwerrXeKovro- irpos 8e rr]V ^07]v
Tojv eKKOLTOvvTOjv evSoOev ol XoLTTol Kard arZ(j)OS
137 eêdeov. tojv pLev 817 Trpcorwv rd? 6pp.ds eeBexo^ô 'PojpLaLOL' TrepteVtTrrov 8' ol p-er eKeivovs
r<2) or(f)rpaj rdypLan, Kal ttoXXoI toIs olklol co?
138 TToXepiioLS )(pa)vro. rrjv p,ev ydp 8td ôrj? 7tlyvujGLv Tj Kpavyrj avyxvOetaa Trap' d/>t(/)otv, rrjv 8e 8t
Sextus Cerealis Vettulenus, commander of Legion V,

iii. 310, etc.
414
entrusted every thousand to a tribune, and appointing Cerealius commander-in-chief gave orders to
attack the guards about the ninth hour of the night.
He was himself in arms and prepared to descend
uith them, but was restrained ^ by his friends on
account of the gravity of the risk and the observations of the officers, who remarked that he would
achieve more by sitting still in Antonia as director
of the contest of his troops than by going down and
exposing himself in the forefront ; for under the eyes
of Caesar all would play the man. To this persuasion
Caesar yielded, telling his men that his sole reason
for remaining behind was that he might judge of
their gallantry, so that none of the brave might go
unnoticed and unrewarded nor any of an opposite

character escape the penalty, but that he, who had
power both to punish and to reward, might be a
spectator and witness of all. At the hour mentioned
he dispatched them upon their enterprise, while he
himself advanced to a spot from which he could see
all below, and from Antonia anxiously awaited the
issue.
(6) The force thus dispatched did not, however, find

the guards asleep, as they had hoped, but, the latter
springing up with a shout, they were instantly involved in a close struggle ; and at the cry of the
sentries their comrades dashed out in a dense
body from within. The Romans met the charge
of the front ranks ; while those behind fell foul
of their own party, and many treated their friends
as foes. For recognition by the voice was rendered
impossible for any by the confused din on either
* Cf. 2 Sam. xviii. 2 if. (David restrained from going forth

to war against Absalom).
415
JOSEPHUS
oyijiaTcov tj vv^ eKacrov a.(êiXero, /cat TV(j)XdjTTiv

a.X\oj<^ ovs fiev ol dvixol rrapeaKevaiov ovs 8' ol
(f)6IÔL- Slol Tovro Tov 7TpoGrv)(6vra TrX'qrreLv rjv
139 aKpirov. 'Pojfj.aLOVs jxev ovv orvvrjGTTLKoras /cat

Kara cruvraêLg TTporrrihcovras tjttov e^XaTrrev -q
ayvota' /cat yap rjv rrap e/cacrroj pLvrniTj rov
140 uvvQ-qpiaTos' 'louSatot ' det (JKebawvfievoL /cat

rag re rrpoGJôXas /cat ras vrroxcopviGeis dveS-qv ttolovfxevoL TToXXaKLS (f)avraGLav rrapel-ôv aXXrjXois
TToXealajv rov v770Grp(f)Ovra yap eKaGros olKelov
Sid GKorovs (JJS eTTiovra 'PojjJLalov iêhix^TO.
141 nXeiovs yovv vtto tojv Ihicov rj row TToXefiiajv

erpojdv.GaVy ews rjp.pas yevofievqs oipei ro Xolttov
7j pidyrq Ste/cptVero, /cat Kara (j)dXayya hiaoravres
rolg re êXeGiv evraKroig expojvro /cat rat? djivvatg.
142 ovderepoL 8e ovr eiKOv ovr eKomajv, dAA ol /xev

oj eSopowros Katcrapo?^ /car dvhpa /cat Kara
GvvrdEeis TJpLLôv dXX-qXoig, /cat TTpoKOTTrjs eKaGros
eKeivTjV avroj rrjv rjiiepav dpêiv vrreXdjiâvev , el
143 yewaLCj'^ dyojviGairo' 'lofSatots" 8' e^pdêve rds

roXfxas 6 re Trepl G(îjjv avrcov /cat rod lepov (f)6ô^
/cat d rvpawog eSeGrojs kol rovs [lev rrapaKaXcov,
144 rov? Se pLaGrcycov /cat hieyeipcov aTreiXals. gvve^Baive Se ro p.ev TrXelGrov Gradalav^ elvat rrjv p.dx'qv,
ev oXiycp he /cat rapêoj? avriGrpecfêGOaL rds porrds'
ovoerepoL yap ovre cpvyijs ovre hiojêojs jJLrjKos
145 etôv. aet 8e rrpds ro Gvptfâlvov ot/cetos"^ drro rrjs
A.vrajvLa? 6 dopvôs rjv, SappeZv he /cat KparovGi
^ P Lat. (iraperatoris) : Ttroi the rest. ^ crabialav mss.
^ C: om. L: oUeioLs (toIs oikclols M) the rest.
* Or " was separated (or ' decided 'j by the eye."

416
side, as was ocular recognition by the darkness of
the night ; moreover, some were so bhnded bv

passion and others by fear as to strike indiscriminately all who fell in their way. The Romans, Mho
interlocked their shields and charged bv companies,
suffered less from such ignorance ; each man, too,
recollected the watchword. But the Jews, constantly
scattering and alike attacking and retreating at
random, were frequently taken by each other for
enemies : each man in the darkness receiving a
returning comrade as if he were an advancing Roman.
Indeed more were wounded by their own friends
than by the foe, until, with the dawn of day, the
battle thenceforward was discernible to the eye and,
parting into their respective lines, they could employ
their missiles and maintain their defence in srood
order. Nor did either side give way or relax their
efforts. The Romans, as under the eye of Caesar,
\ied man with man and company with company,
each believing that that day would lead to his
promotion, if he but fought with gallantry. The
Jews had as arbiter of their own daring deeds their
fear for themselves and for the temple and the
looming presence of the tyrant,^ encouraging some,
rousing others by the lash and by menaces into
action. The contest was perforce for the most
part stationary,*' the manoeu\Tes to and fro being
limited to a narrow space and quickly over ; for

neither side had room for flight or pursuit. And at
every incident of the fight an appropriate roar went
up from Antonia : were their comrades gaining they
" John of Gischala.
The Mss. read " was perforce confined at most within

a furlong."
417
JOSEPHUS
TOtS" G(f)TpOLg eTTeÔOJV Kol fJ,VLV rp7TOfJLVOL^.
146 T^y S' ojGTTep tl TroAeôu dearpov ovhev yap ovr

Tltov ovre rovs rrepl avrov eXdvdave rcov Kara ttjv
147 fidxT^v. TO Se Tzipas, dp^dpLvoi rrjg wkto? ivdrrjg

(jjpag TTepl^ TrefiTTT-qv rrj? rj[jLpag hieXvO-qaav, dcf)^
ovTrep rjpâvro tottov rrjs ovjxjioXri^ firjSercpoL
jSe/SatajS" KXlvavreg rous" irepovs, dXXd ttjv vlktjv
143 fjLearjV iv dyxo^P-dXa/ KaraXiTTovTes . Kai Pajfialcov

fxev eTTLGrjiiajg -qyajvlcravro ttoXXol, lovhalojv S' e/c
/xev Tcov Trepl ILijiajva louor/? o rod Mapeajroi; kol
^Lfxojv 6 rod 'Oaata, row be IdovfiaLajv Id/ccuôs"
Kal aipLCOv, 'A/<:areAd^ /xev ovrog ttoIs, ôjad Se
o ^laKOjôs, Tujv he [xera Icoavvov Yechdalos Kal
ÂXe^dg, Tojv Se l,rjXa>rojv St/xcoy vlog 'Apt.
149 (t) 'Ev tovtoj 8' 77 XoLTTTj Twv 'PcD/xatcDV Suva/Ltts"

-qyiepais errrd KaraoTpeifjajievq rovg Trjg ^ Avrojviag
dejieXiovs P'^XP'- '^^^ lepov TrXarelav dvobov* ev-
150 rperrLGavTO. TrX-qGidaavra de to) TTpojTOj TrepijôXq)

TO. rdyp-ara Kari^px^TO ;>(aj/iaTa)v, to fxev dvTiKpvg
Trjs Tov etuoj lepov yojvlas, tjtis tjv KaT* dpKTOv
Kal hvaiv, to he Kara tt^v ôpeiov iêhpav, rj
151 fie~aû TOW duo ttvXojv rjv tcov he Xolttojv hvo

BdTepov p.ev Kara T-qv eorrepLov OTodv tov eôjdev
lepov, TO S' eTepov eôjf KaTa ttjv ôpeiov. rrpov-
KOTTTeV fJLeVTOL jJieTa TToXXoV KapidTOV Kal TaXatTTCD-
pias avToZs Ta epya iKalf ttjv vXiqv d(f)^ eKaTOv
152 GTahioJV OVyKOjlLÔVGLV, eKaKOVVTO h od OTTT) Kal
Kar' eTTLôvXds, avTOi dta Trepiovoiav tov KpaTelv
^ Niese : iVep mss. * P : + ry Trapardêt the rest.
' PA: Xa-.-arf\a AIVR : Karâta L: KadXa C ; cf. v. 2i9.

* 600V PM Lat. Heg. ; for text cf. \'u 93.
' cm. Lat. * cm. C Lat
4-18
JEWISH WAR, VI. U5-152
shouted to them to be of good cheer, were they

falHng back, to stand fast. It was like a battle on
the stage, for nothing throughout the engagement
escaped the eyes of Titus or of those around him.
At length, after an action which opened at the ninth
hour of the night, they broke off about the fifth hour
of the day, neither side ha\ing seriously repelled
their adversaries from the very spot on which the conflict began, and victory remaining undecided in this a drawn
drawn battle. Of the Romans many distinguished ^ ^
themselves ; the Jewisli heroes were, of the partv of
Simon, Judes son of Mareotes, and Simon son of

Hosaias ; of the Idumaeans, James and Simon, the
latter the son of Acatelas," the former of Sosas ; of
John's contingent, Gephthaeus and Alexas ; of the
Zealots, Simon son of Ari.
(7) Meanwhile the rest of the Roman army, having a road

in seven days overthrown the foundations of Antonia, l^\
had prepared a broad ascent to the temple. The temple
legions now approaching the first wall began to raise pm^bankembankments : one facing the north-west angle of i^'^^Jitd
the inner temple, a second over against the northern
hall which stood between the two gates, and two
more, one opposite the western portico of the outer
court of the temple, the other outside ^ opposite the
northern portico. The works, however, did not
advance without causing the troops great fatigue
and hardship, the timber being conveyed from a
distance of a hundred furlongs ; ^ they also suffered
occasionally from stratagems, being themselves
owing to their overwhelming superiority less on their
* The name elsewhere appears as Caathas or Cathlaci,

iv. 271, V. 249.
^ Perhaps " further out" Cf. 5.
VOL. Ill o2 419
sineered
the
JOSEPHUS
6vT aheearepot /cat St OLTroyvojOLV tJSt] ocurripLas
153 XPÎ^^^^^ roXyLTjpoTepois tols ^lovhaiois. tow yap

LTTTTecov TLves OTTOTe 7TpoeX6oLv eVt ^vXelav Tj
Xoprov GvXXoyqv, rov rrj? oruyKOfJLLhTJs^ XP^^^^
avieaav ôGKeaOai rov? lttttovs a77o;^'aAtyouvTes',
ovs OL lovSoLOL Kara gtZ<J)o? eKm^hcxivres rjprratôv.
154 'ô.t rovTOV crvvexo^? yivofievov vojiLGag Katcrap,

07Tp rjv, apieXeia rcov crêrepcov ttXeov t) rfj 'louSatcoy dvSpeta ylveaOai rag apirayds, eyi'co gkv-
BpOJTTOTepOV TOVS XoLTTOV? 77/30$" ^vXaKTjV TlXiV
155 Ittttojv^ eTTLGrpeipaL. /cat KeXevGas d7TaxOT]vai, ttjv

7TL Oavdrcp rcov aTToXeGavrajv GTpariojTcJQV eva,
(f)6^cp TOLs aAAots" ir-qprjGe rovs Ittttovs' ovkItl yap
eiojv vepeGdai, KaOdrrep he Gvp7recf)VK6r avrols
156 7TL rd? ;^petas" i^rjeGav. ol p.V ovv TrpoGeTToXepLovv

TO) Lepo) /cat ra ;)(a)âTa Stryyetpov.^
157 (8) Mera 8e pilav rjpepav avTcbv rrjs dvoSov

TToAAot rdjv GraGiaGTCiiv, ols dprray at re eireXeLTTOV
rjhrj /cat o Atô? TJireuye, GweXdovres rat? /caret to
EAatojv opos PojpLalojv ûAa/cat? eTTiTLBevTai Trepl

copav evheKdr-qv rrjs rjpiepag, olopievoL Trpcorov pLev
dhoKTjTOJv, eTTetra rrpos depaTrelais* yjSrj rov
158 GcopLarog ovrcov paSlaJS Ste/cTratcetv.^ TrpoaiGBopL,evoi he rrjv e(j>ohov avrajv ol 'Poj/xatot /cat
Ta;êaj? e'/c rcov ttXtjglov cfipovplajv GVvhpapL,6vres
etpyov VTrepTTTjhdv /cat Sta/coTiretv ro TTepireLX^Gpia
159 ^LaL,opLevovs. yevopLevqs he Kaprepds rrjs GvpiôXrJ dXXa re 77oAAa 77ap' eKarepcov yevvaiojs
^ PA : KOfMidiis the rest.

- A Lat. : lirireojv the rest,
' L: SirD'eipai' the rest. * Xiese : Oepaweias MSS.
^ Destilion : dieKTreaelv C : OieKirai.eLi' the rest.
420
JEWISH WAR. VI. 152-159
guard, while they found the Jews through their

present despair of escape more daring than before.
Thus, some of the cavalry, whenever they went out Jewish
to collect wood or fodder, used to take the bridles stealers.
off their horses and turn them loose to graze while
they were foraging ; and these the Jews, sallying
out in companies, carried oif. This happening
repeatedly, Caesar, correctly believing that these
raids were due rather to the negligence of his own
men than to the courage of the Jews, determined
by an act of unusual severity to make the rest more
attentive to the care of their horses. He accordingly
ordered off one of the troopers who had lost his horse
to capital punishment, and by that fearful example
preserved the steeds of the others ; for they no
longer let them graze, but went forth on their
errands clinging to them as though man and beast

were by nature inseparable. The assnult on the
temple and the erection of the earthworks thus
occupied the energies of the Romans.
(8) The day after the ascent of the legions many Jewish
of the rebels, who with plunder now failing them Roj^Jjfn
were hard pressed by famine, j' ined forces and cnnp on
attacked the Roman sentries on th= Mount of Olives " biivet.
at about the eleventh hour of the day ; expecting
firstly to find them off their guard, and secondly to
catch them while taking refreshment, and thus easily
to break through. The Romans, however, forewarned of their approach, promptly rushed from the
neighbouring forts to the spot and checked their
forcible efforts to scale or to cut their way through
the camp wall. A sharp contest ensued, in which
many gallant feats were performed on either side ;
" Where the tentli legion were encamped, v. 69 f.
4.21
JOSEPHUS
77 pdxOr), 'PcD/xaicov jicv fiera rrjg laxvos l^Treipia

rod TToXejielv ;\;paj/LteVajv, ^lovSaiajv 8' acêtSeat rats'
160 opiials /cat rots' dvfioT? dKaraGxeroLs- iorrparijyeL

Be Tujv fjLev atScos", tcop S' dvdyKTj' to re yap
iâêlvai ^lovSalovs ojcrTrep dpKVGLV eveiXriiiivovg^
Poj/xatots atcr;)i^tcrrov' eSoarei, KaKeZvoi ficav eArrtSa

Uior-qpias ^lôv , et ^LaadjJLevoL p-qêLav to teIxos'
161 Kat Tcov arro GTreipas rts" lttttIcov, IleSaytos" rovVoâ,

rp770fj.eva)v tJot] tujv lovBaLcov xat Acara rr^S"
(âpayyos (jvvojdovjxevojv , podiov k irXayiov irapeXavvojv tov Ittttov dprrdtei TLvd (f)evyoPTa tcov
TToXefiLojv, vavLav OTiâpov re dXXcos to aoj/jLa
/cat KaOajTrXiGpLevov, hpa^dpLevog k tov Gchvpov'
162 TOGOVTOV pLV iaVTOV K TpXOVTO e7TKXlVe TOV

LTTTTOV, TOGOVTOV S* iTTeSetâTO TTjS^ he^lds TOV
Tovov /cat TOV XoiTTOv GojpLaTOs ert S' e/irrctptav'
163 LTTTTLKrjg. 6 (iv ovv ojGTTep TL KLp.rjXiov apTTaoapLvo rjK (îpojv KatcTopt TOV aLXP-dXojTov Ttros"
TOV iLv XaôvTa TTJs ^wdfiecos davp-doas, tov
8e XrjSdivTa ttjs rrepl to tIxos i7nxLpt]GOJS

KoXdoaL KeXevoag, auros" iv rats' Trepl to lepov
SiapidxcK'S rjv /cat ra ;)(oj/xaTa KaTrjTTeiyev.
164 (9) 'Ev o) 'lovSatot KaKovpLevoL rat? Gvp.ôXaZs,

aet /car oXiyov Kopv<f)Ovp.evov rod noXepLov /cat roj
Vaa> 77 pOGepTTOVTO?, Kadd77ep Gr]770pLVOV GOJpLaTOS
a7TK077TOV TOL 77poeiXrjp.p.va pieXrj (^davovres tt^v
165 ct? TO TTpoGOJ vopLTjV. TTjS ydp ôpLov Koi /cara
hvGLV GTods TO GVVX^S 77p6s TTjV ÂvTOJVLaV
epLTTp-qoavTes CTTCtra drripp-qâv ooov 77rixLS eLKOGi,

rats' tStats' ;\;epcrtv dp^dpLevot /catetv rd dyia.
^ e;'et\77,u^;/OL'j Destlnon : VL\rj/j./j.POis 3ISS.
* 4- re AVRC. ' Syr. Suidas : ifiweipias 3iss.
422
the Romans displaying military skill combined with

strength, the Jews reckless impetuosity and unbridled
rage. Shame commanded the one party, necessity
the other ; for to let loose the Jews, now caught
as it were in a net, seemed to the Romans most disgraceful, while their enemy's one hope of safety lay
in forcing their way through the wall. Among other Equestrian
incidents, a trooper from one of the cohorts, named pedanius.
Pedanius when the Jews were at last repulsed
and being driven down into the ravine urging
his horse at top speed along their flank, snatched up
one of the flying foe, a youth of sturdy frame and
in full armour, grasping him by the ankle ; so far
did he stoop from his horse, when at the gallop,
and such muscular strength of arm and body, along
with consummate horsemanship, did he display.
Carrying off his captive like some precious treasure,
he came A\ith his prize to Caesar. Titus expressed
his admiration of the captor's strength, ordered his
captive to punishment for his assault on the wall,
and then devoted his attention to the struggle for
the temple and the acceleration of the earthworks.
(9) Meanwhile the Jews, sorely suffering from Burning of
their encounters, as the war slowly, yet steadily, porticoes^

rose to a climax and crept towards the sanctuary? ûf'Vli^
cut away, as from a mortifying body, the limbs and conalready affected, to arrest further ravages of the the Romans.
disease. In other words, they set fire to that portion
of the north-west portico which was connected with
Antonia, and afterwards hacked away some twenty
cubits, their own hands thus beginning the conflagration of the holy places. Twô days later, on the ^^2 August
423
JOSEPHUS
166 fj-era 8' r^fiepag Suo, rerpdhi koI et/caSt rov irpo-
Lpr]flVOV [JLTjVOS, TT^V TtXtjGLOV GTOOLV VTTOTTipLTTpdGL
PojfxaiOL, Kai f^^XP^ Trevrc/catSe/ca ttt^x^^ TrpoKoipavro? rov TTvpos aTTOKOTrrovoiv ofiOLcos 'louSatot
TT]!^ opodirjv, pLTjTe Kaddrrav^ e^LGrafxevoL ra)v epyojv
Kai TO TTpo? rrjv Avrajviav Gvva(f)g avrcov St-
167 aipovvTe<s' Sto koI Trapov KcoXveiv VTTOTTLfX'npdvTag ,
OL Se TTpos" T'qv ijJLôXrjv rod TTvpos rjpefjLrJGavre?
168 r7]v vofjLTjv efierpr^Gav ro) g(^lgi -)(p-qGip.a),^ irepi

pikv Srj TO Upov ov hieXeiTTOv at GVfiôXai, Gvveyrjs
8' Tjv Kara jilpos eKdeovTCjv iir* dXXrjXovs 6
TToXepLog.
169 (lo) TcDv 'lofSatcov Se rt? KaTO. TavTas Tag

rjp.epas dvrjp to re Gcofxa ^pa^vs f<al ttjv bifjiv
VKaTa<j)p6v'qTos , yivovs 6^ eveKa Kai tojv dXXojv
do-qfioSi "IcovdBviS eKaXelTO, TrpocXdojv Kara to
rod dpxêpeojs Îcodwov pLvqiielov dXXa re ttoXXol
TTpos Tovg 'Pco/iaious- VTreprjchdvojg ecjydeyyeTo Kai
Tov dpiGTOv avTOW els p.ovoixa-)(Lav vpovKaXelro.
170 TcDv Se Tavrrj TrapaTerayjievajv ol ttoXXoI p.ev

V7TpT]cf)dvovv, rjGav 6' ot /cara to eIkos cSeSotKrecrav,
T^Trrerd ye firjv tlvcov /cat Xoyiopios ovk aGvveTOS
171 OavaTchvTi [irj GvpLTrXeKeGOar tovs ydp aTreyvojKOTas TTjV GUJTTjpiav dfia^ Kai tcls opiids ara/xteuTovs XiV Kai TO deXov evSvGOJTTiqTOi', ro re rrapa^dXXeGOaL TTpos ovs Kai ro viKav ov p.eya koa f-ier
aLGXvyrjS TO XeL(f)d-qvaL G<j>aXepQVt ovk dvhpeias
1 Kaddira^ PAM.
" Tc3 (TtfjiaL ypq<T. Niese : aurd; crcpiac XPV^'-P-'^^ MSS.

^ oLfxa Destinon : dXXd PAL, perhaps rightly = " yet " : to.
re dXAa (ravr dXXa) the rest.
i.e., to cut the connexion with Antonia.

4*24
twenty-fourth of the month above mentioned, the

Romans set hght to the adjoining portico ; and
when the flames had spread to a distance of fifty
cubits, it was again the Jews who cut away the roof,
and with no reverence whatever for these works of
art severed the connexion thereby formed Aîth
Antonia. For that reason,'^ though they might
have prevented the building from being set ahght,
instead when the fire attacked it they remained
motionless and merely measured the extent of its
ravages by their own convenience. Thus conflicts
around the temple raged incessantly, and fights
betwxen small parties sallying out upon each other
were continuous.
(10) In the course of these days a Jew, named single

Jonathan, a man of mean stature and despicable jewand
appearance, undistinguished by birth or otherwise, fô'âru
coming forward opposite the tomb of the high-priest
John,^ and addressing the Romans in much opprobrious language, challenged the best of them to
single combat. Of those in the adverse ranks at
this point, the majority regarded him with contempt,
some probably with apprehension, while others were
influenced by the not unreasonable reflection that
it was wise to avoid a conflict with one who courted
death ; being aware that men who despaired of their
lives had not only ungovernable passions but also
the ready compassion of the Deity, ^ and that to risk
life in an encounter with persons whom to defeat
were no great exploit, while to be beaten would
involve ignominy as well as danger, would be an
^ John Hyrcanus ; the neig-hboiirhood of his monument

was the point selected by Titus for his first attack, v, -2 J9.
" Literally "had the Deity easily put out of countenance."

i.e. "easily moved bj' entreaty."
425
JOSEPHUS
172 aAAa dpaavTrjros etvat. /XT^SeP'os" S' im ttoXv

npoLOvros kol rod Yovhaiov ttoXKo. KaraKepropLovvrog avrovs et? heiXiav, aAa^cuv yap tl<s rjv
avrw a(f)68pa Kal rcov 'PojpLaLOjv vrrcpiqcjiavog,
Ylovhrj? TLS ovopia row i^ lXtjs Imreajv ^SeXv^dpLvos avrov ra re pijpLara Kai ro auâSes", et/co?
Se Kal Tzpog rrjv ^paxvrrjra rod crctj/xaro? avrov
173 acTKeTTro)? iTrapdrjvai, rrpoTT-qha, Kal ra ptev dXXa

TTept-qv avpLâXojv, Trpoehod-q 8' vtto rrjs rvx^]?'
7TGovra yap avrov 6 lojvddrjs a7T0G(f)drrei irpocr-
174 hpapLcov. eVetra eTTi^ds roj vKpcp ro re ^L(f)OS

7jpLaypLvov dveaeie Kal rfj Aata rov Ovpeov, irr-qXdXaê re rfj Grpana rroXjxd Kal upos rov rreoovra
KOpLTTalojv Kal rovs opwvras 'Pcoâtous" eTTiGKOj-
175 TTrojv, eoj? avrov dvacrKLprcovra /cat ' pLaraCl,ovra

YlplGKos ns eKarovrapx^j? roêvaag StTÂacre êXet'
TTpog o row re louSatojF /cat rojv 'Pco/Ltatcov Kpavyrj
176 Gvve^-qpdr] hid(ôpos. 6 he SivrjOel? e/c rwv dXyrjhovojv eirl ro acopia rov TToXepLLOv Kareneaev,
ojKvrar-qv drrocjirivas ev noXepiOJ rrjv eVt rots
aXoyojs evrvôvGi^ vejieaLV.
177 (iii. l) Ot S' ai'a ro lepov araGLaaral (fyavepojs

re ovK avceGav rov? et rcov x^H-drojv Grpancoras
apivvopievoi Ka9 eKaGrr^v rjpLepav, Kal rov Trpoeiprjpuevov pL-qvos e^SopLTj Kal eiKdhi hoXov evGKevd-
178 l,ovraL roLovhe. rrj? eGeptov Grodg ro pLera^v

Td)v SoKow Kal rrjs vtt" avrals' 6po(f)rjs vXt^s
avaTTLpLTrXaGLv avrj<?, Trpog he dG(f)dXrov re /cat
TnGGTjS' erreid d>s KararrovovpLevoL hrjdev fTre^co-
179 povv. rrpo? o row pLev daKerrrojv rroXXoi rat?

oppialg (f)ep6pievoL rrpoGeKeivro rots VTTOXCopovGLV
^ T(2 (to A) aXoyciis evrvxovvTL PA.
426
act, not of bravery, but of recklessness. For k

no antagonist came forward and the Jcav continued
to rail at them as cowards for the fellow was
supremely conceited and contemptuous of the
Romans until a trooper from one of the squadrons,'*
named Pudens, disgusted at his language and
arrogance, perhaps also thoughtlessly presuming on
his puny stature, leapt forward, and Avas otherA^se
gaining on his adversary in the encounter , when he
was betrayed by fortune : for he fell, whereupon
Jonathan sprang upon him and dispatched him.
Then, trampling on the corpse, brandishing his
bloody sword and with his left hand waving his
buckler, he shouted lustily to the army, glorying
over his prostrate foe and jeering at his Roman
spectators ; until, in the midst of his dancing and
buffoonery, Priscus, a centurion, bent his bow and
transfixed him Avith an arrow, calling forth from
Jews and Romans simultaneous cries of a contrary
nature. The \ictim, A\Tithing in agony, fell upon
the body of his foe, illustrating how swift in war is
the nemesis that overtakes irrational success.
(iii. 1) The rebels in the temple, while never a Jewish

relaxing their undisguised daily efforts to repel the ^"eat^ ""^
troops on the earthworks, on the twenty-seventh Koman lo;
of the above-named month contrived, moreover, the ponico.

following ruse. They filled the space between the p\?^^^""
rafters of the western portico and the ceiling beneath
them with dry tinder, along with bitumen and pitch,
and then, as though utterly exhausted, retired.
Thereupon many of the inconsiderate legionaries,
carried away by impetuosity, started in pursuit of
" Of the auxiliary cavalry {alae).
* vir' airrah ed. pr. : utt' (ott' or ctt') oi't^s mss.
427
JOSEPHUS
677t re rrjv crroav dveTTrjbcov Trpoodlfxevoi xrAi/ua/ca?,

ol he cruvercorepoL rrjV dXoyov rpoTrrjV tcov 'lof-
180 Satajv VTTOvo-qcravres efievov. KareTrX-qGdrj fievroi

TCOV avaTT-qS-qaavrajv rj Grod, Kav tovto) 'louSatot^
Trdaav vOTTLfXTTpdaLV avr-qv. alpoiievrjg 5' at(/)vtOLOJS TrdvTodev rrjs (hXoyog rovs re eôj rod
KLvSvvov 'Poj/xa tous" KXrj^L5 iireax^ hetirrj Kal
181 rovg TTepiux^devras dprj-âvia. KVKXovfjLevoi 8'

vrro rrJ SXoyOi ol p.kv elg rrjv ttoXlv ottlgoj KareKpTjpLVLLov eavrovs, ol S' et's" rovs rroXejiLOVS, ttoXXol
o iXldi Gajrrjpias els rovs G(f)erepovs KaraTTTjhcoures eKXoJvro rd iieXi), TrXetGrajv S' e(f)dave rds
opfxas ro rrvp Kal nves r-qv (hXoya GLOT]pcp.
182 rrepielx^ 8' evdecog Kal rovs dXXoJS (f)deLpoiievovs

ro TTvp errl rrXelGrov eKSepofievov. Kataapa he
KaiTTep yâXeTTaLvovra rols doXXv[ievoLS, erreLdr]
OLxa TTapayyeXfJLaros dvaê^T^KeGav, ojjlojs oIktos
183 LGTJeL rdjv dvhpdjv Kal jJLTjSevos TrpoGajJUVveiv

hvvap.evov , rovro yovv Trapap^vdiov rjv rols (j)deipofieuois ro ^Xerrecv vrrep ov ns r](i)Ui rrjv xjjvxr^v
oSwcvfievov Bodjv re yap avrols Kal 77 poTrrjScov
Kat rols Trepl avrov eK tojv evovrwv eTrapivveiv
184 TTapiKaXcov hi^Xos ii)v. rds Se (âjm? eKaGros Kai

r-qv didOeGiv ojGTrep n XapLTrpov drro<f)epojv evrd(îov
185 vdvp,os drredvrjGKev. evLoi ye jir^v el rov rol)(Ov

rrjs GTods ovra TrXarvv dvaxojp-qGavres eK pev rov
TTvpos hieGiod-qGaVy vtto he rcov ^Yovhalcov rrepiGêdevres errl ttoXv pev drreGôv hiarirpcoGKo-
^ PL : ol 'lovoa'iot. the rest,

428
the fugitives and, applying ladders, sprang up them

on to the portico ; the more prudent, however,
suspecting the unaccountable withdrawal of the
Jews, remained where they were. The portico,
nevertheless, was packed with those who had
mounted, at the moment when the Jews from below
set the whole building alight. The flames suddenly
shooting up on every side, those of the Romans who
\vere out of danger were seized with dire consternation, while those involved in it were utterly helpless.
Surrounded by the flames, some precipitated themselves into the citv behind them, some into the
enemy's midst ; many in hope of saving themselves
leapt down among their friends and fractured their
limbs ; but most in their rush to escape were caught by
the fire, while some with the sword anticipated the
flames. The fire, moreover, spreading far and wide,
instantlv enveloped even those already doomed to
some other form of death. Caesar, though angry
with his perishing soldiers for mounting the portico

without orders, was yet filled with compassion for
them ; and, impossible though it was for any to
reheve them, it was at least a consolation to the
doomed men to behold the grief of him in whose
ser\ice thev were giving up their lives. For he was
plainly visible, shouting to them and rushing forward
and exhorting those around him to do their utmost
to rescue them. And every man, can-ying with
him, like some splendid obsequies, those cries, that
emotion of Caesar, thus cheerfully expired. Some,
indeed, got back to the wall of the portico, which
was broad, and escaped the conflagration, but were
there surrounded bv the Jews and, after n^.aintaining
429
JOSEPHUS
186 fivoi, TeAos" Se Travre? erreaov, (2) /cat reXevTolos

Tig avTcov yeavta?, ovofxarL Aoyyos,^ oXov ettlKOGji-qaas ro rrddos kol Kar dvSpa fxv^fJLrjg d^lajv
ovroiv TTavTCOv tCjv a7ToXa>X6rajv dptarog <;6aret?.
187 Gv OL fiev 'louSatot rrj? re dXKrjs dyajJievoL Kai

dXXoJS dveXelv dadevovvres Kara^rjvai rrpos avrovs
771 heîa TTapeKaXovv, 6 Be dSeAô? VLopvrjXtog eK
Oaripov [irj KaraiGXVvaL ro (7(f)Tpov kXcos Kai
r-qv 'Pcofiaiojv (j-pandv. rovrcp TTeLadel? /cat
hiapdpievos <j)avepov Karepois tols raypLaai to
188 ^L(f)OS avTOV dvaLpel. tojv Se ro) TTvpl irepi(JX^devTCjJv ^ Aprojpios^ ris Travovpyia hiaaajterai'
TTpoGKaXeadjJLevos ydp nva tojv ovarpaTLCorcJov^
AovKLov, (h crvveaKijveLy pieydXr] ttj (f)a>vfj " kXtjpovofjiov," e(f)r], " KaraXeLTTOJ ere tojv efjiavrov KTiq-
189 jjidTCov, el TrpoaeXO ojv pie Seâio." tov Se eTOifjicos TTpoahpafiovTOs d p.ev ctt' avrdv KarevexOeLS
el^rjcrev, 6 Se Se^dj-ievos vrrd tov ^dpovs ro) Xido-
190 GTpojro) rrpoaapaxdels rrapaxp^jp-o. OvijGKeL. tovto

TO Trddos TTpos Kaipov pev 'Pa>p.aLOL everroiqGev
dOvpLiav, TTpos Be to p.eXXov dpicos dnapaKX-qrovs*
KaracrKevdaav^ (hvXaKTLKCoTepovs Te^ Trpog Tag
^lovBalajv dTrdras dxheX-qaeVy ev als Ta rroXXd St
dyvoiav tojv tottojv Kai to tjOos tojv dvhpojv
191 e^XaTTTOVTO. KareKdr] b^ -q OTod pLexpf' tov lojavvov

rrvpyov, ov eKeh'og ev rep rrpog Îpiojva TToXepLco
KaTeGKevaaev vrrep Tas eâyovGas VTrep tov ^vgtov
TTvXag- TO be Xoittov errl BiecfjOapj-Levoig -qht]
^ Longinus Heg. Syr. * Zepribpios C.
' ML Lit. : arparioj-^v the rest. * PAL : om. the rest.

* Destinon : Karecrvfiacrfj' (TrpoKareaKeiaaev L) the rCFt.
' PA : Kai the rest.
430
a prolonged resistance, riddled with wounds, all at

length fell.
(2) The last survivor of them, a youth named individual

Longus, shed lustre on the whole tragedy, and, qIIi^
antrv
memorable as was every single man that perished, of Longiis

proved himself the bravest of all. The Jews, as well
from admiration of his prowess as from their inabihty
to kill him, besought him to come down to them,
pledging him his life ; his brother Cornelius, on the
other hand, implored him not to disgrace his own
reputation or the Roman arms. Influenced by his
words, he brandished his sword in view of both armies
and slew himself. Among those enveloped in the and cunnin
flames one, Artorius, saved his life by an artifice. "f^r<=""^
Calling at the top of his voice to Lucius, a fellowsoldier with whom he shared a tent, " I leave you,"
he said, " heir to my property if you come and catch
me." Lucius promptly running up, Artorius plunged
do^vn on top of him and was saved ; while he who
received him was dashed by his weight against the
pavement and killed on the spot.
This disaster, while it created for the time despondency in the Roman ranks, nevertheless had a beneficial
effect for the future in rendering them less responsive
to such invitations and more cautious against Jewish
stratagems, their injuries from which were mainly
due to their ignorance of the ground and the character

of the men. The flames consumed the portico as
far as the tower which John, during his feud with
Simon, had erected over the gates leading out above
the Xystus ; the remainder, after the destruction
of the troops that had mounted it, was hacked away
" The second of four towers erected by John of Gischala,

iv, 580 f.
431
JOSEPHUS
192 'lovSatot^ rot? dva^daiv oLTreKoifjav. rfj 8 vorepala

/cat 'PcofialoL r'qv ^6pLov aroav eveTrp-quav lie^pL
TTj? avaroXiKTiS 6Xi]v, ojv rj GVvaTTTOvoa yojvla rrj?
}\dpowos KaXovpievq? (fxipayyog VTrepbedoijLrjTO,
Trap o Kat wouepov tjv to pauos. Kai ra pLev rrepi
TO iepov v TovroL^ tjv.
193 (s) Tow d' VTTO rod Xipov (j>Beipopiva>v Kara

rrjv ttoXlv aTreLpov pLV 7tl77T to TTXrjdog, ahi'qyrjTa
194 he (jvviâive to. Trddrj. KaO eKdaTTjV yap OLKLav,

ei 7TOV Tpocp-q? 7T0.pa(f)aveL7] OKid, rroXepLos rjv, Kal
Sta x^Lpcvv ixojpovv ol îXTaToi Trpog dXXi^Xovs
iâpTrdCovTes Ta TaXaiTTOJpa ttj? ipvxT]? ecôSta.
195 TTLGTLs d aTToptas oi)de tols OvtjGkovgiv tjv, aXXd

Kai Tous" iKTTveovTas ol XrjGTal hi-qpevvajVy fiij tls
VTTO KoXrrov eyojv Tpo(jii]v gktjtttolto tov Bdvarov
196 avTO). ol 8' VTT^ ivheias Ke-xrjvoTes ojGTrep

XvGGchvTes Kvves eG^dXXovTO, Kai 7rape(êpovTO
TOLS Te dvpais ivGeiopLevoL pLeSvovTcov Tponov /cat
V7T dpirj-)(avLag et? Tovg avTovs oIkovs eLGTTTjhojvTes
197 his ^7 Tpls ojpa pud. rrdvTa h vtt ohovTag rjyev 7]

dvdyKTj, Kal to. irqhk toXs pvTTapajTdTois tcov dXoycov Lôjcov TrpoGcjyopa GvXXlyovTes iodUtv V7Te(êpov
tojGT-qpujv yovv Kal VTrohrjiidTUJv to TeXeuTalov ovk
dTTeoyôvTO kgl to. Sep/xara tojv dvpewv dTrohepovTes
198 epLaGOJvro . Tpocji-q h rjV Kal -xôprov tlgl TraXacov

G7Tapdyp.aTa^' rd? yap Ivas cvlol GvXXeyovTes
iXd^LGTOv GTadpLov IttojXovv Ajttikojv TeGodpow.
199 /cat Tt 8et ttjv err dxjjv-)(pis avalheLav tov Xljiov
Xeyeiv; elpa yap avTOv hrjXcoGUJv epyov olov p.^T
^ Hudson with Heg. Lat. : 'lovoaiocs 3iss.

^ LC Ens. Lat. : cnr6.payiJ.a the rest.
" Cf. the Psalmist's simile, " They snarl like a dog and
432
bv the Jews. The next day the Romans also burnt ".is August.
the whole northern portico right up to that on the
east, where the angle connecting the two was built
over the ravine called Kedron, the depth at that
point being consequently terrific. Such was the
condition of affairs in the vicinity of the temple.
(S) MeanM-hile, the victims perishing of famine Further

throughout the city were dropping in countless the'famine.
numbers and enduring sufferings indescribable. In
every house, the appearance anywhere of but a
shadow of food was a signal for war, and the dearest
of relatives fell to blows, snatching from each other
the pitiful supports of life. The very dying were
not credited as in want ; nay, even those expiring

were searched by the brigands, lest any should be
concealing food beneath a fold of his garment and
feigning death. Gaping with hunger, Uke mad
dogs," these ruffians went staggering and reeling
along, battering upon the doors in the manner of
drunken men, and in their perplexity bursting into
the same house twice or thrice within a single hour.
Necessity drove the \'ictims to gnaw an}i;hing. and
objects which even the filthiest of brute beasts would
reject they condescended to collect and eat : thus
in the end they abstained not from belts and shoes
and stripped off and chewed the very leather of their
bucklers. Others devoured tufts of withered grass :
indeed some collectors of stalks sold a trifling quantity
for four Attic drachmas.^ But why tell of the
shameless resort to inanimate articles of food induced
by the famine, seeing that I am here about to
go round about the city : they wander up and down for

meat," Ps. lix. 14 f. ** The coin is unexpressed in
the Greek, as elsewhere (ii. 59:2). The Attic drachma was

the ordinary day's wage for a labourer.
433
JOSEPHUS
Trap" "EAAi^CTtv yi'Tjre irapa âp^dpoLS iGToprjTai,
200 (^piKTOV fiev L7TLV, CLTTLGTOV S' aKOVGaL. Kal ycjjy.
/xr) boâLpLL reparevEGdaL rot? au^t? avOpdjiroLSy

Kav TTapiXeLTTOv rrjv cw[jL(f)opav r]0ojs, l fir] row
Kar ijxavrov elôv aueLpovs fiaprvpas. aAAaJS" re
Kal ipv^pav dv KaradeLiirjv rfj rrarpihi X^P''^
KadvcjêiJievos rov Xoyov cLv TreTTOvQev ra epya.
201 (4-) Tvvq TL Twv VTTep rov lophdvqv KarOLKOVVTOJV, Mapta rouvo/xa, rrarpos EAeaâpou,
KcvpL-qg Bryêôu^d/ G-qfiaiveu de tovto olkos
VGGcoTTOV, Bid yevos Kal ttXovtov iTTiGrjpios, jJierd
rod XoLTTov 7tXi]6ovs els rd 'lepoGoXvjjLa Kara-
202 (^vyovGa GweTToXiopKelro . ravrrjs rr]v pLev dXXr]v

KrrJGLv OL TijpavvoL hi-qpTTaGav , oGrjv Ik rrjs
liepaia? dvaGKevaGapLevrj pLer'qveyKev els ttjv ttoXlv,
rd 8e Xelipava tow KeipL-qXitov Kal el ri Tpo(f)fjs
eTTLVorjdel'q Kad 'qp.epau eLGTTrjhowres rjpTraôv ol
203 Sopv(f)6poL. heLvq he to yvvaiov ayavaKTTjGis

elGrjei, Kal TToXXdKis XoihopovGa Kai KaTapa)p.evrj
204 Tovs dprrayas </> avrr^v 'qpediLêv. (Ls d ovTe

Trapo^vvopLevos tls ovt eXecov avTrjv avfjpei, Kal
TO pikv evpelv tl gltlov aAAot? eKOTTta, TTavTa^ddev
8' dopov rjv rjhrj Kal to evpelv, 6 XipLOs Se did
GTrXdyxyojv Kal pLveXoju exojpeu /cat tov XipLOV
pidXXov eêKatov ol dvpLOL, GvpLôvXav XaôvGa ttjv
205 dpyjjv pLerd Trjg dvdyK-qs CTrt rrjv <j)VGiv exajpei, Kal
^ L: Be^f<;-^vi M, BaBf^Lbp Eus., BaOix-^'P the rtbt,
" Josephus strangely ignores the parallel incident at the

siege of Samaria, recorded in 2 Kings vi. 28 f. Cf. Deut.
xxviii. 57 and Baruch ii. 2 f. (" great plagues, such as never
happened under the whole heaven, as it came to pass in
Jerusalem . . . that we should eat . . . every man the flesh
of his own daughter ").
434
describe an act unparalleled '^ in the histor}' whether

of Greeks or barbarians, and as horrible to relate
as it is incredible to hear ? For my part, for fear
that posterity might suspect me ^ of monstrous
fabrication, I would gladly have omitted this tragedy,
had I not innumerable -svdtnesses among my con- -^
temporaries. Moreover, it would be a poor compliment that I should pay my country in suppressing
the narrative of the woes which she actually endured.
f4) Amonff the residents of the region bevond ^âry, the
\ / ~ 1 * / !iiOLher who
Jordan was a woman named Mary, daughter of devoured

Eleazar, of the ^^llage of Bethezuba (the name means ^^r child.
" House of Hvssop " ^), eminent by reason of her
family and fortune, who had fled with the rest of the
people to Jerusalem and there become involved in
the siege. The bulk of her property, which she had
packed up and brought with her from Peraea '^ to the
city, had been plundered by the tyrants; while the
relics of her treasures, ^^'ith whatever food she had
contrived to procure, were being carried off by their
satelHtes in their daily raids. With deep indignation

in her heart, the poor woman constantly abused and
cursed these extortioners and so incensed thera
against her. But when no one either out of exasperation or pitv put her to death, Aveary of finding for
others food, which indeed it was now impossible
from any quarter to procure, while famine coursed
through her intestines and marrow and the fire of
rage was more consuming even than the famine,
impelled by the promptings alike of fury and
necessity, she proceeded to an act of outrage upon
* Or " I hope that I shall not be suspected by posterity

. . . and indeed I would gladly," etc.
' Heb. Beth Ezob : site unidentified.
* Transjordania, B. iii. -44 ff.
435
JOSEPHUS
TO TEKvoVy rjv 8 auTT] Trdl? VTrofjiOLGTio?, aprra'

(jafievrj " ^p(f)o?," elrreVy "ddXiov, iv TToXijiw /cat
206 Atô) Kol orrdcreL tlvl ere T-qpiâoj; rd ficv rrapd
PcDfjiaLOig SouAeta, Kav t^-qGajpiev eTi' avrovs,^

<f)ddvei Se Kol hovXelav 6 Xljxos, ol GraoiaGTal 8*
207 apL<poTpa)v yâXeTTCjorepoi. Wl, yevov /xot rpocjirj

Kai Tols GTaGiaGrals ipivvg Kal ro) ^lco p.vdos 6
208 piovos iXXeLTTCov rals ^lovhaiojv GvpiSopaLS." Kal

ravd dpLa XeyovGa Kreivei rov vlov, erreLT^ OTTT'qoaoa TO pLev tJulgv KareGQiei, rd Se Xoirrov Kara-
209 KaXvtpaaa echvXarrev. evOeco? 8' ol araatacrrat

TTaprJGav, Kai rrjg ddepurov KVLG-qg GTrdGavres rjTretXovv, el pLTj SeLêcev rd TTapaGKevaodei', d-noGcjydêLV
avrrjv evOeco?. rj 8e Kal piolpav avroZs eirrovGa
KaXrjV Trr]prjKevaL rd Xelifjava rod tIkvov hi-
210 eKaXvipev. rov? 8' evdeco? (f}pLKrj Kal rrapeKGraGig^

rjpei Kai napa rrjv oipLV errei^yeGav. rj o epiov,
kcfyrj, "rovro ro reKvov yvrjGiov Kal rd epyov ipidu.
211 (f>dyer, Kal ydp iyd> ^^pa)Ka. i^n) yevrjGde pii^re

pLaXaKwrepoL yvvaLKog p^-qre GVi^cTradeGrepoL pLr]rp6s.
L 8' vpLelg evGeêZs kol rrjv ipLTjv drroGrpecfieGOe
OvGiav, iycb pLev vpXv êSpcoKa, Kal ro Xoiirdv 8'
212 euot pLELvarco." puerd ravd^ ol /xev rpepuovres

e^T^CGav, TTpds v rovro SetAot Kal pLoXcs ravri]s rrjs
rpocp-qg rfj pLTjrpl TrapaxcDprjGavres , dverrXiqGdq 8'
evOeojs dXrj rov pvGov? i) rroXis, Kal Tipo 6pLp.dra)v
eKaGTos ro rraOos XapL^dvojv wGirep^ avrcp roX-
213 pLr]dev e<^pirr.. OTTOvhrj 8e ra}v XipLa>rr6vro)v eVt

rov ddvarov rjv, Kal piaKapiGpios rcov (ÔaGavrcxjv
TTpiv aKovGai Kai deaGaGOai KaKd rrjXiKavra.
^ Text doubtfid : eir' auroh Hudson: vir' avrovs A*.

^ A : TrapeK-aaLs P : (pptvCjv iKaracris the rest.
436
nature. Seizing her child, an infant at the breast,

" Poor babe," she cried, " amidst war, famine, and
sedition, to what end should I preserve thee ? With
the Romans slavery awaits us, should we live till they
come ; but famine is forestalling slavery, and more
cruel than both are the rebels. Come, be thou food
for me, to the rebels an avenging fury, and to the

world a tale such as alone is wanting to the calamJties
of the Jews." With these words she slew her son,
and then, ha\-ing roasted the body and devoured
half of it, she covered up and stored the remainder.
At once the rebels were upon her and, scenting the
unholy odour, threatened her with instant death
unless she produced what she had prepared. Replying that she had reserved a goodly portion for
them also, she disclosed the remnants of her child.
Seized with instant horror and stupefaction, they
stood paralysed by the sight. She, however, said,
" This is my own child, and this my handiwork. Eat,
for I too have eaten. Show not yourselves M'eaker
than a woman, or more compassionate than a mother.
But if you have pious scruples and shrink from my
sacrifice, then let what I have eaten be your portion
and the remainder also be left for me." At that
they departed trembling, in this one instance
cowards, though scarcely yielding even this food to
the mother. The whole city instantly rang with
the abomination, and each, picturing the horror of
it, shuddered as though it had been perpetrated by
himself. The starving folk longed for death, and
felicitated those who had gone to their rest ere they
had heard or beheld such evils.
' L : ojj Tap' the rest.
437
JOSEPHUS
214 (5) Tax^co? Se Kal 'Poj/iatots' SirjyyeXdr] to

Trddog. rojv S' ol jJLev rjTTLcrrovv, ot he coKreLpov,
rovs Se TToAAous" et? jjllgo? rod edvovs ocjjohporepov
215 GVve^T] TTpoeXdelv. Katcrap 8' aTTeAoyetro /cat 77ept

TOUTOU t6l> ^60, (fidaKcov TTapd [lev avTOV lovSaioLS
elprjvqv Kal avrovojiiav TrpoTeiveadai /cat rtavTCiiV
216 djJiVT^GrLav rcov TeroXfirjjjLevoji', roijs S' avri [lev

opLOVoias orduLVy dvTi 8 eip-qv-qs TToXefiov, rrpo
Kopov Se^ Kal evOiqvLas Xipiov alpovjjievov?, tStats"
Xepcrlv dpâjievovs Kaieiv to ovvTripovjievov v<f)^
TjiJicov lepov avrolSi elvai Kal roLavr-qs Tpo(f)rjs
217 d^LOVS. KaXvipeLV fxevroL to rrj? reKvo(hayias [Jlvgos

avTO) TOJ rrj? Trarpihos Trrco/xart Kai ov KaraXenpeiv
771 TTj? olKOVjJLevrjs tjXlo) KaBopdv ttoXlv, iv fj
218 /XT^Tepe? ovrco rpecjôvrai. TTpoorjKeiv jxevroi rrpo

ixrjrepojv Trarpduiv rrjv rotavr-qv rpocp-qv, ol Kal
[lerd T-qXiKavra Trddt] fievovGLV ev rols ottXols.
219 ravd'' a/xa hie^Lcbv evevoei Kal ttjv diToyvajGLV rcJov

dvBpojv ov yap dv en Ga)(f)povr]GaL rovg Trdvra
TTporreTTOvdoras e^' ot? et/coj -qv fieraâXeadat, firj
TTaOovuiv.^
220 (iv. 1) "HS?^ Se TtDv hvo raypidrcov ovvreTeXeKOTOJV rd pôj/xara Awov [xr^vog oyhor] irpoudyeiv
eKeXevae rovs Kpcov? Kard ttjv euTrepLov iêSpav
221 Tov e^cuêv-^ lepov. irpo he tovtcov e^ -qpuepas*'

dhiaXeLTTTOJS rj oreppo-drr] Traocov eXeTToXig tvttTovaa TOV TOt;(oy ovhev ijvvcrev, dXXd Kal TavT-qg
Kal T(x)v dXXojv TO jJLeyedos Kai tj apfiovta tcov
222 Xidojv riv dp,eivajv. ttjs he ôpeiov ttvXtis VTTOjpvTTOv
^ 5e TOi L. ^ irddojaiv Xaber.
3 Lat. : ûdev PA^ : Icwêv the rest; cf. 151, 244.
* PL : ijfxipais the rest
438
(5) The horrible news soon spread to the Romans. ProtestaOf them some were incredulous, others were moved xitus.
to pity, but the effect on the majority was to intensify
their hatred of the nation. Caesar declared himself
innocent in this matter also in the sight of God,
protesting that he had offered the Jews peace,
independence, and an amnesty for all past offences,
while they, preferring sedition to concord, peace to ''
war, famine to plenty and prosperity, and having
been the first to set fire with their own hands to
that temple which he and his army were preserving
for them, were indeed deserving even of such food
as this. He, however, would bury this abomination
of infant-cannibalism beneath the ruins of their
country, and would not leave upon the face of. the
earth, for the sun to behold, a city in which mofhers
were thus fed. Yet, he added, such food was less
meet for mothers than for fathers, who even after
such horrors still remained in arms. While express-
ing these sentiments, he had, moreover, in mind the

desperation of these men, being convinced that they
were past being brought to reason who had already
endured all the miseries, to be spared the experience
of which they might have been expected to relent.
(iv. 1) Two of the legions having now completed Hams and

their earthworks,'* on the eighth of the month Lous, prmiii^
Titus ordered the rams to be brought up opposite unavailing
the western hall of the outer court of the temple. ' ' "^"^
Before their arrival, the most redoubtable of all the
siege-engines had for six days incessantly battered
the wall without effect, the massiveness and nice
adjustment of the stones being proof against it as
against the rest. Another party endeavoured to
Cf. 150 f.
439
JOSEPHUS
erepoL rovs OefieXiovs Kal ttoAAo, raXanrajprjaavres

rovg efjLTTpocrOev XiOovs iêKuXtaav. dvelx^ro^ 8'
V7TO Tcov evhoTepco Kai diefieLvev rj ttvXt], fJ-^XP'' ''"^S'

hi^ opydvcov Kal tojv fioxXcov eTTixîprjoeLs oltto-
223 yi'ovres KXlfiaKa? rats" gtooIs 7TpoGe(j)epov. ol 8e

'loL'Satot KcoXvaaL fiev ovk kÔaaav, dva^doL Se
orvLnreaovres ifj-axovro, Kal rovs fiev dva)8ovPTs
els tovttLgco KareKprjfivLL,ov, rovs S' VTravTidLovras^
224 dvfipovv TToXXoijs he rcov KXcfiaKajv aTTOâivovras ,

rrplv (ppdâadaL ro'tg Ovpeols, Traiovres rat? pop.<âtats" ecfiOavov, ivlag 8e yepovaas ottXltcov kXl-
225 jJiiKas rrapaKXivovres dvojOev Kareaeiov rjv 5' ovk

oXCyos Kal avTOJV (j)6vos. a Se dveveyKovres rd?
aiipdiias rrepl avrujv erroXepovv, 8etv7]v iqyovpevoi
226 KoX Trpos aloxv'^'QS tovtcxjv ttju dpTTayqv. reXos

8e Kal row u-qpaiajv ol lovbaloL Kparovaiv xat
Tovs dva^dvras SiacfiOelpovGLv ol Se Xolttol rrpos
ro rdJv dTToXojXorcov Trddo? oppoohovvres aveô^povv.
227 TCOV pkv ovv 'PajpatCDV aTTpaKros ovSet? arreOavep,

rojv Se Grauiaorojv ol Kara rds rrporepas pdyâs
rjyoji'LGavro yevvaiojs Kal rore, koI EAeaâpo?
228 dSeXSiSovs rov rvpdvvov îpojvos . 6 Sc Tiros' to?
iojpa rrjv errl rols dXXorpiois lepdls (f)eid(jj rrpog

PXd^r]s rols Grpanwrais yivopevrjv Kal (f)6vov, rds
TTvXas TTpooeraêv vcfjaTrreiv.
229 (2) 'Ev Se rovroj Trpos avrdv avropoXovoLv

"Kvavos re 6 d-r Âppaovs,* rojv Htpajvos hopv-
^ dveixovTo PA. ^ PM : Sia tQv the rest.
^ VTravTidôPTes Ij.
* C : a.<pa/.Lfxaovs PA : d(p 'A/j./.Laov$ other MSS.
440
undermine the foundations of the northern gate,

and by great exertions succeeded in extricating the
stones in front ; but the gate, supported by the inner
stones, stood firm. Finally, despairing of all attempts
with engines and crowbars, the Romans appHed
ladders to the porticoes. The Jews made no haste
to prevent this, but as soon as they mounted vigor-
ously attacked them. Some they thrust back and

hurled down headlong, others who encountered
them they slew ; many as they stepped oft' the
ladders they cut down ^^'ith their swords, before
they could shield themselves with their bucklers;
some ladders, again, laden with armed men, they
tilted sideways from above and dashed to the ground ;
not, however, without suffering considerable slaughter
themselves. The Romans who had brought up the
standards fought fiercely around these, deeming
theirloss a dire disaster and disgrace ; yet, eventually,
these ensigns also were taken by the Jews, who "'''
destroyed all who had mounted. The remainder,
intimidated by the fate of the fallen, then retired.
Of the Romans, not one had not achieved something
ere he fell ; of the rebels, those who had gained
distinction in pre\-ious engagements fought gallantly
also in this, as did also Eleazar, nephew of the tyrant
Simon. Titus, now that he saw that his endeavour Titus oider.to spare a foreign temple led only to the injury and gaêsTo^be
slaughter of his troops, issued orders to set the gates *'êd.
on fire.
(2) Meanwhile tw'o deserters had joined him, Two

Ananus of Emmaus, the most bloodthirsty of Simon's deserters!
Or, with the other reading, " they encountered and slew."
441
JOSEPHUS
(hopcov 6 (ôvLKOJTaros y /cat 'Ap;\;Aaos' vlos MayaSddrov, (jvyyvajjiTiv eXrrLGavres eVctSr) Kparovvrajv
2o<t 'louSaioJV i)7Te-x^d>povv} Tiros he koI tovto^ rravovpyr]iJLa TrpovâXXero^ roJv drhpcov, /cat ttjv dXXrjv
TTepl rovs lSlovs* ojiioTr]ra TreTTVcrpLevog ojpjJL'qTO
KTLVLV KaTpovs y VTT^ dvdyKT] TjÔaL Xeyojv
avTOvg, ovK EK TrpoaLpeaecDS TrapetvaL, Kat acoTT^ptas
OVK dîovs elvai rovs <f)Xyopievi-js rjhrj St avTOvg
2oi '^V^ Trarpihos iâXXopievovg. eKparei. d 6p.oJS rod

OvpLov Tj TTLcrrLs, /cat dcf)L-qGL rov dvSpa?, ov pirjv iv
232 LGT] fJLOLpa Kareraaue rots aAAot?. '^hrj Se rat?

TTuAat? ol Grpariojrai Trpoarjyov ro TTvp, /cat
TTepLrrjKopLevo? 6 dpyvpos hiehibov raxôjs et? rrjv
^vXeiav rrjv (f>X6ya, evOev ddpoojg iKcfjepopLevr] rtov
233 crroajv irreXajif^dvero . rots S' lovhaloLS opojGi ro

TTvp iv kvkXoj fierd rcbv oajfidrow TTapetdrjaav at
i/fuât, /cat Sta rrjv KardTTXrj^LV dpLVvetv puev rj
oBewueiv cup/xr^crev ouSet's", auot 8' iarcLres acjieoj-
234 pojv. OX) pLr]v rrpos ro SaTravojpLevov ddvpLovvres

els yovv ro Xolttov iaojchpovovv, aXX cos rjorj /cat
rov vaov /cato/xevof rovs Ovjjlovs ettI Pcu/xatou?
235 edrr/ov. eKecvriv uev ovv rrjv rjpLepav /cat rrjv

eTTLOvaav vvKra ro rrvp erreKparef Kara fiepos
ydp, ovx ojjiov TrdvroOev taxvcrcv vcjidipaL rds
arods.
23G (S) Tfj S' irrLOvar) Tiros /xepet rijs hwdpieajs
^ PAM : avex'^^'P^^^ L : drrex'^povi' the rest.
- -f TO L. ^ TpoSdWeraL PA : Trpoi'/SaXero L.
* 'loidaioi'j LC Lat.
Employed by him as executioner of the chief priest

Matthias, Simon's former patron, v. 531. Ananus i.> there
called son of Bagadatus, a name probably identical with
44^2
lieutenants,'' and Archelaus, son of Magaddatus,

hoping for pardon because they were leaving the
Jews at a moment of success. Titus, however,
censured their action as a further knavish trick ;
and, having heard of their cruelty in general to their
countrymen, he was strongly minded to put them
both to death, observing that they had been driven
by necessity, not led by inclination, to come over,
and that men who leapt from their native city only
when enveloped in the flames, for which they were
themselves responsible, did not deserve to hye.
Nevertheless, his good faith overcame his animosity,
and he let them go, though he did not put them on
an equal footing with the rest.
The troops were by now setting fire to the gates, Burning of

and the silver melting all around quickly admitted porticoes
the flames to the woodwork, whence they spread
in dense volumes and caught hold of the porticoes.
The Jews, seeing the fire encircling them, were
deprived of all energy of body and mind ; in utter

consternation none attempted to ward off or extinguish the flames ; paralysed ^ they stood and
looked on. Yet, though dismayed by the ravage
being wrought, they learnt no lesson with regard to
wliat was left, but, as if the very sanctuary were
now ablaze, only whetted their fury against the
Romans. So throughout that day and the ensuing
night the fire prevailed ; for they could only set
light to portions of the porticoes, and not to the Avhole
range at once.
(3) On the following day Titus, after giving orders o. 2S August.
Magaddatus, here assigned to the father of the other deserter,

Archelaus.
" Literally " dry " (c/. i. 381. " dry with fright ").
VOL. Ill P 443
JOSEPH us
a^vvuLV T Kal ra} irapa rds" TTvXas ohoTTOieiv els
evfiapearepav rcov Tayfjidrcov avohov KeXevaag
237 avTog Gvvrjye rovs rjyepLovas. Kal GvveXdovrcnv e^

Ton^ Kopv(j)aioTaT(x>v , TiêpLov re AAeâvSpou rod
TrdvTOJv rojv Grparevpârajv eTrapôPTOS , Kal He^rov
"KepeaXiov rod to TrepLTrrov dyovros raypa, Kai
AapKLOv Aeidov to heKaTov, Kal Titov ^pvylov
238 TO 7TevTKaihiKaTOV y Trpos ols Opovrcoy -^v ATepios^

(JTpaTOTTeSdpxy]? tcov oltto AAeârSpcta? hvo raypLOLTajv, Kal yidpKos ÂvTcovLos 'louAtavo? O TT]g
'louSata? iTTLTpOTTO?, Kai peTa TOVTOV? eTTLTpOTTOJV
Kal ^(^LXidpxfJ^v dOpoLGdivTcoVy ôvXrjv Trepl tov
239 vaov TrpovTidei, toIs p-ev ovv ihoKei x^prjuOai tco

TOV TToXepov vopLcp' pLTj ydp dv 7T0T 'louSatous
TTavaauOaL vecoTepitôvTas tov vaov pLevovTog, e^'
240 ov ol rravTa'xôdev GvXXeyovTai. TLves 8e rrapi^vovv,

el pLev KaTaXiTTOiev avTov 'louSatot /cat pur^hels eV
avTov Ta orrXa deir], Gojt,eLv, el he TToXepoZev^ eiri^dvTeSy KaTa(f)XeyeLV' (f)povpLov ydp, ovKeTi vaov
elvai, Kal to Xolttov ecrecrât Tojv avayKaoavTOJV
241 [TT^Vj aGepeiav, ovk avTOJV. o oe L ltos ovo av

ijTL^dvTeg err* avTov TroXepLcoGLv^ lovbaloL î^cras"*
dvTt Tcov dvBpcjv dpLVvelGOaC rd di/jvxci ovSe
KaTacf)XeêLv noTe t-qXikovtov epyov 'PojpLalcov
ydp eGeGdai ttjv ^Xd^rjv, ojGTrep Kai KOGpLov tt^s"
242 TjyepLOVLag avTov puevovTOS' OappovvTes h rjorj

TTpoGeTidevTO TYJ yvcopLT) ^povTOJv re /cat 'AAef-
^ TO. L : om. the rest.
' Renier (quoted by Xiese) : 'Erf'ptos PA, 'EWpvtos, etc., the

rest. ' TToXefjLuiev MSS.
* ins. L : om. the rest. * L Zon. : iroXefj-Qcu the rest.
* Text doubtful : ?(pT] has weak ms. support : Niese suspects a lacuna. ' Niese : d/xwecrât mss.
444
to a division of his army to extinguish the fire and Titus holds

make a road to the gates to facihtate the ascent of with his
the legions, called together his generals. Six of his ^taffcm the
chief staff-officers were assembled, namely, Tiberius temple
Alexander, the prefect of all the forces,^ Sextus
Cerealius, Larcius Lepidus, and Titus Phrygius,
the respective commanders of the fifth, tenth, and
fifteenth legions ; Fronto Haterius, prefect of the
two legions^ from Alexandria, and Marcus Antonius
Julianus, procurator of Judaea ; and the procurators
and tribunes being next collected, Titus brought
forward for debate the subject of the temple. Some
were of opinion that the law of war should be enforced,
since the Jews would never cease from rebellion
while the temple remained as the focus for concourse
from every quarter. Others advised that if the Jews
abandoned it and placed no weapons whatever upon
it, it should be saved, but that if they mounted it for
purposes of warfare, it should be burnt ; as it would
then be no longer a temple, but a fortress, and
thenceforward the impiety would be chargeable,
not to the Romans but to those who forced them to ^
take such measures. Titus, however, declared that,

even were the Jews to mount it and fight therefi'om,
he would not v\Teak vengeance on inanimate objects
instead of men, nor under any circumstances burn

down so magnificent a work ; for the loss would affect the Romans, inasmuch as it would be an ornament to the empire if it stood. '^ Fortified by this
pronouncement, Fronto, Alexander, and CereaUus
'^ Praefectus castrorum, a sort of quartermaster general,

with control over all the camps : cf. v. 45 f.
* V. 44.
^ For a conflicting account of the verdict of Titus at this ^ > "^

councO see Introduction to vol. ii. pp. xxiv f.
445
JOSEPHUS
243 avSpo? Kal KcpeaAto?. rore jiev ovv StaAuet to

(Tvvehpiov Kau ra? aAAas" SvvdfJLLs StayaTiaucrat
KeXevaas tol? rjyefjiOGiv, ottcos ippcofieveGrepois^
iv rfj 7Tapard^L ;)^pT]CTatTO, rots' ^.tto roiv OTreipojv
7nXKT0LS oSoTTOielv StO, TCUV ipeLTTLCOV 7TpOG.ra^
Kau TO TTvp oêvvveiv .
244 (4) Kar* eKeiv-qv pikv hr] rrjv rjjjiepav [tcjvY

lovSaLcov KUfiaTos t Kal KaTanX-q^Lg eKpaT-qae
ras opfias' rfj 8 emovGTj cryXXe^dpLevoL t t7]v

LG^vv Kat dvadapG-qGavT5 irTeKdeovGL 8td rrjs
avaToXiKrjs ttvXtjs toIs (f>vXa^L rod e^coOev lepov
245 7Tpl SevTepav ojpav. ol Se KapTepaJ? pLev ideâvro

avToJv TTjv epiôXrjV Kat (f)pa$dpievoL rols dvpeols
KaTa p,TOJTrov ojGTrep rel-)(os invKvajGav rriv
<f)dXayyay h'qXoi 8' rjGav ovk inl ttoXv GvpipLevovvTes^
TrXrjdei re rwv eKrpeyôvrojv /cat dvpLolg r]rrojpLevoL.
246 <j)6dGas 8e rrjS rrapardêajs Tr]v poTrrjv Kataap,

Kadewpa yap drro Trjs ^ Kvrwvias, iTTi^pLVve pLera
241 Tix)V eTTtAeVrcDV t7777eajv. louSatot Se Tr]v ecj)-
oBoV OVX V7TpLLVaV, dXXd TCOV TTpUJTWV TTeGOVTCOV
248 erpaTT-qGav ol ttoXXoi' Kai V7Toy(ajpovGL /xev rot?
PcD/xatot? iTTLGTpecfiopLevoL 7TpoGKiVTO, pLTaâX-
XopLva>v 8' dve(f)vyov TrdXtv, ews rrepl TrepLTrrrjv rrjs

7]pLpag ojpav ol pLev ^laGOevTes els to evhov
249 GvveKXeLGdrjGav lepov, (o) Tltos 8 ave^âjprioev

i,s rrjv 'Avrcovlav SLeyvojKcog rrjs irnovG-qs rjpiepas
V7TO rrjv eo) /xera TrdG-qs epbâXelv rrjs SvvdpLeojs
250 Kat rov vaov TrepLKaraGxelv. rod 8' dpa Kareiprj(f)LGro pLv ro TTvp 6 deos TrdXat, rraprjv 8' r]
LpLappLvr} xpoycDV 7Tept,6hoLs TjpLepa BeKarrj Acoov
^ Destinon from Lat. : ^ppu/jJvoa L : ippuixeviarepov the

rest.
446
now came over to his view. He then dissolved the

council, and, directing the officers to allow the other
troops an interval of repose, that he might find them
reinvifforated in action, he eave orders to the picked and gives
o ' o 1 orQ6rs to
men from the cohorts to open a road through the extinguish

ruins and extinguish the fire. the fire.
(4) Throughout that day fatigue and consternation

crushed the energies of the Jews ; but, on the follow- c. 29 August
ing day, with recruited strength and renewed
courage, they sallied out through the eastern gate
upon the guards of the outer court of the temple,

at about the second hour. The Romans stubbornly
met their charge and, forming a screen in front with
their shields hke a wall, closed up their ranks ; it
was evident, however, that they could not long hold
together, being no match for the number and fury
of their assailants. Caesar, who was watching the
scene from Antonia, anticipating the breaking of the
line, now brought up his picked cavalry to their
assistance. The Jews could not withstand their
onset : the fall of the foremost led to a general
retreat. Yet whenever the Romans retired they
returned to the attack, only to fall back once
more when their opponents wheeled round ; until,
about the fifth hour of the day, the Jews were
overpowered and shut up in the inner court of the
temple.
(5) Titus then withdrew to Antonia, determined Conflagraon the following day, at dawn, to attack with his J^ *J^ J|j
whole force, and invest the temple. That building, despite of
however, God, indeed long since, had sentenced ^^^^^
to the flames ; but now in the revolution of the years
had arrived the fated day, the tenth of the month c. 30(Nieso
29) August.
* om. AL. ^ Bekker with Lat. : avjiixevovres mss.
447
JOSEPHUS
li'qvos, Kad* 7]v Kal Trporepov vtto tov tojv Ba^v-
251 XojvLCDV âaiXeojs iveTrpTâdr]. Xafx^dvovGL 8' at

(f)X6y? K TOJV oLKeLOJV TTjv ap^r^v Kai Tr)V atrtav
VTTOxojpiâavTog yap tov Tltov vpos oXiyov Aco(f)'qGavT ol GTacnacTTal ttolXlv toIs 'Pct>/xaiois' eVt-
TidevTaLy Kai tCjv tov vaov (l)povp(jov ytverat crvpLôXrj TTpos Tovs oêvvvvTas to TTvp \tov evhodev
tepou]/ ot TpeipdjJLevoL tov? ^lovSatov? p-^XP^ '^^^^
252 vaov TraprjKoXovOovv. evOa Stj tojv OTpaTiojTOov

Tig, ovT TTapdyyeXpia 7Tpip,eivas ovt^ eTrl T-qXcKOVTOJ heiuas eyxêip-qpiaTiy SaLpLovlcp^ oppifj tlvl
Xpci)fivo ap7TdL,L p.v K TTJs (fiXeyopLevqs vXt]s,*
avaKOV(f)LGdLS S VTTO GVGTpaTLOJTOV^ TO TTVp eVLTjOL
dvplSi xP'^^fly ^Q.^' Tjv el? TOVS irepl tov vaov olkovs
253 lolt6v rjv k tov ôpeuov KXtpLaTog. alpopêvrjs Se

TTjS (j>Xoy6s ^lovhaiojv pLv eyelpeTai Kpavyrj tov
ndOovs dîa, Kal rrpos ttjv dfivvav avvedeov, ovt
TOV 1,'fjv ert (^t8cu Xap.^dvovTs ovt TapaevopêvoL
TTJV Ig^VV, St' OV^ cf)vXaKTLK0L TTpOTCpOV T^GaV

OL)(OpLVOV.
254 (6) ApapLOJV Se rt? dyyeXXei Ttroj' KaKelvos,

eTvxî^ Se /caro. gkijvtjv dvaTTav6p.vos k ttjs
pidxrjS, CVS ^^X^^ dvaTT-qS-qaas e^t Trpos tov vaov
265 etpôjv TO TTvp. KaTomv S' ot re rjyep.6vs eiTTOVTO
TTavTes, Kal TTTorjOevTa tovtols rjKoXovdeL Ta
^ ora. Syr. ^ + evbodev A Syr. ^ + 5' Destinoii
* (pKoyos PA (S^'r. ?) : text uncertain.
' Bekker with Lat. : arpaTubrov mss.
8l bv Destinon. cf. iii. 196, v. 543, vi. 32-2: oi ou or 5t' 5
Kal MSS.
" This is in accordance with Jer. Iii. 12 f., where the

burning of the temple by Nebuzaradan, captain of Nebuchadrezzar's guard, is stated to have occurred on the 10th day
448
Lous, the day on \vhich of old it had been burnt by

the king of Babylon." The flames, however, owed
their origin and cause to God's own people.^ For,
on the withdrawal of Titus, the insurgents, after a
brief respite, again attacked the Romans, and an

engagement ensued between the guards of the
sanctuary and the troops who were endeavouring
to extinguish the fire in the inner court ; the latter
routing the Jews and pursuing them right up to
the sanctuary. At this moment, one of the soldiers,
awaiting no orders and with no horror of so dread
a deed, but moved by some supernatural impulse,
snatched a brand from the burning timber and,
hoisted up by one of his comrades, flung the fiery
missile through a low golden door,'' which gave access
on the north side to the chambers surrounding the
sanctuary. As the flame shot up, a cry, as poignant
as the tragedy, arose from the Jews, who flocked
to the rescue, lost to all thought of self-preservation,
all husbanding of strength, now that the object of
all their past vigilance was vanishing.
(6) Titus was resting in his tent after the engagement, when a messenger rushed in with the tidings.
Starting up just as he was, he ran to the temple to
arrest the conflagration ; behind him followed his
whole staff of generals, while in their train came the
excited legionaries, and there was all the hubbub and
of the 5th month (Heb. Ab = Lous in the Syrian calendar).
In 2 Kings xxv. 8, on the other hand, the day is given as

the 7th Ab ; while, in Jewish tradition, the anniversary of
the double burning has always been kept on the 9th Ab.' A
fictitious symmetry between corresponding events in the two
sieges has probably been at work.
'' Or " to their own people."
Or " through a golden window,"
449
JOSEPHUS
rdyfiara' ôrj 8* rjv Kal dopvôs are rrjXiKavrrjs
256 Swdfjieoj? draKrajs KeKLvrjfjLevqg. 6 fiev ovv Katcrap

Tjj re (fxjovfj^ Kal rfj Se^ta Stecn^/xatve rot? /Lta;ôyiivois TO TTvp Gêvvveiv , ovre he ôcovros ^kovov
jjLLôvL Kpavyfj rds d/coas" TTpoKaTetXrjfifjLevoL /cat
rots' vevjiaai rrjs X^'-P^^ ^ TrpooelyoVy ol pLev ro)
257 TToAe/xety, ol S opyfj TrepiGTTOjpievoi. rcbv Se raypidrcov eladeovTOJv ovre Trapaiveois ovt aTretA?)
Karelx^v rds oppids, dXX o Ovpios aTrdvrcov icrrpaT'qyei' Kal Trepl rag elaohovg uvvojBovpievoL ttoXXol
pLv utt' aXX-qXcov KareTrarovvro , TioAAot Se deppiol?
TL Kal TV(l)OpiVOL r0L epL7TLOLS TCOV OTOWV ipi-
258 TTiTTTOVTes rjTT(jjpi.evcov ovpi<j)opaZs ixpcovro. 7tXi]glov

be rod vaov yuvopievoL tojv piev rod Katorapo?
TTapayyeXpidrcjJV TTpoaeTTOLOvvro pL'qhe KaraKovetv,
rot? 77/30 avTOJV Se to rrvp evtevat TrapeKeXevovro.
259 TOJV Se GTaGLaoTcLv dpirjxoLVLa pLv T^y TJS-q tov

ôi^delv, (j>6vos Se iravTaxov Kal TpoTTT]. to he
irXeov a770 tov hrjpiov Xao? dadevT]? Kal dvoTrXos
OTTOV KaTaX'r](f)deLr] tls aTreocfiaTTeTOy Kal Trepl pLev
TOV ^copLOV ttXtjOos eoiopeijeTO veKpwv, /card he twv
TOV vaov ^ddpojv alpid t eppeu ttoXv Kal Ta tojv
dvoj (f)ovevopievojv ccu/xara KaTajXiadave.
260 (?) Katoap S' (hs ovTe rds" opp-dg evdovoiaiVTWv

TOJV GTpaTLOJTcov KaTaa^^^v clog T rjv Kal to nvp
eTTeKpdTeiy TrapeXdwv pieTa to)V rjyepLovojv evhov
ededuaTO tov vaov to dyiov xat ra ev avTO), ttoXv
piev Trj TTapd rot? dAAoûAot? (fyijpLTjg dpielvoj, tov
he KopLTTOV Kal TTJs TTapd Tols oiKeiois ho^rjs ovk
261 eAdrrco. ttjs (f)Xoy6s S ovhenoj huKvovpLevqs
^ L (Lat. voce) : /Soj the rest,

450
confusion attending the disorderly movement of so

large a force. Caesar, both by voice and hand,
signalled to the combatants to extinguish the fire ;
but they neither heard his shouts, dro^vned in the
louder din which filled their ears, nor heeded his
beckoning hand, distracted as they were by the fight
or their fury. The impetuosity of the legionaries,
when they joined the fray, neither exhortation nor
threat could restrain ; passion was for all the only
leader. Crushed together about the entrances, many
were trampled down by their companions ; many, ""^
stumbling on the still hot and smouldering ruins of
the porticoes, suffered the fate of the vanquished
As they drew nearer to the sanctuary they pretended
not even to hear Caesar's orders and shouted to those
in front of them to throM' in the firebrands. The
insurgents, for their part, were now powerless to
help ; and on all sides was carnage and flight. Most

of the slain were civilians, weak and unarmed people,
each butchered where he was caught. Around the
altar a pile of corpses was accumulating ; down the
steps of the sanctuary flowed a stream of blood, and
the bodies of the victims killed above went sUding to
the bottom.
(7) Caesar, finding himself unable to restrain the His

impetuosity of his frenzied soldiers and the fire ffain- în-^vaiiing
. ^1 -^ 1.11. 1-1.1 'ftoits to
ing the mastery, passed with his generals within tlie ^âve it.
building and beheld the holy place of the sanctuary
and all that it contained things far exceeding the "^
reports current among foreigners and not inferior to
their proud reputation among ourselves.*^ As the
flames had nowhere yet penetrated to the interior,
* Cf. the account of Pompey's similar visit to tlu- Holy

Place, i. 152.
VOL. TTI p 2 451
JOSEPHUS
ovhayioOev etcrco, rovs 8e nepl rov vaov oXkovs

veiiojilvri's, yOjLttcras', oirep rjv, en OixjlêuBai to
262 epyov bvvacrdaL TTporr-qha, Kal avros re rrapaKaXelv

Tovs crrpartajTas" eTTetpdro to rrvp o^Vvvlv Kal
AiêpaXiou KaTOVTapxT]v tow Trepl avTOV \oy)(o<f)6pojp fuAot? TTaiovTa tovs drreidovvTas eKeXevaev
263 etpyetv. tojv Se Kal ttjv rrpos tov Kataapa atScu

Kal rov OLTTO TOV KcoXvovTog (f)6ôv evLKOjv OL Ovfiol
Kal TO TTpos 'lovSatous" p.l<Jos Kal rroXepLLKT^ ns
264 opfiT) Xa^poTepa- tovs Se ttoXXovs ivrjyev dpTrayijs

iX-nig, hoâv [re]^ exovrag co? tol vSov drravTa
XprjiiaTOJU p.GTd etrj Kal rd Trept^ opojVTas xP^cro^
265 TTeTTOLTipiiva. (j)ddvei he ns Kal tojv etuoj irapeXrjXvdoTOJV, eKTTrjhrjGavTOS tov Katcra/30S" Trpos eTTOxy]^
TOJV GTpaTLOJTcop, TTvp els TOVS GTpo(f>eas ipLâXdjv
266 TJ]s TTvXris [ev gkotcoj^' rore ydp eâTTLvrjs evhodev

K(f)aveLar)s (j>Xoy6s ol re -qycjioves /xera tov
KatCTapos" dvexci)povv, Kal tovs e^codev ovSels
V(f)d7TTeLv eKojXvev. 6 p,ev ovv vaos ovtojs aKovTOs

Katcrapos" epirr irrpaT ai,
267 (8) IloAAa S' dv tls i-rroXocfivpapevos ^pycp

TrdvTOJV cLv oipeL Kal dKofj TTapeiXr](j)ap,ev 6avp,aCTtajTCiTOj KaTaaKevrjs re eveKa Kal peyedovs, ert
re rrjs Kad^ eKaarov TToXvreXeias Kal r-qs rrepi ra
dyia ho^Tjs, pêyiar-qv Xdôi Trapapvdiav rrjv et/xappLevTjVy d(f)VKTOV ovuav ojGTtep epxpvxois ovtoj Kai
268 epyoLS Kal tottols. davpLaoaL^ 5' dv tls ev avrij

ri^S TTepiohov rr]v dKpiêiav Kai pLrjva yovv, cog
icpTjv^ Kal TjpLepav errjprjGev rrjv avTrjVy ev fj
1 om. P Lat.
' om. Lat. Zon. : h kovtu (" with a pole ") M margin.
" davfj-daeie L Zon.
452
but were consuming the chambers surrounding the

temple, Titus, correctly assuming that the structure
might still be saved, rushed out and by personal
appeals endeavoured to induce the soldiers to quench
the fire ; while he directed Liberalius, a centurion
of his bodyguard of lancers, to restrain, by resort to
clubs, any who disobeyed orders. But their respect
for Caesar and their fear of the officer who was
endeavouring to check them were overpowered by
their rage, their hatred of the Jews, and a lust for
battle more unruly still. Most of them were further
stimulated by the hope of plunder, believing that the
interior was full of money and actually seeing that
all the surroundings were made of gold. However,
the end was precipitated by one of those who
had entered the building, and who, when Caesar
rushed out to restrain the troops, thrust a firebrand,
in the darkness, into the hinges of the gate. At
once a flame shot up from the interior, Caesar
and his generals withdrew, and there was none
left to prevent those outside from kindling a blaze.
Thus, against Caesar's wishes, was the temple set
on fire.
(8) Deeply as one must mourn for the most mar- The
vellous edifice which we have ever seen or heard of, of a^piê^fons
whether we consider its structure, its magnitude, the ônflagrarichness of its every detail, or the reputation of its
Holy Places, yet may we draw very great consolation
from the thought that there is no escape from Fate,
for works of art and places any more than for living
beings. And one may well marvel at the exactness
of the cycle of Destiny ; for, as I said, she waited
until the very month and the very day on which in
" Text uncertain.
453
JOSEPHUS
TTporepov VTTO IBa^vXajvLCxJV 6 vaos iveTrp-âOrj.
269 /cat OLTTO fiev rij? rrpojrr]? avrov Kriaeoj?, tjv

Kare^dXero ZoAo/xcov o âoiXevs, [J-^XP^ '^V^ ^^^
dvaipeaeajg, t) yeyovev erec hevrepo) rrjs OveoTra(jiavov r]yp,ovLag, errj avvdyerat ;)(tAta eKarov
rpLaKovra, rrpos Se firjveg irrrd /cat Trevre/catSc/ca
270 rjjjLepaL' drro 8e rrjs varepov, tjv eret Sevrepoj
Kupof âacXevovro^ erroi-qGaro Ayyato?, err]

{J'^xp^ TT]S 1^770 OvecTTTaGLavov dXaxjeoJS rpiaKovravvea rrpos eâKoaioLs /cat rjiiepat TooapaKOVTa-
7TVr.
271 (v. l) Kato/xeVou Be rov vaov rcov jiev TtpoGTTLTTTOvTcov Tjv dpTTayrjy (j)6vos Se ra)V KaraXap,âvojievcov /.Lvplog /cat ovre rjXiKLag rjv eXcog ovr
evrpoTTr] uepLvorrjros, aAAa /cat rraihia /cat yepovres
/cat ê^-qXoi /cat Upelg opLolaJS dvrjpovvro, /cat 77av
yivos erre^-QeL -rrepiG-xâjv 6 noXepios, opLou rovs re
272 LKerevovrag /cat rous" dpivvopevovs. Gvvrjyêi S' t^

(jÂo^ eVt TrAetCTTOt' iK(f>epopv-q rots rwv ttltttovtcov
arrevaypLOLS, /cat Sta pev ro vipog rov X6(f)ov /cat to
TOL (f)Xeyopei>ov peyedos epyov iraGav av tls
cSofe KaieGOaL rr)v ttoXlv, rrj Se ôijs iKeLvq<;
ovhkv 7TLV07]drjvaL Swaur av rj pLelLov 7] <f)o^poj-
273 repov. twv re yap *Paj/i.aiK:a)v rayp.dra>v aXaXayp,6s rjv avp(l)popLeva)v, /cat tcov GraGiaGTOJV irvpl
/cat Gihripcp KKVKXa)pLva)v Kpavyq, rod re diroX7](f)devros dvo) Xaov rpoTrrj re pier eKTrX'/jêo)? elg
rovs rroXepiovs /cat rrpos ro irddos olpLajyai.
274 crvveôa 8e rot? e77t rov X6(f)0V ro Kara rrjv rroXiv

ttXtjOos' rjBr] Se TroAAot rep XtpLco pLapatvopievoL /cat
pLepiVKores djs el6ov ro rov vaov rrvp, els ohvppiovs
454
bygone times the temple had been burnt by the

Babylonians . From its first foundation by King
Solomon up to its present destruction, which took
place in the second year of Vespasian's reign, the
total period amounts to one thousand one hundred
and thirty years seven months and fifteen days ;
from its rebuilding by Haggai in the second year of
the reign of Cjtus until its fall under ^êspasian to
six hundred and thirty-nine years and forty-five
days.^
(v. 1) While the temple blazed, the victors Sounds

plundered everything that fell in their way and at'temUn^
slaughtered wholesale all who were caught. No pitv the fire.
was shown for age, no reverence for rank ; children
and greybeards, laity and priests, alike were massacred : every class was pursued and encompassed
in the grasp of war, whether suppliants for mercy or

offering resistance. The roar of the flames streaming
far and vride mingled with the groans of the falling
victims ; and, owing to the height of the hill and the
mass of the burning pile, one would have thought
that the whole city was ablaze. And then the dinnothing more deafening or appalling could be conceived than that. There were the war-cries of the
Roman legions sweeping onward in mass, the howls
of the rebels encircled by fire and sword, the rush
of the people who, cut off above, fled panic-stricken
only to fall into the arms of the foe, and their shrieks
as they met their fate. With the cries on the liill
were blended those of the multitude in the citv
below ; and now many who were emaciated and
tongue-tied from starvation, when they beheld the
" 250 note. " Chronological system uncertain.
4.55
JOSEPHUS
ndXiv Kal Kpavyqv evrovrjaav GVvqyêL h rj tie.
riepata /cat ra Trlpi^ oprj (âpvrepav TTOiovvra rrjv
275 ÔTjv. Tjv Se rov Oopvôv ra TrdOrj cfioêpajrepa'

rov jjLev ye rov lepov X6(f)OV Ik pit,6jv dv ns ^ôê
^pdrreadai TrdvroBev rov TTvpos KarayepLOvra,
hadiiXeGTepov be to alfia rov rrvpog eivat Kai row
276 (l)Ovev6vroju rrXeiovs rovs <f)Ovevoiievovs' ovSa/xou

yap Tj yrj hie4>aivero rcov veKpwv, aXXd [/cai]^
GOjpoLS eTTepLâivovres^ ol arparichrai Gojpdrojv
277 errl rovs hia(f)evyovras eOeov. ro /xev ovv XrjorpLKOv

TrX-qdos ojadfievoL rovs Pco/aat'ou? p-oXis els ro
eôj hieKTiirrrovuiv lepov KaKeldev eis rrjV TToXiVy
rov hrjporiKov he ro XeL<j)dev eTil rrjV e^co oroav
278 Karec^vye. rwv 8' lepeow rives ro pev Trpojrov

aTTO rov vaov rovs re oêXovs Kal rds ebpas avrojv
poXiôv TTerroLT] pevas dvaoTTOJvres ecs rovs Po)-
279 palovs ri<^LeGav, avOis S' ojs ovr^ rjvvov ri Kai ro

rrvp err avrovs aveppijyvvro, ern rov rolypv
dvayLopr\Gavres i ovra OKrdn'ciyyv ro evpos, epevov.
280 hvo ye p.rjv rojv eTTLGTipojv, Trapov GCjoOrjvai rrpos

'Pco/xatofS" pLeraoraGiv rj hiaKaprepeiv Trpos rrjv
pierd rcov dXXojv rvy^-qVy eavrovs eppcifjav ecs ro

TTvp Kal ro) vaoj GvyKareSXeyrjGav, Îrjipos re vlos
BeAyd Kal ^la)Gr]7TOs AaXacov.
281 (2) 'Pco/xatot 8e pidraiov rr]v IttI rols "^^V^^

(f)eibd) Kpivavres rov vaov (f)XeyopLevov rrdvra gvv7TLpL7TpaGav, rd re Xelipava row Grocov Kal rds
^ om. LC Zon. * i-mâipovTes PA.
Cf. the similar catalogue of horrible sounds, including

456
sanctuary on fire, gathered strength once more for

lamentations and wailing. Peraea and the surrounding mountains contributed their echoes, deepening the
din.'' But yet more awful than the uproar were the
sufferings. You would indeed have thought that the
temple-hill was boiling over from its base, being
everywhere one mass of flame, but yet that the
stream of blood was more copious than the flames and
the slain more numerous than the slayers. For the
ground was nowhere visible through the corpses ; but

the soldiers had to clamber over heaps of bodies in
pursuit of the fugitives. The brigand crowd succeeded in pushing through the Romans and with
difficulty forcing their way into the outer court of
the temple, and thence to the city ; while what was
left of the populace took refuge on the outer portico.*
Of the priests some, at the tirst, tore up the spikes
from the sanctuary, with their leaden sockets, and
hurled them at the Romans, but afterwards, finding
their efforts unavailing and the flames breaking out
against them, they retired to the wall, which was
eight cubits broad, and there remained. Two persons of distinction, however, having the choice of
saving their lives by going over to the Romans or of
holding out and sharing the fortune of the rest,
plunged into the fire and were consumed with the
temple, namely Meirus, son of Belgas, and Josephus,
son of Dalaeus.
(2) The Romans, thinking it useless, now that the Burning

temple was on fire, to spare the surrounding build- ^êasury
ings, set them all alight, both the remnants of the and other
porticoes and the gates, excepting two, one on the ^ '"^^
the mountain echoes, in the account of the siege of Jotapata,
iii. 24:1-250. * Their fate is described below, 283 f.
4.57
JOSEPHUS
TTvXa? TrXrjv hvo, tt)? /xev eV rwv avaroXiKcov, ttjs

bk fJLG7]fi^pLvrj?- /cat ravra?^ vorepov KareGKaipav.
282 ^Kaiov he koI ra 'yalo(f)vXdKLa, V ols aTreipov p.ev

XP'rjp-drojv 7rXr]6o5 dVetpot S' iadrjres Kal dXXa
KLijL-qXia, (JvveXovrt 8 etTTelv, Trdg 6 lovhaLOJv
GGOjpVrO TtXoVTOS, aVGKVaG{JLUCL)V CKel TOVS
283 oIkov? rcov evrropajv. tjkov Se Kal eirl ttjv Xoltttiv

GTodv Tov eôjOev Upov' KaraTTecfievyeL^ 8' eV
avTTjv OLTTO TOV Sijfiov yvvaia Kal Trachia Kal
284 GVpLflLKTOS O^XoS L iâKLGX^'XiOV? . TTplv 8e Kat"
Gapa KpZvai tl rrepl avTOJV rj KeXevGat rovs '^y^fiovag, (f)p6iJievoi rolg dvp.ols ol GrparLcoraL rT]v
GTodv vc^drrrovGL, kgl Gvve^Tj rovg pLv piTrrovvras
avTOVs .k rrjg (i)Xoy6g StacbdaprjvaL, tov? 8 eV
285 avTjj' 7TpLGa)0r] 8' e'/c togovtojv ovhecs. tovtols

aLTLog TTJ? aTrajXela? ipevdonpocbrjTrjg t6? /carecTTT^
Acar' eKeiviqv K-qpvâs ttjv rjpLepav tol? 7tl ttjs
TToAecos", d)? 6 deos eirl to Upov dva^rjvai KeXevet
28<j Seôp-evovg ra Gruiela ttj? GCDT-qpla?. ttoXXoI 8'

iqGav iyKaOeTOL rrapd rtuv Tvpdvvcov TOTe 77/30? tov
hrjjJLOv 7Tpo(l)rjTai, rrpoGfJieveiV ttjv diro tov deov
ôrjOeiav KaTayyeXXovTes, djs tjttov avTOpLoXolev
Kal TOVS eTTavoj ^0vg Kal cf)vXaKrjs yevouevovs
287 eXiTLS TTapaKpoTOLTj . TTetdeTaL oe Ta;(eajs"^ avdpojTtos

V GvpLcjiopals, OTav 8' 'rjdrj^ Kal tojv KaTexdvTCxJV
Seivdjv aTTaXXayrjv 6 iâTraTdJv V7Toypd(f)r], toO
6 TrdGX^JV oXos ylveTai T-qg cAt? t8o?.
288 (3) Tov yovv ddXiov SrjiJLOv ol fjiev aTraTedweg Kal

KaTaipevSofMevoL tov deov TrjvLKavTa 7rap7TLdov,
^ + 5" Destinoii.
^ Bekker with one iis. and Lat. (confugerant) : /caraêiryet

the rest. ^ 5' evditvs L. * oe 77077 L : oe 5t] most mss.
458
east and the other on the south ; these also they
subsequently razed to the ground. They further
burnt the treasury-chambers,^ in which lay vast sums
of money, vast piles of raiment, and other valuables ;
for this, in short, was the general repcîtory of Jewish
wealth, to which the rich had consigned the contents
of their dismantled houses. They then proceeded Destraction
to the one remaining portico of the outer court, on ^f ^^^^^d
which the poor women and children of the populace refugees
and a mixed multitude had taken refuge, numbering
six thousand. And before Caesar had come to any
decision or given any orders to the officers concerning
these people, the soldiers, carried away by rage, set
fire to the portico from below ; ^^^th the result that
some were killed plunging out of the flamc^. others
perished amidst them, and out of all that multitude
not a soul escaped. They owed their destruction to deluded by
a false prophet, who had on that day proclaimed to prophet
the people in the city that God commanded them to
go up to the temple court, to receive there the tokens
of their deliverance. Numerous prophets, indeed,
were at this period suborned by the tyrants to delude
the people, by bidding them await help from God,
in order that desertions might be checked and that
those who were above fear and precaution might be
encouraged by hope. In adversity man is quickly
persuaded ; but when the deceiver actually pictures
release from prevailing horrors, then the sufferer
wholly abandons himself to expectation.
(3) Thus it was that the ^^Tetched people were Portents

deluded at that time by charlatans and pretended ^ ^^^ ' *
* V. 200 ; it was here that Herod Agrippa suspended the

ffolden chain given him by Caligula on his release from
imprisonment, A. xix. 294..
459
JOSEPHUS
rots S* evapyiai koL TrpocrrjfjLaLvovcTL ttjv fxeXXovcrav
iprjfiLav repaaiv ovre Trpoaelxov ovr eTnarevov,

dAA' COS" ifiê^povr-qiJievoL /cat fnqr 6[JLfj.aTa lJLy]T
ipvx'^v eôvres tcov rod deov K-qpvyfiarojv rrap-
289 T]Kovaav, rovro pLv ore virep r-qv rroXiv aurpov earrj
pofjL(l)aLa TTapaTrXrjGLOv Kai Trapareivas ^tt evtavrov
290 KOfJL'qrrjs, rovro 8' rjvcKa rrpo rrjs aTTOGraaecos Kai

rod rrpog rov TroAe/xov KLvqpiaro? aBpoit,op.evov rod
Xaov rrpos rrjv rcov d^vjJLOJV ioprrjv, oySorj 8' rjv
'E.avdiKov p.-qv6sy Kara vvKros ivarT]v ojpav rooovro
(f)a)s TrepieXapupe rov ^cofiov Kal rov vaov, OJS
hoKLV rjfiepav elvai XapLTrpdv, Kai rovro rrapereivev
291 </>' rjjjLLoreLav ojpav o rot? jjiev aTreipotS" ayadov

iSoKEL, roZs 8' lepoypapLfJiarevGL Trpos rtov aTTOê^r]-
292 Korojv evdeojs iKpidrj. Kal Kara rr^v avrrjv eoprrjv

ôv? [Xv dySeiaa vtto rov Trpos rrjv Ovoiav ereKev
293 dpva iv rev Upo) pLeaoj, rj 8' dvaroXiKT] nvXr] rov

ivBorepcD vaov x^^^^V h*-^^ ovaa Kal GrLJSapajrarr],
KXiOp.V7] 8e 7Tpl SlXi]V jJLoXiS VTT avOpCOTTCxJV
elKOGL, Kal fJLOxXols p-ev irrepeLSopLevrj uihripoheroLSi
KaraTTTjyas 8' exovaa padvrdrovs ets" rov ovbov

ovra Si-qveKovs Xidov Kadiep-dvovSy dj(f)drj Kara
294 vvKros ojpav eKr7]v avropidrojs rjvoLyjJLevq^' SpajjLovres 8' ol rov lepov (f)vXaKs rjyyeiXav r<h
arparrjyu), KaKelvos dva^ds /xoAts" avrr]v iaxvaev
295 /cAetcrai. TrdXiv rovro rols fêv IhiojraLS KoXXiorov
^ PA Eus. : qveajyuevT] the rest.
Tac. IJist. V. 13, "e%"enerant prodigia, quae neque hosHis

neque voiis piare fas habet gens superstitioni obnoxia,
religionibus adversa." "Tacitus means that the Jews were
much under the influence of their religion (which he calls
euperst it io ),hu\, unlike the Romans, did not feel that prodigies involved any obligations {relifjiones) to avert them."
460
JEWISH WAR, \'I. 288-295
messengers of the deity ; while they neither heedej

nor believed in the manifest portents that foretold
the coming desolation, but, as if thunderstruck and

bereft of eyes and mind, disregarded the plain
warnings of God." So it was when a star, resembling The star
a sword, stood over the city, and a comet which ^^'-^ comet.
continued for a year. So again when, before the The
revolt and the commotion that led to war, at the iT^h^'iôund
time when the people were assembling for the feast -le altar.
of unleavened bread, on the eighth of the month
Xanthicus,^ at the ninth hour of the night, so brilliant
a light shone round the altar and the sanctuary that
it seemed to be broad daylight ; and this continued
for half an hour. By the inexperienced this was
regarded as a good omen, but by the sacred scribes
it was at once interpreted in accordance with after
events. At that same feast a cow that had been Amonstroaa
brought by some one for sacrifice gave birth to a the temple.
lamb in the midst of the court of the temple ; moreover, the eastern gate of the inner court it was of SponUnebrass and very massive, and, when closed towards o-^tê^^"'"^
evening, could scarcely be moved by twenty men ; brazen gute,
fastened with iron-bound bars, it had bolts which
were sunk to a great depth into a threshold consisting of a solid block of stone this gate was observed
at the sixth hour of the night to have opened of its
own accord.'' The watchmen of the temple ran
and reported the matter to the captain,'^ and he
came up and Mith difficulty succeeded in shutting it.

This again to the uninitiated seemed the best of
" March-April ; " 25 April of the Julian year if Josephus

follows his usual system, but here he seems to have used a
more ancient Jewish reckoning " (Xiese).
Tac. ibid. " apertae repente delubri fores."
** " The captain of the temple,'' Acts iv. 1, v. 24.
461
JOSEPHUS
^6kl repas' avolâi yap rov deov avrots rrjv rcbv

ayada)v TrvXrjv ol XoyiOL Se Xvo[ivriv avrofjidrcos
Tov vaov rrjv a(j(j)aXeiav ivevoovv, /cat 7ToXep.ioLS
"^^ hwpov avoiyeadaL rrjv ttvXtjv, SrjXcoTLKov t' ip-qjilas
aTTecjiau'ov V aurots" to arjfielov. iiera 8c rr^v
eoprrjv ov ttoXXols rjjiipais vorepov, iilo. kol et/caSt
297 ApreijLLcrtov {jltjvo?, <â(7/j,a rt SaipLovLov ax^d-q

pLel^ôv TTLGreojs' reparela he dv eSoêv ot/xat ro
prjdr]GopLevov, el jjlt) Kal Trapa rols OeaaafMevoig
298 laroprjTO /cat ra eTraKoXovd-qoavra TrdOr] rcbv

crqfieLOJV rjv dîa' rrpo yap tjXlov Svaeco? a)(f)dr]
fjLTeojpa 7Tpl TraGav rr^v -)((x)pav apfiara /cat
299 (j)dXayyeg evorrXoi hiarrovGai row vecfxjjp /cat kvKXovjxevai rds TroAet?- /caret Se rr^v eoprrjv, rj
TrevTTj KOGTT] KaXeZrai, vuKrcop ol Upelg TrapeXoovres 1? TO evoov lepov, ojarrep avrois eUog
Trpog rds" Xeirovpylas, Trpcorov [xev KLvqaeajs eâcrav
^^ OLVTiXaêudai Kal ktvttov, fierd Se ravra (jxxtvrjs

adpoas " fJLeraâlvojjLev^ evrevdev." to e to-utujv
(i>o^pojTpov, ^lr]Gov yap rt? vlos W.vavLov^ tCjv
IhLOJToJi' aypoLKOs, irpo reacrdpajv ctcov tov TToXefjLOV
ra jidXiGra rijg rroXeojs elprjVVop,vrjs* Kal evdrjI'ovarjs, X9d)i' elg rrjv eoprrjV, iv f] GKrjVOTroLeLcrdaL
Travras euos tcu tfew, Kara ro lepov egaTnvr^s
avaôdv yjpâro "(fxjoi'Tj om dvaroAT^S", (jicovrj oltto
^ P (c/. ? 3'H)) : 4- V the rest.

* fxerapaLViL'fjiev Lat. Zon. Eus. Dem. Ev.
PA Heir. Eus. : 'Az/di'or the rest. * eip-rjvevovarjs PL.
" c. May (" S June," Xiese as above).
^ Tac. ibid. " visae per caelum concurrere acies, nitilantia

arma et subito nubium igne conlucere templum " (partly
based on \'irgil, Aen. viii. 528 f.).
* 7'ac. ibid. " apertae repente delubri fores et audita major
462
omens, as they supposed that God had opened to

them the gate of blessings ; but the learned understood that the security of the temple was dissolving
of its ovm accord and that the opening of the gate
meant a present to the enemy, interpreting the
portent in their own minds as indicative of coming
desolation. Again, not many days after the festival, Celestial
on the twenty-first of the month Artemisium,'^ there ^""^âppeared a miraculous phenomenon, passing belief.
Indeed, what I am about to relate would, I imagine,
have been deemed a fable, were it not for the narratives of eyewitnesses and for the subsequent calamities
which deserved to be so signalized. For before

sunset throughout all parts of the country chariots
were seen in the air and armed battalions hurtling
through the clouds and encompassing the cities.^
Moreover, at the feast which is called Pentecost, ;i'he voice
the priests on entering the inner court of the temple temple.
by night, as their custom was in the discharge of
their ministrations, reported that they were conscious, first of a commotion and a din, and after that
of a voice as of a host, " We are departing hence." ^
But a further portent was even more alarming. The

Four years before the war, when the city was enjoy- cdeso"^
ing profound peace and prosperity, there came to Jesus for
the feast at which it is the custom of all Jews to before
erect tabernacles to God,^ one Jesus, son of Ananias, ^^^ ^^ra rude peasant, who, standing in the temple, suddenly
began to cry out, " A voice from the east, a voice
humana vox, excedere deos ; simul ingens motus excedentium." This supports the reading, ixeTo.Saivoixev, in the text,
rather than the variant, "let us depart hence."
* The Feast of Tabernacles, Snkkoth, autumn of a.d. 62,

as appears from 308. Hostilities opened four years later
with the defeat of Cestius in the autumn of a.d. Q6.
463
JOSEPHUS
Bvcreojg, (l)CjL>vrj oltto tojv reaadpajv dvefxajv, Scovf)

77t 'lepocToXviJLa Kal Tov vaov, (f)Ojvrj e-m vviJL(f)Lovg
Kal vviJL<f)ag, (i)Ojvrj eVt rov Xaov Travra." rovro
(leO^ Tjiiepav Kal vvKrojp Kara rravras rovs arevoj-
302 TToijs rrepLTjei KKpayoJS- tcov 8e imoTJfiojv nve?

hripiOTCjjv dyavaKTi]Gavres Trpos to KaKocj^-qpiOV
cruXXapL^dvovcTL rov dvOpcoTTOv /cat TToAAats" aiKit,ovTaL TrX-qyois. 6 8' ovd^ vrrep avrov (f)6y^dfievos ovT* ihia Trpo? rovs Traiovras , as Kai Trporepov
303 (jiojvds ôcov hLereXeL. vojiiuavres 3' ol dpxovre?,

orrep 7)1', h at p.ovL(l>Tepov to KLvr^pia ravhpos avdyovGiv avTov errl rov Trapd Pcoâtot? errap)(ov.
304 evda fidarL^L fte^pt ocrrecov âLv6fjLvos ovd' lkIrVGev ovr iddKpvaev, dXX cL? ivrjv /LtaAtcrra rrjv
cl)a)vrjv 6Xo(f}vpTLKa}5 TiapeyKXivojv Trpos eKauT'qv
305 aTTCKpLvaTO TrXrjyrjV " alal 'lepocroAu/xot?." rod

8* WX^Lvov hipajT(2)VTOS, ovTOS ydp 7rapxo tjv,
Tts" t' eiT] Kal rrodev, Kal hid tl ravra (f)dyyoiTOy
TTpos ravra jiev oud' onovv drreKpLvaro, rov 8' em
TTJ TToXeL dprjvov elpojv ov hieXeLrrev, p-^XP'' '<^CLTa-
306 yvovs puavLav 6 'AA^tros" aTreXvaev avrov. o oe rov

P'iXP'- ~^^ TToXep-ov ^(^pov'ov ovre Trpoarjei rtvu rcov
TToXiraJv ovre djc^d-q XaXd)v, dXXd Ka9 rjpepav
ojGep e^X^^ pLepLeXerqKojs "alal 'lepoGoXvjioLs"
307 lOp-qvei. ovre he rivL rcov tvtttovtojv avrov ogtjpiepau Kar-qpdro ovre rovs rpo(f)rjs pLerahihovras
evXoyet, pila he rtpos rrdvrag rjv tj GKvdpojrrrj KXrjhojv
308 diTOKpLGis- /xaAtcrra 8' ev ralg eopraZs eKeKpdyeiKal rovr^ e^' eTrrd err] Kal pLTjvas Trevre etpojv ovr
rjpL^Xvvev T7]v cfxjjvrjv ovr^ eKapLev, piixp^S ov Kara
" Cf. the repeated refrain in Jeremiah, " Tbe-n will I cause
464
from the west, a voice from the four winds ; a voice

against Jerusalem and the sanctuary, a voice against
the bridegroom and the bride,** a voice against all
the people." Day and niglit he went about all the
alleys with this cry on his lips. Some of the leading
citizens, incensed at these ill-omened words, arrested
the fellow and severely chastised him. But he,
without a word on his own behalf or for the private
ear of those who smote him, only continued his cries
as before. Thereupon, the magistrates, supposing,
as was indeed the case, that the man was under some
supernatural impulse, brought him before the
Roman governor ; there, although flayed to the bone
^^^th scourges, he neither sued for mercy nor shed
a tear, but, merely introducing the most mournful
of variations into his ejaculation, responded to each
stroke with " Woe to Jerusalem ! " When Albinus,^
the governor, asked him who and whence he was
and why he uttered these cries, he answered him
never a word, but unceasingly reiterated his dirge
over the city, until Albinus pronounced him a maniac
and let him go. During the whole period up to the
outbreak of war he neither approached nor was seen
talking to any of the citizens, but daily, like a prayer
that he had conned, repeated his lament, " Woe to
Jerusalem ! " He neither cursed any of those who
beat him from day to day, nor blessed those who

offered him food : to all men that melancholy presage
was his one reply. His cries were loudest at the
festivals. So for seven years and five months he
continued his wail, his voice never flagging nor his
strength exhausted, until in the siege, having seen
to cease from . . . the streets of Jerusalem . . . the voice

of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride " (vii. 34, etc.).
* Procurator a.d. 62-64, B, ii. 272-6.
465
JOSEPHUS
rrjv TToXiopKiav pya rrjs KXrjhovog ISojv dveTravcraro.
Trepuojv yap oltto^ rod TeL)(ovs "alal ttciXlv rfj
309 '\ ^ ^ \ ^ \ ^>ic / 'O''

7ToAL Kai rep Aao) Kai roj vaco OLavpvGLOv epoa,
(1)9 de reXevralov TTpooidrjKev "alal 8e KapiOL,"
XlOo? Ik rov 7TrpoB6Xov GxacrSelg Kai rrXrjâ?
avrov 77apa)(prjpLa Kreivei, (f)deyyop.V7^v ert ras
KXrjdova? e/cetVas" rrjV ijjvx^v d(/)i^x:e.
(4) Tavrd ns ivvowv vprjGL rov pLV Oeov
310 ' n / o ' ^ ' '

avupojTTOJV K-qoopLei'ov Kai Travroicos TrpoarjpLaLvovra
rep acherepcp yivei rd oojrTJpLa, rovs 8' utt' dvolag
^11 /cat KaKujv avdaipercov dTToXXvpievovg, orrov ye
lovdaloL Kai ro Upov pLerd rrjv KaOalpeaLV rrjg
AvTOjVLa? rerpdycovov eTTOL-qaav, dvayeypapipLevov
v roZ? XoyioLs exovres dXajoeuOai rrjV ttoXlv Kai
rov vaov, CTretSdv ro Upov yevqrai rerpdyojvov.
312 TO 5 errdpav avrovg pdXtara Trpog rov TToXepLOV rjv

XprjGpLOs dpL(j}LôXo ojioLOJS v roX? tepolg evprjpievog ypapLpiaGLV, ojs Kara rov Kaipov eKelvov arro
313 rris x^'-^P''^^ avrojv ri? dpêi rrjs olKovp.evrjs- rov9

OL pLv CDS' OLKelov e^lXaôv Kai ttoXXoI row GO(f)d)v
TrXavrjQr]Gav rrepl rr)v KpiGiv, eh-qXov S' dpa rr^v
OveGTTaGLavov ro Xoyiov rjyepLOVLav diroheixOevros
314 77t lovSat'a? avroKpdropos. dXXd ydp ov hvvarov
^ PA : em the rest.
Authority unknown.
^ So Tacitus, Hist. v. 13 " phiribus persuasio inerat antiquls sacerdotum litteris contineri, eo ipso tempore fore ut
valesceret Oriens profectique Judaea rerum poterentur.
quae ambages Vespasianum ac 1 itum praedixerat, sed vulgus
more humanae cupidinis sibi tantam fatorum niagnitudinem
interpretati ne adversis quidem ad vera mutabantur." Cf.
the similar statement in Suetonius, Vesp. 4 " percrebruerat
466
his presage verified, he found his rest. For, while

going his round and shouting in piercing tones from
the wall, " Woe once more to the city and to the
people and to the temple," as he added a last word,
" and woe to me also," a stone hurled from the
ballista struck and killed him on the spot. So with
those ominous words still upon his lips he passed
away.
(4) Reflecting on these things one Mill find that

God has a care for men, and by all kinds of premonitory signs shows His people the way of salvation,
while they owe their destruction to folly and calamities
of their o^\T\ choosing. Thus the Jews, after the Two
demolition of Antonia, reduced the temple to a
square, although they had it recorded in their oracles
that the city and the sanctuary would be taken when
the temple should become four-square." But what
more than all else incited them to the war was an
ambiguous oracle, likewise found in their sacred
scriptures, to the effect that at that time one from
their country would become ruler of the world.
This they understood to mean someone of their o^vn
race, and many of their ^\'ise men went astray in
their interpretation of it. The oracle, however, in
reality signified the sovereignty of Vespasian, who

was proclaimed Emperor on Jewish soil.^ For all
Oriente toto vetus et constans opinio, esse in fatis ut eo

tempore Judaea profecti rerum potirentur. Id de imperatore
Romano, quantum postea eventu paruit, praedictum Judaei
ad se trahentes rebellarunt." For discussions on this (Messianic) prophecy and the relations between Josephus and
Tacitus see E. Xorden in Neue Jahrbiicher fur das klassische
Altertum. 1913, xxxi. 637 if., and P. Corrsen in Zdtschrift
fUr die N.T. Wissenschaft, 1914, 114 ff. Tacitus is not ^
likely to have read Josephus : both are apparently dependent
on a common source.
467
JOSEPHUS
av6 pojTTOis TO ;)^peajy Siacfivyetv ovSe Trpoopojjjiivois.
315 Oi hk Kat Tcov Grjfieiow a fxev eKpivav rrpos rjSovr^v a

8 iôvdevqaav, fiexpi^S ov rfj t dXcoaei rrjs Trarpibos^ Kai roj G(jia}V avrow oXeOpco SL-qXeyxdrjaav
Tqv avoiav.
316 (vi. l) Pco/xatot he tojv [lev oraGLaGTWv Kara7r(f)vy6rojv el? rrjv ttoXlv, KCLOfxevov Se avrov re
rod vaov /cat tojv rrepi^ arravTajv, KopLiGavres ras"
G'qp.aias eis to lepov Kai dep.evoi Trjg avaToXiKrjg
7TvXrj avTiKpv? eOvGav re avTois avTodi Kai tov
TiTov pLeTOL pLeyiGTOJv ev(f)'qpiL(x)v a7Te(f>'qvav auro-
317 KpaTopa. Talg he aprrayals ovtcos eveTrXrjGdrjGav

OL GTpaTLcoTaL TTOiVTe?, ojGTe KaTo. T-qv HvpLav vpog
TjpLLGV rrjs TrdXai TcpLrj? tov GTadjiov tov ;(puCTtot>
ZIS 7TL7TpdGKG6 at. TWV S' OLvd TOV TOLXOV TOV VaOV
lepeojv hiaKapTepovvTOJV ttol? hiiJjrjGag LKeTeve tov?

<l)vXaKa? TOJV ^Vojjiaiajv hovvai heîdv avTCo Kai to
319 hiifjos e^cnpLoXoyeLTO. tojv he Trj? 7)XLKLas Kai Trjg

avdyKrjg olktov XaôvTOJV /cat hovTOJV heîd?
KaTa^ds avTos Te rrlveL /cat o (f)epojv rJKev ayyelov
TrXrjGas vhaTO? ojêTO (fyevycuv dvco rrpos tou?
320 G(f)eTepovs. tojv he (^vXdKOJV KaTaXaêZv puev

ovhels LGXVGE, TTpos he TTjv dTTLGTLav e^XaGcl)rjpL0vv .
KaKelvos ovhev e(j)rj TTapaê^rjKevaL tcov GVvdr]Kcov
Xaêlv yap heîdv ov tov pêveiv Trap* avTois dXXd
TOV KaTaî]vaL piovov /cat Xaêtv vhojp, direp
321 apLcjiOTepa TreTTOLTjKOJS ttlgtos ehoêv eLvat. to fiev

hrj TTavovpyqpia hid ttjv rjXiKLav /xaAtcrra tov
TTaihos aTTedavpLalôv ol rrXavrjOevTes' TrepLTTTT] h
* Havercamp quotes Tertullian's Apology, xvi. "sed et

Victorias adoratis. . . . Religio Romanorum tota castrensis
signa veneratur, signa jurat, signa omnibus diis praeponit."
46s
that, it is impossible for men to escape their fate,

even though they foresee it. Some of these portents,
then, the Jews interpreted to please themselves,
others they treated v.ith. contempt, until the ruin
of their country and their own destruction convicted
them of their folly.
(vi. 1) The Romans, now that the rebels had fled The
to the city, and the sanctuary itself and all around ^crlfice
it were in flames, carried their standards into the ^ ^'^^
temple court and, setting them up opposite the and hail

eastern gate, there sacrificed to theni,*^ and \\ith ^^'^^'^ .
rousing acclamations hailed Titus as imperator. So
glutted with plunder were the troops, one and all,
tliat throughout Syria the standard of gold was
depreciated to half its former value. Among the Surrender
priests still holding out on the wall of the sanctuary ^ a execution of
lad, who was parched with thirst, confessed his the priests.
condition to the Roman guards and besought them
to pledge him security. Taking pity on his youth
and distress, they promised him protection ; whereupon he came down and drank, and then, after filling
with water a vessel which he had brought with him,
raced back to his comrades above. The guards all
failing to catch him and cursing his perfidy, he
replied that he had broken no covenant ; for the
accepted pledge did not bind him to remain with
them, but merely permitted him to descend and
procure water ; both these actions he had done, and
therefore considered that he had been true to Ms
word. Such cunning, especially in so young a boy,
astonished the Romans whom he had outwitted ;
however, on the fifth day, the priests, now famishing,
For the practice here mentioned Josephus seems to be the
sole authority. " 279.
469
JOSEPHUS
Tjfiepa Xificorrovre? ol uepelg KaraâLVovoi koX

TTpos Tltov ava)(6evTes vtto tcov (f)vX6.KOJv LKerevov
322 Tvx^'i^ GOJTTjpias. 6 he tov ptev rffs ovyyvajpL-qs

Katpov auTot? 7Tap(x)'xr]KvaL (f)7](ja, otx^dOaL Se
8t' ov evXoycxjg dv avrovs ecrojê, TrpeTreiv he rolg
UpevGL TO) vao) GvvaTToXiuOai, KeXevet KoXduai
Tovs avhpas.
323 (2) 01 he TTepl rovs rvpdwovs ws rco re TToXepni)

TTOLvroOev eKparovvro /cat TreptTeretp^tcr/xeVoi? Sta(f)vyeLv ovhajjLodev -qv, TrpoKaXovvraC' rov Tltov els
324 Xoyovs. 6 he Kal hid to (jaXdvdpajTTOV (pvaei to

yovv doTV TTepiGojaai rtpoaipovpievos Kal tcov
^lXcov evayovTOJV y rjhrj yap peTpLdt,eiv rovs Xrjo-Tag
VTTeXdpâvov ,^ luTaTai Kara to Trpog hvaiv ptepog
325 TOV e^codev lepov' TavTT] yap VTrep tov ^vgtov

Tjuav TTvXai, Kai yeSvpa awdTTTOVca to) lepcp ttjv
dvco TToXiv avTTj TOTe pLearj tcov Tvpdwcov rjv Kal
326 TOV Katcrapos". to he ttXtjOos eKaTepoLg ^vl,rjv

e(l)eGTrjKeL, lovhaioL pLev irepL HcpLCova Kau Icoavvr^v
pLeTecopoL GvyyvcopLTjS eXTTihi,, 'Pcu/xatot he Katcrapt
327 KapahoKovvTes avTwv T'qv aîcoGiv, TrapayyetXag

he Tols GrparicoTais TtVos" dvpLOV re Kal êXcov
p.eveiv eyKpaTels, Kal tov epp.-qvea TrapaGTrjGdpLevos
OTTep TjV TeKpL-qpLOV TOV KpaTelv, TTpCOTOS rjpâTO
328 Xeyecv " dpd ye TJhrj KeKopeGde tujv rrjs TraTpihos

KaKcov,^ dvhpes, ol p-'qTe ttjs rjpLeTepas hwdpLecos
pLTjTe Ti]s eavTOJV aGdeveias ewoiav XaôvTes , opp,fj
he aGKeTTTCp Kal pLavia tov re hrjpLov Kal T'qv ttoXlv
Kal TOV vaov drroXcoXeKOTes, aTToXovpêvoi he Kal
^ Nabcr witli Lat. : irpoaKokovpTai mss.
* Hudson with Lat. : vireXafiâvev jiss.
3 + i P Lat.
470
came dovrn and, being conducted by the guards to

Titus, implored him to spare their Hves. But he
told them that the time for pardon had for them
gone by, that the one thing for whose sake he mii^ht
with propriety have spared them was gone, and that
it behoved priests to perish with their temple, and
so ordered them to execution.
(2) The t}Tants and their followers, beaten on all simon and
sides in the war and surrounded by a wall prevent- fof paîL
ing any possibihty of escape, now ln\'ited Titus to with Titus.
a parley. Anxious, with his innate humanity, at
all events to save the town, and instigated by his
friends, who supposed that the brigands had at length
been brought to reason, Titus took up a position on
the west of the outer court of the temple ; there
being at this point gates opening above the Xystus
and a bridge ^ which connected the upper city with
the temple and now parted the tyrants from Caesar.
The multitude stood in crowds on either side : the
Jews around Simon and John, excited by hopes of

pardon, the Romans beside Caesar eagerly waiting
to hear their claim. Titus, after charging his troops
to keep a check on their rage and their missiles, and
stationing an interpreter beside him, proceeded, in
token of his conquest, to address them first.
" Well, sirs, are you at length sated with your Titus
country's woes : you who, without bestowing a addresses
/ -^ ' - the tyrants.
thought on our strength or your own weakness, have

through inconsiderate fury and madness lost your
people, your city, and your temple, and are yourselves justly doomed to perish ; you who from the
V. 502 flF.
' For Xystus and bridge cf. ii. 344. This speech of Titas
at the close is delivered almost on the same spot as that of
Agrippa before the outbreak of war.
471
JOSEPHUS
329 avTOL 8t/cat6DS", ol rrpcorov fiev acf) ov Yloinr-qLOS

etXev vf-idg Kara Kpdro? ovk eTTavuaaOe VcoTepoTTOilas, 7TLTa Kal (j)avp6v e^-qveyKare Trpos
330 *^<x>}iaiovs TToXepôv; dpd ye TrXrjOeL 7T7tol66ts ;

Kal iJLTjV eXdxLGTOV vfjuv fxepos dvrrjpKecrev rod
*Paj[j.aLa}v GrpanajTiKov. ttlgtcl roiyapovv crvpLp.d-)^cov ; Kol ri rcov eôj rrjg rjiierepa? "qyepLOViag
edvwv epêXXev alp-qaeGOaL ^lovSalovs npo 'Pajuatajv;
331 dAA' dXKT] Gojp.drojv ; Kal jjltjv tare Tepfxavovg

SovXevovras r]ijLLV. oy^vporiqri oe retp^cuv; Kal tl
fieliov d)Kavov relx^S^ KwXvjJLa, 6v rrepiê^Xi-jfievoi Bperravol rd 'Pcofialajv oirXa TfpoGKVvovaiv;
332 Kaprepla xjjvxi]? Kai Travovpyia Grpanqycov ; aAAa
333 (JLTjv fjheiTe Kal \\ap)('qhovLOVs dXovras. roiyapovv

VfJids eTT-qyeipe Kara 'Poj/xatcov -q 'Pcofialoiv cfjiXavBpojTTLa, ol TTpcoTOV fiev vp.Lv TTjV T )(âjpav ehop.ev
vepLGdaL Kal âGiXels opbOcjîjXovs IneGr'qGap.ev,
334 CTTCtTa Tovs rrarpLovs v6p.ovs eTrjprjGapLev, Kal l,rjv
ov pLOvov Kad' eavTov? dXXd Kal rrpo?^ rovs dXXovg
335 e7TTpipapLv cLg iôvXeoOe- to Se pLeycGTOv, haGpLOXoyelv re vplv irn ro) deep Kai avadi^pLara gvXXeyeiv iTrerpeipapêv, Kal rovs ravra (f)povTas ovr
ivovderrjGapiev ovre eKOjXvGapiev, Iv* riplv yevqGBe
TrXovGLcvrepoL^ Kal TrapaGKevdGiqGde rols 'qp.erepoLs
336 ;)(p7]/Ltacrtv Kad' -qpLcbv. eVetra ttjXlkovtwv dyadcov

dTToXavovres inl rovs TrapaGôvrag rjveyKare rov
Kopov Kal Slktjv rojv dTL6aGvra)i' ipTrerwv rolg
337 GaivovGi rov lov iva(f)-qKaT. earo) yovv, Karecjipovr^Gare rrj? êpcvvos padvpiias, Kal KaOdirep
piqypLara t) GTraGpLara rov dXXov y^povov KaKOijdoJS
^ PM : -r atque Lat. : tslxovs the rest,

* L (" cum " Lat.) : om. the rest.
472
first, ever since Pompey reduced you by force never
ceased from revolution, and have now ended by

declaring open war upon the Romans ? Did you
rely on numbers ? Nay, a mere fraction of the
Roman soldiery has proved your match. On the
fidelity of allies ? Pray, what nation beyond the
limits of our empire would prefer Jews to Romans ?
On physical strength, perhaps ? Yet you are aware
that the Germans are our slaves. On the soliditv of
your walls ? But what wall could be a greater obstacle than the ocean, encompassed by which the
Britons yet do homage to the Roman arms ? On
the determination of spirit and the astuteness of
your generals ? Yet you knew that even Carthaginians were defeated.
" No, assuredly you were incited against the Romans

by Roman humanity. To begin with, we allowed
you to occupy this land and set over you kings of
your own blood ; then we maintained the laws of
your forefathers and permitted you, not only among
yourselves but also in your dealings ^\ith others, to
Hve as you willed ; above all, we permitted you to
exact tribute for God and to collect offerings, without
either admonishing or hindering those who brought
them only that you might growricher at our expense
and make preparations with our money to attack us !
And then, enjoying such privileges, you turned your

superabundance against the donors, and like untameable reptiles spat your venom upon those who
caressed you.
"You held, be it granted, Nero's indolence in contempt, and, hke fractures or ruptures, remained for
a time malignantly quiescent, only to show your true
^ -\- TToXe'/xiot L Lat.
473
JOSEPHUS
rjpefxovvres iv r^ fieclovL vocro) Biecâvrjre Kai npo?

iXTTLdag dvaLbel?^ dfierpovs iêrelvare rag cttl-
338 dvfila?. rJKv 6 rrar-qp ovfjios el? t7]v ;)(<ujpav, ov

TLjJLCop-qGoiJLevos Vfids rojv Kara lêariov, aXXa
339 vovSerrjGOJV Seov yovv, etrrep ivr^ dvaa-doei rov

edvovg TrapTjv, CTrt t7]v pilâv vjicbv Spa/xety /cat
ravTqv eKTTopdelv rr^v ttoXlv e-uddojs, o oe laAtAatav
iS-ôv Kai rd TTepi^, eVtStSoL'S' vfilv xpoôv ls fiera-
340 pieXeiav. dAA' vijllv dadeveia rd (hiXdvOpajTrov

iboKEL KdK rrjg rjiierepa? TrpaorrjTOs rrjv roA/xav
341 iTTeOpeipare. Nepojyos" olxoyievov rovO^ orrep ixprjv

rovs TTOirqpordrovs eTrotrjcrare , rat? i.l<I)vXlol5 rjfiojp
rapaxols irTeOapprjaare, Kai ;â;ptcrêi'ra;j'' et? ttjv
AiyvTTTOV ijjiov re /cat rov irarpos ls rrapaGKevas
Tov TToXepLOV Karexprjcroiade rolg Kaipols, /cat ovk
rjSeadriTe rapdaaeLv avroKparopas yeyeirqiievov^
ovs Kol Grparrjyovg <îXavBpd)7T0vs eTreipacraTC.
342 rrpoa(f>vyovcrqs yovv 'qulv Trjg -qyepiovias , /cat tujv

pLV Kard ravT-qv rjpefxovvTCov Trdvrajv, TrpeaêvopLevojv be /cat cruv-qdopLevojv rojv eôjOev eOvcov,
343 TTaXiv OL 'louSatot rroXepLOL, Kai TTpeaêlai p.ev

vp.6jv TTpog rov VTTep Kix^pdrrjv CTrt veajrepLGiioj,
TTepiôXoL he reixdov dvot/coSo/xou/ievot /catvot,
ardaets" de Kai rvpdvvcov cbLXoveLKiaL Kai iroXepiOS
ip,6vXL0, fiova TOts" ovTco Trovrjpolg TrpeTTOvra.
344 rjKov errl rrjV ttoXlv eydj Trapd rov Trarpos aKovTOS
Aa/3djv GKvdpajTrd TrapayyeXpara. rov hrjpov aKov-
345 Gas elprjVLKd (jypovelv rjcrO-qv. vpds rravaaadai rrpd

TToXepiOV rrapeKaXovv , pexpi' ttoXXov TroXep.ovvrojv
' di'tttSetaj P:+ 'cat MLC.

474
character on the outbreak of a more serious malady ,**

when you let your ambitions soar unbounded to
shameless expectations. My father came into the
country, not to punish you for events under Cestius,^
but to admonish you. Had he come to extirpate the
nation, his duty surely was to hasten to the root of
your strength and to sack this city forthwith ; whereas
he proceeded to ravage Galilee and the surrounding
district, thus affording you time for repentance. But
by you his humanity was taken for weakness, and
upon our clemency you nursed your audacity. On
Nero's decease, you acted like the basest scoundrels.
Emboldened by our intestine troubles, when I and
my father had departed for Egypt, you abused your
opportunities by preparing for hostilities, and were
not ashamed to harass those, now made emperors,
whose humanity as generals you had experienced.

Thus, when the empire found refuge in us, when
throughout its length was universal tranquillity, and
foreign nations were sending embassies of congratulation, once again the Jews were in arms. There were
embassies from you to your friends beyond the
Euphrates fostering revolt ; fortifications being built
up anew ; seditions, contentions of tyrants, and civil
war the only things befitting men so base. I came
to this city, the bearer of gloomy injunctions from
my reluctant father. The news that the townsfolk
were disposed to peace rejoiced my heart. As for
you, before hostilities began I urged you to pause ;
for a long while after you had begun them I spared
" Roman internal disorders and turbulence in east and

>vest after Xero's death, cf. the proem, B. i. 4 f.
* ii. 499 ff.
VOL. Ill Q 475
JOSEPHUS
C(êtSo/LtT]r, he^LCLS avTOfjioXoLs ehojKa, KaTa(f)vyovGL
7TLGTLS eTT^pT^cra, TToXXovs at;^/xaAajTOUS" rjXerjaaf

rovs eTTeiyovras âcravcaaL^ eKcoXvara,^ rL\eGLV
VfierepoLg fi-qâvas aKcov TrpoG-qyayov, del <f)OVcovTas
Tovs arpaTLajTag i(f> v[jlXv Kareaxov , Kad eKaorrjv
VLK-qv cus" r]TTa)fivo vp-ds els elpT^vqv TrpovKaXe-
346 Gafi-qv. rod lepov ttXtjolov yevopievos TrdXiv eKOJv

eêXadopLYjv rajv rod rroXepiov vopcov, êtcraaât Se
TrapeKaXovv rcbv Ihicov vp.ds dytcov /cat acoaai rov
vaov eavroLS, StSoi)? dSeidv re eôhov /cat TTtcrriv
ocarripias, el 8' iôvXeaOe, /cat p-dx^]? Kaipov ev
dXXo) roTTcp' rrdvrojv vrrepeihere /cat rov vaov tStats
347 xepcjiv everrp-qaare. eireira, pîapcoraroL, rrpoKa'

Xeiude^ pie irpos Xoyovs vvv; tva ri GcoGrjre roLovrov
OLOV aTToXojXev ; Trota?* vp-ds avrovs a^Lovre puera
348 Tov vaov Gcorrjpia?; dXXd /cat vvv /xera rojv ottXojv
ear-qKare /cat oi}S' ev eaxdroig vrroKpiveode yovv
349 t/ceras", cu raXainajpoi, rivi TreTTOiOores ; ov veKpos

piev vpojv o or]pLO, ot;^6Tat o o vaos, vtt epLOL o 7)
TToXtg, ev X^P^^ ^^ rat? ep.als X^t rds ipvxas;
eld^ VTToXapL^dvere Soâv dvSpelas ro Svodavardv ;
350 ov pnqv ey<jj (f)LXoveLKrjGoj irpo? rrjv aTTOvoiav vpucov,
piijjaot, he rd orrXa /cat TrapaSovoL rd acopâra x^'

piL,opaL ro Cw> ^cr77^P ^^ oIklo. Trpdos SeoTTorrjs ra
pLev dv-qKeora KoXdoas, rd Se XoLrrd gcoI^cov epLavro).
351 (3) Ilpos ravra dTTOKpivovrai Sc^tdv pikv /X7y

hvvaGBai Trap' avrov Xaêlv, opicopLOKevaL yap
pLTjTTore rovro TTOi-qGeiv, eôhov S' r^rovvro hid rov
^ Destinon (whom I follow with hesitation) : /Sacra^tVay

Mss. * L: f\6\a(ra the rest.
' ed, pr. with Lat. : irpoaKaXeTade 3iss.

* Bekker : oias jtss.
476
you : I gave pledges of protection to deserters, I

kept faith with them when they fled to me ; many
were the prisoners whom I compassionated, forbidding their oppressors to torture them ; with reluctance
I brought up my engines against your walls ; my
soldiers, thirsting for your blood, I invariably re-
strained ; after every victory, as if defeated myself,

I invited you to peace. On approaching the temple,
again in deliberate forgetfulness of the laws of war, I
besought you to spare your own shrines and to preserve the temple for yourselves, offering you unmolested egress and assurance of safety, or, if you
so wished, an opportunity for battle on some other
arena." All offers you scorned and with your own
hands set fire to the temple.*
" And after all this, most abominable wretches, do

you now invite me to a parley ? What have you to
save comparable to what is lost ? What protection
do you think you deserve after losing your temple ?
Nay, even now you stand in arms and, at the last
extremity, do not so much as pretend to be supj)liants. Miserable men, on what do you rely ? Is
inot your folk dead, your temple gone, your city at
my mercy, are not your very lives in my hands ?
And do you yet deem it glorious bravery to die in
the last ditch ? I, however, will not emulate your
frenzy. Throw down your arms, surrender your
persons, and I grant you your lives, like a lenient
master of a household punishing the incorrigible and
preserving the rest for myself."
(3) To this they replied that they could not accept His offers
a pledge from him, having sworn never to do so ; reje"aed,
but they asked permission to pass through his line
V. 360 ff., vi. 128. * vi. 165.
477
JOSEPHUS
7TpLrLXt<Jâro? fiera yvvaiKOjv koI tIkvow drreXevGeaOau yap ets rrjv ep-qfiov Kai KaraXetifjeiv
352 avro) r-qv ttoXlv. irpos raura dyavaKr-qaas Tiros',

L T'ux'qv eaXcxjKOTOJV e')(OVTes atpeaet? avrqj rrporLvovGi vevLK-qKorojv, Krjpvâi pikv eKeXevaev ls
avTov? P-'q'!'^ avTop-oXelv ert p.-qre heîdv iXmêiv,
353 (f)L(TeG9aL yap ovhevo^, dX}.d Trdcrr] Swa/xet jJ-dxôBai Kal oojLeiv iavrovs ottojs av hvvojvraL' iravra
yap avTOs ridrj Trpdêtv TToXepLOV vopLOJ' rolg Se
arpariajTais iprrLrrpdvai K'ai hiapTrdteiv eTrerpeipev
354 TTjv ttoXlv. ol d eKeivqv p.ev eireoyôv ttjv r]p.epav,
rfj S' VGTepaia to re dpyêiov Kal rrjv aKpav /cat

TO ôvXevTrjpLOV Kal tov 0(j)Xdv KaXovp.evoi'
355 V(l)rjâv Kal TrpovKoipe to TTvp p.^XP'- '^^^' 'EAev^S"

âcnXelcvv, a h-q /card piio-qv ttjv aKpav -qv, eKalovTO
8' OL GTVC07Tol Kal at OLKLaL VKpOJV VTTO TOV At/LlOU
hL(j)9app.eva)V TrXrjpeL?.
356 (-i) Kara TavT-qv ttjv -qpLepav ol re I^drou

âaiXeojs viol Kal dheXchoi, rrpog ols ttoXXoI tojv
^TTLG'qp.OJV hripLOTOJV eKelJ' GWeXOoVTeî LKTVGaV
Katcrapa Sovvat Seîdv avTolg. 6 8e KaiToi rrpog

TrdvTas Tovs vttoXolttovs Situpyicr/xeVos" ovk yjXXaê
357 TO rjdos, depêrat he tov dvhpas. Kai tot p.ev v

(j)povpa TrdvTas ^lx^> tovs Se tov âGiXlw? Tralbas
Kal Gvyyevels SrjGas vGTepov els ^Vajp^-qv avqyayev
ttIgtlv opLTjpwv irapeôvTas.
358 (vii. l) Ot GTaaiaGTal S' eVt ttjv âGiXiK-qv

opjjLTjGavTes auAryv, els rjv St' oxvpoTYjTa ttoXXol Tas
^ om. Lat. : (KeivoLs Destinon (followed by avueêXdoi'Tes).
" The site of the building intended is uncertain. The

" archives " themselves (rd apxiia^ money-lenders' bonds, etc.)
478
of circmnvallation with their wives and children, un- v

dertaking to retire to the desert and to leave the
city to him. Thereupon Titus, indignant that men
in the position of captives should proffer proposals to
him as victors, ordered proclamation to be made to
them neither to desert nor to hope for tenns any
longer, for he would spare none : but to fight with
all their might and save themselves as best they
could, because all his actions henceforth would be
governed by the laws of war. He then gave his
troops permission to burn and sack the city. For Titns
that day they refrained ; but on the next they set destruction
fire to the Archives,'* the Acra. the council-chamber,^ '^^ ^^^ ^l^y-
11 11 1 /^ 1 1 ' 1 n T 5>eptember
and the region called Ophlas, the names spreading a.d. to.
as far as the palace of Queen Helena," which was in
the centre of the Acra. The streets also were burnt
and the houses, packed with the bodies of the \actims
of the famine.
(4) On the same day the sons and brothers of king Fate of the
Izates,*^ who were joined by many of the eminent îi^sm^n of
toNvnsfolk, entreated Caesar to grant them a pledge
of protection. Though infuriated at all the survivors,
Titus, with the unalterable humanity of his character,
received them. For the present he kept them all in
custody ; the king's sons and kinsmen he subsequently brought up in chains to Rome as hostages
for the allegiance of their country.
(vii. 1) The rebels now rushed to the royal The rebels

palace,* in which, owing to its sohdity, many had p^^lacând
had been burnt by the insurgents four years before at the ^^î^n
opening of hostilities, ii. 427. prisouers.
^ The usual meeting-place of the Sanhedrin, v. 144 note.
<= V. 263.
** King of Adiabene and a convert to Judaism, iv. 567 note.
Herod's palace on the Upper City (c/. 376).
479
JOSEPHUS
/CTTyCTCoS" OLTTeOevro, rovg re 'Pco/xatou? citt' avrrj^

rpirrovrai /cat to GVvrjB poiap.vov avroOc rod hrjiiov
TTOv <j)ovev(javTe? y ovras et? OKraKLG)(LXLOvs Kal
359 rerpaKOGLOVs, to. p^pr^/Ltara hi'qprraGav . itcoyprjaav
Acat rcojJLaiCjJv ovo, rov fxev Lmrea rov be TreCôv,

Kai rov fjLv 7T^6v a7TO(7(^dâvTs evdeojs 'iavpav
nepL r7]v ttoXlv, wanep ivl Gaj/jLan iravras *Pa)-
360 jLtatOf S" dfJLVVOjJLeVOL, 6 8* ItT7TVS d)(f)XLfJL6v Tt aVTOLS
TTpog GOJTTjpLav VTroOrjCTeodaL Xeyojv dvdyerai irpos

T.Lp,cx)va' 77ap' S fi-qSev elTreZv excov 'ApSaAa tlvl
361 rcov rjyeiiovcDV TTapahihorai KoXaadr^croiJievo? . 6 8

avTov^ OTTLGOJ Toj X^^P^ hi^Gas Kal raivia rovg
0(f)daXiJLovg avTiKpv rcov PcjfiaLojv TTpo'qyayev cus"
KaparopL-qaajv (f)9dvL 8 eKelvos et? tovs 'Pcoliaiovs hLa(f)vywv iv oaco to ^L<f)os iaTrdaaTo 6
362 'lovhalog. rovrov hia^vyovra eK tojv TroXefiiWV

aveXelv fxev ovx vrrepêivev Tiros, dvdîov 8e
'PajjiaLcov etvat Grparcojrrjv Kpivas, on l,a)v
Xri(f)Orjy rd re orrXa dêiXero Kal rov rdyfxarog
iêâXev, drrep rjv alaxwopiiva) Oavdrov x^'
XeTTOjrepa.
363 (;2) Tfj 8' e^rjg 'Pcu/xatot rpeipdjievoL rovg Xrjcrras

K rrjs Kdrco TToXeojg rd pi^XP^ '^^^ StAcua [rrdpraY
ev7Tpr]crav, Kal rod pLev dureos rjSovro baTravcopievov, rcov 8' dprraycov SirjpLdpravov, eTrethr] TrdvQ
ol oraoLaaral npoKevovvres dvexcopovv els rr)v
364 dvoj ttoXlv. rjv yap avrolg pierdvoia piev ovhepaa

rcov KaKcoVy dAaôveta 8 cos eV ayaOois' KaiopLevrjv yovv d(f)opa)vres rrjv ttoXlv IXapois rots
TrpoGcoTTOLS evdvp,OL TTpoGSex^GOai, rrjv reXevrrjV
eXeyov, 7Te(f)OvevpLevov pLev rov S-^puov, KeKavpLevov
^ Niese with Lat. : avrov mss. om. PAM.
480
deposited their property ; and, having beaten off

the Romans, they slew the whole mass of people
who had congregated there, to the number of eight
thousand four hundred, and looted the money.
They also made prisoners of two Romans, one a
trooper, the other a foot-soldier. The latter they
slaughtered on the spot and dragged round the city,
as though in the person of one they were "WTeaking
vengeance on all the Romans. The trooper, who
declared that he had a suggestion to make conducive
to their safety, was brought up to Simon, but having
nothing to tell him was handed over to Ardalas, one
of the officers, for execution. Ardalas, having bound
his hands behind his back and bandaged his eyes,
led him forth in view of the Romans to be beheaded ;
but the prisoner, at the moment when the Jew drew
his sword, managed to escape to the Romans. After
such an escape from the enemy, Titus could not
bring himself to put him to death ; but judging him
unfit to be a Roman soldier after being taken alive,

he deprived him of his arms and dismissed him from
the legion a penalty to one with any sense of shame
severer than death.
(2) On the following day the Romans, having xiie Romans

routed the brigands from the lower town, set the fo'Ier town
whole on fire as far as Siloam ; the consuming of the
town rejoiced their hearts, but they were disappointed
of plunder, the rebels having cleared out evervthing
before they retired to the upper city. For the latter
showed no remorse for their evils, but rather bragged
of them as blessings. Indeed, when they beheld
the city burning, they declared with beaming faces
that they cheerfully awaited the end, seeing that,
with the people slaughtered, the temple in aslies,
481
JOSEPHUS
Tov vaov, (fiXeyofjidvov 8c rov acrrcos fJLrjBev
365 KaraXeLTTOvres^ tols TToXejjLLOLg. ov fJLTjV 6 ye
'laScTT^TTOS" iv ea-x^drois LKerevajv avrovg VTrep raJv

Xeixpdvojv TTj? TToXecos e/ca/xvev, dXXa ttoXXol [lev
TTpos TTjv (l)ii6ri]Ta Kol TTjv daeêiav elrrcov, ttoXXol
Se GvyLôvXevGas Trpo? aajr-qplav ovhev rov )(Xva-
366 adrji'aL ttXeov drjveyKaro. eTrel 8' ovre TrapahovvaL Sid rov opKov eavrovs vrrefievov ovre
TToXcjielv 6^ taov 'Pco/xatots" e^' oIol re Tycrav,
toGTTep eLpKrfj 7TpLLXr]p.fievoL, ro re rov <f)OveveLv
edo? eKLvei rds Seîds, (JKihydfievoi Kara rd
eiirrpoadev r-qs rroXeoj^ rols epciTTiois VTreXo-xÔDV
367 rovs avrofJLoXelv (l>p[jLrj(jLV0V5. "qXiGKovro be ttoXXol,

Kal Trdvras drroGcjidrrovres , vtto ydp evSeua? ovSe
cf)vyeLV 'iGXVOV, eppi-Trrovv avrcov kvgI rovg veKpovg.
368 eSoKeL 8e Trds rp6os drrajXeias rov Xljjlov kov(j)6rpo?, oiGre Kal 'PcD/xatot? arnQXTTiKoreg -qSr]
rov eXeov o/xojs" 7rpoGe(f)evyov Kal (f)ovevovGL^ rots'
369 GraGLaGralg eKovres eveTnirrov. rorros r eirl

rrJ rroXecos ovhelg yvfjLVO? rjv, aAAo. Traj XipLov
veKpdv ei;s(ev t) GraGeaJS \^Kal TrenX-qpajro veKpcov r^
hid GraGLv T] hid Xifiov dTroAojAorcor] .^
370 {3} "KOaXTTe 8e rovs re rvpdvvovs Kal ro gvv
avroL? XfjGrpLKov cAtti? eG^drt) irepl rcov vttovoixojv,

els ov Kara(j)evyovres ov irpoGehoKajv epevvrjdijGeoOai, fierd be rrjv TravreXrj rrjs TToXecug dXojGLV
dvaL,v^dvrojv 'PajjiaLcuv TrpoeXdovreg drrohpdGe-
371 GOai eTTex^^povv. ro 8 rjv dpa oveipos avrols'

ovre ydp rov Beov ovre 'PajpLaiovs XrjGeiv epieXXov,
^ PA : /caraXtTToiTf J the rest,
* (pov2(jL Herwerden.
' The bracketed tautological clause, omitted in the
482
and the town in flames, they were lea\-ing nothing

to their foes. Josephus, however, even at the last-,
never flagged in his entreaties to them on behalf of
the relics of the town ; yet for all his denunciation
of their cruelty and impiety, for all the counsel offered
to secure their salvation, the only return which he
obtained was ridicule. Since they could not think xhe rebels
of surrender, owing to their oath, and were now .Ye^g^gÂers
incapable of fighting the Romans on equal terms,
being caged as in a prison-house, while their hands
through habit yet itched for slaughter, they dispersed
about the outskirts of the city and lay in wait among
the ruins for any who were eager to desert. Many,
indeed, were caught, and, the famine having deprived
them even of strength for flight, they were all
massacred and their bodies flung to the dogs. But
death in any form seemed lighter than famine ; so
that, though now despairing of mercy from the
Romans, they fled to them nevertheless and, though
the rebels were murderous, voluntarily fell into their
hands. Not a spot in the city was left bare : every
corner had its corpse, the victim of famine or sedition.
(3) A last and cherished hope of the tyrants and The mines
their brigand comrades lay in the underground hopeof^
passages, as a place of refuge where they expected escape,
that no search would be made for them, intending after the complete capture of the city and the
departure of the Romans to come forth and
make their escape. But this proved to be but a
dream : for they were not destined to elude either
God or the Romans. For the time, however.
translation, and, according to Hudson, deleted in one ms.,

must be rejected as a " doublet."
VOL. Ill Q 2 483
JOSEPHUS
372 rrjVLKavrd ye iir]v rot? VTToyeiois 7T7tol06t5 avrol

TrXelova tCjv 'Pajfiatajv eveTTLfiTrpaGav, /cat rov^ Ik
rcov Kaiojiivojv Karacfjevyovras et? rag 8taipu;âs'
KTLv6v T dvhr]V Kal eOvXojV, Kai L TLVOS VpOLV
Tpo(f)rjv dpTrdl,ovTS ai/xart 7T(j)vpiilvriv Kariinvov.
373 ^v he Kal rrpos dXX-qXovs ev rat? dprrayaZs rjhrj

TToXepLOS ayrot?, Sokovgl re dv fiOL (jltj Ôaodevres^
VTTO rrjs dXojGeojs hi vrrepôX-qv ojiionqros yevuaadai Kal rcov veKpoJv.
374 (viii. l) KatCTap h , a>? dixrjy^âvov rjv eêXelv
hixci x^H-^'''^^ "^W ^^^ ttoXlv TrepLKprjfjLvov ovoav,

Stave/xet rols epyoug rrjv hvuajjLLV Awov iJL7]v6g
375 eiKahi. xaXeTT-q S' -qv rrjs vXr]? tj KOfj-thrj vdyroiv,

OJS ecfyrjv, tcov Trept rrjV ttoXlv ecf) eKarov urahiovs
376 eijjLXcojJLevwv elg rd Trporepov ;\;coju,aTa. tcov jiev

ovv reaadpojv raypLarajv rjyeLpero ra epya Kara
rd TTpds hvoiv /cAt/xa ri^s rroXeojs dvriKpv rrjs
377 âaLXiKrjs a-uXrjg, ro he crup.iia\iKdv ttXtjOos Kal 6

XoiTTOS oxXos Kard rdv ^vardv eôv^ Kal rrjv
yec^vpav Kal rov ^ljjlwvos TTvpyov, ov cpKoh6iJL7]Ge
rrpog ^lojdvvrjv iroXepLuyv eavro) (f)povpLOV.
378 (2) Kara ravras rds rjfiepas ol rwv Îhovfiatajv

rjyeiJLoves Kpv(f)a ovveXOovres eôvXevaavro irepl
TTapahoaecog o(j)<x>v avrdjv, Kai Trepupavre? dvhpas
TTevre irpos TtVov iKerevov hovvai heîdv avrols.
379 o he Kal rovs rvpdvvovs evhojaeiv eXirioas dno-
^ So one (Berlin) MS. with Syr. Lat.: <f>dapdipTs ot (pdapivres

the rest.
* Destinon : iôv or et ov mss. : om. C Lat.
Cf. iv. 541 (the same hyperbole). * C/. 151.
Of Herod the Great.
+84
trusting to these subterranean retreats, they were

more active incendiaries than the Romans ; all who
fled from the flames into these trenches they mercilessly slew and plundered ; and if ever they found
a victim -vdth food, they snatched it from him and
devoured it, all defiled with blood. At last they
fought with one another over their spoils ; and I
verily believe that, had not capture forestalled them,
they would in their excess of savagery have tasted
the very corpses."
(viii. 1) Caesar, finding it impracticable to reduce The Romans

the upper city without earthM'orks, o^\'ing to the atSck^the
precipitous nature of the site, on the twentieth of upper town
1 1 T T . 1 . 1 1 . c. 8th Sep-
the month Lous apportioned the task among nis tember.

forces. The conveyance of timber was, however,
arduous, all the environs of the city to a distance
of a hundred furlongs having, as I said,^ been stripped
bare for the former embankments. The works now
raised by the four legions were on the west side of
the city, opposite the royal palace ^ ; while the
auxiliaries and the other units threw up embankments '^ adjoining the Xystus, the bridge and the
tower which Simon, when at war ^^^th John, had
built as a fortress for himself.^
(2) During these days the chiefs of the Idumaeans-^ Overtures

met in secret to dehberate about surrendering jJJJjfaeans
themselves, and dispatching five delegates to Titus to Titus
11 fru'strited
besought his protection. Titus, hoping that the by Simon.

tyrants also would be induced to yield through the
** To the east of the Upper City.
* Cf. 191 for the tower erected by John when at war

with Simon ; if, as appears, the same tower is intended, the
names have here been incorrectly transposed.
'' Some of whom had remained in Jerusalem when the

main body withdrew, iv. 566.
485
JOSEPHUS
(jTTaaSivTCxiv WchvY ISoviiaiajv, ot ttoXv tov TToXefjLOV

fiepog rjGav, ^pahiojs fteV, dAA' ovv Karavevei re
rrjv aojTr]pLav auror? /cat tous" ai'Spas aveTrepipe.
380 7TapaGKeval,ofjLvcov 8' OLTToxcopelv alodaverai St/icov,

/cat irevre fiev tov? dTreXOovrag rrpog Tltov evdeoj?
avaipeZy rovs S rjyepLova?, cLv iTTLor-qpLOTaro? i)^
381 o rod Hcoad 'la/ccoô?, GvXXa^cov elpyvvuL' to Se

rrXridos twv 'ISoL'/xatojv d{JLr])(avovv Std tt]v d^-
aipecTLv rcov r^yepLovcov ovk a.(f)vXaKTOV etpê /cat
382 TO Tet;)(os' cf)povpal iTniieXearepais hieXapLâvev . ov

fn]v dvTexLV ol (j)povpol Trpos rds avTopioXtas
(.Gxvov, aXXd KaLTOL TrXeioTOJv <j)ovevoiJ.lv(x>v ttoXv
383 TrXeiovs ol SLa(f)vyovrs -^Gav. iSexovro Se *PajiaZoL TTavras, rod re TtVou Std Trpaonqra rwv
TTporepojv afieXrâavrog TTapayyeXpLarajv, /cat auTOt
Kopoj rod Kreiveiv a.77x6jJLevoL /cat Kephovs IXrrihL-
384 rovs yap Sr^/LZOTt/cous" /caTaAiTrovTe? jjlovovs rov

dXXov o^Xov eTTcoXovv uvv yvvai^l /cat reKvots,
eXax^crrvs rLfirj? eKacrrov TrXrjdeL re rojv TrnrpaGKO-
385 jievcov Kal dAtyoT7]Tt rcov ajvovpLevcuv. Kalnep Be

7TpoKT]pvâs fi-qSeva fiovov avropLoXelv, ottoj? /cat
ras" yeveds eâydyoiev, ojjlojs /cat rovrovs eSexero'
eTTearrjae fievroL rovs hiaKpLvovvras drr avrchv, ei
386 Tt? elrj KoXdaews d^to?. /cat rcov jxev dTrefj-TToXr]devrcov drreipov tjv ro rrX-fjOos, ot hrifxoriKol he
hieoojdrjGav vrrep rerpaKiapivpiovs, ovs hLa(j)rJKev
KatCTap f] (f)LXov Tjv eKaarcp.
387 (3) 'Ey Se Tat? auTats" rjpepais /cat rcov lepecov
ns QeôvOel ttols, ^h]Govs dro/xa, Xa^chv Trept

(jojrrjpias opKovs vapd Katcrapos" e^' cb TrapaScoaeL
^ ins. L Zon. : cm. the rest.
486
defection of the Idumaeans, who formed an important

factor in the war. after some hesitation consented
to spare them and sent the men back. But as they
were preparing to depart Simon detected the plot.
The five emissaries to Titus he at once put to death ;
the chiefs, of whom the most distinguished was
James, son of Sosas,** he arrested and imprisoned ;
while the rank and file of the Idumaeans, rendered
helpless by the loss of their leaders, were narrowly
watched by him and the walls manned with more
vigilant guards. The sentries, hoAvever, were power- Numerous
less to check desertion ; for, although multitudes ^.fsert^^rs to
' '8 1 rp, tne Romans.
were slam, a tar larger number escaped. Ihe

Romans received them all, Titus out of clemency
disregarding his former orders,^ and his men from
satiety and in hope of gain abstaining from slaughter.
For the citizens alone were allowed to remain : the
rest with the women and children were sold, for a
trifling sum per head, owing to the glut of the market
and the dearth of purchasers. Moreover, notwithstanding his previous proclamation that none should
desert alone, to the end that they should bring
out their families with them, Titus yet received
even such persons ; appointing, however, officers to
discriminate from among them any who might
deserve punishment. The number of those sold
was prodigious ; of the citizens there were spared
upwards of forty thousand, whom Caesar allowed to
retire whither each one's fancy led him.
(3) During those same days, one of the priests Temple

named Jesus, son of Thebuthi, after obtaining a deitvered up
sworn pledge of protection from Caesar, on condition by their
custodians.
'^ One of the leaders of the original expedition and often

mentioned, iv. 235, etc. * 352.
487
JOSEPHUS
388 TLva row lepchv Kei^rjXLOJV , eêiai koX TtapaStScoctv

CLTTO rov TOLXov Tov vaov Xv)(VLa? bvo rwv Kara rev
vaov KeifjLevojv^ TrapaTrXr^GLag, rparret,as re /cat
Kparrjpas Kal (f)LdXag, ttolvO oXoxpvaa Kal ari-
389 âpa)rara, TrapahlSwaL Sc /cat ra KaraTrerdapLara

/cat ra evhvpara row apx^^pôjv aw rot? XiOots
/cat TToXXd rojv rrpos rds lepovpyias <jkVO)v a'AAa.
390 cruXXr](f)6is Se /cat o yatôcfivXa^ rov lepov Otveas"

ovopLa rovs re ;;^'CTOJva? /cat rds ^cLvas VTrlheiê^
Tcov Upeojv, 7Top(l)vpav re ttoXXtjv /cat kokkov, a
TTpog ras ;)(petas' aTre/cetro rod KaraTrerdoparos ,
ovv olg KLVvdpLOjpLov re ttoXv /cat Kauoiav /cat
ttXtÔos erepojv dpojpiarojv, d GvppLoyovreg edvpnojv
391 oarjpepaL ro) deoj. TrapehoOiq he v'r avrov noXkd

Kal ro)v dXXojv /cet/xrÂtcov Koopos 0^ lepos ovk
oXiyos, drrep avrw Bla XrjcjiOevri rrjv rwv avro-
p.6Xojv Gvyyvcoprjv cSoj/ce.
392 (4') HvvrereXeapLevojv S rjhy] /cat row ;âjâTajv

v OKrojKaiSeKa rfpiepais e^hopr) TopTnalov pLrjvog
PojpaloL p.ev TTpoGTJyov rag prjxavdg, rcov he

GraGiaGrcov ol p.ev drreyvajKoreg TJhr] rrjv ttoXlv
dvexo'jpovv rod relxovg els ri]v aKpav, ol 8 iyKar-
393 ehvovro rots vrrovopois' ttoXXoI he hiaordvres

TjpLvvovro rovs Trpoodyovr as rds eXeTToXeis. e/cparovv he Kal rovrojv 'Pojpatot TrX-qOei re Kal ^la
/cat TO pLeyiGrov, evdvpiovvres ddvpLOJV rjhri /cat
394 TTapeipevcjv . d)S he Trapeppdyq^ p.epos n rov

retxovs, /cat rtve? rcov TTvpyojv rvnropievoi rols
^ rah Kara t. v. KeL/xefais C : Niese suspects a lacuna after
KlfJ.ei'iOl'.
* PA : iireoeiê the rest.
' Herwerden : irepuppdyri mss.
488
of his delivering up some of the sacred treasures,

came out and handed over from the wall of the
sanctuary two lampstands similar to those deposited
in the sanctuary, along with tables, bowls, and
platters, all of solid gold and very massive ** ; he
further delivered up the veils, the high-priests'
vestments, including the precious stones, and many
other articles used in public worship. Furthermore,
the treasurer of the temple, by name Phineas, being
taken prisoner, disclosed the tunics and girdles worn
by the priests, an abundance of purple and scarlet
kept for necessary repairs to the veil of the temple,
along ^^^th a mass of cinnamon and cassia and a
multitude of other spices, which they mixed and
burnt daily as incense to God. Many other treasures
also were delivered up by him, with numerous ;
sacred ornaments ; those services procuring for him, "^
although a prisoner of war, the pardon accorded to
the refugees.
(4-) The earthworks having now been completed The Romai
after eighteen days' labour, on the seventh of the upper tow

month Gorpiaeus the Romans brought up the engines. '; 25th
Of the rebels, some already despairing of the city
retired from the ramparts to the Acra, others slunk
down into the mines ; many, however, posting
themselves along the wall, attempted to repel those
who were bringing up the siege-engines. But these
too the Romans overpowered bv numbers and force,
but, above all, by the high spirits in which they faced
men already dispirited and unnerved. And when
a portion of the wall broke down and some of the
" The table of shew-bread with incense-cups and two

silver trumpets are depicted on the Arch of Titus in Hoii:e
as borne in the triumphal procession.
489
JOSEPHUS
KpioZs ivehoaav, (f)vyrj fiev -qv evOecos rcov diivvofxivajv, Seo? Be Kal toIs rvpdvvoLs e/XTrtTrret (j(f)0-
395 Sporepov rrjs dvdyKrjs' irplv yap VTTep^rjvai rovg
TToXefjLLOv? ivdpKOJv re Kal jjLereajpoL irpos (f>vyrjv

TjGav, TjV 8 Ihelv rov? ndXai aoâpovs Kai rot?
aae^-qiiaGLv dXatovas t6t raTreivovs Kal rpefjiovTas, oj? iXeLvrjv etvat KaiTrep iv TTOvqporarois
396 TTjv pieraôXrjV . ojpfj.-qGav fiev ovv errl to TieptreiXicrfxa hpapiovres ojoaadai re rovs (hpovpovs Kau
397 SLaKoipavres iêXdelv d) 8e tows' /xev TxaAat

TTiGTOvs eojpojv ovSafJLOv, Ste(/)uyov yap otttj tlvl
GVveôvXevev rj dvdyKT], irpoGdiovres Se ol fiev
oXov dvarerpdcfiOai to 77pos" Svglv relyôs riyyeXXov ,
OL S' ifiê^XrjKevai tou? 'Pa)fialovs -rjSrj^ t ttXtjglov
398 (,vaL (^'qTovvra? avrovs, erepoi he Kal d(f)opdv dno^

Twv TTvpyojv TToXejXLOvs eXeyov rrXdcôvros rds
oipeis rod Seous", 7tI Grojia veGovres dva)ficot,ov
TTjv eavTcov (f>pVo^Xd^Lav Kal Kaddrrep vrroKeKOfi-
399 fjLevoL rd vevpa rrj? (f)vyrj? rjTTopovv. evda hi]

p-dXiGT dv TLS KarafiddoL Trjv tc tov deov hvvapLLV
7n Tols avoGLOL KaL TTjv PajfJLaLOJV rv-)(r]V' ol pev
ye TvpavvoL rrjg aG(f)aXeiag iyvpLvojoav avrovs KaK
ra)v TTvpyojv Kare^rjoav eKovreSy e<j>^ d>v îa fxev
400 ovheTTod^ dXcJovaL, povco 8' ehvvavro At/xo). 'Poj-
fxaloL Se TooauTa Trepl rols doOeveGrepoLs reixeoL
KafjLoi'res rrapeXaôv rvxfj rd p.rj Sward rols
opyavoLS' rravrds ydp loxvporepoL p,rjXO.vrj pharos
"qGav OL rpels rrvpyoL, rrepl Sv dva>repco heSrjXco-
KapLev.
^ Destinon after Lat. : oi 5' rjdri mss.

^ Herwcrden with Heg. : i-rrl mss.
323. ^ Hippicus. Phasael, and Mariamme, v. 161 fF.

490
towers succumbed to the battering of the rams,

the defenders at once took flight, and even the
tyrants were seized ^^^th a needlessly serious alarm.
For before the enemy had surmounted the breach The rebels
they were paralysed and on the verge of flight ; ^^
and those men, erstwhile so haughty and proud of

their impious crimes, might then be seen abject
and trembling a transformation which, even in
such villains, was pitiable. They were indeed eager
to make a dash for the wall enclosing them," repel
the guards, cut their way through and escape ; but
when they could nowhere see their old faithful
henchmen for these had fled whithersoever the
crisis suggested and when men came running up
with tidings, some that the whole western wall was
overthrown, others that the Romans had broken
through and were even now at hand in search of
them, while yet others, whose eyes were bewildered
by fright, declared that they could actually see the
enemy from the towers, they fell upon their faces,
bemoaning their own infatuation, and as though
their sinews had been cut from under them were
impotent to fly. Here may we signally discern at
once the power of God over unholy men and the ^
fortune of the Romans. For the tyrants stripped '
themselves of their security and descended of their
own accord from those towers, whereon they could
never have been overcome by force, and famine
alone could have subdued them ; while the Romans,
after all the toil expended over weaker walls, mastered
by the gift of fortune those that were impregnable
to their artillery. For the three towers, which we

have described above, ^ would have defied every
engine of war.
491
JOSEPHUS
401 (5) KaraAtTTOvre? Stj tovtov?, fxaXXov S' vtto

rod deov Karaf^XrjSevres o.tt' avrojv, Trapay^prjyia
fjiv L TTjv VTTO TTj ZtAcoS <f)dpayya Kara(j)evyovGiv f
avSis S' oXiyov di'aKvifjavres e/c tov Seovg (Zpfirjaav
402 em to rfjde 776ptret;(ta/Lta. ;)^p7]cra/xevo6 he rats'

ToXfiatg ayeveorepais rrjs avdyK-qg, KaTedyqaav
yap rjhrj rrjv Luyûv dfia rco Seet Kal rat? avfiôpalSi VTTO Tcov (Jypovpojv dviodovvrai Kal crKieSaoOevres vtt* dXkr]X(jjv^ KareSvcrav el? rov? VTrovofiovs.
403 PajpLaloL he tcov ti\cx}V Kpar-qoravres rdg re

crqpLaLag earrjaav eTrl rwv vvpycov Kal pLerd Kporov
Kai -xâpds eTiaidvLtôv Ittl rfj vlktj, ttoXv rrjg
apxrjs Kovchorepov rod TToXepov to TeXos evprjKOTe?'
avaipiOJTl yovv tov TeXevralov Teiyôv<; eTTL^dvTeg
rjTTiGTOvv, Kal pLrjSeva ^XeTTOVTes dvTLTraXov dXrjOws''
404 rjTToprjVTO. elcrxvOevTe? he toIs GTevcoTTo'ls îcfirjpeLg

Tovs Te KaraXapiâvopLeuovs i(f)6vevov dveh-qv /cat
Tcov Gvp(j)evy6vT0JV ra? ot/cta? avrdvhpovs vtt-
405 eTTLpLTTpaaav. TroAAa? he KepattovTes ottot* evhov

TTapeXdoiev ecf) dpTrayjjv, yeveds oXag veKpojv KareXdpâvov Kal ra hojfidTLa TTXrjprj tcjv tov
XipLOV TTTtop.dTCx)v, eTTeiTa Trpds ti]v oijjiv TTe^piKOTes
406 KevaZs x^P^'-^' ^'^?7^crat'. ov pLTjv OLKTeipovTe? tovs

ovTcog dTToXojXorag Tavrd Kal rrpds tovs tdovTas
eTTaaxov, dXXd tov ivTvyxdvovra hLeXavvovTeg
dTTe(i>paâv p.ev tovs GTevcorrovs veKpols, aipLaTL h
oX-qv TTjV ttoXlv KareKXvcrav, ojs ttoAAol [/cat ^ tcov
407 (f>Xeyopievcx)v aêGOrjvai tw (j)6va). /cat ot /xev

KTelvoures inavoavTO Trpds eurrepaVy ev he Trj
^ cltt' clWtiXuv should perhaps be read with one jis. : "per

di versa " Lat,
492
(5) Ha\ing then abandoned these, or rather and take

been driven do%%'n from them by God. they found the'mines.
immediate refuge in the ravine below Siloam ; but
afterwards, having recovered a little from their
panic, they rushed upon the adjoining section of the
barrier. Their courage, however, proving unequal
to the occasion (for their strength was now broken
alike by terror and misfortune), they were repulsed
by the guards and dispersing hitlier and thither
slunk do^^^l into the mines.
The Romans, now masters of the walls, planted Roman

their standards on the towers, and with clapping of comp?ete.
hands and jubilation raised a paean in honour of
their victory. They had found the end of the war a
much lighter task than the beginning ; indeed, they
could hardly believe that they had surmounted the .
last wall \\'ithout bloodshed, and, seeing none to
oppose them, were truly perplexed. Pouring into
the alleys, sword in hand, they massacred indiscriminately all whom they met, and burnt the houses
with all who had taken refuge within. Often in the
course of their raids, on entering the houses for loot,
they would find whole families dead and the rooms

filled with the victims of the famine, and then,
shuddering at the sight, retire empty-handed. Yet.
while they pitied those who had thus perished, they
had no similar feelings for the living, but. running
everyone through who fell in their way, they choked
the alleys with corpses and deluged the whole citv
with blood, insomuch that many of the fires were
extinguished by the gory stream. Towards evening
they ceased slaughtering, but when night fell the
* AM (Lat. "pro certo ") : d-qdus, "unusually." the rest.

' ins. A : om. the rest.
1Q3
JOSEPHUS
WKTi TO TTvp iireKpareiy (fyXeyofxevoLs 8 eTravireiXev

'lepoGoXvfioi,? Tjfidpa VopTnaiov fJL7]v6g oyhor],
408 TToXeL Toaavrais XPV^^H-^^ (TVfi(f)opal Kara rrjv

TToXiopKLav, oGOLs OLTTO [ttjsY KTLGeojs dyadois
Kexp'qpLevTj Trdvrcos dv i7TL(f)dovog ehoêv, ov [irjv
dîa /car' aAAo rt rcjv Tr]XiKOVTCov dryx'^p-drajv rj

TO)^ yevedv roiavrrjv eveyKelv, vcf) 7]? averparrr].
409 (ix. 1) I[apX9d>v 8e Tltos clgoj rd re aAAa

TTjS dxypoTTjros TTji' ttoXlv Kat TOW TTvpyojv aTTedavfiaaev, ovs ol rvpavvoi Kara (f)pvo^Xd^Lav air-
410 eXiTTov. Karihdjv yovv to tc vaoTOV avrojv vifjog

/cat TO pieyedos iKdarrjs Trerpas rrjv re dKplêiav
rrjs appLovlas, Kal ogol pLev evpog tjXlkol 8e rjGav
411 TTjv dvaGraGiv, "gvv deep y i7T0Xep.rjGap.ev," ecfyrj,

" Kal deos Tjv 6 Ttuv'Se rcov epvp-drcov 'louSatou?
KadeXow, errel x^lpe? dvBpojTTOJV rj pLr]xo.vaL n irpos
412 ToiJTOL'S' Tous" TTvpyovs hvvavrai; rore pLev odv

TToXXd TOLavra bueXexO'T] Trpos rov? (f)LXovg, rovs 8e
Td)v rvpdvvojv SeGpLcoras, ogol KareX'q(i)drjGav ev
413 TOLS" (f>povpLOL, dvrJKev. avOcs 8e rrjv dXXr]v a(f)avLôjv ttoXlv Kal rd reixT) KaTaGKdiTTOJV rovrovg rovs
TTvpyovs KariXiTTe pLvrjpelov elvai rrjS avrov tvx'T}?,
fi GVGTpariOJTihi xp^l^^dpievos eKpdrrjGe tojv dXojvai
pLT] hwafxevajv .
414 (2) 'E77et 8' ol GTpaTLcoraL p.ev eKapLvov tJSt]
(ôvevovres y ttoXv S' eri^ TrXrjdog tow TTepiovTOJV

dve(j)aiveT0 y KeXevei Katoap p.6vovs pLev tovs
ivonXovs Kal ;êrpa? ayTto';(oyTas' KTelveiv, to 8e
415 XoiTTOV TrXrjdo? l,o)ypelv. ol he pLeTd tcov rrap-qyyeXpLevojv to tc yrjpaLov Kal tovs dGdevels dvr]povv,
^ ora. A. ' Niese : to mss.
' 5' Iti L Lat. : bi ti the rest.
4^4
fire gained the mastery, and the da^v^l of the eighth ah

day of the month Gorpiaeus broke upon Jerusalem ixf flames
in flames a city which had suifered such calamities ^- - -'^^ ,
during the siege, that, had she from her foundation
enjoyed an equal share of blessings, she M'ould
have been thought unquestionably en\'iable ; a city
undeserving, moreover, of these great misfortunes
on any other ground, save that she produced a
generation such as that which caused her overthrow.
(ix. 1) Titus, on entering the to\vn, was amazed Entry of

at its strength, but chiefly at the towers, which the
tyrants, in their infatuation, had abandoned. Indeed,
when he beheld their solid lofty mass, the magnitude
of each block and the accuracy of the joinings, and
marked how great was their breadth, how vast their
height, " God indeed," he exclaimed, " has been
with us in the war. God it was who brought do^^Tl
the Jews from these strongholds ; for what power
have human hands or engines against these towers } "
He made many similar observations to his friends at
that time, when he also liberated all prisoners of the
tyrants who were found in the forts. And when, at
a later period, he demohshed the rest of the city and
razed the walls, he left these towers" as a memorial
of his attendant fortune, to whose co-operation he
owed his conquest of defences which defied assault.
(2) Since the soldiers were now growing weary of F'^te of the
caDtives
slaughter, though numerous survivors still came to

light, Caesar issued orders to kill only those who
were found in arms and offered resistance, and to
make prisoners of the rest. The troops, in addition

to those specified in their instructions, slew the old
" Phasael, under the erroneous name of " David's tower," /
still stands.
493
JOSEPHUS
TO 8' OLKjidlov Kal "^p-qGiixov els to Upov crvveXdaavTes ey/careVAetcrav to) tojv yvvaiKcov 7r6ptTet;^t-
416 (T/xart. kol (f)povp6v fjLev eTreuTrjae Kataap eva tojv

aneXevdepajv, Opovrcova Se t(x)V (jyiXajv iiriKpivovvTa
417 T-qv dîav eKaGTcp tl';^7]j\ o Se tov? jiev UTaoLojheis

/cat XrjaTpLKoijg TrdvTag vtt* aXXi^-jXajv evheiKvvfievovs a7TKTLV, Tcov Se vdcov TOVg VtjjrjXoTdTOVS
418 /cat KaXovs eVtAeâ? errjpei tw dpidfJLâ). tov Se

XoLTTov TrXrjdovg Tovg vrrep eTrra/catSe/ca err^ Srycras"
eTTepupev etV ra /car' AtyuTrror epya, 77AetcrTous' S'
ets" Tas" eTTapxiOis SteSojpT^craTO Ttros" (f>daprjGofievovs eV rot? OedTpoLs Gihripcp /cat OrjploLS' ol S'
419 eyros e77Ta/cat8e/ca ercuv iTrpdO-qaav. ecjÔaprjoai'

Se auToiv, ev at? Ste'/cptvey o Opoyroiv -qpiipais, vtt*
evSetas" ;^tAtot Trpo? rot? jLtuptots", ot /Ltev utto jjllgovs
tCjV <f)vXdKWV jJLTj IJLTaXafJL^dvOVTS TpO(f)i]?, OL S

OV 7TpO<jLp.VOL hihoiieVTjV' TTpOS Se TO TtXtJOoS TjV
evSeta /cat gltov.
420 (3) Tojv /xev ouv alxp-O-XcoTajv TrdvTOjv, ocra /ca^

oAov X'q(j)d-q TOV TToXepiov, dpiOpLOs ivvea pLvptdSes
/cat 7TTaKLG)(LXLOL GVV1]X^V > '''^^ ^^ a7ToXopLVOJV
/cara Traaav tt)^ iroXiopKLav /LtuptaSes" e/carov /cat
+21 Se'/ca. ToJrojy to ttXIov 6p.6(j)vXov piev dXX ovk
em-xôjpLOV ajro yap ttjs -)(ôjpas oXr] IttI t7]v tujv
di,vpLajv iopTTjv GvveXrjXvOoTes iâTTLvqs tw TToXdpLcp
7TpLGxdOr]GaV , OJGT TO pLCV TTpWTOV aVTOLS TTjV
GTevoxojplav yeveGdai XoipLcobrj (l)dopdv, avSis Se
422 /cat XipLOV (jjKVTepov. otl S' e';)(ajpet too'outol'S' rj
ttoXls, SrjXov e'/c tojv irrl KeoTtof GVvapLdpL-qdevTCxJV,
Perhaps " mines " (Whiston). Cf. the sending of

496
* 2-
and feeble ; while those in the prime of life and

serviceable they drove together into the temple and
shut them up in the court of the women. Caesar
appointed one of his freedmen as their guard, and
his friend Fronto to adjudicate upon the lot appropriate to each. Fronto put to death all the seditious /
and brigands, information being given by them

against each other ; he selected the tallest and most X
handsome of the youth and reserved them for the
triumph ; of the rest, those over seventeen years of
age he sent in chains to the works in Egypt, Mhile
multitudes were presented by Titus to the various
provinces, to be destroyed in the theatres by the
sword or by wild beasts ; those under seventeen '^
were sold. During the days spent by Fronto over
this scrutiny, eleven thousand of the prisoners
perished from starvation, partly owing to their
jailers' hatred, who denied them food, partly through
their own refusal of it when offered ; moreover, for
so vast a multitude even corn failed.
(3) The total number of prisoners taken throughout statistics oi

the entire war amounted to ninety-seven thousand, ind dS.
and of those who perished during the siege, from
first to last, to one million one hundred thousand.
Of these the greater number were of Jewish blood,
but not natives of the place ; for, ha\'ing assembled
from every part of the country for the feast of
unleavened bread, they found themselves suddenly
enveloped in the war, with the result that this over
crowding produced first pestilence, and later the
added and more rapid scourge of famine. That the
city could contain so many is clear from the count
X'espasian's prisoners to work on Nero's Corinthian canal,

iii. 540.
497
JOSEPHUS
OS" TTjv dKjjLrjV rrjs TToXeojg hiaSrjXojaaL rSepcuvi

ôvXajievo? Karacbpovovvn tov edvovg TrapeKaXeaev
Tov? a.pxLepls, el ttojs hvvarov etrj ttjv rrX-qdvi'
123 iâpiOpLrjaaadaL- ol S' ivardarjs eopr-qg, Trdaxo.
KaXelraL, Kad^ rjv Ovovglv jikv drro ivdrr^s copas
fiexpi-S ivSeKdrrjg, ojaep 8e (ârpta^ rrepi eKaarrjv
yivTai dvuiav ovk iXdaoojv dvhpaJv heKa, pLOVov
yap OVK eêartv halvvadai, ttoXXol he /cat crvv-
424 eiKOGLV ddpoiLôvTai, tcov p.ev Ovpidrajv eiKOGLTTevre

pLvpiddas rjpldpL-qGav, rrpos de TrevraKLGx^Xia eâ-
425 KOGLa,^ yivovraL S* dvhpojv, Iv' eKdGrov SeVa haiTVpLova? dcopLev, pLVpidSeg e^bopLrjKovra Kal Sta/coatai
426 Kadapow dTrdvrojv Kal dyicjv ovre yap XeTrpois

ovT yovoppouKolg ovre yvvai^lv e-Trep.p.-qvois ovre
rols dXXojs pLepLLaGpievoig eôv rjv TrJGSe rrjg OvGias
427 pLeraXafiSdvetv , dAA' ouSe rots" dXXochvXoLg, ogol

Kara OpTjGKeLav TTaprJGav, (-i) ttoXv be rovrojv
428 ttXtÔo? eôjBev cruXXeyerai. Tore ye pLTjv ojGTrep

els elpKrrjv vtto ri]? eip.app.evrjs irdv GVveKXeLGdr]
TO eSvoSy Kal vaGrrjV 6 TroXepiog rrjv ttoXlv avhpojv
429 eKVKXojGaro. Trdoav yovv dvdpco7TLvr)v Kal SatpLOviav (f)9opdv virepâXXet ro ttXtjOos rwv aTToXajXorcov eTTel yovv rtov câvepcov ov? p.ev avelXov ovs
8' fjXP-o.XajrLaavro 'Pta/iatot, rovs 8 ^ ev rols
VTTOvopLOLg dvqpevvojv Kal rovha(j)OS avapprjyvvvres
430 o(70L p.ev evervyxoLVOV eKreivov, evpedi]Gav 8e

KaKel veKpol TrXelovg hioxf-Xiojv, ol pLev vtto a(f>a)v
auTcov OL V7T aAArjAa)v, ro TvAeov o vtto rov
^ So the Mss. : (pparpia Hudson.
' TOL'S 5'] rous ML Zon. : ovs die) the rest.
498
taken under Cestius. For he, being anxious to

convince Nero, who held the nation in contempt, Censns of
of the city's strength, instructed the chief priests, ukenînder
if by any means possible, to take a census of the Cestius.
population. Accordingly, on the occasion of the
feast called Passover, at which they sacrifice from
the ninth to the eleventh hour, and a little fraternity,
as it were, gathers round each sacrifice, of not fewer
than ten persons (feasting alone not being permitted),
while the companies often include as many as twenty,
the victims were counted and amounted to two
hundred and fifty-five thousand six hundred ;
allo^^'ing an average of ten diners to each victim, we
obtain a total of two million seven hundred thousand,**
all pure and holy. For those afflicted with leprosy
or gonorrhoea, or menstruous women, or persons
otherwise defiled were not permitted to partake of
this sacrifice, nor yet any foreigners present for
worship, (4) and a large number of these assemble
from abroad. But now the whole nation had been
shut up by fate as in a prison, and the city when war
encompassed it was packed \vith inhabitants. The

\-ictims thus outnumbered those of any previous
visitation, human or di\ine. For when all who search
showed themselves had been either slain or made ^^ tJiose
, , T 1 . . . , concealed
prisoners by the Komans, the victors instituted a undersearch for those in the mines, and, tearing up the -'"'^^^'^
ground, slew all whom they met ; here too were
found upwards of two thousand dead, of whom
some had been destroyed by their own, and some
by one another's hands, but the greater number by
" Text or arithmetio is at fault ; the total should be

2,556,000.
^99
JOSEPHUS
431 Xiiiov hiecjidapfJLevoL. heivrj 5' VTTrjVTa rot? irreLG-
7TLT7TOVGLV OdfJiTj T(X)V GOJliaTOJV, c6? TToXXoVg fJLV
ava-xôjpeZv evdeajg, rovs S vtto TrXeoveîas ela-
432 hveaOat veKpovs GecrojpevjJLevovs ifiTTarovvras* ttoXXo.

yap Tojv KeLfjLrjXLCxJV iv rals hiojpvîv evpiaKerOy Kal
Trdaav defJLcrrjv oSov irroUi ro KepSos' avqyovro
he Kai heGfJLOjraL ttoXXol tojv rvpdwcov, ovbe yap
433 iv eGârois erravGavro rrjs oj pLorr^TO?. aTrerLGaro

ye p.rjv 6 deog aiKôripovs d^lcos, Kal Îwdvvrjg p,ev
XipLcorrajv fierd rcov dheXcjxjjv iv rols VTTOvofJLOLS
rjv TToXXoLKLS V7Teprj(j)dvrjGe rrapd Pa>p.aLajv de^tav
Xaêlv LKerevGe, Hipnav he ttoXXo. hiapâ^-qGa'S Ttpos
rrjv dvdyKTjVy djg Std rcov e^rj? hrjXojGopLev, avrov
4,34 TTapahihojGiv. icjivXdxOrj h 6 fiev ro) dpiduBa) G(f)aytov, 6 S' ^lojdvvrjg Secr/xots" alojvLOLg. 'Pcoâtot he
rds t' iGxands rod acrreo? everrpr^Gav Kal ra TeL)(T]
KareGKaipav.
435 (x. l) 'EaAco /xe;' ourcu? 'IcpoaoAu/xa eret

hevrepcp rrJ OveGTraGuavov rjyepiovLas TopTTiauov
pLTjVos oyhoTj, dXovGa he Kal rrporepov TrevrdKL?
436 Tovro hevrepov -qp-qpLajdrj. Agoj^'^^^^S p-ev yap o

TOJV AlyvTTTKDV âGiXev? Kai pier avrov Avnoyos,
erreira Ylop-TT-qLO? Kai em rovroig gvv Upajhrj
437 HoGGLOs eXovreg iri]prjGav r-qv rroXtv. rrpo he

roijraiv 6 rcov Ba8vXa>vLcov âGiXev? KparrjGag
-qp-qpiOJGev avrrjv pierd er-q rrjg KriGeajs x^^^^
43>> rerpaKOGia e^rjKovraoKrco p-rfvas e^. 6 he Trpcoro?

KrLGas TjV yiavavalcov hvvd.Grr]s 6 rfj rrarpioj
< vii. 25-36. '' c. 26th September, a.d. 70.
J. * i.e., the Biblical Shishak, who plundered Jerusalem in
the reign of Ptehoboam, c. 969 b.c, I Kings xiv. 25 ff. In
500
famine. So horrible was the stench from the bodies

which met the intruders, that many instantly withdrew, but others penetrated further through ayarice,
tramphng oyer heaps of corpses ; for many precious
objects were found in these passages, and lucre
legalized eyery expedient. Many also of the tyrants'

prisoners were brought up ; for eyen at the last
they did not abandon their cruelty. God, howeyer, lelders.'^ *
\isited both with fit retribution : for John, perishing
of hunger with his brethren in the mines, implored
from the Romans that protection which he had so
often spurned, and Simon, after a long struggle with
necessity, to be related hereafter,** surrendered ;
the latter was reseryed for execution at the triumph,
while John was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. The Romans now set fire to the outlying
(piarters of the town and razed the walls to the
ijround. .
(x. 1) Thus was Jerusalem taken in the second captures of

year of the reign of Vespasian on the eighth of the con^cUe^"
month Gorpiaeus.^ Captured on fiye pre\'ious occa- chrouo
sions, it was now for the second time deyastated. record of
Asochaeus,'' king of Egypt, and after him Antiochus,'^ '"^^ history.
then Pompey," and subsequently Sossius in league
with Herod-'' took the city but preseryed it. But
before their days the king of Babylon ^ had subdued
it and laid it waste, fourteen hundred and sixty-eight
years and six months after its foundation.^ Its
original founder was a Canaanite chief, called in the
the Jeicish Antiquities the name appears as 'Icrw/coj ('lo-a/cos)

or Zo((Ta\'oy.
"* Antiochus Epiphanes, c. 170 b.c.
' In 63 B.C., B. i. 141 fF. / 37 b.c, i. 345 S.
' Nebuchadrezzar, in 587 b.c, 2 Kings xxv.
* Chronological system uncertain.
501
JOSEPHUS
yXwuG-Q kXtjOcls /SacrtAeu? SiKaios' rjv yap 817

roiovTog. hiOL TOVTO LpaGaTo re to) deep npcoTos
Kal TO Upov irpajros SeipdpLCVog 'lepoaoXvpia ttjv
ttoXlv TTpoG-qyopevGev ^6Xvp.a KaXovp.evqv irporepov.
439 Tov p,v hr] Tojv Xavaratcov Xaov eKâXojv 6 rojv

'louSaiojv âoiXevs AavLbrjs^ /<aTOtKtêt rov lSlov,
Kal fjLcra tovtov erecrt rerpaKoaiois i^ôpnqKovra
Kal eTTTo. pLTjcrlv ^ VTTO Ba^vXojvLCxjv KaraGKaTTTeraL.
440 aTTO he AavtSoi; rod âGiXeaJS, os Trpcbros avri^s

eâoiXevGev 'louSato?, p-expi^ TrjS vrro Ttrou yevoIxevTjs KaraGKa(f)rjs er-q p^tAta Kal eKarov e^ho-
441 pirjKovraevvea . airo he rrjs irpcjjrrjs KriGeoJS err]

p-exp'- TTj? eGXOLTTjs aXojGeojs hcGx^Xia eKarov e^ho-
442 pL-qKovra Kal ejrra. aAAa yap ovd rj apxaiorrjs

ovd^ 6 rrXovro? 6 âOv? ovre ro hLa7Tecf)Oir-qK6s
oXrj? rrjs OLKOvpevrjg eOvog ovd 17 pieydXr] hoâ
rrjS dprjGKetas rjpKeGe n rrpos aTTojXeiav avrfj.
TOLOvro fiev hr] ro reXos rfjs ^lepoGoXvjJLCJV ttoXlopKLas.
^ C: ddS ( = AaitS) the rest, and so in 440.
-T- ^ Melchi-zedek. The name is similarly interpreted, "king

of righteousness," in the Ep. to the Hebrews, vii. 2 ; in
50
native tongue ' Righteous King ' ; for such indeed

he was. In virtue thereof he was the first to officiate
as priest of God and, being the first to build the
temple, gave the city, previously called Solyma, the
name of Jerusalem.^ The Canaanite population
was expelled by David, the king of the Jews, who
established his own people there ; and four hundred
and seventy-seven years and six months after his
time it was razed to the ground by the Babylonians.
The period from king David, its first Jewish sovereign,
to its destruction by Titus was one thousand one
hundred and seventy-nine years ; and from its first
foundation until its final overthrow, two thousand
one hundred and seventy-seven. Howbeit, neither
its antiquity, nor its ample wealth, nor its people
spread over the whole habitable world, nor yet the
great glory of its religious rites, could aught avail
to avert its ruin. Thus ended the siege of Jerusalem.
reality it apparently meant "my king is Zedek," Z. being

the name of a Phoenician deity, cf. Adoni-zedek " my lord
is Z.," Jos. X. 1. Melchizedek is "king of Salem" (Gen.
xiv. 18), probably an archaic name for Jerusalem.
" Greek " Hierosolyma " ; for the names Solyma, Hierosolyma and the popular Greek etymology, uncritically taken
over by Josephus, see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, i. 2dl t'
503
BIBAION Z'
2 (i. l) 'Erret S' ovre <f>oveviv ovre SiapTrdêiv

Îx^^ V o'Tparto, dvTOJV rolg dvfiolg imXeiTrovTCov,
ov yap 7^ ye êiSot rtvos" efxeXXov d(j)iêadai, hpdv
exovres, KeXevei Katcrap rj^T] rrjv re ttoXiv aTraaav
Kal Tov veojv KaraoKaTrreLV, rrvpyovs /xev ogol
Ta)v dXXojv V7TpavLGTrJKaav KaraXiTTOvras , Oaad-qXov 'Ittttlkov ^lapidiJLfirjv, relxos 8' oaov rjv
2 i$ ioTripas tyjv ttoXlv rrepLexov, rovro fiev, ottoj?

etrj roLS VTToXeicÔ'qaopievoLS (f)povpois GrparoTrebov,
Tovs TTvpyovg Se, Lva rolg CTretra GripLaivojoiv olag
TToXecos Kal riva rporrov oxvpa? ofxcx)?^ iKpdrrjGev
3 tJ 'Pajfialajv dvdpayadla. rov S' dXXov drravra
TTJs TToXeojs TTepiôXov ovrojs e^wpidXioav ol

KaraoKdiTTOVTes , cvs pL'qheTrajOT 0LKr]9rjvaL ttlotiv
i av TL TTapaaxelv tols TrpooeXdovai. rovro fiev

ovv ro reXos eK rrjg rwv vecorepiuavrajv avolas
'lepoaoXvfJLOLS iyevero, XajiTrpa re noXei Kal Trapd
TTauiv dvdpojTTOLs hiaôTjOeicrrj.
5 (2) KatCTap 8e cbvXaK-qv fiev avroOi KaraXiTrelv

eyvco rdjv rayfidrojv ro heKarov Kai nvag t'Aa?
LTTTTeajv Kal Xoxovg Tre^cov, rrdvra 8' Tjhiq rd rod
TToXepLov hLOJKrjKOJS erraiveaai re avpLrraoav eTToOet
TTjv arparidv IttI rols Karopdcop.aoiv Kat, rd
* Niese and others : oltws mss. (om. L).

504
BOOK VII
(i. 1) The army now having no victims either for jemsaiem

slaughter or plunder, through lack of all objects on ^round"^^''
which to vent their rage for they would assuredly i
never have desisted through a desire to spare anv- ',
thing so long as there was work to be done Caesar
ordered the whole city and the temple to be razed to

the ground, leaving only the loftiest of the towers,
Phasael, Hippicus, and Mariamme, and the portion of
the wall enclosing the city on the west : the latter as
an encampment for the garrison that was to remain,
and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of
the city and of the strong defences which had yet
yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall
encompassing the city was so completely levelled to
the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no
ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.
Such was the end to which the frenzy of revolutionaries brought Jerusalem, that splendid city of worldwide renoNvn.
(2) As the local garrison Caesar decided to leave Titus comthe tenth legion, along ^vith some squadrons of Xxoo\ ^"^
cavalry and companies of infantry ; and having now
settled everything relating to the war, he was anxious
to commend the army in general for their achievements and to confer the appropriate rewards on those
505
JOSEPHUS
TTpoarjKOVTa ye pa toIs apLorevaaaLV oLTTohovvai.

G TTOLrjOevros ovv avrcp pLeydXov Kara fiear^v ttjv
TTporepov TTapejjLôXr^v ^-qfiaros, Karaaras IttI
rovTO fiera rajv rjyefJLOVojv^ ets" eTrrjKoov aTrdar]
rfj crrparta, X^P^^ H-^^ ^4'''!^ ttoXXtjv ex^LV avrolg
TTjS TTpog avrov evvoias, f) XP'^/^^ô'- StctreAoucTtv
7 irrrivei he rrj? ev Travn <t<jj >^ TroAe/xoj rreLdapxicLSt

Tjv ev TToAAot? /cat fieyaXoLS klvSvvols dfjLa rfj
Kara a(f)ds dvhpeia irapeuxov , rfj jiev Trarpihi
/cat St*, avrdiv rd Kpdro? avôvres, <j>avepdv he
TTaGLV dvdpojrroLS KaOtaravres, on firjre ttXtjOos
TToXefiiajv {J-rjre ;s(ajptajv dxvporrjreg "^ jieyed-q
TToXeojv Tj rojv avrLrerayfievcov aXoytaroL roXfxai
Kal Orjpidjheis dypLor-qres hvvaivr dv Ttore rrjv
*Paj/xata>v dperrjv 8ta(/)uyetv, Kav etS" ttoAAcl nves
8 rT^v rvx'Tjv evpcovrat ovvayuL>vLt,op.evqv . KaXdv fxev

ovv e(f)r] /cat ra> 7ToAe/xa> reXos avrovg eTTiSelvaL
TToXXoj XP^'^V* yevofievoj- fir^he yap evâoOai n
9 rovrcov dfieLvov, or* el? avrov KaOiaravro' rovrov

he KdXXiOP avrol /cat XapiTrporepov VTrdpxetv,
on rovg rjyrjuopevovs /cat rrjs 'Pco/xatcov dpxTjS
eTTirpoTTevaovra? avrojv ;)êipoTovr^craP'T6oy et? re

rrjv TTarpiha rrpoTTepnljdvrajv dapêvoi Trdvres Trpocrievrai /cat rot? vtt* avrwv iyvojcrfievoL? ififievovai
10 X^P'-^ exovres rots eXop.evois. 9avfjLdL,eLV fiev ovv

ecf)rj Trdvras /cat ayaTrav, etSco? on rod hvvarov
11 rrjv TTpoOvfitav ovhelg eax^ ^pahvrepav rols /xeV-
^ 7}^//j.ovLKurrdTu>v L Lat.
* Xo-pi-v fxkv ?<pT} Niese (avoiding hiatus) : fKeyev x-P'-^ f^^"

ftpTi L : i\y xcp' fj-eu the rest.
ins. Herwerden. * ttoXX^J xp^^'V] Tro\vxpovlu) Bekker.
506
JEWISH WAR, VII. o-ll
who had specially distinguished themselves. A

spacious tribunal ha\'ing accordingly been constructed for him in the centre of his former camp,
he here took his stand ^\'ith his principal officers, so
as to be heard by the whole army. He expressed

his deep gratitude to them for the loyalty which they
had continuously sho\\'n him. He commended them
for that ready obedience which, along \\-ith personal
courage in many grave dangers, they had displayed
throughout the war, thus bv their own actions
enhancing the might of their country and demonstrating to all mankind that neither the numbers of
the enemy, the strength of fortresses, the magnitude
of cities, nor the reckless daring ^ and bestial savagery
of antagonists could ever baffle the valour of Romans,
however often some of their foes might have found an
ally in fortune. Glorious, indeed, it was (he said) to
have brought to a close a war of such long duration ;
for they could never have prayed for any happier
issue when they entered upon it.^ But a yet more
glorious and splendid tribute to them than this was
the fact that those <^ whom they had themselves elected
to be the governors and administrators of the Roman
empire, and had sent off to the capital, "svere being
hailed \\'ith universal satisfaction, their rulings
adhered to, and their electors regarded ^îth gratitude. Therefore (he continued) he admired and held
them all in affection, kno^^'ing that there was not one
whose alacrity had fallen short of his abiUty ; but
* d\67t<rToi rdXfjLai after Thuc. ill. 82. 3 {roXtxa oKbyicrTos).
" et's avTov KadidTavTo : another Thucydidean phrase (iv. 23

is iroXeuou KadicrTai'To).
* The phiral of Vespasian and his party or the Flavian

dynasty: the soldiers' choice included Titus, B. iv. 597.
VOL. Ill R 507
JOSEPHUS
Tot SiaTrpeTTearepov dyojvLGafxevoLS vtto paypLT]?
TrAetoi'o? /cat rov jiev avraJv ^lov aptCTreiat? kko-
GfJL-qKOGL, TTjV 8 aVTOV GTpaTLai' e77L(f)aVGTpaV
Sta rcov KaropOojpidTCjLiv TreTTOi'qKOGU' e(f)-q rd yepa

Kal rds Tijid? evOvs OLTToScoGeiv, koI jji-qSeva row
TrXeov TTOvelv irepov deXrjGavTiov rrjs hiKalas
12 dfjLOL^rjs dfiapT-qGEGOaL. TrXeLGrrjv yap avrcp rovrov yevqGeGdai ttjv iTTtfJieXeLav , 7Tl /cat /xaAAov
edeXeiv rds dperds rufidv rcov GVGrparevojjLevojv

7) KoXdiÊLV rovs dfjLaprdi'Ovras.
13 (3) Kvdecos ovv eKeXevGev dvayivojGKeiv roZs

CTTt rovro rerayfj-evoLS ogol n XafiTrpov rjGav iv
14 ro) TToXepiCp KarojpOojKores. /cat /car' ovoiia koXcov

irrrjveL re Trapiovras djs dv VTrepevc^paLvopievos
ns 77 ot/cetots" KaropddjjiaGL /cat Gre<^dvovs
ierldei xpvGovs, TrepLavx^vid re xP^^d /cat
dopara fiLKpd^ xP^'^d /cat G-qpLaias eolbov TrenoLr]-
15 {JLevas i^ dpyvpov, /cat r-qv eKaGrov rd^LV rjXXarrev

et? ro Kpelrrov, ov pL-qv aXXd /ca/c rd)V Xa^-upcov
dpyvpov /cat ;^pucrov iGOrjrdg re /cat rrjs dXXrjs
16 avrols Aeta? SaipiXdJ? dTreveipLe. rrdvrojv he reTipLrjpievajv ottojs [dvY avrog eKaGrov rj^LOJGe, rfj
GvpLTrdGT] Grpand rroLTjGdpevos evxd? eTrl ttoXXtj
Kareâivev eix^Tjpla rpeTrerai re Trpos dvGtas
iTTLVLKLOVg, /Cat TToXXoV ÔOJV TtXtjOoVS TOt? ÔJpLOLS
TTapeGrrjKoros KaradvGas drravras rfj Grparia
17 hLahibcoGLV els evojxôLV. avros Se rols iv reXei
rpels rjfjLepas Gweoprdoas rr)v pLev dXXrjv Grparidv

hLa4>LrjGiv fi KoXdjs f^X^^ eKdGrovs dTnevat, ro)
BeKdrcp he rdypLan rrjv rojv 'lepoGoXvpLWV eV-
^ A : p.aKpa the rest. - om. Dindorf and Niese.
508
JEWISH WAR, VII. 11-17
upon those who had more eminently distinguis

themselves in the fight by superior energy, and . _
not only shed a lustre on their own Uves by deeds of
gallantry but rendered his campaign more famous by
their achievements, he would forth^\'ith confer their
rewards and honours, and not a man who had chosen
to exert himself more than his fellows should miss
his due recompense. For to this he would devote his
special attention, since he was more concerned to
reward the valorous deeds, than to punish the delinquencies, of his fellow-soldiers.
(3) He accordingly forthwith gave orders to the and awards

appointed officers to read out the names of all who
had performed any brilliant feat during the war.

CalUng up each by name he applauded them as
they came forward, no less exultant over their exploits
than if they were his own. He then placed crowns of
gold upon their heads, presented them "sWth golden
neck-chains, little golden spears and standards made
of silver, and promoted each man to a higher rank ;
he further assigned to them out of the spoils silver
and gold and raiments and other booty in abundance.
When all had been rewarded as he judged each to
have deserved, after invoking blessings upon the
whole army he descended amidst many acclamations
and proceeded to offer sacrifices of thanksgiving for
his victory. A vast number of oxen being brought
up beside the altars, he sacrificed them all and
distributed them to the troops for a banquet. Having
himself for three days joined in festivities with his
staff officers, he dismissed the rest of the troops to
their several appropriate destinations ; the tenth Destination
leffion,** however, he entrusted with the custody of f \^^
o ' ' J legions.
* Fretensis, Mommsen, Provinces ii. 63 note.
509
JOSEPHUS
Tptp (f)vXaK'^v ovKT* avTovs eVt rov Y^v(^pdrT]v
18 aTTOGTeiXas , evda rrporepov rjuav. fJiepLinyjLepo? Se

rov ScoSeKarov rdypLaTOs, on Keo-Tiou arpaT-qyovvTOs evehwKav rols ^lovhaiois, rrjs fiv
Jlvplas avTO TTavraTTaGLV e^-qXauev, tjv yap ro
iraXaiov v 'Paâiâtats"/ et? Se rrjv MeAtrTî^v^
KaXovfievr^v drreoreLXe' Trapd rov Kv(l)pdr'qv iv
fjLeOopLOL? rrjs ^ ApjxevLas iurl koI KaTiTraSo/ctas'.
19 Suo 8' rj^LOjaev avraj P'^XP'' '^V^ ^^^ AtyvTrrov

a(f)LÔJ?, TO 7Tp.7TTOV Kal TO TTVTeKaiheKarov ,
20 7Tapap.Viv . Kal /Caracas' dp,a rep arparw rrpos

rrjv iirl rfj daXdrrrj Yiaiadpeiav ct? ravrrjv ro re
TrXrjOos rojv Xa(l}vpcov drredero /cat rovs at;^/xaAdjTovs TTpooeraêv iv avrfj (jiyXdrreadai' rov yap
LS rrjv 'IraAtav nXovv 6 ;)êt/xa)^' eKcLXve.
21 (ii. l) Ka^' o Se Kaipov Ttros" Katcra/D rois

\epoaoXvpLOi? rroXiopKajv Trpoat]BpevV, iv rovroj
veojg (f)oprLSog OveorraaLavos iin^dg drro rrjs
22 AXeâvSpeia? et? 'PoSov SiifâLvev.^ ivrevdev Se

TrXiojv iTTL rpiTjpcov Kal Trdaas ra? iv raJ TrapdnXcp
TToXeug irreXOojVy evKraicos avrov he^ppiivas, diro
rrjs IcovLa? et's" rrjv *EAAaSa Trepaiovrai, KaKeWev
ano iXepKvpas err aKpav laTTvyLav, ouev -qorj
23 Kara yrjv iTTOieZro rrjv jTopeiav. Tiros S' drro

rrjs 7TL OaXdrrrj Kaicrapetas' dval,vâs els rrjv
OtAtTTTTOu KaXovp,evrjv Katcapetav rJKe uv^yov t'
ev a'urfj ^povov errepLeLvev rravroias deajpias
24 emreXcov' Kal 77oAAot ra)v alxP'O.Xojrojv ivravda

hie(l>ddpriuaVy ol p.ev dr^pioLs Trapa^Xrjdevres , ot
8e Kara nXrjdvv d/^XjjXoLs dvayKalôfievoL xprjaaadaL
^ 'Paâi-earj A. * After C (MeXiriVT?;') : îeXlrrjv the rest.
St^/SaXej/ L.
510
Jerusalem,** not sending them back to their former

station on the Euphrates. Recollecting too that the
twelfth ^ legion had under the command of Cestius
succumbed to the Jews,*' he banished them from
Syria altogether for they had pre\-iously been
quartered at Raphanaeae '^ and sent them to the
disti'ict called Mehtene, beside the Euphrates, on the
confines of Armenia and Cappadocia. Two legions,
the fifth and the fifteenth/ he thought fit to retain
\y\th. himself until his arrival in Eg}T)t. Then Jj^'^^j^p^^^^/^
descending Aîth his army to Caesarea-on-sea, he on-sea.
there deposited the bulk of his spoils and directed
that his prisoners should be kept in custody ; for the
winter season prevented his saihng for Italy.
(ii. 1) Now at the time when Titus Caesar was Vespasian's

assiduously besieging Jerusalem, Vespasian, em- itaiy.
barking on a merchant-vessel, crossed from Alexandria to Rhodes. From there he sailed on triremes ;
and touching at all towns on his route, and being
everywhere received with ovations, he passed over
from Ionia into Greece, and thence from CorcjTa to
the lapygian promontory, whence he pursued his
journey by land.
Titus, removing^ his troops from Caesarea-on-sea, Titus

now passed to Caesarea Philippi so called, where he shows at
remained for a considerable time, exhibiting all ^^lesarea
kinds of spectacles. Here many of the prisoners
perished, some being thrown to \\ild beasts, others
compelled in opposing masses to engage one another
5. " Fulminata. " B. ii. 500 ff.
^ Or Raphanaea ( 97) or Raphaneia ; in upper Syria,

W. of Emessa {Horns),
Macedonica. ' Apollinaris.
511
JOSEPHUS
25 TToXefiLOLs. ivravda Kal rrjv St/xajvo? rov Ticopa

(JvXXruJjiv ETTvOero tovtov yevojJLevrjv tov rpoTTOV.
26 (:2) ^LfMOjv ovTOs 'YepoGoXvfiojv TToXiopKovpiivajv

7TL rrjg di'oj TToXeojs ow, eTrel tojv reixojv ivrog
Tj PojfiaLOJV Grpana yevopLevrj Trduav eTTopOei
TTjV TToXlVy Tore TOJV (f)LXojV TOVS TnGTOTaTOVS
TrapaXaôjv Kal gvv avrols XtdoropLOVs re kol tov

TTpos TTjV epyaacav eTrtT'qheLOV tovtols uih'qpov
rpo^TjV re hiapKeZv els ttoXXols rjfiepas Swa/JLev-qv ,
GVV eKetvoLS airaGi KaQi-qGLv avrov els rtva rcov
27 acjâvcov vttovojxojv. kol p-e)(pi pêv -qv to iraXaLov

opvypLa, npovxoopovv Sc' avrov, rrjs Grepeds 8e
yrjs V7Tavra)G7]s ravrrjv VTrevopLevov, iXTTiSi rov
TToppojrepoj BvviJGeGOaL rrpoeXdovres ev aGcâXel
28 TTOirjGapievoi rrjv dvdSvGLV d7TOG(x>t,eG9 ai. ifjevSrj

Se rrjv eXlSa Sit^Xeyxev tj ireZpa rojv epycov
oXuyov re yap pLoXis Trpovâivov ol pLeraXXevovres :
Tj re rpo(f)7] KauroL rapnevopLevoLS epueXXev eTTiXei-
29 ipeiv.^ rore S-q rolvvv, (x>s St' eKTrXrjêoJS drrarrJGai

rovs PcxjpLatovs SwqGopievos, XevKovs evSiSvGKei
Xi'TcovLGKOVS Kai 7Top(f)vpdv epLTrepovr]Gdp,evos
xXavL8a~ /car* avrov eKelvov rov tottov, ev oj ro
30 lepov rjv Trpoadev, eK rrjs yrjs dve(f)dvr]. ro pLev

ovv rrpdorov rots ISovgl ddpLôs rrpoGeireGe Kal
Kara x^P^^ epLevov, eireira S' iyyvrepoj rrpoG-
31 eXdovres OGns eGrlv rjpovro. Kal rovro pLev ovk

eSrjXov HlpLajv avrois, KaXelv Se rov rjyepLova
TTpoGerarrev. Kai raêcns Trpos avrov Spapiovrajv
TjKev Tepevnos 'Povcf)OS' ovros yap dpâw rrjs
Gr par Las KareXeXeiTrro' TTvdopievos re Trap avrov
irdGav rrjv dXijOecav rov pLev e(f)vXarre hehepêvov ,
Katcrapt S* ottojs etrj GVvecXrjpLpLevos iS-qXov.
512
in combat. Here, too, Titus learnt of the capture of

Simon, son of Gioras, which was effected as follows.
(2) This Simon during the siege of Jerusalem had Capture of

occupied the upper town ; but when the Roman army Giora^
entered within the walls and were sacking the whole
city, he, accompanied by his most faithful friends,
along Math some stone-cutters, bringing the tools
required for their craft, and proAisions sufficient for
many days, let himself down with all his party into
one of the secret passages. So far as the old excava-
tion extended, they followed it ; but when sohd earth

met them, they began mining, hoping to be able
to proceed further, emerge in safety, and so escape.
But experience of the task proved this hope delusive ;
for the miners advanced slowly and with difficulty,
and the provisions, though husbanded, were nearly
exhausted. Thereupon, Simon, imagining that he
could cheat the Romans by creating a scare, dressed
himself in white tunics and buckling over them a
purple mantle arose out of the ground at the very
spot whereon the temple formerly stood. The
spectators were at first aghast and remained motionless ; but afterwards they approached nearer and
inquired who he was. This Simon declined to tell
them, but bade them summon the general. Accordingly, they promptly ran to fetch him, and Terentius
Rufus, who had been left in command of the force,
appeared. He, after hearing from Simon the whole
truth, kept him in chains and informed Caesar of the
^ C : airoXeixpeLu the rest.

Xâ/Mîda L Zon. : " clilaniide " Lat.
513
JOSEPHUS
32 ^LfJLOJva jJLev ovv etV Slktjv ttjs Kara rcov ttoXltcov

ajjjLorrjroSy d)v TTiKpcog avros irvpawrjaev, vno
33 Tolg fjidXiara ijllgovgl TToXeiiiois iTToi'qaev 6 deo?,

ov ^la yevojievov avrots VTrox^lpLOV, aAA' avrov
eKovjLOjg et's" TTjV TifJicopLav TTapaâXovra, 8t' o^
TToXXoijs avros chfjLOJS aTreKreive ipevSeXs alrias
34 eTTLchepojv rrjs Trpos 'PojpLatovs fieraôXfjg. ovSe

yap 8iaff)ijyi Trov-qpia Oeov x^Xov, ov8e dudevqs
7] Slktj, x^povo) he piereiGi rovs et? avrrjv napavopL-qGavras Kai "êipoj rr^v npiOjpiav e7n(j)epi rols
TTOVTjpols, 6t^ /cat TTpoaehoK-qaav avri]? aTT-qXJ^dxdai
fiTj TTapavriKa KoXaudivres. eyvoj tovto /cat
35 HcpLCov LS ras Poj/JLatcjov opyds epLTTeowv. rj 8'

KLvov yrjdev dvohos ttoXv /cat tcov dXXojv crraOLaGTOJV ttXtjOos V7T KLvag rds TjfJiepas ev rols
36 VTTOVofjLOLS (j)OjpadrjvaL 77apeGKvaG. Kataapt 8'

et? rrjv TrapdXiov eTravrjKOVTL^ Katcrapetav HtpLOJV
TTpoGTj'xdrj hehepAvos' KaKelvov {lev et? ov eTTiTeXeZv
v 'Poj^ry 7TapeaKvdl,ro dplap^ôv TrpoGeraê
(f)vXdTTLV.
37 (iii. l) ALarptôju b avrodi rrjv rdheX(j>ov yeveOXiov rffxepav im(j)ava}s iojpTat,y ttoXv Kai ttjs
TCOV \ovhaLa>v KoXdoeojs etV rrjv eKelvov rifJLrjv
38 dvariOeis. 6 yap dptOfjLOS tojv ev re rats' Trpos

rd d-qpla fidxatg ev re ralg aXXr]XoKTOV tais dvaipovfievcuv Kai rcov KaraTTLfiTTpapevajv* rrevraKOGLOvs
em rols Stcr^^tAtot? vrrepeâXe. rrdvra fxevroi
Poj/xatot? eooKet ravra pLvpiOLs avrcvv drr-
^ f(L pr. (cf. Lat. "propterea quod"): oC ov or 5t' Cov

wss. 2 After Lat. Xiese : on mss.
^ A: i-rraueXdopTL MVR : irapeXdji'TL LC.
* Kai tlIv Karairiixirpaiiivuiv in the 3ISS. stands after /idxai-i :

transposed by Niese.
514
manner of his capture. Thus was Simon, in retribution for his cruelty to his fellow-citizens, whom he had
mercilessly t}Tannized, deUvered by God into the
hands of his deadliest enemies ; not subjected to
them by force, but spontaneously exposing himself
to punishment an act for which he had put many to
a cruel death on false charges of defection to the
Romans. For \'illainy escapes not the wrath of God,
nor is Justice weak, but in due time she tracks down
those M'ho have transgressed against her and inflicts
upon the sinners a chastisement the more severe,
when they imagined themselves quit of it because
they were not punished immediately . This Simon
learnt when he fell into the hands of the indignant
Romans. His emergence from the ground led, moreover, to the discovery during those days of a large
number of the other rebels in the subterranean
passages. On the return of Caesar to Caesarea-onsea Simon was brought to him in chains, and he
ordered the prisoner to be kept for the triumph
which he was preparing to celebrate in Rome.
(iii. 1) During his stay at Caesarea, Titus cele- Titns

brated his brother's birthday ^ ^\'ith great splendour, Siuiiy^ ^'
reserving: in his honour for this festival '^ much of the birthdays.
o Oclober
punishment of his Jewish captives. For the number a.d. to.

of those destroyed in contests with wild beasts or
\\ith one another or in the flames exceeded two
thousand five hundred. Yet to the Romans, notwithstanding the myriad forms in which their victims
Cf. Horace, Odes iii. 2. 31 f. " raro antecedentem
scelestum | deseruit pede Poena claudo."
" Domitian was now eighteen, born 24th October, a.d. 52,
* Or " dedicating to his honour," but the verb (like the
verbal adj. dvadereov) doubtless connotes " postpone."
VOL. in R 2 515
JOSEPHUS
39 oXXvjJLevcov rpoTTOLs iXdrrajv /cdAaatS" etrat. fiera

rovro Katcrap etV ^-qpvrov rjKev tj 8' iarlv eV
TTJ OoLVLKj] TToXcg 'Pcu/xatojy drroiKos' Kavravda
')(^povLajTepav eTTOfâaro rrjv iTnSrjiiLav TrXelovc
)(pojfjLvo rfj XaiirrpoTrjTi rrepi rrjv rod irarpos
rjjjiepav yeveOXiov eV re rats' tojv decopLcov ttoXvreXeiaig kol Kara ttjv dXXrjv eTTivoiav rchv JiXXajvY
40 dvaXcopLdrajv. to Se Ta)v alxp-O-Xo'jTOjv TrXfjdos

rov avrov rporrov cu? rrpoGUev aTrcoXXvTO.
41 (2) TevecrdaL Se avve^rj irepl rov Katpov tovtov

/cat rot? eV 'Ap'rto;)ê/a ra)V Yovhaaov vttoXeLTTOjieroLS iyKXrjpLara Kal Kivhwov oXedpov, rrfs
TToXecog err' avrov tojv W.vTiox^(Jjv iKrapaxOeiG-qs
Sta re ra? eV rep Trapovri StaôXd? avrolg eVeve;^delaas Kal hid rd Trpovrr-qpypieva^ XP^^'^ Trpoadev
42 01) TToXXoj, 77pl d)v dvayKOLOV ecrrt Sta avi'TOfiajv

7TpoL7TLv, tva Kai TCxiV pLTa TavTa rrpaxOeurajv
cvTTapaKoXovdrjTOV TTOi'qacop.ai r7]v OL-qyrjGLV.
43 (3) To ydp ^lovhalojv yevos ttoXv p,ev Kard
Trdcrav ttjv OLKOvpievrjv TrapeGrraprai tol emXojpiois, TrXelarov Se rfj Hvpia Kard ri]v yeLTviaotv
dvaiJ.[iLyp.vov eâtpeVoj?^ errt rijs Avrioxeias
Tjv TToXv hid TO TTjs TToXeoJS fjLEyeOos' fidXicrTa 5'
ai^rots" adea T-qv e/cet KaTOLKrjOLV ol /leT Aptloxov
4^ âcrtAet? rrapeaxov. 'Avtloxos pLV ydp 6 KX-qOelg

^^mcâvrjs 'lepoGoXvfia TTopdrjGag rov vecbv cgvX'r)Gv, ol be êr' aurov ttjv âoiXeiav TrapaXaôvres
tCjv dvadrjfidrojv ocra ;(aAK:d rreTTOLrjTO TrdvTa rots'
* Bracketed by Niese : the Lat, rather suggests the

omission of dW-qv.
2 LC [cf. 56, 369) : vinifr,ijAva the rest.

+ be (5- C) A\ RC.
516
perished, all this seemed too light a penalty. After

this Caesar passed to Bervtus,^ a city of Phoenicia
and a Roman colony. Here he made a longer so-
journ, displaying still greater magnificence on the

occasion of his father's birthday,^ both in the November.
costliness of the spectacles and in the ingenuity of
the various other items of expenditure. Multitudes
of captives perished in the same manner as before.
(2) It happened, moreover, about this time that The Jews

the remnant of the Jews at Antioch were incriminated "^ p"rii? ^
and in danger of extermination, the Antiochene
community having been greatly excited against
them in consequence not only of the false accusations

now laid to their charge, but also of certain incidents
which had taken place not long before. Of these a
brief account must first be given, in order to render my
narrative of the subsequent events more intelhgible.
(3) The Jewish race, densely interspersed among Tiieir

the native populations of every portion of the world, \!^l^^[
is particularly numerous in Syria, where intermingling is due to the proximity of the two countries.
But it was at Antioch that they specially congregated,
partly owing to the greatness of that city, but mainly
because the successors of King Antiochus <^ had enabled them to live there in security. For, although
Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes ^ sacked Jerusalem
and plundered the temple,^ his successors on the

throne restored to the Jews of Antioch all such votive
Beirut.
* Vespasian was now sixty-one, born 17th November,
A.D. 9.
Antiochus I Soter (reigned 280-261 b.c.) is apparently

meant.
'^ Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 b.c).

c. 170 B.C., B.i.31 f.
517
revious
tory.
JOSEPHUS
77* AvTto;^6tas" louSaiois" dneSoGav et? Trjv

Gvvayoj^/riv avrojv avadevre?, /cat (Tvv)(ojpi]aav
avTol? i^ LGov TTjg TToXeoJS rots "EAATycri iierexîv.
45 rov avTOV 8e rpoTTOv Kal tojv /xcrd ravra âaiXiojv avTols Trpooêpoiievajv els re ttXtjOo? errihojKav Kal rfj KaraaKevfj Kal rfj TroXvreXeLO. tojv
avad-qpidrojv ro lepov eêXapLTrpwav , dec re rrpoaayofievoL rat? Opr^GKeiais ttoXv ttXtjOos 'EAAr^vcov,
KaKeivovs rpoTTOj tlvI fiotpav avrwv 7T7TOir)VTO .
46 Kad ov he Kaipov 6 rroXejios dvaKeKTjpvKTO,

veojGTL S' els TTjV Hvpiav OveGrtaGLavos Kara-
47 TreTrXevKet, to Be Kara tojv *Iou8ata>v Trapd TraGcv

TJKfiaê pXGoSi Tore S77 rt? 'Avrtoxo? .ls $ avrajv
ra jidXiG-a hid rdv irarepa rL}iojp.evos, tjv yap
apxojv Tcbv eV ^ Xvrio-)(eias ^lovhaiojv, rod S-qfiov
ra)V AvTLOxeoJV eKKX-qGidôvros elg to Oearpov
TTapeXOdjv Tov re narepa rou avrov Kal rov?
dXXov? eveSecKUVTO, Karrjyopojv on vvktI paa
KaTaTTprJGai ttjv ttoXlv aVacrav hieyvajKeiGav, /cat
TTapehihov êvovs 'louSatous" nvas o^S KeKOivoj-
48 VTjKoras tojv (êôvXev/jievctJV . ravra "^S']^ d/couoiv

o hijfiog r-qv opyrjv ov Karelxev, dXX errl fiev
rovs TTapahodevras rrvp evdvs eKeXevov K0fiLL,eLv,

/cat 7Tapa-x_prjiia ndvres eVt rod dedrpov /car-
49 echXey-qGav, errl he ro rrXrjOos (Lppirjro rojv 'louSata;^

ev ro) rax(-ov eKeivovs rLfjuopia TreptâXelv rrjv
50 avrdjp narplSa crdjêtv voiiLL,ovres. Âvrioxo? he
1 om. PM.
" According to Ap. ii. 39 these rights were granted to the

518
offerings as were made of brass, to be laid up in their

svnacrogue, and, moreover, granted them citizen
rights on an equality Mith the Greeks." Continuing
to receive similar treatment from later monarchs,
the Jewish colony grew in numbers, and their richly
designed and costly offerings formed a splendid
ornament to the temple.^ Moreover, they were
constantly attracting to their religious ceremonies

multitudes of Greeks, and these they had in some
measure incorporated ^^'ith themselves. Now just Antiochns
at the time when war had been declared and Ves- ^JllJ.^.^^^'l'
pasian had recently landed in Syria, and when hatred Antiochenp
of the Jews was everywhere at its height, a certain jncendiarAntiochus, one of their own number and highly i^m.
respected for the sake of his father, M'ho was chief
magistrate of the Jews in Antioch, entered the
theatre '^ during an assembly of the people and denounced his OA\Ti father and the other Jews, accusing
them of a design to burn the whole city to the
ground in one night ; he also delivered up some
foreign Jews as accomplices to the plot. On hearing
this, the people, in uncontrollable fury, ordered the
men who had been delivered up to be instantly consigned to the flames, and all were forthwith burnt to
death in the theatre. They then rushed for the
JeA\ish masses, believins; the salvation of their native
place to be dependent on their prompt chastisement.
Jews of Antioch by Seleucus I Xicator, founder of the city

and of the Seleucid dynasty (died 380 b.c).
* Jews recognized but one " temple," at Jerusalem, and

that must surely be intended ; Whiston and Traill render
" their temple," meaning apparently the " synagogue "

mentioned above.
"= The theatre was frequently used as a meeting-place for

the ecclesia in Hellenic cities ; cf. the scene in the theatre at
Ephesus, Acts xix. 29.
519
r,.2
3
JOSEPHUS
7Tpoae7TeTLV T-qv opy-qv, 7Tpl fiev tt]? avrov

fjLeraôXrj? Kal rov iieyLiGTjKevai tcl tow ^lovhalow
edrj reKjJirjpiov epiTrapex^^^^ olopievos to eTndveLV
51 a)(77Tp vopLog GTL TOL? "KXXrjGLV eKeXeve Se Kai

Tovg aAAof? TO avro 7tollv dvayKdt,Lv (âvepovs
yap yevrjaeadat Tcp pLrj OeXetv tovs imêfôvXevKOTas. ;)(pco/xV6fjy Se ttj rreipa tojv Avtlox^(j^^
oXlyoL p.v VTrefietvav, ol he pLrj ôvXrjdevres
52 avrjpedrjGav. Kvtloxos Se GrpariojTas Trapa tov
PajpLaLCjov rjyefxovos Aaôjv ^âAerro? ecbeLarrjKec

Tolg avTOV TroXiraLS, dpyelv ttjv e^hopLTjv ovk
iTTLTpeTTOJV, ttAAct ^LaC6pLvos TTOVTa 7TpaTTLV ocra
53 Srj Kal rat? d'AAats- -qp.epais. ovtojs re ttjv

avayKTjv LGXvpdv 77olt]Gv, chs fjLYj pLovov en
AvTio^îas KaTaXvdrjvai ttjv e^SoâSa apyelv

rjpLepav, dXX eKeWev dpâp.evov tov rrpdypiaTOs Kav
rats' d'AAai? rroXeGLV oiiolajs jipa)(yv TLva xpovov.
54 (4) ToLOVTCov h-q toZs errl TTJg* *Ai^Tto;êta?

lovSaioLs Twv /car' eKelvov tov Kaipov KaKow
yeyevTjpievojv SevTepa TrdXiv avpichopd TTpoaerreae,

TTepi -qs eTTixeipi^Gavres acbrjyeZGSai Kai raura
65 die^-qXdofJiev. irrel yap avi-e^rj KaTa7Tpy]a6rjvaL

TTjv TeTpaycjvov ayopdv dpxetd re /cat ypa/x/xaro(f)vXdKLoi^ Kal Ta? âaiXiKd? , pioXi? re to rrvp
eKOjXvOrj pceTa ttoXXt]? îas enl rrdaav ttjv ttoXlv
TTepicjiepopievov , TavTTjv Wvtloxo? ttjv npa^Lv lou-
56 Satojy KaTijyopei. Kal Tovg ÂvTLoxets, el Kai

pLTj TTpoTepov elxov TTpo? av~ov dTTexOoj?, Tdx^^yT
dv^ TTj SiaôXfj rrapd ttjv eV tov Gvpiê^rj kotos
Tapax'qv vrraxOevTag ttoXv pLoXXov eV rtuv Trpovn-qpypLevajv tols utt* avTOV Aeyo/xeVot? TTLGTeveiP
^ VRC : jJiev irap^x'^'-^ ^^ Trapex"'' î-L.

520
Antiochus further inflamed their fury ; for, thinking to furnish proof of his conversion and of his
detestation of Jewish customs by sacrificing after
the manner of the Greeks, he recommended that the
rest should be compelled to do the same, as the
conspirators would thus be exposed by their refusal.
This test being applied by the Antiochenes, a few
submitted and the recalcitrants were massacred.
Antiochus, ha\dng next procured the aid of troops
from the Roman general, domineered with severity
over his Jewish fellow-citizens, not permitting them
to repose on the seventh day, but compelling them to
do everything exactly as on other davs ; and so

strictly did he enforce obedience that not only at
Antioch was the weekly day of rest abohshed, but
the example having been started there spread for a
short time to the other cities as well.
(4) Such being the misfortunes which the Jews of The great
Antioch had at that time experienced, a second Amfoch
calamity now befell them, in endeavouring to describe ^^'"^ to their
which I was led to narrate the previous history.
For a fire ha\'ing broken out, which burnt do\\Ti the
market-square, the magistrates' quarters, the recordoffice and the basilicae," and the flames having ^\'ith
difficulty been prevented from spreading M*ith raging
violence over the whole citv, Antiochus accused the
Jews of the deed. The Antiochenes, even had they
not been previously embittered against them, would,
in the commotion produced by the accident, have
readily been misled by the calumny ; much more,
after what had previously occurred, were they now
" Law-courts and Exchange in one.
^ LC : dpyqu the rest. ' C: Kai the rest.
* ^7ri T7]s] eir' PA. ^ ;(;a/3To0i'XdKtoi' L Zon,
* PAL-: rdxtcTa the rest.
521
JOSEPHUS
7rapGKvaGVi to? yiovov ovk avrovg ro nvp
57 VLfj.vov V7TO Tojv \ovbaLcov eojpaKorag, /cat

Kaddrrep ipLfiavelg yeyevrjfjievoi fierd ttoXXov tlvo?
OLcrrpov Travres i-TTi rovg Siaê^X-qfievovs wppL-qvro.
58 pôXtg S' avrojv iSwijOr] rag opjias i7n(j)(LV

Tvalog^ KoAAi^yas" Tt? Trpeaêvr-qs, d^Low CTnrpeiliaL Kataapt hr]Xoj9rjvaL irepl rojv yeyovorcov
59 Tov yap rjyeixovevovra rrjs Zupta? KataeVvtor

YLalrov^ TJdrj {jl6v OveoTraGLavo? iâTrearaXKeL,
60 ovvefjaLve he rrapelvai pL-qheTroj. 7TOLovp.evo S'

eTTLpLeXij TTjV dvaLriT-quLV^ 6 KoAAi^yas" eêupe rr^v
aXr'jdeLav, Acat row piev rrjv alriav vtt* ^ Avrio'xôv
XaôvTOJV ^lovhaiojv ouScJ? ouS' eKOivowquev ,
61 arrav be rovpyov eTrpaâv dvOpojTToi rives dXirr^piOL

hid xpeajv dvay/ca? voiiiCovTes, el rrjv dyopdv
KciL rd h'qp.oGLa Kararrpriaeiav ypdppara, rrjs
62 arraiTTjaecos daXXayqv eêiv. 'lordatot piev ovv

771 pLerecopoLS rals atrtat? to peX^.ov en KapahoKovvres ev (hofôis xaXeTrols drreudXevov.
63 (iv, l) Titos' he Kataap rrjs rrepl rod rrarpos

ayyeXias avrqj KouiaOeLG'qs, on TrdaaLs pev
rrodeivos rats Kard rrjV ÎraXuav TroXeaiv iTrrjXdev,
pdXiGra 8' -q 'PcopL-q* p,erd ttoXXtjs avrov ehecaro
TTpoOvpLLas Kal XauTTporiqros, els TToXXrjV pâpav
Kai dvpL-qhtav irpdnero, row jrepl avrov (fypovrldojv
64 ojs 'qhiarov rjv aTT-qXXayfjLevos . OveoTTaoLavov yap

en pev /cat paKpdv dirovra Trdvres ol Kara rrjv
IraXcav dvdpojrroi rals yvajpcais Trepielrrov ws

rjKovra, rrjv TrpouhoKiav K rod rravv OeXeiv
^ Rekker : vio^ or veos Cjv mss. : Xa?os Niese irf, A. xix.

166). Hudson: IHtov jdS'i.
' P: '^-qr-qaLV the rest. * 'Vfîtialijiv M.
522
JEWISH WAR, VII. 5&-64
inclined to believe the statements of Antiochus, and

to imagine that they had all but seen vrith. their own
eyes the Jews setting fire to the town. And so, like
maniacs, in a wild frenzy they all rushed upon the
accused. With great difficulty Gnaeus Colleo-a.'* the
deputy -governor, succeeded in restraining their fury,
requesting permission to lay the facts before Caesar ;
for as it happened, the governor of Syria. Caesennius
Paetus,^ already sent out by Vespasian, had not yet
arrived. By careful investigation Collega then discovered the truth. Not one ot the Jews incriminated
by Antiochus had any part in the affair, the whole
being the work of some scoundrels, who, under the
pressure of debts, imagined that if they burnt the
market-place and the pubHc records they would be
rid of all demands. The Jews, ^\-ith these charges
hanging over them and still anxiously awaiting the
issue, were thus in troubled waters and in grave
alarm.
(iv. 1) Meanwhile, Titus Caesar, having received Enthusinews of the eagerness with which all the Italian cities reception of
had greeted his father's approach, and that Rome in Vespasian
particular had given him an enthusiastic and splendid ' ^ '
reception, experienced heart-felt joy and satisfaction
at this most agreeable rehef from anxiety on his
behalf. For even while \'espasian was still far off,
all the Italians were paying respect to him in their
hearts as if he were already come, mistaking, in their
keen desire, their expectation of him for his actual
* Gn. Pompeius Collega, consul in a.d. 93 (Tac. Agr. 44).
* C. Caesennius Paetus, consul in 61, diso:raced himself

in a campaign against the Parthians in 63 and was deprived
by Xero of his command ; as governor of Syria he made an
inglorious attack on the innocent Antiochus, king of Commagene, described below, 219 flF.
523
JOSEPHUS
d(f>L^Lv avTov voyLitôvres Kal Trdorj^ dvdyKrjs
65 eXevOepav rrjv Trpog avrov e)(OVTes evvotav. rfj

re yap ôvXfj Kara. fivrjiJ-qv rwv yeyvr]iiva>v
V rats ra)v -qyejiovajv iieraôXalg cru[i(f)opajv
evKraZov rjv aTToXaBelv -qyepiova y-qpcos oefjLVorrjn
Kat TTpdêwv dK/jifj TToXepuKcjv KeKOGp.-qp.evov, co
rrjv VTTepox'Tjv Trpog povqv rjTTiaravro rrjV rcuv
66 dpxopLevQjv aojrrjplav eGop.evr)v. Kal pr-jv 6 Srjpos

V7TO rojv epLcfivXlajv KaKojv rerpvxojpevos en
p,dXXov eXdeiv avrov eaTrevhe, rore by) ^câtoj?
p.ev aTTaXXayrâeaOai ra)v crvpi(f)op6jv V77oXap.âva)v ,
doX-qipeadai 8e rrjV dheiav p.erd rrj? everrjpia?
67 TTeTTLGrevKOJS. eâiperojs Se ro GrpanwriKov et?

avrov d(f)ecopa- paXiara yap ovroL row Karojp6a>pLevwv avro) TToXepojv eylvaxTKOv ro p.eye6og, rijs
aTTeipias he rcjv dXXa>v r)yep.6vcDV Kal rrjs avavhptas TTerreipapevoi rroXXrjg pev aloxvvrjs avrov?
eedvpLOVv drjXXdxOaL, rov povov he Kal oajt,eiv
avrov? KaL Koapelv hvvdp,evov aTToXaêZv -qvôvro.
68 roLavrrjg 8' evvoca? e^ aTrdvrcov vrrapôvorj? roig

p.ev Kara rd? d^Lcvcreis TrpovôvGL rcov dvhpojv
ovKer aveKrov -qv dvap-evetv, dXXd rroppajraraj
69 rrjg 'IPcoprjg avraj Trpoevrvxelv eairevhov. ov p,7]V

ovhe row dXXojv ris rjvelxero rrj? evrevêojg rrjv
avaôX-qv, dAA' ovroj? eêxôvro rrdvres dOpooL
KaL TTaGLv evTTopcorepov Kal paov ehoKet rov
pLeveLV ro dmevai,, cog Kal rrjv ttoXlv avrrjv rore
TTpojrov ev eavrfj XaêZv oXiyavdpojrrlas aiGdrjGLv
TjSelav^' TjGav yap eXdrrovg raJv drnovrojv ol
70 pLevovres. inel he TrpoGiojv rjyyeXXero , Kal rrjv

Tjpeporrira rijs evrevêojg avrov rrjv Trpog eKaarovs
ebrjXovv ol rrpoeXOovres," dnav rjhr] ro Xolttov
524'
arrival, and exhibiting an affection for him wholly

free from constraint. For to the Senate, mindful of
the calamities undergone in the changes of their
rulers," nothing was more desirable than to gain once
more an emperor adorned with the gravity of years
and the finest fame for military achievements, whose
exaltation they were assured would make only for
the welfare of his subjects. The people, too, exhausted by civil disorders, were still more eager for
his coming, expecting now at last to obtain permanent release from their miseries, and confident that
security and prosperity would again be theirs. But
above all the army had their eyes on him ; for they
knew best the magnitude of the wars that he had
won, and, ha\ing had proof of the inexperience and
cowardice of the other emperors, longed to be rid of
such deep disgrace and prayed that they might be
granted him who alone could both bring them
salvation and add lustre to their arms. Amidst such
feelings of universal goodwill, those of higher rank,
impatient of awaiting him, hastened to a great
distance from Rome to be the first to greet him.
Nor, indeed, could any of the rest endure the delay
of meeting, but all poured forth in such crowds for
to all it seemed simpler and easier to go than to
remain that the very city then for the first time
experienced with satisfaction a paucity of inhabitants;
for those who went outnumbered those who remained.
But when he was reported to be approaching and
tliose who had gone ahead were telling of the affability of his reception of each party, the whole re-
" A.D. f)S-69 was the year of the four emperors Nero,
Galba, Otho, Vitellius.
^ Hudson after Lat. iucundam : Idiap mss.

^ L Lat. : Trpoae\d6vTs the rest.
525
J05EPHUS
TrXrjdog a/jLa yvvai^l /cat Traicnv irrl rat? TrapoSot?
71 iêhey(êTOy kol Kad ov yevoiro rrapiajv ovtol

Trpo? r-qv rjSovrjV rrj? Bias kol to [leuXlxiov avrov
rrjs oipeoj? TravTOtas 7](f)LGav (f)OJvds, tov e-uepyer'qv
Koi GOJTTJpa /cat fJLOVOV aîov rjyeiJLOva rrj? PdjLLTjs
dvaKaXovvT' drraGa S' rj ttoXls oj? vecu? ^jV
72 urechavajjidroji' /cat dvp-iaixdratv dvdTrXeojs . fxoXis

d' V7t6 ttXtjOovs row Trepl avrov LGrafievcov hvvrj6eL els ro /SaatAetov iXdelv, avros p-ev rols evhov
Oeols OvGtas rrjs dSiêojs ;\;aptcrrT7ptous' errereXei,
73 rperrerai^ Se rd ttXtjOtj Trpos evojyîav /cat Kara

(hvXds /cat yivTj /cat yeirovtas TTOLovpLevoL ras
GTLdGLS rjvyôvro ro) deoj GTrivhovres avrov r
irrl rrXelGrov "x^povov OveGrraGLavov empLeZvai rfj

*P(jj[j.aLCov -qyefiovla, /cat Tratatv avrov /cat rot? e
iKLvojv aet yivopîvois <f)vXaxOrjvaL ro Kparos
74 dvavrayojvLGrov . rj fiev ovv 'PojpLaLOJV ttoXls

ovrojs OvG7TaGLav6v eKheâpilvrj TrpodvpLOJS v6vs
LS TToXX-qv evhaiiiovLav irredlbov.
75 (2) Ylpo he rovrcijv rojv ;!(porcov, ev ots OveGTTaGiavds p-ev irepl ^ AXe^dvhpeiav rjv, Tcros oe
Tjj row 'lepoGoXvpLOJV rrpoGrjSpeve TToXiopKia,
76 77oXv p.epos Tepp.avow eKLvqdrj Trpos drroGraGcv , ols

/cat TaXarojv ol ttXi-jGlov^ Gvp.(^povriGavres KOLvfj
fieyaXas eXTTibas avrols Gvvedeoav d>s /cat rrjS
77 VojpLaiojv daXXa^6p.evoL SeGTTorelas. eTrrjpe Se
^ Trpo-pewerai PAM. ^ irXetcrrot PAM^.
*" The story of this revolt is narrated at length by Tacitus,

Hist. iv. 13-37, 54-79, v. 14-26 (where the Uisti.ry breaks off j.
The German leader, Julius Civilis, at the head of the Bata\-ians,
526
maining population, \\'ith wives and children, were

by now waiting at the road-sides to receive him ; and
each group as he passed, in their delight at the
spectacle and moved by the blandness of his appearance, gave vent to all manner of cries, haihng him as
"benefactor," " sa\'iour," and " only worthy emperor
of Rome." The whole city, moreover, was filled,
like a temple, %\'ith garlands and incense. Ha\'ing
reached the palace, though with difficulty, o^ving to
the multitude that throng-ed around him, he oifered
sacrifices of thanksgi\'ing for his arrival to the household gods. The crowds then betook themselves to
festi\-ity and, keeping feast by tribes and famihes and
neighbourhoods, Nîth Hbations prayed God that
Vespasian might himself long be spared to the Roman
empire, and that the sovereignty might be preserved
unchallenged for his sons and their descendants
throughout successive generations. And, indeed,
the city of Rome, after this cordial reception of
Vespasian, rapidly advanced to great prosperity.
(2) However, before this period, wliile \êspasian a revolt of
was at Alexandi'ia and Titus occupied with the siege audû1s

of Jerusalem, a large portion of the Germans had
been incited to revolt ; and the neighbouring Gauls,
sharing their aspirations, conceived, in partnership
Adth them, high hopes of release from Roman
domination." The Germans were instigated to
who occupied the Delta of the Rhine, began by playing for

Vespasian, but after the defeat of Vitellius (October 69 a.d.)
ended by playing for himself. His Gallic associate, Julius
Classicus, a distinguished nobleman of the Treveri, aspired
to set up an imperium Galliannn. " The Batavians and
the Gauls had a common interest in their hostility to Rome,
and so far they co-operated ; but Civilis had nothing to do
with the imperium Galliarum " (Bury).
527
JOSEPHUS
rov? Tepfiavovs difjaaOai rijs aTToaraueoj? Kai

Tov TToXejiov i^veyKLV Trpojrrj jikv tj (f)VGis ovaa
XoyLGjicjv epi^fios ayaOcov kol /xerd jjUKpas eXTtlSos
78 TOLp.ojs pixfjoKivhwos' eTTCLTa be Kai ploos to

TTpos Tovs Kparovvras, errec pLovoug [aaai PojpaloLS TO yevos avTOJV hovXeveiv êîaapLevov.
ov prjv dXXa. paXiGTa ye TrdvTOJV 6 Kaipos avTols
79 Odpaos eveiroi-qoev opcovTes yap ttjv 'Pco/xatcov

dp)^rjv TOis GvvexeGL tcov avroKpaTopcov aXXayals
eV eavTTJ TeTapaypiivrjv , Trdv re pepog Trjg vtt
avTOLS OLKOvpLevqs Trvvdavopevoi pLTeojpov eivai
/cat KpahaiveGdai, tovtov gc^lglv avTols apiGTOV
vrro Trjg eKeivwv KaKorrpayias koI GTdGeojs Kaipov
80 a)'qdr]Gav TrapaSeSoGdai. ivrjyov Se to ôvXevpia

/cat raurat? avTovs Tats iXTTLGiv iTV(f>ovv KXaGGCKos
TLS /cat KtoftAtos"^ rdJv Trap* avrols [ovres"]^
81 rjyepLOVcuv , 61 SrÂop- pev d>s k paKpov TavTTjs
i(f)iVTO TTJS VCOTp07T0UaS , V7TO TOV KaipOV
dapGTJGaL 7Tpoa-)(9ivT TTjv avTcov yvajpuqv eê(l>7]vav epLeXXov 8e rrpoOvpcos Sta/cet/xeVotS" ttjv
82 TTeZpav rot? irX'ÔeGL rrpoGcjiepeLv. ttoXXov he pLepovs

tJStj ToJv Teppavojv ttjv dTTOGTaGiav dvajpioXoyr)KOTOS /cat TCOV aAAojv ovk avScxoL (j^povqGdvTOJV ,
ojGTTep e/c haipLOviov Trpovotas OveGTraoLavos Trep,-
^ Gelenius : O^tViWos ms3. ' om, P.
528
attempt this insurrection and to declare war, in

the first place, by their natural disposition, which is
devoid of sound judgement and ready to rush into
danger with but slight hope of success ^ ; secondly,
by hatred of their conquerors, kno\\'ing that none
but the Romans have reduced their race to ser\'itude.
But what most of all inspired them with confidence
was this golden opportunity. For seeing the Roman
empire internally disordered through the continuous
change of its masters, and hearing that every quarter
of the world beneath their sway was seething and
quivering with excitement, they thought that an
excellent opportunity was here presented to themselves by their enemy's disasters and dissensions.^
The scheme was fostered and the nation inflated
with these crazy expectations by a certain Classicus
and Ci\ilis. leading men among them, who had

notoriously long been meditating this rebellion, and
who were now emboldened by the occasion to
disclose their plans and were to test the mettle of
those, masses so eager for rebellion. A large
section of the Germans was, accordingly, already
committed to the revolt, and their \'iews had met
with no opposition from the rest, when Vespasian,
as if by the guidance of providence, dispatched
" Cf. the description of Tacitus : "si civitas, in qua orti

sunt, longa pace et otio torpeat, plerique nobilium adolescentium petunt ultro eas nationes, quae turn bellum aliquod
gerunt, quia et ingrata genti quies, et facilius inter ancipitia
clarescunt," Gerin. 14.
^ Tac. Hist. iv. 54, adds a further reason for the enemy's
elation : " Galli sustulerant animos, eandem ubique exercitunm nostrorum fortunam rati . . . sed nihil aeque quam
incendium Capitolii, ut finem imperio adesse crederent,
inpulerat."
529
JOSEPHUS
7r6t ypdfjLfiara XleriXia/ KepeaAtoj to* Trporepov

rjyeiiovL Fep/xavia? yevoiievco, rr^v vrraTOV hihovs
TLfXTjv Kal KeXevojv apôvra BperravLag arrUvai.
83 ôpevofjLevos ovv eKelvog ottol TrpoueriraKTO /cat

ra TTepi ttjv aTTouTaaiv row Tepfiavcov TTvdopLevoSy
Tjhrj <jvveiXeyp.evois avroZs imeuajv Kal Trapara^djJLVO ttoXv re TrX-qOo? avrojv dvaipel Kara.
TTû piay^'qv Kai rrjg avotas Travcrafidvovs r^vayKacre
84 aojcjipovelv. epieXXov he KaKeivov /xt) ddrrov etV

Toijg TOTTOvg TrapaSaXovros biKrjv ovk elg pLaKpdv
85 vcjiiêiv TjVLKa yap Trptorov rj ri^? aTTOG-aGeaJS

avrcbv ayyeXia rfj Pojfirj TrpooirTeae, ôfienavos
Katcrap TTvdop.evo'^ ov)( d)S dv erepos ev tovtco
rrfs TjXLKLag, vios yap rjv en TTavrdiracnv , rrjALKOVTOV dpauBai p-eyeOos Trpayixdrcov ajKinqaev,
86 e';)âjt' he TrarpoQev ep.(^VTOV rrjv dvhpayaOiav Kal

reXeiorepav nqv daK-qaiv ttj? rjXiKLa? TTeTTorqpLevog
S7 6771 rov? âpBdpovg evOvs rjXavvev. ol he Trpos

r-qv (fi-qjjLTjv rrj? i66hov KaraTrecrovTeg err* avrcp
Gcjids avTOvg eTroL-qaavro fieya^ rod (l)6ôv Kephog

evpdfJLevoL ro ^^copt? Gvpi(j>op6L)v vtto tov avrov
88 TrdXiv t,vy6v \)7Ta)(QTivaL. iraGLv ovv emOels roZs

TTepL rrjV TaXarlav rdîv rrjv TTpoGTjKovGav Aofieriavog, ujg p^Tjh^ avBis dv irore pahitos en rdKel
TapaxOrjvaL, XapLTrpos Kat Trepl^XeTTTOS ern Kpetr-
* Lat. : BeiTiOitj mss. ' PM : tc^ the rest.
' Î : /jLTa the rest.
Q. Petilius Cerealis, a near relative of Vespasian, and an

energetic but rash commander, had been defeated in a.d. 61
by the Britons under Boadicea. Espousing Vespasian's
claim to the Empire in 69, he suffered another defeat beneath
530
letters to Petilius Cerealius,** previously in command
in Germany, conferring upon him consular dignity

and instructing him to set out to take over the
governorship of Britain.^ He, while proceeding is crush&i
accordingly to his appointed sphere, heard of the ^ ^^^^ ^^^
revolt of the Germans, fell upon them just when
their forces were united, and, having in a pitched
battle slain masses of them, forced them to abandon
their folly and learn prudence. But, even had
Cerealius not so promptly visited the spot, they were
doomed ere long to suffer chastisement. For as
soon as the news of their rebellion reached Rome,
Domitian Caesar, on hearing of it, hesitated not, as and
another at his age might have done for he was still '^'^^"^^^^
a mere stripling to shoulder such a burden of responsibihty. Inheriting by nature his father's
prowess and blessed Mith a training beyond his years,
he forthvvith marched off against the barbarians.
Their hearts faihng them at the rumour of his
approach, they threw themselves on his mercy, finding it a highly advantageous relief from their terror
to be again reduced under the same yoke without
experiencing disaster. Domitian having therefore
duly settled all affairs in Gaul, so as to prevent any
disorder in future from lightly recurring in that
quarter, returned to Rome, with brilUant honours
the walls of Rome. His success in crushing the German and

GalHc revolt was, according to Tacitus, not so rapid and
unchequered as it is here represented by Josephus. Sent as
consular legate, c. a.d. 71-7:?, to the government of Britain, ^
he was successful in defeating the Brigantes and called out
the talents of Agricola. (Tac. Agr. S. 17.)
^ Tacitus does not mention the previous command in

Germany or the instruction given at this juncture to proceed
to Britain.
531
JOSEPHUS
Tocrt fiu rrjs rjXLKiag, rrpeTTOVUL he ro) irarpi

KaropO CO /xaatv etV rrjv 'Pc6jJLr]v dveêuê.
89 (3) Tt^ Se 7TpoLp7]iJ,V7j Tepfiavow aTToaracrei

Kara ras avrag rjfiepa? Kal 'LkvOlkov roXpL-qjia
90 77 po 'Pcoâtous" Gvvebpapiev. ol yap KaXo-ujxevoi

TtKvOojv Zap/xarat, ttoAu ttXtjOos ovre?, ad-qXoL
jU-ev TOP "luTpov errepaiiodrjaav elg rrjv iTrtrahe,

TToXXfj Se ^la Kal ;)(aAe770t td to 7Tavrd77aoLv
dyeAmcTTOv tt]s i(f)6Sov TTpoaTTeuovres ttoXXovs
fxv Tojv eVt ri\s (^povpds 'PojfiaLOJV avaipovoi,
91 Kal TOV 77pG^Vrr)V TOV V77arLK6v ÔVTrjLOV^
AypcTTTTav VTravTidaavTa \KaC\'^ Kaprepcos fJ.a)(oixevov KTLvovGL, TrjV S' V770KL{j.evrjv -)(^(x>pav
aTTaaav Karirpexov dyovreg Kal (j>ipovTes orcp
92 77pL7TeaoLv. OveuTTaGiavos he rd yeyevrjfjLeva /cat

rrjv 776p6rjGiv ttjs Muatas" 77vQ6pievos ^Pov^piov^
FdAAop' eK77e}Ji77ei hlKrjv eTndiJGovTa tols Zap/xdrats".
93 v<j)' ov 770XX0I fxev avrcov ev rats fidxcLi-? d77edavov,

TO he TrepLGOjdev fxeTa heov? els ttjv oiKeiav
94 hie(l)vyev. tovto* he tcu TToXejxoj tIXos eVtêt?
6 GrpaTTjyos Kal ttjs els to p.eXXov aG<f)aXeias
TTpovvorjGe- TrXeioGL yap Kal pLeil,0Gi (f)vXaKals
^ ed. pr. : ^popr-rjiof mss. : Pompeiura Lat.

2 om. VRC.
' Lat.: T ov3pLov -y.iss. * P: roiVcf; the rest.
Josephus, the client of the Flavians, clearly exaggerates

the share of Domitian in this campaign. Tacitus, Ilist, iv.
85 f. gives a diflFerent story. The victory was won when
Domitian, with Mucianus, reached Lugdunum ; " unde
creditur Domitianus occultis ad Cerialem nuntiis fidem eius
temptavisse, an praesenti sibi exercitum imperiumque
532
and universally admired for achievements surpassing

his afire and befitting- his father.^
(3) Simultaneously \\-ith the above mentioned Simuitanerevolt of the Germans a daring Scythian outbreak of mSe^"
asâinst the Romans took place. ^ For the Scvthian by the
^ t njc j_- 'j^'i_ Sannatians.
people called harmatians, a very numerous tribe,

stealthilv crossed the Ister '^ to its hither bank, and,
falHng upon the Romans ^^'ith great \iolence. the

more formidable because their attack was utterly
unexpected, slew large numbers of the Roman guards,
and among them the consular legate, Fonteius
Agrippa,'^ who advanced to meet them and died
fighting gallantly ; they then overran all the territory
to the south, harr^'incr and plundering whatever fell
in their way. \'espa$ian, on hearing of what had
taken place and of the devastation of Moesia,
dispatched Rubrius Gallus ^ to punish the Sarmatians. Bv him multitudes of them were slain in the
ensuing battles, and the sur\-ivors fled in terror to
their o^^'n country. The general, ha\'ing thus brought
the war to a conclusion, further took precautions for
future security by posting more numerous and
traditurus foret." Slighted by the older officers, Domitian

withdrew into seclusion.
^ Josephus seems to be the sole authority for the events

described in this section. Tacitus, Hist. iv. 54, merely alludes
to a rumour of such an invasion as one of the incitements to
the Gauls to join Civilis in revolt : " vulgato rumore a
Sarmatis Dacisque Moesica ac Pannonica hiberna circumsederi : paria de Britannis fingebantur."
< The Daiiuhe.
** Proconsular governor of the province of Asia in a.d. 69,

he had been recalled in 70 to take command of Moesia (Tac.
Hist. iii. 46).
' The part taken by him in the war of Otho against

Vitellius and in subsequent events is mentioned bv Tacitus,
Hist. ii. 51, 99.
533
JOSEPHUS
Tov TOTTOV^ SUXaêVy (hs etvai rols âp^dpois rrjv
95 hiaâuiv rcAecos" ahvvarov. 6 fiev ovv Tzepl rrjv

Mvcrtai^ rroXefjLOS rax^'io.v ovtoj? eXaê rrjv Kpioiv.
96 (v. l) Tiros Se Kato-ap ^(^povov jxev riva 8tirpiêv ev J^rjpvrcp, KaOa TrpoeiprjKaiJLev, CKeWev
8' dvaL,vâg /cat St' tSv rjei TToXeojv rrjs Zupta?
iv TTOLGaLS deojplag re crvvreXcov TToXvreXels Kal
Twv ^lovSaLOJV TOV? aljîiaXajTOVS^ et? eTriheiîv
rrjs iavTCov dTTOjXelas arroxpcjofxevos, dedrai Kara
97 rr]V rropeiav TTorajjLov <J>vglv dîav Larop-qdi]vai. pel

fiev yap fxeuos 'Ap/cea? rrjs AypLirrra âGiXeias
Kal 'Pa(f)avaLas, exei Se OavjjLaarrjv Ihiorrjra-
98 TToXvs ydp ojv, ore pel, kul Kara rrjv cf)opdv ov

oxoXalos, erreira he vrd? K rojv rrr^ycov eTnXeiTTOjv
e^ rjpLepcov dpiBpiOV irjpov rrapahihojuiv opdv rov
99 roTTOv cW wGTrep ovhepLLas yevofxevrjs pLeraôXrjs

ofJLOLOS Kara rrjv i^bofjirjv e/cStScoat, Acat ravrrjv
del rrjv rd^LV dKpi^cos reri^p-qrai Sia(f)vXdrra}V'
odev Sr] Kal Ha^âriKov avrov KeKXrjKaaiv drro
rrjs Upas rwv 'louSaicuj^ i^hoiirjs ovrojs dvojj,doavres-
100 (2) '0 Se Tcuv ^ Kvrioxô^v Stjjjlos eTrel ttXtjulov

ovra Tirov eTTVvOdvovrOy fxeveiv jiev evros rLX<JOV
VTTO xapds ovx VTTepLevov, earrevhov 8' eVt rr^v
^ TTOTaixov Destinon.
' TOi>s aix/J-o-^^Tovs P {rf. V. 36) : rots alxP-o.\o:TOLS the rest.
39. " Beirut.
' Arka, at the northern extremity of the Lebanon range,

N.E. of TripoUs {'ApKjjv tt]v iv np Ai^dvu} A. i. 138) ; " the
Arkite '" appears already in Gen. x. 17.
* Part of the additional territory conferred by Vespasian

upon Agrippa II in reward for his loyalty during the war ;
not mentioned as part of his realm in B. iii. 56 f., probably
534
JEWISH WAR, MI. 94-100
stronger garrisons throughout the district, so as to

render the passage of the river totally impossible to
the barbarians. The war in Moesia was thus speedily
decided.
(v. 1) Titus Caesar, as we have already mentioned,'^ T.tus visits

stayed for some time at Berytus.^ Departing thence, -sabbatihe exhibited costly spectacles in all the cities of ^^^""v^'"Syria through which he passed, making his Jewish
captives serve to display their ovm destruction. In
the course of his march he saw a river, the nature of
which deserves record. It runs between Arcea,^ a
town within Agrippa's realm,*^ and Raphanea,^ and

has an astonishing peculiarity. For, when it flows,
it is a copious stream with a current far from sluggish ;
then all at once its sources fail and for the space of
six days it presents the spectacle of a dry bed ;
again, as though no change had occurred, it pours
forth on the seventh day just as before. And it has
always been observed to keep strictly to this order ;
whence they have called it the Sabbatical river, so
naming it after the sacred seventh day of the Jews.-''
(2) The people of Antioch, on hearing that Titus Titus at

was at hand, through joy could not bear to remain jerus^s the
within their walls, but hastened to meet him and 'o'^'}'.
pfiitinn to
because Josephus there confines himself to regions with expt-l the
Jewish residents, Schurer, G.J. V. (ed. 3 and 4) i. 594 f, Je^s.
18,
' It is curious that the Jewish historian represents the

river as a sabbath-breaker, working on one day in seven ;
while the pagan Piiny makes it strictly Sabbatarian : "in
ludea rivus sabbatis omnibus siccatur '' N.H xxxi. 11. The
missionary, Dr. W. M. Thomson, claims to have identified
this river in 1840 with the iW6a el Fuarr " now quiescent two
days and active on a part of the third." For the explanation
of these intermitting fountains as " merely the draining of
subterranean reservoirs of water, on the principle of the
siphon " see his The Land and the Book 264 f.
535
JOSEPHUS
101 VTravrrûLV Kol rpiaKOvra Grahiajv irrl irXiov

TTporjXOov ovK dvbpes [jlovov dAAa /cat yvvaLKOJV
102 ttXtjOos dfia Tratcrt ttJ? TToXeoJS iKX6jiV0L. kol7TLdrj77p IBeddavTO Trpocnovra, rrapd rrjv ohov
iKarepcoOev Karaardvres tgl? t Se^ta? Trpovreivov
TTpoaayopevovre^ /cat TravroLOLS eTnc^-qpLLGfiaaL
103 xpajp.voi (jvw7TeGTpe(j)0V Gvve-)(rjs 5 -qv avrojv

rrapd rrdaas dp.a rds V(f)r]pLLas SerjULs eKâXclv
104 rrJ5 noXeojs rov 'lot'datou?. TtVo? fiev ovv

ovêv ivedcoKev npo? ravr-qv rrjv Berjcriv, dAA'
rjavxT] Tcov Xeyop-evajv erTrjKovev 7t ad-qXco 3e
Toi T6 (f)pOVl Koi TL TTOLlJGeL TToXvS Kol XâXeiTOS
105 rdls ^Yovhaiois 6 (hoôg rjv oude yap VTrlfieLvev

v AvTio;(eta 1 tros", aAA evovg l to /.evyfia
TO Kara rdv Yîxf^pdrriv cruvereive ttjv TTopetav,
v9a St] Kal napd rod YldpOojv âaiXews BoAoyeaou
TTpos avrov tjKOV orecfiavop ;(pu<7o{;v errt rfj Kara
106 Toir ^lovdalajv vlktj KopiiLôvres. ov he^dpievos

eloria rovg âGiXiKO-us, KdKeWev ct? rr]v 'Avrto-
107 ;\;etat' eTravepx^rac. rrjs 8e ôvX-qg /cat tou brjpLOV

rdjv WvrLoxôjv TToXXds Trot'/ycra/ieVctjy SeTâets"
iXdelv L ro Oiarpov avrov, v cb Trdv ro TrXijdog
rjdpoLGpidvov iêhex^ro, (jiLXavdpojTTOJS VTrrjKovGe.
108 TrdXiv S' avrcov G(f)6dpa Xirrapcos iyKLpLva>v Kal

Gvvexdjs SeopLevcov eêAdaat rrJ TToXeojg rov?
lofSatou?, evGroxov 7TOir]Garo ttjv arroKptGLv,
109 elrrojv " dAA ^ ye Trarpis avrcov, et? tjv eKâXelv

^XPW ovras lovdaLOvg, av^prjrat, Kac Seâtr'
110 dv ovBels avrovs en r ottos." ^ttI Bevrepav ovv
*Ai'rto;^6tS' rpeTTOvraL he-qoiv ttjs Trporepas drroordvres' rds ydp x^^^ds tj^lovv beXrovs dveAetz^
avrov, iv at? yiypaTrraL rd 3t/cata/LtaTa rojv
536
advanced to a distance of over thirty furlongs, not

only men, but a crowd of women and children also,
streaming out from the city. And when thev beheld
him approaching, they hned the road on either side
and greeted him with extended arms, and invoking
all manner of blessings upon him returned in his
train ; but all their acclamations were accompanied
by a running petition to expel the Jews from the
toMTi. Titus, unmoved by this petition, listened in
silence to what was said ; but the Jews, uncertain as
to his opinion and intentions, were kept in deep and
distressing alarm. For Titus, making no stav at
Antioch, at once pushed on to Zeugma " on the
Euphrates, where a deputation from Bologeses,^
king of Parthia, waited upon him, bringing him a
golden croMTi in recognition of his \'ictory over the
Jews. Ha\-ing accepted this and pro^-ided a banquet
for the king's messengers, he returned thence to

Antioch. The senate and people of that city having
earnestly besought him to \isit their theatre, where
the whole population was assembled to receive him.
he graciously assented. Once more they persistently
pressed and continuously entreated him to expel the
Jews from the city, to which he pertinently replied :
" But their ovm. country to which, as Jews, they
ought in that case to be banished, has been destroyed,
and no other place would now receive them." So
relinquishing their first request the Antiochenes
turned to a second, petitioning him to remove the
brazen tablets on which were inscribed the privileges
On the right bank of the upper Euphrates, in the region

of Samosata ; it took its name from its bridge of boats.
" Vologeses I ( = Arsaces XXIIl) ; cf. 237 ^ 24:2.
537
JOSEPHUS
111 ^lovSaLcov. ov yLTjv ovhk rovro Ttro? 7TVV(Jv

aiJTOLS, dAA eaaag Travra Kara xo'jpav roXs in
*A.vrLox^ô. loudatots" ojs Trporepov etxov elg
112 AtyvTrrov dTrqXXdrrero . /cat Kara. rr)v TTopeiav

rots 'lepoGoXvpLOLS rrpoGeXOajv /cat tt^v Xvirpdv
iprjpLLav ^XevropLevqi' avriTiOeLS rfj ttotc r-qg
TToXeojs XapLpoTTjTL, /Cat TO fjLeyedos rcov ipprjypiivajv /caracr/ceuaCT/xarcuv /cat to irdXai koXXos
els iJ.vrjp.rjV âXX6p.evo?, w/cretpe rr^s" ttoAccos"
113 Tov oXeOpov, ov)^ wajrep ~^d/\Xo^ dv tls av)(^(jjv

on Ti]XLKavTrjv ovaav /cat rooavrijv etAe Kara
Kpdros, dXXd TToXXdKLS eTrapcopuevos rols atrtots"
rrjs aTTOordoeajg VTrdpâai /cat ravr-qv eVt rrj
77oAet rrjv Tip.ajpiav yeveudai TrapaoKevdaaGLV
ovTCos I/cStÂo? Tjv ovK dv OeXrjGas e/c rrjS Gvp.(f)opd9 Tcbv KoXaodevrojv yeveadat Trjg dperrj?
114 TTjV i7n(f)dvLav. rod Se ttoXXov ttXovtov rrj?
TToXeOJS TL Kdv TOt? ipL7TL0LS OVK oXiyOV p.pOS
115 dvrjvpLOKero' to. p.v yap rroXXd dvluKarrTOv ol

'Poj/xatot, TO. TrXeloj S' e/c pLrivvaecos rcov aixpio-XcvTOJV dvTjpovvrOy' ;;^pL'0'dv re /cat dpyvpov /cat
r^? aAAv]? TOL TLpLLcjoraTa KarauKevqs, aTrep ol

KeKrrjp.ivoL rrpos rag ddi]?\ov rov TToXifiov TV)(ag
Kara yfjs dTTOTeO-qaavpLKeaav .
116 (S) Ttro? Se tt^v rrpoKeLpievrjv 7TOLOvp.evos TTopelav

67?' Atyi'77TOL'^ /cat tt);^ epy]p.ov fj rdxiara hiavvaas
117 T7/cey et? 'AAefavS/Detav, /cat vrAetv eVt rr^s" IraAta?

hieyvcoKajs hvolv avro) rayp.drajv avvrjKoXovdrjKorcxjv eKdrepov odevrrep dcJDLKTO iraXiv aTTeGreiXev,
els p-^v rrjV Muatav to TrepLTrrov, et? Havvovlav
118 he TO 7TVTKaLdKaT0V. Tcov aL\p.aXojTaiV he

Tovs /xev Tjyepiovas T^lpLcova /cat lajdvv7]v, tov h *
538
of the Jews. But this, too, Titus refused, and, lea\'ing

the status of the Jews of Antioch exactly as it M'as
before, he set out for Eg}^t. On his way he \'isited He revisits
Jerusalem, and contrasting the sorry scene of desolation before his eyes \\'ith the former splendour of the
city, and calling to mind the grandeur of its ruined
buildings and their pristine beauty, he commiserated

its destruction ; not boasting, as another might haye
done, of ha\'ing carried so glorious and great a city
by storm, but heaping curses upon the criminal
authors of the reyolt, who had brought this chastisement upon it : so plainly did he show that he could
neyer haye wished that the calamities attending- their
punishment should enhance his o\\ti deserts. Of the
yast wealth of the city no small portion was still being
discoyered among the ruins. Much of this the
Romans dug up, but the greater part they became
possessed of through the information of the prisoners,
gold and silyer and other most precious articles,
which the owners in view of the uncertain fortunes
of war had stored underground.
(3) Titus, now proceeding on his projected march e;i roufe for
to Egypt, trayersed the desert with all possible Egypt.
dispatch and reached Alexandria. Here, haying
determined to sail for Italy, he dismissed to their
respectiye former stations the two legions which had
accompanied him,^ the fifth to Moesia, the fifteenth ^
to Pannonia. Of the prisoners, the leaders, Simon
and John, together with seyen hundred of the rank
" 19.
1 om. PA.
* a.v(]vpL<yKQv PAM : auferebant Lat.

" Niese : kl-^fv-KTov mss. * Xiese : r (or re) mss.
VOL. Ill s 539
JOSEPHUS
aAAoi^ dpidfjiov 7TTaKooLovs avhpas eTTikeâs fJ-eyedei re xat AcaAAet Gojfidrojv V7Tepâ.X\ovras ,
rrpoaeraêv els ttju IraXlav avriKa fidXa KopLLLêodai, ôvX6pLvos avToijs iv ro) dpidfji^cp irap-
119 ayayeZv. rod ttXov S avro) Kara vovv dvvudivros

opLOLOjg p-ev tj Vojp.rj Trepi nqv vttoSoxtjv et^ê Kal
ra? vrTavTr]GL? ojGTrep ttl rod Trarpog, XapLTrporepov 8 rjV Tltco Kai avros o Trarrjp viravTcJjv
120 Kol h^xop-^vos. TO) e rrX-qdei rcjjv ttoXltcov

SaipLOVLOv TLva rrjv "xâpdv napelx^ ro ^Xenetv
121 avTOVS TjOTj Tovg rpels v ravro) yeyovora? . ov
TToXXow ' rjiiepojv hieXdovacov eva Kal kolvop

eyvcooav rov em tols Karojp6ojp.voLS TroLrjaaGdai
Bpiap-ôv, KGLTTep CKarepqj rT] ôvXrjg lSlov ip-qt^L-
122 GapLevTj?. 7TpohiaGa(^t]deLGrj he ttjs rjp.pa e(^'

T^s" ep.eXXev rj rropLTTT] yevrJGeGdai row eTTiVLKLiDV,
ovhels OLKOL KaraXeXeLTTTO rrj? dp-erpov ttXtjOvos
ev rfj TToXeL, rrdvTes 3 otttj Kai Grrjvai p.6vov tjv
olov <re>^ TTpoeXrjXvOoreg rovg rorrovs KaTeiXiq(i>Gav, oGov rols o(f)drjGop.evoLS pLoiôv ets" Trdpohov
dvayKaiav KaraXirrovTes .
123 (4) Tou he GrparLcoTLKOv TravTos tn vvKrojp

Kara Ao;(ou? Kal rdêc? vtto rols rjyepLOGL 8teôjhevKorog Kal rrepl dvpas ovrog ov rcjv avoj
âGiXeiajv dXXd ttXtjGlov rov rrjs "latSo? lepov,
e/cet yap dverravovro rrjg WKros eKetpr^g ol
124 avroKpdropes, rtepl avrrjV dpôpevr^v TJhr) rr)v

eoj rrpotaGiv OveGTraGtavo? Kal riros hd(j)vrj pLev
eGre(j>avojpLevoi, 7Top(f}vpds 8' eGQ-qras Trarptovs
^ ins. Herwerden.
540
and file, whom he had selected as remarkable for

their stature and beauty, he ordered to be instantly
conveyed to Italy, \%-ishing to produce them at the
triumph. After a voyage as favourable as he could His arrival
have desired, Rome gave him such a reception and
welcome as it had given to his father ; ^ but with
the added lustre that Titus was met and received by
his father himself. The crowd of citizens was thus
afforded an ecstasy of joy by the sight of the three
princes^ now united. Before many days had elapsed
they decided to celebrate their acliievements by one
triumph in common, though the senate had decreed
a separate triumph to each. Pre\'ious notice ha\ing
been given of the day on which the pageant of \ictory
would take place, not a soul among that countless
host in the city was left at home : all issued forth
and occupied every position where it was but possible
to stand, lea\dng only room for the necessary passage
of those upon Mhom they were to gaze.
(4) The mihtary, while night still reigned, had all The
marched out in companies and di\isions, under their "}'^te"^^
commanders, and been dra^^'n up, not round the triumph,
doors of the upper palace, '^ but near the temple of

Isis ^ ; for there the emperors ^ reposed that night.
At the break of da^\'n, Vespasian and Titus issued
forth, cro^\^led \Wth laurel and clad in the traditional
" 63 fF.
^ Inckiding Domitian.
On the Palatine hill.
** The temple of Isis and Serapis, in the Campus Martius, 'i

near the present Collegio Romano ; destroyed by fire in ^
A.D. 80, along with most of the buildings on the Campus
Martius.
* Or rather imperatores in the sense of victorious

generals.
541
JOSEPHUS
afjL7TxoiJLvoi, Kal TTapiaGiv 6t? Tou? ÔKraovias
125 TTepLTTarovs' ivravOa yap tj re ôvXrj Kal ra riXt]
Tcbv apXOVTOJV ot T OLTTO TOJV Tt^T^/XClTCDV L7T7TLS
126 TTjv d(f)L^Lv avTcijv avepievov. TreTTOLrjro Se ^T^p-o.

rrpo TCx)v GTowv, SL(f)p(jjv avToZs eAeâvrtvcuv ctt
avTov Keipievcov, c^' ovs rrapeXBovres iKadeudiqGav,
Kai TO urpaTLcoTLKov evOeoJS i7TV(f)-qpLL TToXXas
avToZs Trjs dperrjs pâprvpias aTTohihovres aTTavres'
KaKelvoL x^pls ottXcov 'âav [ei^]^ iaOrJGLV^ arjpLKals
127 aT(l)avajpiivoi hdcfivais. he^dpLvos 8* avroiv rrjv

V(f)r}piLav OveaTTaGiavos Tt ôvXop,evojv Xiyeiv
128 TO TTjg GLyrjg irroi-qaaro avpLôXov, Kal TToXXijg

K TTavrcjjv rjcrvxÔL? yevopiivqs dvaards Kat rw
nepL^XTJpLari to nrXeov ttjs K(f)aXrJ pîpos 7TlKoXvifjdpL^vos^ ev^ds eTTotrjcraTO rds" vevopnupiivas-
129 opLOLojs Se Kal Ttros" rjvâTO. p,Td 8e rds" vxds

LS KOLVov aTTauiv OvG7TaGLav6s ^paxôL SuaXexOeL?,
TOUS" pLV GTpaTLOJTaS d7TeXvGV 7tI TO VeVOpLLGpidvOV dpiGTOV aVTols VTTO TOJV avTOKpaTopojv
130 VTpe7nt,eudaL, Trpos he ttjv nvXr^v avTOS dve;)(c6pet

T-qv aTTO Tov TTepuTreoOai hi avTrjs alel tovs
dpidpLôvs TTJs TTpo(jr]yopLa? 0,77' a-UTCov TTvxvtav.
131 VTavda Tpo(f)rj? Ij"^]* TrpoaTToyevovTai Kal ret?

dpLapîKas iadrJTag dpL<f)La(jdpLvoL rot? re napihpvpiivois TTJ TTvXrj dvaavTes deoZs eVe/xTrov tov
* C: om. the rest. * Xiese: ea-driaeaip y^S'^
^ Hudson : a.iroKa\v\p6.u.vo% mss.
* C Lat. : om. the rest.
542
purple robes, and proceeded to the Octa\'ian walks <* ;

for here the senate and the chief magistrates and
those of equestrian rank were awaiting their coming.
A tribunal had been erected in front of the porticoes,
with chairs of ivory placed for them upon it ; to these
they mounted and took their seats. Instantly
acclamations rose from the troops, all bearing ample

testimony to their valour : the princes were unarmed, in silk robes and crowned with bays. Vespasian, having acknowledged their acclamations,
which they wished to prolong, made the signal for
silence ; then amidst profound and universal stillness
he rose and, covering most of his head with his
mantle, recited the customary prayers, Titus also
praying in like manner. After the prayers, Vespasian,
ha\ing briefly addressed the assembled company,
dismissed the soldiers to the customar}^ breakfast
pro\'ided for them by the emperors, and himself
withdrew to the gate which, in consequence of the
triumphal processions always passing through it has
thence derived its name.^ Here the princes first
partook of refreshment, and then, having donned
their triumphal robes and sacrificed to the gods
whose statues stood beside the gate, they sent the
" The Porticus (or Opera Porticus) Octaviae, originally

built by Metellus in 146 b.c, rebuilt by Augustus and named
after his sister ; the portico enclosed two temples and a group
of other buildings, destroyed in the fire of Titus. It lay to
the W. of the Capitol near the Theatrum Marcelli.
" The Porta Triumphal is, between the Capitol and the
Tiber.
543
JOSEPHUS
dpLajjLôv 8ta Tcov Bearpcuv SteêAawovrcs", ottco?

617] rots' TrX-qOeaiv -q dea pacov.
132 (5) AiJLT]x<^'ôv 8e /caret rTyv aîav eiTreZv rcbv

dea/JLarcoi' eKelvojv to ttXtjOos /cat rriv /xeyaAoTTpeTTeiav iv aTraaiv ols av tls 7nvorjGiv 7)
re;(vcDv epyoLS rj ttXovtov pbipeoLv 7) cf)VGa>s
133 CTTraytdrTôrty crpêSoi^ yap ocra rot? ttojttot dvOpojTTOLs evhaipiOvrjGaoiv eKTTjdr] Kara fiepos dXXa
Trap aAAots" Oaviiadrd /cat TroAureA?^, ravr^ eVt
ri]? r}fj.pa iKelvrj? ddpoa ttjs 'Pcoâtcov -qyeyLOVLas
134 edL^ TO fieyedog. dpyvpov yap /cat -x^pvGOV /cat

eAeâvros" ev Travroiais tSeat? KaraGKevaGixdrajv
rjv opdv ov^ cJGTTep iv tto/jltiJ} KoinôpLevov TrXrjdos,
aAA' COS" av etTTOt rt? peovra TTora/jLOV, /cat ra
êr e/c 7Top(f)vpas U(/)ao'/xara rr^s" GTraviajrariq^
(i)p6[jiva, rd 8' et? dKpL^rj t,(jjypa(f>iav 7T7tolklX-
135 êiâ r?^ BaûAcovtojv Tex^Jj' Xldoi re Sta</)avets',

ot /xet' xP^ôlg epLTTeTrXeypLevoi GT(^dvoiSy ol Se
/car aAAas" TTOtT^crets', togovtol TTap-qvexO^jGav,
ojGT fiadelv OTL fjLdrrjv elval rt rouroji^ GTrdviov
136 V7teLX'q<j}aiJLv . i(f)epTO Se K'at êcDv dydXfjLara

rCiv TTO.p' aurot? fieyeOeGi dav/jLaGrd /cat /cara r?)!^
TexvTjv ov TTapepycos TTeiroi-qpLeva, /cat rourcov
ozJSev' o rt /xt] rTy? vXiqs rrj? TToXvreXovs, t,ix)OJV
re 77oAAat (pvGeis TraprjyovTO kog/jlov oIklov
137 airavTCDv 7TpLKLp,eva>v. -qv 3e /cat ro Kop.Lt,ov

e/caara tovtojv nXijOog avSpojirajv dXovpyals eGdrJGL
Kai OiaxpycroLs KKOGp.rjfjLvov, ol r et? auro to
7T0ii7TVLv hiaKpidlvTes lâipeTOV elôv /cat /cara-
" The triumphs as a rule passed southwards from the

Porta Triumphalis " through the Forum Boarium into the
544
pageant on its way, dri\'ing off through the theatres,

in order to give the crowds an easier view."
(5) It is impossible adequately to describe the The

multitude of those spectacles and their magnificence trnimphai
1 ^ ^ 1 1 . -I /> procession.
under every conceivable aspect, whether in Morks oi

art or diversity of riches or natural raiities ; for
almost all the objects which men who have ever been
blessed by fortune have acquired one by one the
wondeiful and precious productions of various
nations by their collective exhibition on that day
displayed the majesty of the Roman empire. Silver
and gold and ivory in masses, ^\TOUght into all manner
of forms, might be seen, not as if carried in procession,
but flowing, so to speak, like a river ; here were
tapestries borne along, some of the rarest purple,
others embroidered by Babylonian art %\ith perfect
portraiture ; transparent gems, some set in golden
crowns, some in other fashions, swept by in such
profusion as to correct our erroneous supposition that
any of them was rare. Then, too, there were carried
images of their ^ gods, of marvellous size and no mean
craftsmanship, and of these not one but was of some

rich material. Beasts of many species were led along
all caparisoned with appropriate trappings. The
numerous attendants conducting each group of
animals were decked in garments of true purple dye,
interwoven with gold ; while those selected to take
Circus, and thence by the Vicus Tiiscus into the Forum, and
along the Ma Sacra up to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus "
(Burn, Rome, 46). In this instance the triumph apparently
began with a detour northwards through the three theatres
on the Campus Martius, viz., those of Marceilus, Balbus,and
Pompey.
* Roman ; Josephus is writing for the Greek-speaking

world at large.
54.5
JOSEPHUS
TrXrjKTLKrjv Trepl avrovs rod k6g}Jlov ttjv ttoXv'
138 reAeiav. eVt rovroig ovhe top alxiidXojrov rjv
ihelv oxXov aKOGfi-qrov, dAA r) rcov iaOrjTCOv

TTOiKLXia Koi TO KaXXos avrols^ ttjv o-tto rrjs
KaKcoaeoJS row Gajjidrcov drjdiav eKXeTrre rrjs
139 oijseojs- Oavfia S' iv rol? jidXiGra Trapelx^v rj

TUiV (f)epofJLrojv TT-qyfiaTOJV KaraGKevrj' Kal yap
Sta jidyedo? tjv Setcrat ro) êâlcp rrjg <f)opd?
140 a.TncTT'qcravTa, rpicopocfja yap avrcvv ttoXXo. KaL

rerpojpocba 7Te770i-qro, Kal rfj TToXv-reXela rfj irepl
141 rrjv KaraaKevqv rjv rjoOrivai pier eKTrXijêajg. KaL

yap vcfjdapLara ttoXXol? Sca^^puaa Trepuê^X-qTO,
Kal XP'^^^^ ^<^^ iXeSa? ovk aTToirjTOs ttolgl Trepi-
142 7T7Trjyi. 8td ttoXXojv be pLLpLrjpidrow 6 TrdAe/xo?

dAAo? et? ciAAa pLpLpLGp,V05 ivapyeGrdrrjv oipiv
1-43 avTOV TTapelx^v rjv yap opdv ;;âjpav fiev evSalpLOva

Sr)ovfj.vrjv, oXa? Se (bdXayyas KTLvopLvag ttoAcpLLOJv, Kal Tovg pLv (hevyovra? rovg S' et? aixp-OLXtooiav dyojjLevovg, reiXT) S' VTrep^dXXovra pLeyedei
pL-qxaval? ipi7r6p.eva Kal (hpovpiojv dXiGKop.eva<s
oxvporrjTa? Kal rroXeajv TToXvavO pcoTTOVS TrepLôXovs
141 /car' aKpas ixofievovg, Kal orparidv evhov reix^v
eiGXôpieviqv, KaL Trdvra (f)Ovov TrXrjdovTa^ tottov,

Kal TOW dbvvdTOJv x^'^P^? dvTalpeLv t/cecrtas", rrvp
T evLp.evov Lepols KaL KaTaGKa(f)ds olkojv gttl
145 Tolg heGTTOTaLs, Kal pLETO. TToXXrjv iprjpLLav KaL

KaTrj(l)Lav 7TOTap.ovs peovTas ovk iirl yrjv yeojpyovp.evrjV, ouSe ttotov^ dvdpojTTOLS rj ÔGKrjpiaGLV
^ Destinon : ai^rv-s mss.

* Tr\ridvovTa or TrX-qOvpovTa inferior ms3.
' iraTT}TT)v Destinon : Niese suspects a lacuna after

ô<TKTifj.a<Tiv.
546
part in the pageant itself had about them choice

ornaments of amazing richness. Moreover, even
among the mob oi captives, none was to be seen
unadorned, the variety and beauty of their dresses
conceahng from view any unsightliness arising from
bodily disfigurement."
But nothing in the procession excited so much The

astonishment as the structure of the mo\'ing stages ^ ; Fuse"^
indeed, their massiveness afforded ground for alarm (p^gmata),
and misgi\"ing as to their stability, many of them
being three or four stories high, while the magnificence of the fabric was a source at once of delight
and amazement. For many were enveloped in
tapestries interwoven with gold, and all had a framework of gold and wrought ivory. The war was sho^vn
by numerous representations, in separate sections,
affording a very ^d\-id picture of its episodes. Here
was to be seen a prosperous country devastated, there
whole battalions of the enemy slaughtered ; here a
party in flight, there others led into capti\ity ; walls
of surpassing compass demolished by engines, strong
fortresses overpowered, cities with well - manned
defences completely mastered and an army pouring
within the ramparts, an area all deluged ^îth blood,
the hands of those incapable of resistance raised in
supplication, temples set on fire, houses pulled do^^n
over their o\vners' heads, and, after general desolation and woe, rivers flowing, not over a cultivated
land, nor supplying drink to man and beast, but
" From wounds or the like ; they had been selected for
their handsome figures, 118.
' Greek 7rf/-)ua, transliterated in Lat. pegma, Juv. Sat. iv. ^

122 ; translated in Low Lat. pagina, whence English paêan^
originally meaning " a movable scaflFold, such as was used
in the representation of the old mysteries " (Skeat). j
VOL. Ill s 2 547
JOSEPHUS
dXXa Slol rrj? en TravraxoOev^ cj^Xeyoiievrjs' ravra

yap 'lovSatot Tretcro/xeVous" avrovs ro) 7roAe/xa>
146 vapedocrav. r) rixyrj hk /cat rcjv KaraGKevacrfidrajv

Tj pLeyaXovpyla rols ovk lSovgl yuvofieva tot
147 idLKVVV (IjS TJapOVGL. TTaKTO S' 60' eVaCTTOJ
Tojv TTTiypLaTCOV 6 TTJs dXiGKopLevr]? TToXeojg GTpaTTjyos ov TpoTTOV iXrj(l>6-q , TToXXai 8e /cat VTjes
148 elrrovTO. Xd(f)vpa 8e rd jiev dXXa x^^W e'^^p^TO,

SteVpeTre Se rrdvTOJV rd iyKaTaXrj(hOevTa' toj ev
'lepoaoAu/xot? Upo), XP'^^V '^^ Tpdirelâ tyjv oXktjv

TToXvTdXavTO? /cat Au;)(;i^ta XP'^^V M^^ ofioLcos
7TTTOLrjiivr], TO S' pyov e^TjXXaKTO T-qg /card ttî^
149 r)lJiTpav XPI^''^ Gvvqdelag. 6 p-kv yap p.eGog -qv

KLOjv /c TTJ? ^daecos TreTTTjycijs , XeiTTol S' dir
avTOV pLepLTjKVVTo KavXiGKOL TpiaLVT]^ axr]p.aTL
TTapaTrXrjCJLav ttjv OeoLv exovTeg, Xvxôv eKacTOs
avrojv cV aKpov Kexo-XKevp-ivos' CTrrd S' -quav
OVTOL T7]? rrapd rot? 'louSatot? e^Sopiadog TrjV
150 Tipirjv p.(âvit,ovTes. 6 re vopLOs 6 tojv lovSalcov

7tI tovtols i(f)epeTO tojv Xa(j}vpojv TeXevTaloS'
151 67Tt TOUTOis- TTaprjeaav TroAAot ^lk7j aydXp.aTa

KOfiLLovTes' i^ eXe4)avTOS S' r}v TrdvTOJV /cat ;\;puCToy
152 77 KaTaaKevq. /xe^' d OueCTTracrtayd? i^'Aauve TrpwTO? /cat TtVos" et77eTO, Ao/xertavos" Se ~apL7T7TVv,
avTos re hiarrpeTTUJS KeKoopLrjpLevos /cat rov t7777ov
TTapexojv deas dîov.
153 (6) ^Hv 6 TTjs 7Top.7TrjS TO tIXos irrl top peoj"^
^ In irafTax- ML\'Pt: iimravTaxodev PAC.
^ ed. pr. : Ko.TaXrjcpdivTa mss.

^ TOP veih AL : T(j5 1*611' P : top veujv the rest
" Commemorating the naval action on the lake of Tiberias

{B. iii. o22 ff. with note on 5ril).
548
across a country still on every side in flames. For

to such sufferings were the Jews destined when they
plunged into the war ; and the art and magnificent
workmanship of these structures now portrayed the
incidents to those who had not witnessed them, as
though they were happening before their eyes. On
each of the stages was stationed the general of one
of the captured cities in the attitude in which he was
taken. A number of ships also followed.^
The spoils in general were borne in promiscuous The spoils

heaps ; but conspicuous above all stood out those Temple.
captured in the temple at Jerusalem.^ These consisted of a ffolden table," manv talents in weie:ht, and
a lampstand,*^ likewise made of gold, but constructed

on a different pattern from those which we use in
ordinary life. Affixed to a pedestal was a central
shaft, from which there extended slender branches,
arranged trident-fashion, a ^^TOught lamp being
attached to the extremity of each branch ; of these 'j
there were seven, indicating the honour paid to that
number among the Jews. After these, and last of
all the spoils, was carried a copy of the Jewish Law,
Then followed a large party carrying images of
victory, all made of ivory and gold. Behind them
drove Vespasian, followed by Titus ; while Domitian
rode beside them, in magnificent apparel and mounted
on a steed that was itself a sight.
(6) The triumphal procession ended at the temple ^f^gf^^^"
* The Jewish spoils table of shew-bread, incense-cups,

and trumpets as borne in the procession still figure on the
inner side of the Arch of Titus above the Forum in Rome.
* The table of shew-bread.
"* Or " candlestick " as it is commonly, but erroneously,

called.
549
JOSEPHUS
TOV KaTTCTOjAtOL' AtO?, (/)* OV iXB6vT? âTTjCTaV'
rjv yap TraXaLov Trdrpiov TreptiieveLV, jiexpi'S o.v

TOV TOV Grpar-qyov rcjv TToXcfJLLOjv Bdvarov drr-
154 ayyeiXr} ns. HipLcov ovros tjv 6 Ttc/jpa, rore 776TTOfiTrevKOJ? iv toZs alxiJ-O-Xajroi?, ^poîp Se nepi^XrjOeis els tov irrl rrjs dyopds iovpero tottov
aLKiiofievajv avrov a/xa tojv dyovTCOv vopLog 8'
iarl 'PajfiaLOL? eKeZ ktLVLV rovg irrl KaKovpyia
155 Bdvarov Kareyvcoaiievovs . eTrel S' dTTTjyyiXB-q reXos

;(cuv /cat irdpres ev(f)'qiir](jav, rjp)(ovro tojv Bvglcov,
as 7TL rals voiiLt,o pilvais KaXXLeprjcravTes e-uxo-Ts
156 aTTTjeGav els to âolXeiov. Kal tovs /xev avTOi

npos evcox^^^ vrredexovTO, tols S' dXXoLs aTraoiv
evTpeTTeZs^ Kara to olKelov at ttjs icTTidoews rjoav
157 TTapaoKevaL TavTrjv yap ttjv -qptepav tj 'Pa)/xata;v
ttoXls eojpTatev emvLKiov fiev ttjs Kara tojv

TToXefjLLOJv GTpaTelas, Trepas Se tojv ejicjjvXiojv
KaKOJVy dpx'^v be tojv VTrep ttjs evhaipôvias
eXTrlBojv.
158 (7) Merd 3e tovs Bpidp.ôvs Kal tt]v êâtOTaTTjv

TTJs *PojpLaLOjv rjyepLOVLas KardaTacnv OveoTraGtavos
eyvoj TepLevos Y.Lp'rjvrjs KaraGKevdoac' Ta;)(u he
hr] pdXa Kal Trdo-qs dvBpojTTLvrjs KpelTTOv imvoias
159 erereXeLOJTO. Trj yap eK tov ttXovtov ;ôp7^yta

haipovioj ;)(p7]0'dêvos"j ert Kal tols eKTvaXac
KarojpBojfievois ypacprjs re Kal TrXaGTLKrjs epyois
160 avTo KareKOGurjGev TrdvTa yap els eKeZvov tov
^ Niese from Lat. (instructi) : evTrpeireh mss.
* The Mamertine prison at the X.E. end of the Forum.

'' Or (with the other reading) " handsome provision had
been made."
550
of Jupiter CapitoTinus, on reaching which they halted;

for it was a time-honoured custom to wait there until
the execution of the enemy's general was announced.
This was Simon, son of Gioras, who had just figured
in the pageant among the prisoners, and then, with
a halter thro^^Tl over him and scourged meanwhile by
his conductors, had been haled to the spot abutting
on the Forum, where Roman law requires that malefactors condemned to death should be executed.**
After the announcement that Simon was no more
and the shouts of universal applause which greeted
it, the princes began the sacrifices, which having been
duly offered with the customary prayers, they \îthdrew to the palace. Some they entertained at a
feast at their own table : for all the rest pro\"ision
had already been made ^ for banquets in their several
homes. For the city of Rome kept festival that day
for her \'ictory in the campaign against her enemies,
for the termination of her ci\'il dissensions, and for
her da\\Tiino- hopes of felicity.
(7) The triumphal ceremonies being concluded and Erection

the empire of the Romans established on the firmest ^f*^*^
foundation, Vespasian decided to erect a temple of Pais.
Peace. <^ This was very speedily completed and in a ^^* '^'
style surpassing all human conception. For, besides
having prodigious resources of wealth on which to
draw he also embellished it \^'ith ancient masterpieces of painting and sculpture ; indeed, into that
shrine were accumulated and stored all objects for
' The date of dedication, the sixth year of Vespasian's

reign (a.d. 75), is known from Dion Cassiiis Ixvi. 15. The
temple, surrounded by a forum, lay to the S.E. of the Forum
Ilomanum, between the Via Sacra and the Carinae. Pliny
and Herodian testify to its magnificence (Burn, RomBt
140).
551
JOSEPHUS
Vcb (jvvrjxdrj kol KareTedr), 8t' a)v ttjv deav
avOpOJTTOL TTpOTepOV 7TpL TTaGaV eTrXaVCOVTO TTJV
OLKOVfievTjv, eoj? d'AAo irap^ aAAoi? rjv Keipi^vov
161 ihelv 7To6ovvT. aved-qKe S evravda Kal ra ek

Tov Upov Tojv ^lovhalojv XP'^^^ KaraGKevdafiara
162 Gp.VVv6pLV0g 7T aVTols - TOV 8e VOpLOV aVTOJV
/cat TO. 7Top(f)vpd TOV arjKov KaraTreTaap-aTa

7rpoGTa^v iv Tols /SaatAetot? aTrodepLevovs (f)vAarrctv.
163 (vi. l) Et? Se Tr]i' ^lovSaiav Trpeaêvrrjg AovKiXiog^ BaCTcro? iKTreficjiOeLg Kai Tiqv OTpaT'qyiav^
napa KepeaAt'ou OuertAtavoi; TrapaXaôjv to piev
ev TO) Hpojdetaj (f)povpiov TTpoGTjyayeTO p,Ta
164 TOJV ixovTcov, p.Ta raura Se rrdv ouov rjv UTpaTLOJTLKov (jvvayayojv , rroXv ' r)v Kara p-^pf)
Sirjpr^pLevov, Kal tojv TaypLaTcnv to SeKaTov, eyvoj
GTpaTVLV 7Ti ^\axo.ipovvTa' ttolvv yap rjV avayKaXov eâipeOrjvai to (jjpovpiov, pLrj 8ta ttjv o^vpoTrjra ttoXXov? ls aTroGTauiav eTrayayrjraL.
165 Kai yap rolg KaTexovoi êâlav iXTnSa crojrr/pta?

/cat TOts" eTTLOVGiv oKvov Kai Seo? f] tov pôjptou
166 (f>vGLg TjV TTapaGX^X^ LKavajraTrj . avTO p,v yap

TO TETeixi-^p-^vov TreTpajhrjs oxOos GtIv et? p-T)-
KLGTOV vijjos iyrjyeppievog, co? ett'at Kal Sta tovto
hvGXîpOJTOS y pLepLTjXOLl^TaL S' V7t6 TTJ? ^VG((X>S
167 etyat piTjSe irpoGLTOs' (pdpay^LV yap iravrcOev

davvoTTTOV ixovGai? to ^ddo TrpLTTa(j)pV7 ai,
p.rjTe TTepadrjvai paStoj? hvvap.ivais Kal ;)(aa6'rvat
168 TTavTaTTaaiv dpLTjxdvoLg. tj p,kv yap airo ttjs
^ Lat.. ed. pr. : Aovkios mss.

^ PAL Lat.: arpaTidv the rest.
552
JEWISH WAR. VII. 160-168
the sight of which men had once wandered over the

whole world, eager to see them severally while they
lay in various countries. Here,, too, he laid up the A
vessels of gold from the temple of the Jews, on which
he prided himsell : but their Law and the purple
hangings of the sanctuary he ordered to be deposited
and kept in the palace.
(vi. 1) Meanwhile, Lucihus Bassus had been i-uciiius
T 1-1 T1 1 T . ^ ' ii, Bassus, seni
dispatched to Judaea as legate, and, takmg over the to Judaea,

command from Cereahus Vetihanus, had reduced ii'^JalEBua
the fortress of Herodium ^ with its garrison to surrender. He next concentrated all the numerous
scattered detachments of troops, including the
tenth legion, ha\1ng determined to march against
Machaerus.'^ This fortress it was absolutely neces- Description
sary to eradicate, lest its strength should induce fortress.
many to revolt ; since the nature of the place was
specially adapted to inspire its occupants ^^'ith high
hopes of security and to deter and alarm its assailants.
For the site that is fortified is itself a rocky eminence,
rising to so great a height that on that account alone
its reduction would be difficult ; while nature had
further contrived to render it inaccessible. For it is
intrenched on all sides ^îthin ra\ines of a depth
baffling to the eye, not easy to traverse and utterly
impossible to bank up. The valley which hems it in
" Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis (as he is named in an in-

scription) was commander of the fifth leofion during the war,
B. iii. 310, etc., and after it was left by Titus in command of

the armv of occupation, i.e. the tenth legion with other urits
( 5).
* Herod's fortress and burial place, 60 stades due S. of

Jerusalem.
* E. of the Dead Sea, near its northern end,
553
JOSEPHUS
6(777 epas" TTepLTefivovaa TrapareiveL arahiovs c^'qKovra, TTepa? avTTJg Tqv Xu(l)aXrlTLv rroLovfJievrj
Xifivrjv Kara rovro Se ttt] Kal avrog 6 Ma;âipous"
r-qv vifjrjXoTOLTrjv -)(l Kopv(f)rjv VTrepaviaxovcrav
169 at S 6.770 rrjs dpKrov Kal pLea-qii^pias (f)dpayy

piyedei p.ev arr oX lttovt at ttjs TTpoeiprjpiivq^,
170 opLOLcos 8' eiGLV ap.'fj-)(âvoi Trpog irrLX^LprjCTLv. rrjg

TTpos dvaroXrjv (fxipayyog to pkv ^ddos ovk
eXarrov eKarov evpLGKerai tttjx^^^'^) Tcpfia Se
yLveraL Trpog opos aTravrLKpi) KelpLevov Ma;(at-
pOVVTOg.
171 (2) Tavrrjv rov tottov /cartScov Tqv (f)VGLV

âaiXevg ^lovbaicov ÂXeâvh pog TrpaJro? in^ aurou
reLXLCî (hpo-upLov, o fierd ravra Ta^lvLo? WpLGTO-
172 ôvXcp TToXefiiov KaBeZXev. 'HpojSry 8e /3acrtAeuovTt Travro? ehoê pbdXXov iTTtiicXeLas dîov
LvaL Kai KaraaKevrjg o)(vpcorari-]?, pudXiGra /cat
8ta TTjV row 'ApdySojv yetrvtacrtv Kelrai ydp ev
eTTLKaipO) 77pO^ T7]V iKLV<jJV yqV OLTTO^XeTTOV.
173 jxeyav jiev ovv tottov Ti)(GLv /cat rrvpyoL^ irepiâXojv ttoXlv ivTavOa KaTcoKiaev, i^ 7)? dvoSo^
174 ets" avT-qv echepe r-qv aKpojpeiav. ov prjv aAAa

Acat Trepl avTrjv dvco Trjv Kopv(^rjV Tel)(05 iheipiaTO
Kai TTvpyovg enl rat? ycDvlaig e/cacrrov^ e^rjKovTa
175 TTTj-x^tov dveGT-quev . fieGov Se rod rrepLôXov âglXclov ojKohop-qGaro /xeyeêt re Kal KaXXeu rajv
176 OLKTjGewv TToXvreXeg , rroXXds de Kai Seâpeva?
ets" VTToSox'qv vbaro? Kal yôp-qylav d(f)6ovov ev

rots' eLT-qBeiordroL? rcov tottcov KareGKevaGev,
ojGTrep rrpos rrjv (I>vglv d/^t/V\7'y^6ts", lv auro? to
Kar iKLvqv rod tottov hvGdXcorov VTTep^dXrjraL
^ R : eKarov the rest.

5.54
JEWISH WAR. VII. 16S-176
on the west extends to sixty furlongs, ending at the

lake Asphaltitis** ; and somewhere in this direction
Machaerus itself reaches its highest commanding
peak. The ravines on the north and south, thoujrh
less extensive than this, are equally impracticable for
purposes of attack. That on the east is found to be
no less than a hundred cubits in depth and is terminated by a mountain facing Machaerus.
(2) Noting these natural advantages of the site, its history

Alexander,'' king of the Jews, was the first to crown
it with a fortress, which was subsequently demolished
by Gabinius '^ in his war with Aristobulus. But
Herod, on becoming king, regarded the place as Herod's
supremely deser\ing of attention and of the strongest ^" '^^'

fortification, more especially from its proximity to
Arabia, conveniently situated, as it was, with regard
to that country, which it faces. He accordingly
enclosed an extensive area with ramparts and towers
and founded a city there, from which an ascent led up
to the ridge itself. Furthermore, on the top, surrounding the actual crest, he built a wall, erecting
towers at the corners, each sixty cubits high. In the
centre of the enclosure he built a palace with magnificently spacious and beautiful apartments ; he further
pro\'ided numerous cisterns at the most convenient
spots to receive the rain-water and furnish an
abundant supply, as if he were ^ying with nature
and endeavouring by these artificial defences to
surpass the well-nigh impregnable strength which
" The Dead Sea. '' Alexander Jannaeus, 104-78 b.c.
' Leqatus of Pompey in the war with Aristobulus {B. i. 140)

and from 57-55 b.c. proconsular governor of Syria {B. i.
160 ff.).
555
JOSEPHUS
177 rats "yêipoTTOirjroLg o-xypajGeoiv en yap Kai

êXwv TrXrjOos Kal firj^âvr] fidrwv eyKaredero /cat
TTdv i7Tv6rjGev iroLfiaGaadat ro 7TapaG\elv hvvaêvov TOLs ivoLKovGLv fjLrjKLGTrjs TToXiopKcas Kara(f)povriGiv.
178 (3) 'Erreû/cet 8' v roZs /SacrtAetot? 7T-qyavov

d^Lov rod fjLeyedovs OavfioLGaL' gvktjs yap ovhefiids
179 vipov? Kal TTaxovs eAetVero. Aoyo? 3' rjv ano

Twv HpcijSou ;YPot'cur avro SiapKeaaL, Kav ein
TrXeLGTOV IgOJS fJLLVV, iêKOTTTj 8 VTTO TWV
180 TTapaXaôvrcjv rov tottov 'louSatcov. ri^s (f>dpayyos

Se rrjs Kara rrjv dpKrov rrepiexo'VG-qs rrjv ttoXlu
Baapa? ovofidêrai rt? totô?, <og>^ (l>veL piiâv
181 ofJLOJVVfJLW? Xeyojiiv-qv avrco. avrr] ^Xoyi jiev rrjv

Xpoiav OiK, 7Tpl Sc rd? iairepas aiXas airaorpdirrovGa rols imovGL Kal ôvXofxevoL? XaêZv
avrrjv ovk eanv evx^^pcorog, dAA' VTro(f)evyL
Kal ov rrporepov tararai, irplv dv ns ovpov
yvvaiKos Tj ro efjLpLirjvov at/a a x^V '^^'^ avrrjg.
182 ov pLTjv dXXd Kal rore rols dipafievoLS TrpoSrjXos

ion ddvaros, t p.rj rv^pi ns avrrjv eKeLvrju
7TVyKdiJLvos rTjv pitav K rrjs x^^P^^ dnrjprr}-
183 fJievTjv. dXiCTKerat he Kai Kad erepov rpoirov

aKLvSvvcos, OS eon roLooSe' kvkXco ndaav avrT]v
TTepLopvaoovGiv , (jjs elvai ro KpvTTrofievou rrjs
184 pi^rjs ^paxvrarov. etr* e$ avrrjs arroSovGL Kvva,

KaKeivov rep hr^Gavn GvvaKoXovdelv opp-rjaavros,
7j p.ev dvaGTrdrai pahiajs, dvqGKei S' evOvs o
^ ins. Dcstinon.
" Mentioned as a small garden herb in Luke xi. 42.

Ruta graveolens is still cultivated in Palestine, while ruta
55Q
she had bestowed upon the site. For, moreover, he

stocked it with abundance of weapons and engines,
and studied to make every preparation to enable its
inmates to defy the longest siege.
(3) Within the palace once grew a plant of rue," Natur&i

of an amazing size ; indeed, in height and thickness ^1'^^^'"^
no fig-tree surpassed it. Tradition said that it had ii
lasted from the times of Herod ; and it would
probablv have continued for ages, had it not been
cut down by the Jews, who took possession of the
place. In the ravine ^ which encloses the town on
the north, there is a place called Baaras,*' which
produces a root bearing the same name. Flamecoloured and towards evening emitting a brilliant
hght, it eludes the grasp of persons who approach
with the intention of plucking it, as it shrinks up and
can only be made to stand still by pouring upon it
certain secretions of the human body.'^ Yet even
then to touch it is fatal, unless one succeeds in carrying off the root itself,^ suspended from the hand.
Another innocuous mode of capturing it is as follows.
They dig all round it, leaving but a minute portion of
the root covered ; they then tie a dog to it, and the
animal rushing to follow the person who tied him
easily pulls it up, but instantly dies a \'icarious
bract eosa is a common wild plant (Tristram quoted in Encyd,

Bihl. S.V.).
' The Wady Zerka, running down to the Dead Sea

(probablv = Nahaliel of the wilderness wanderings, Numb,
xxi. 19).'
" The warm springs (see below) of " Baaru " are mentioned by Jerome (" iuxta Baaru in Arabia, ubi a(|uas calidas "
sponte humus eifert") and elsewhere, Schiirer, G.J. V. i. 414.
" Cf. B. iv. 480.
' IVieaning doubtful: perhaps "unless one happens to

bring with one the self-same root."
557
JOSEPHUS
Kvcov (x)G7Tp avTihodeig Tov fieXXovTO? TTjv ôrdvqv

avaiprjaeaOai' (bofjos yap ovhels Tolg p-era ravra
lg5 Xap.f3dvovGLi'. eari he p.erd togovtojv KLvhvvojv

hid piiav Lcr)(vv TrepiGTTOTjhaoTO?' ra yap KaXovp.va
8ai[j.6vLa, ravra be TTOvripoJv eunv avdpojTTOJv
TTvevpiara rols ttbaiv eiGhvopLeva /cat Krelvovra
rovg ôrjOelas p-Tj rvyxavovrag, avrrj raêojs
iêXavvei, Kav TrpoaevexOi] piovov rots vogovgi,
186 peovGL he Kal deppLOJV vharojv Trrjyai Kara rov

'rorrov, ttoXv rrjv yevGLV dXXijXow Sta(/)epouCTaf
TTiKpal pL6V yap avrojv rives ecGiV, at de yXvKvrrjros
187 ovhev drroXeiTTOVGai . rroXXal he /cat xpvxpojv vhdrojv dvahoGet? ov p.6vov ev rep 'x.âpiaXcorepoj ras
188 rr-qyas TrapaXX-qXovs exovGai,^ dXX ojs dv Kal

pLoXXov ris davp.dGeL, Grr-qXaiov ydp n rrXrjGcov
opdrai KOiXor-qri ptev ov âOv, rfj Trerpa he
189 TTpovxovGTj GKerr6p.evov' ravrrjg dvcoBev wGavei

pLaGrol hvo dveôvGLV, aXX^jXcov dXiyoj hieGrcores,
Kal ijwxpordrrjv piev drepo? Tn^yqv, drepos he
6epp.ordrrjV eKhihojGiv, at /xtcryo/xevat ttolovgl
Xovrpdv rjhiGrov rraiowiov re voGVifidrajv, rroXXcp
he pdXiGra vevpcov aKeGiv. e;\;et 8' o roTzo? Kal
Oeiov Kal Grvrrr-qpias p.eraXXa.
190 (4) Bacrcros' he' 77epLGKeipdp.evos ro ;)(ajptov eyvw

TTOieZGdai rrjv rrpoGohov x^'^^^ '^'^ (f)apayya rrjv
TTpds rat? dvaroXaZs Kal rcov epycov eux^ro,
GTTOvhrjV TTOLovpLevog t) rdxo? e^dpai ro X^/^^
Kal hi avrov pahiav Troi-qaai rrjV rroXiopKiav.
191 ol S' evhov aTTeiXripipievoi rcov ^lovhalojv avroi

Kad^ eavrovs dTTO row êvojv hiaKpiOevres eKeivovs
piev TjvdyKaGav, oxXov dXXojg elvai vopntovres ,
ev rrj Kara) TToXei TrapapieveLV Kal rovs Kivhvvovs
558 '
\ictim, as it were, for him who intended to remove

the plant, since after this none need fear to handle it.
With all these attendant risks, it possesses one xirtue
for which it is prized ; for the so-called demons in
other words, the spirits of kicked men which enter
the H\-ing and kill them unless aid is forthcoming
are promptly expelled by this root, if merely applied
to the patients. In this same region flow hot springs,
in taste widely differing from each other, some being
bitter, while others have no lack of sweetness. Many

springs of cold water also gush up, nor are these
confined to the low-lying ground where all are in
a line ; but what is still more remarkable hard
by may be seen a cave, of no great depth and screened
by a projecting rock, above which protrude, as it were,
two breasts, a Uttle distance apart, one yielding
extremely cold water, and the other extremely hot.
These when mixed provide a most delightful bath,
possessing general medicinal properties, but particularly restorative to the sinews. There are also
sulphur and alum mines in the district.
(4) Bassus, after reconnoitring the place on all sipge of

sides, decided to approach it by filling up the eastern
ra\-ine ; to this task he noM' apphed himself, labouring to raise with all speed the embankment Mhich
was to facihtate the siege. The JcAnsh party shut
up within now separated themselves from their ahen
colleagues and, regarding the latter as a mere rabble,
compelled them to remain in the lower town and to
" Or " on one level."
* PM : Ixoi"'''*' the rest. + irdfTT] C.
559
ilachaerus.
JOSEPHUS
192 TTpoeKhiyêadaL, to 8* avcu ^povpiov avrol KaraXa^6vrs elxov Kai 8td rrjv Ig-)(vv rrjs o-xypoT'qros
Kai TTpovoiq. rrj? GOjr-qpias avrojv revêaOai yap
d(f)GOj? vrreXdjiâvoVy el ro ;âj/3tov 'Pcu/xatots"
193 .y)(êLpioeLav . Treipa Se rrporepov iôvXovro rds

VTTep Tov hiacêvêaOai ttjv TToXiopKLav iXirihas
iXeyâi. Std rovro Kai Trpodvfiojs eTroiovvro rds
iôSov? dvd TTauav rjfjiepav, Kai toXs ;(o{i(7t^
avfiTrXeKOjievoL ttoXXol jxev edvqaKov, ttoXXovs hk
194 TcDi^ 'Pco/Ltatcuv avrjpovv. ael he rov^ Kparelv 6

Kaipos i^pdêvev eKarepois to ttXIov, rols p-ev
Ioi;8atots", el irpo? d(f)vXaKTOTepov9 TrpoGTreaoiev,

ToZs 8 776 r(x)V -)(ûjpidTajv TTpo'ihopLevoLS, el rrjv
195 eKbpopLTjv avTa)v he-)(oiVTO Tre^pay/xeVcos". dXX ovk

ev TOVTOLs ep,eXXev yevrjaeaOai ro irepas rrjs
TToXiopKLa?, epyov 8e rt TrpaxOev eK (jvvrv)(îas
TTapaXoyov rrjg irapahoGecos rod (f)povpLov ttjv
196 dvdyKTjV eTTearrjae roc? ^lovSaLOL?. tjv ev rols

TToXiopKovpievoLS veavla? roXp^rjaaL re dpaavg Kai
197 Kara X^^P^ hpauT-qpLos, 'EAedâpo? ovopa- yeyovet 8 ovTOs ev rats' eKhpopLois eTncâi^Tys', rovs
TToXXovs e^LevaL Kai kcjoXvlv ttjv ;!âjcrtv rrapaKaXojv
Kai Kara rds /xapâ? rroXXd Kai heivd rovs 'PcopLalovs hiarideis, rols 8e ovv avr aj roXpajcnv
ejreKrpex^LV paSlav piev ttjv vpoGôXr^v riOepevog,
aKLVovvov 8e Trapexcov rrjv avaxojprjaiv rw reXev-
198 ralos dmevaL. Kai StJ TTore rrj? pidx'Q? hiaKpideiG-qs Kai yeyovvtas dp,(f)OTepajv dvaxojpriaeojs
a'UTOs, are hrj TrepLcbpovcov Kai vopLLl,ojv ovk dv
en TCx)v TToXejiLOjv ovBeva rore pidx^]? dpêiv,
p,eLvas Twv ttvXojv e^to rols eirl rov reixovs
hieXdXei Kai irds npos eKeivois rrjv Sidvoiav rjv.
56Vi
bear the first brunt ; wliile they themselves seized

and held the fortress above, both on account of the
strength of its defences and with an eye to their own
safety, conceiving that they could obtain pardon,
were they to surrender the fort to the Romans.
However, they wished first to put to the test their
hopes of escaping a blockade ; accordingly, they
daily made spirited salhes and engaged in close
combat with those at work on the mound, losing
many of their o\mi men, but killing many of the
Romans. It was, however, invariably the opportunity which, in the main decided the victory in
favour of either side : of the Jews if they fell upon
their enemy Avhen off his usual guard, of those on the
mounds if they foresaw and met their sally in a
posture of defence. It was not, however, these
encounters which were destined to end the siege,
but a casual and surprising incident constrained the
Jews to surrender the fortress. Among the besieged Tjie capture
, . - , , "-^ "^^ of Lleazar
was a youth ot darmg enterprise and strenuous energy
named Eleazar. He had distinguished himself in the

sallies by stimulating most of his comrades to come
out and check the progress of the earthworks, and
in the engagements by frequently making fearful
havoc of the Romans ; besides easing the attack for
all who ventured out with him and covering their
retreat by being the last to withdraw. Now on one
occasion, when the battle was over and both parties
had retired, he, disdainfully assuming that none of
the enemy would now resume the fight, remained
outside the gates conversing with his coinrades on
the wall and devoting his whole attention to them
* Destinon : rvxovai mss. ^ to Niese with P.
561
JOSEPHUS
199 opa Se rov Kaipov rod 'Pojiia'tKov tls arparoneSov

'Pov(f)OS yevo? AlyvrrrLos, Kal firjSevos av TrpoahoK-qaavTOs eâi<^vr]s emhpapLCJv gvv avrols dpdpivos avTOV rol? ottXols, ecos" KaTL)(e rovs oltto
Tcov T&iyGiV IBovras eKrrXrj^LS, (f)ddvei rov dvSpa
200 /JLeraOel?^ Tipos" to 'Poj/xatcuv urparoTrehov. rod

he Grparrjyov KeXevaavros yvfjLvov hiaXaêZv avrov
Kal Karaarrjuavras els to (fiavepcorarov rots
eK rrjg rroXeaJS dTTO^XeTTOVCL fidarL^LV at/ctêaât,
G(f)6hpa rovs ^Yovhaiovs ro Trepl rov veaviav
rrdOos Gvve-)(eeVy ddpoa re r) ttoXls avcppLOjê, Kal
dprjvos rjv ixeitâjv tj KaO^ ivos dvhpos Gvp(f)opdv.
201 rovro gvvlScov 6 BdGGos Kara rcov 7ToXep.La)v

dpxT^y eTToiTjoaro GrparrjyrjfJLaros , Kal ôvX-qdels
avrcov imrelvaL ro TreptaXyes, tâ ^laGdcoGLv dvrl
rrjS Gojrrjpias rdvhpos rroiiqGaGOaL rov (jipovpuov
202 irapdhoGLV, rijs eXTTcSos ov hi-qjiaprev . 6 fiev

yap TTpoGeraê KaraTTTjyvvv ai Gravpov d>s avriKa
Kpepojv rov 'EAeaâpov, rot? 8' drro rov (^povpiov
rovro OeaGajievoLS ohvvq re TrXeiajv TTpoGerreGe,
Kal SiojXvyLov dva)p.col,ov ovk dvaG^xêrov elvai
203 ro Trddos ôcovres. evravOa Srj roivvv 'EAeaâpo?

LKerevev avrovs /^"^t* avrov TrepLLhelv V7Top,eivavra
davdrcov rov OLKnorov Kal G(f)iGLv avrols rrjv
GCxjrrjpiav 7rapaG)(êlv ri] 'Pcjojialajv etâvras Igxvl
204 Kal rvxD jierd irdvras TJBrj KexeLpajpLevovs. ol
he Kal TTpos rovs eKeivov Xoyovs KaraKXojfievoL

Kal rroXXojv evhov vrrep avrov heopLevcov, rjv yap
eK pLeydX-qs Kal G(f)6hpa noXvavOpcoTTOv Gvyyeveias,
205 napd rrjV avrcov (^vglv els OLKrov evehojKav, Kai

rivas eâTTOGreiXavres Kara rdôs hceXeyovro
TTOielGOai rrjv TrapdhoGW rov <f>povplov dîovvres,
562
Thereupon, spying his opportunity, a soldier in the

Roman ranks named Rufus, a native of Egypt, made
a sudden dash upon him, such as none could have
expected, lifted him up, armour and all, while the
spectators on the wall were paralysed with astonishment, and succeeded in transporting the fellow to the
Roman camp. The general ha\-ing ordered him to
be stripped and carried to the spot most exposed to
the \'iew of the onlookers in the city and there
severely scourged, the Jews were profoundly affected
by the lad's fate, and the whole town burst into such
wailing and lamentation as the misfortune of a mere
individual seemed hardlv to iustify. Observing this, iâds to the
Bjj, ".. J.1, surrender of
assus proceeded to practise a ruse upon the enemy, the lort.
desiring so to intensify their distress as to compel

them to purchase the man's life by the surrender of
the fort ; and in this hope he was not disappointed.
For he ordered a cross to be erected, as though
intending to have Eleazar instantly suspended ; at
which sight those in the fortress were seized with
deeper dismay and with piercing shrieks exclaimed
that the tragedy was intolerable. At this juncture,
moreover, Eleazar besought them not to leave him
to undergo the most pitiable of deaths, but to consult
their own safety by yielding to the might and fortune
of the Romans, now that all others had been subdued. Overcome by his appeals, which were backed
by many interceders within for he came of a distinguished and extremely numerous family they
yielded to a compassion contrary to their nature and
hastily dispatched a deputation to discuss the sur-
* fxeraTideh PA.
563
JOSEPHUS
tv' dSeet? aTTaAAaTTCovTat KOfjuGafjicvoL rov EAea-
206 (âpov. heâfxlvcuv he rcov Pco/Ltatcov Acat tov

orparrjyov ravra, to ttXtÔos rcov iv ttj Karco
TToAet T-qv yeyevrjfxivqv tSta rots" 'louSatots" rrvdofievoL avfiBacTiv aurot Kara vvKra XaOovres
207 eyvcjjaav arrohpavaL. ra? TTvXas 8' aurojv dv'otâvTcoy irapa rcov rrjv opLoXoytav TTeTTOirjpievcov Trpos
TOV BdcTcrov rjKev pnqwoLS, lt ovv rrfs acorrjpias
avroZs (f)6 ovr](jdvr ojv etre [/cat]^ Std Seos, [jlt] rrjv
alrlav avrol XdQcoGi rrjg eKLvojv aTTohpdaeojg.
208 ol jiev ovv dvbpeioraroi rcov eîovrcov (f>daaav

hLeKiraiGaaOai Kal hiac^vyeZv, tcjjv S' evSov KaraXetdidevrojv dvSpeg pukv dvrjpfOrjcrav IttI toI? ;;^tAtotS'
eTTraKOGLOi, yvvaia Se Kal 7rat8e? -qv^paTToSlcrdr]-
209 Gav. rd? 8e Trpog rovg TrapaSovrag ro cfipovpiov

opLoXoyias olofievog Selv 6 Bdcrcros" Siacj^vXarreLV
avroijg r' d(f)Lr]Giv Kal rov EAedâpov aTreScoKe.
210 [5) Taura Se hioiK-qGapêvos r^Treiyero rrjv orpaTidv dyojv IttI rov vpoGayopevofievov Idphrjv
Spvfiov TToXXol yap et? avrov rjyyeXdrjGav rjdpolGdaL
rojv Kara rag rroXiopKias rrporepov ek re Icpo-
211 GoXvfxcjtjv Kal }*laxoLLpovvros drroSpdvrojv. eXdcbv

ovv IttI rov rorrov Kal yvovs rrjv dyyeXiav ovk
iijjevGfievrjv rrpcvrov fiev roXs nrrrevGiv airav
KVKXovrai rd ')(^cjjpLov, ottcos rdls Ste/CTratccrât
roXpLcoGLv ra)v ^Yovhaicov aTTopos rj cf^vyr] yivqrai
8td rovs Irrrreas' rovg he neôvs eKeXevoev SevSpo-
212 rojJLclv rrjv vXrjv, ct? '^^ Kara7T(f)vyGav . KadiGravrai 8e 8td rovro rrpds dvdyKTjv ol 'lovSaXoL
rov Spdv ri yevvalov, chs K irapaôXov^ aycovi-
1 MLC : om. the rest
render of the fortress, stipulating for permission to

depart in safety, taking Eleazar with them. The
Romans and their general having accepted these
conditions, the people in the to^^Tl below, hearing of

the separate compact that had been made by the
J CMS. determined on their part to make off secretly
by night. But no sooner had they opened the gates
than information was given to Bassus by those who
had made the treaty with him ; whether grudging
them their lives, or maybe from fear of being held
answerable for their flight. The most courageous of
the fugitives, however, contrived to cut their waythrough and escape ; of those left in the town, the
men, numbering seventeen hundred, were slain,
the women and children were enslaved. Bassus,
holding himself bound to observe his agreement with
those who had surrendered the fortress, let them
depart and restored Eleazar.
(5) Ha\'ing settled affairs here, Bassus pushed on Battle of

with his troops to the forest called Jardes,*^ it being of Jardes.
reported that many who had pre\*iously fled from
Jerusalem and Machaerus during the respective
sieges had congregated in this quarter. On reaching
the spot and finding the report correct, he began by
surrounding the whole place with his cavalry, to
prevent the escape of any Jews attempting to break
through ; he then ordered the infantry to fell the
trees among which the fugitives had taken cover.
The Jews were thus reduced to the necessity of

attempting some gallant feat, in the hope that by a
desperate struggle they might possibly escape ; and
" Unidentified.
text doubtful : tov rrapa/SoXwj A^ : irapaXdyov P.
565
JOSEPHUS
aaaSajL rdxo. civ Kal Stac^fyovres", adpooi Se^ koI

fiera ôrj? aâvreg iveTnrrrov rol^ KKVKXojfj.VOL.
213 ol 8' avTOvg idexovro Kaprepoj?, /cat TToXXfj rcjv

liv drrovoLa rcov Se (fyiXoveiKla. ;!^/3a;/xera)v xP^vos
fiev ovK oXlyog hid tovto rfj fidxi] Trpov^rj, reXos
S' avTrjS ovx ofJLOLOV dTre^r] roZs dycovLGajxevois .
214 'PoL>/xat'ay p.ev ydp hwheKa rovs Trdvras avve^rj

TTeoeZv oXiyovs re TpcodrjvaLy [rctjy]^ lovBaLcuv Sc
e/c rrjg jidxt^S ravr-qs ouSet? hLe(f)vyv, dXX* ovres
215 OVK eXdrrovs rpiGXi^Xiojv Trdvres aTrddavov, Kal 6

Grpar-qyos avrcov 'louSas o rov Apel rralg, nepl
ov TTporepov elprjKaixev on rdêojg rjyovpLevos
TLvos eV rfj TToXLopKLo. Twv lepoGoXvfiojv Kara
TLva? 8tadu? rcov vrrovopLCov kXadev drroSpds.
216 (6) Ilept 5e rov avrov Kaipov eVearetAe Katcra/a

BaGGco Kal Xa^^pio/ Ma^t/xcu, ovros S' rjv
eTTLTpoTTOs, KcXe'VLov TTO-Gav yfjv aTToSoGdai rwv
217 'louSaiojv. ov ydp KarcoKiGev eKel ttoXlv tStav

avTO)^ TTjV ;)(C(jpay (^vXdrrojv, oKraKOGioLS Se
fiovoLs aTTO rrj? Grpands hia(j}ipLvois x^P^^^
eScoKev et? KaroLKrjGLV, o AcaAetrat fxev 'A/xâous",
drrexî Oe rcov 'lepoGoXvfJLOJV Gradiov? rpidKovra.
218 (ôpov he rols orrovhrjrrorovv ovglv 'louSatotS"

eVeâAev, hvo hpaxp-ds eKaGrov KeXevoa? dvd
TTav eros els to YârrerajXiov (jêpetv, wGirep
TTporepov eh tov ev 'lepoGoXvpLots ved)v GvvereXovv,
^ re Xiese. ^ ora. P.
^ Lat. : AiSfpi'oj or Xeêp'nc mss.
* Dindort": aLroJ L Lat. : avrwv the rest.
One of the leaders of the Zealots, who distinguished himself during the siege, B. vi. 92 : his escape from Jerusalem
has not been previously mentioned.
5m
so, in a mass and ^^'ith a shout, they dashed out and

fell upon their surrounding foes. These met them
stubbornly, and so, yviih prodioious efforts of despair
on the one side and emulation on the other, the
contest was loner protracted ; but the issue was
^^'idely chfferent for the combatants. For the Romans
lost in all but twelve dead and a few wounded, while
of the Jews not a man emerged from that battle :
all, to the number of no less than three thousand,
perished. Among the slain was their general Judas,
son of Ari, M'hom we have previously mentioned ^ as
in command of a company at the siege of Jerusalem,

whence he secretly escaped through some of the
underground passages.
-^ (6) About the same time Caesar sent instructions Jewish
to Bassus and Laberius Maximus,^ the procurator, to '^^'T'tory
r nr-i -r^ i n ii' S >la and
larm out ^ ail Jewish territory, ror he lounded no tax imposed

city there, reserving the country as his private
property, except that he did assign to eight hundred
veterans discharged from the army a place for
habitation called Emmaus,'^ distant thirty furlongs
from Jerusalem, On all Jews, wheresoever resident,
he imposed a poll-tax of two drachms,^ to be paid
annually into the Capitol as formerly contributed by
^ L. Laberius Maximus, mentioned in inscriptions. *^
So or "lease" (" verpachten "j, not "sell," Schurer,

G.J. V. i. 640, in reply to Mommsen.
* Probably to be identified both with the modern Kulonieh

(Coloniaj, some four miles N.W. of Jerusalem, and with the
Emmaus of the X.T., though St. Luke (xxiv. 18) double^ the
distance to 60 furlongs. See the full discussion in Schurer,
G.J. V. i. 640 flF.
* So Dion Cassius Ixvl. 7 /cat d7r' itaiuov dtopax'ôf erdx^y],

Tovs TO. TTclrpta auTuv edtj TreptareWovras r^J KaTrirwXt'c^ Att \ar'
TOS a.TrO(p4piM,
567
oa all JewK
JOSEPHUS
Kal ra fJLev ^lovSaicvv rore roiavrrjv ei;ê Kara.'

uraGLV.
219 (vii. l) "Yihrj 8' TOS reraprov OveaTraGtavov

hi7TOVTOS rrjv Tj-ycfjLOVLav ovve^-q rov âcjiXia rrfs
iofjL[jiayr]vrJ9 Wvtloxov fieyaXais GVix(l)opais rrav-
220 OLKGLa 7Tepi7TGelv 0.770 TOLavTrj? atrta?. KatGevvLos Ylalro?,^ 6 rrjs Sfpta? TjyepLojv rare
KadeGTrjKcos, etr^ ovv dXrjdevojv lt Kal Sta r-qv

rrpog Â.vtlo)(OV ex^pav, ov Gcfiohpa yap to Ga(f)s
rjXeyxOf], ypafi/JLara rrpos Katcrapa hieTTepajjaro,
221 Xeywp rov Wvrloxov /xera rod Tratoos ^TTicfiavovs

hieyvojKivai 'Vojp.aiajv aSiGraGdai, GvvQrjKas rrpog
222 TOP âGiXea tojv Wapda>v TTeTTOLTjpLevov Selv ovv

TTpoKaraXaêlv avrovs, piJ) (f)6dGavTs rcov rrpayfxarajv \dpâGOai\^ Trdoav ttjv 'PojpLatwv dpxrjv
223 TToXepLO) GvvrapdôjGiv . e/xeAAe Se^ Katcrap tolovTov pLrjvvpLaros aura) TrpoGrreGovros p.r] rrepLopdv'
Kal yap tj yeirviaGis tojv âGiXeojv irroUi to
224 Trpdypta pLelôvog dîov Trpovoias' ra yap âp.6crara, tt]? io[j.[JLay7]VT^s pLeyLGTrj rroXug, KeiTai
napd Tov Kix^pdr-qv, ojgt etvaL Tolg YldpOoig,
et TL TOLOVTOV SiVv6rjVTO , paGTrjV pikv TTjV hldâGLV,
225 êâtav he ttjv VTToSoxrjv . TTiGTevSels ovv 6

Yialros Kal Xa^cov iôvolav irpaTreiv a SoKel
Gvp.(l)piv ovK ipLeXXrjGev, iâicjivqs Se TOiv irepl
TOV ^ A.VTLOXOV ovoev rr poGOOKojVT ojv eis ttjv
JôjjLfjLayrjvrjV iveâXev, tojv fiev Taypidrajv dyojv
TO CKTOV Kal TTpos TOVTO) Xoxovs Kai TLvas tAa?
226 LTTTTeojv GvvepLaxovv Se Kal âGiXeZs avro) ttjs
^ Hudson: K.eacevLos (or KâivvLOs) Hiroi MSS. and so (Il^ros)

below.
* ora. PAM : d-Jâadai Herwerden. ' om. P.
568
them to the temple at Jerusalem.** Such was the

position of Jewish aiFairs at this date.
(vii. 1) But while Vespasian was now for the fourth Misfortunes
year holding imperial sway, Antiochus, king of Com- Intiochus
maffene,^ became involved, ^\ith all his family, in ]^'"g ^^
. \. . 1.1 rii r- Commagene
serious disasters, wnicn arose as lollows. Caesennius a victim of

Paetus,'' then gove.*nor of Syria (whether speaking "^ ^1 7^2-3.
sincerely or out of enmity to Antiochus, was never

clearly ascertained) sent letters to Caesar stating
that Antiochus with his son Epiphanes had determined to revolt from Rome and was in leag-ue \\'ith
the king of Parthia ; it, therefore, behoved Caesar
to forestall them, lest they should be beforehand
in creating trouble and convulse the whole Roman
empire with war. Such a report, thus conveyed to
him, Caesar could not afford to overlook, seeing that
the proximity of these princes to each other made
the matter deser\'ing of special precaution. For
Samosata, the chief city of Commagene, lying on the *^
Euphrates, would afford the Parthians, if they harboured any such designs, a most easy passage and
an assured reception. Paetus being, accordingly, Paetus
accredited and empowered to act as he thought fit, territory!'^
did not hesitate, but suddenly, while Antiochus and
his friends were expecting nothing of the sort, invaded Commagene, at the head of the sixth legion,
supplemented by some cohorts and a few squadrons
of horse ; he had the further support of two sove-
" The temple tax, orifrinally a third of a shekel (Neh. X. 32), '
afterwards half a shekel (Ex. xxx. 13), =2 Tyrian drachms,
was paid by all Jews of twenty years old and upwards. Cf.
Matt. xvii. "24, Jos. A. xviii. 312.
Mn N. Syria. " 59 note.
569
JOSEPHUS
IJLV âXKiSiKrj? XeyojJLevrj? 'AptCTTOôuAos", rrj?
227 'EêcTT]? Se KaXovfiev-qg Soac/xo?. tjv 3' avrot?

ra TTepL rrjv eloôXrjv avavTaycovLara' rchv yap
Kara ttjv x^P^'^ ovSel? rjdeXe x^lpag avraip^LV,
228 Â.VTLQ-xô'? he rrjg ayyeXias aSoKTjrojs TrpoGTreaovcrqs TToXejjLOV jxev ouS' eTrivoLav rrpos 'Pco/u-atous'
eoTTauev, eyvco 8e Trdorav ttjv âcrtActav' cLg L)(V
771 6-)(fjiiaTos^ KaraXnTOJV fiera yvvaiKos /cat
reKvojv vêXdeZvy ovrcos av OLOfievos KaOapov
'PcofialoLg avTOV aTToSetât rrjs iTTevrji/eypLevqs
229 atrtas". Kal rrpoeXSajv 0,770 tt]? TToAecos" exrarov

crraSlov? rrpos tols clkoglv ls to TreSiov v aura)
KarauAtiêrat.
230 (2) IlatTOS' S* 7rt /xv to. Sa/xoaara rous'

KaraX-qipojievov? aTroareXXei Kal St' eKelvajv etê
TT^v TToAti^, auTO? Se /xera tt^s" aAAi]? Swdfieajg
231 77* 'Ai^Tto;ôv eTToieZro ttjv opjJLrjv. ov fJLTjV 6

âatXevs ovB^ vtto rijs dvdyK-qs 7Tporj)(6-q Trpdâi
TL TTpo? 'Pcufiatovs TToXepiLKOv, aXXoL rr]v avrov
232 rvxT]i^ 6bvp6iievo 6 tl Seol TraOeZv VTrefieve- veoig

8e Kal TToXlficov efi7TLpoi Kai pcofirj aaj/jLaTcov
htaSipovGLV ov pahiov -qv rots Traialv avrov rrjv
ovix(f)opdv dpLax^l Kaprepelv rpiirovrai ovv rrpos
233 dXK-qv 'E77t(;âv')]S" t Kal KaAAtVt/cos". G(f)oSpds

he rrjs jj.dx'i]? f<al Trap oXr]v rrjv rjjjLepav yevofieirqs
avTol rrjv dvSpeiav SiaTTpeTTrj jrapeaxov Kai fi-qSev
iXarrcvdelarj rfj o(êrepa Swdjiei ioTrepa^ hieXv-
234 drioav. Âvnox^ S' ovh irrl rfj p-dxn rovrov
^ conj. Xaber: axn^'-^'ôs mss.

^ om. Lat. : dix ecnrepa Destinon.
The district of either (1) Chalcis { Anjar) in the Lebanon

range, or (2) another Chalcis further X. in Syria. Herod, the
570
JEWISH WAR. VII. 226-234
reigns, Aristobulus of the region named Chalcidice,'^

and Soemus of Emesa,^ as the other principality is
called. Their invasion was unopposed, not a man
throughout the country ^^'ishing to hft a hand against
them. Antiochus, confronted ^^'ith the unexpected Flight of
tidinsfs. never entertained a moment's thoug-lit of a ^ '^ ^^
war ^vith Rome, but decided to quit the realm, leaving
everything as it was, and to abscond in a chariot with
his wife and children, hoping thus to clear him<êlf in
the eyes of the Romans of the charge under which he
lav. Proceeding, accordingly, from the capital one
hundred and twenty furlongs into the plain, he there
encamped.
(2) Paetus sent a detachment to occupy Samosata,

and through them held the toMn, while he with the
rest of his force hastened in pursuit of Antiochus.
Even in these straits, however, the king could not be
induced to take any hostile action against the Romans,
but lamenting his lot was content to submit to what-
ever suffering might be in store for him. His sons,

on the contrary, with the advantages of youth,
military experience, and unusual physical strength,
could not lightly brook this calamity without a
struggle ; Epiphanes ^ and Callinicus, accordingly, had
resort to arms. In the fierce contest which ensued,
lasting the whole day, the princes displayed conspicuous gallantry, and their troops had sustained no
diminution of strength when night parted the combatants. Yet, even after such an issue of the conflict,
grandson of Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis in Lebanon

and had a son Aristobulus, who may be the sovereign here
mentioned. See Schiirer, G.J. V. i. 724.
^ Horns.
* He has appeared before in a foolhardy venture beneath

the walls of Jerusalem, v. 460 ff.
VOL. Ill T 571
JOSEPHUS
Kex^^pT^KVia rov rpoTTOv fxeveiv aveKrov eSo/cet,

Xaôjv Se TTjv yvvoLKa Kai rag dvyarepag fier*
eKelvajv erroLelTO ttjv (f)vyrjv et? KiAi/ctav, Kal
TOVTO TTpdâs ra c^povqiiara tojv olklojv orpa-
235 TLOjrajv /careVAacrev oj? yap KareyvojGfievqs vtt*

avTOV TTJg âaiXeias aireuTqaav /cat Trpos" rous"
'Poj/xatous" jJLere^dXovTO, /cat iravrajv TrpoSrjXos
236 T^y OLTToyvajGLg. rrplv ovv reXdojg iprjjjLcoOijvaL rcJov

crvfipidxcoy Tols rrepl tov K7n(f)avrj Gcoêtv avTOvg
eK Tojv TToXepuLcov -qv dvayKolov, Kal yivovrai Se/ca
ovpLTravre? t777rets" ol p.r avrojv tov Y,v<l)pdrrjv
237 Sta/SaAorre?/ evBev rjSrj fier^ dSelas Trpos tov âaiAea TO)v YldpBojv BoAoyecrriv KOfiiodevTes ovx cu?
(f)vydhs v7Tprj(f)avridrjGav, dXX oj? tl ttjv TraXaidv
XOVTS vhaLpiOviav Trdarj? TLfJLrjg rj^Lcodrjaav.
238 (3) ÂvTLoxcp 8' etV Tapaov dchiyiilvoj ttjs

YLiXiKLas eKaTOVTapx'']'^ YIoItos eTnTreinjjas 8eSe-
239 fievov avrov et? 'PcopL-qv dTrecrre tAev. OwecrTracrtavo? S' ovTOj? ovx VTrefxecvev Trpos avTov dvaxOrjvai TOV âcrtAea, ttjs iraXaids d^LOJV (^tAta?
^xaXXov aldo) Xaêlv -q hid ttjv tov rroXipLOV
240 7rp6(f)aGLV aTrapaLTTjTOV opyrjv hia(j)vXdTTeLV . KeXevei

07] Kau ooov er ovro? avTov tojv oeGjjLOJV acpaLpedrjvai /cat TrapevTa t7]v et? J"']'^^/ Pcop.rjv d(l)i^Lv
TO vvv iv AaKeSaLjjLOVL Stayetv, SlScogl re /LteyaAa?
aVTO) TTpOGohoVS XPVH'^'''^^ > OITOJS fMTj jJLOVOV
d(j)6ovov dXXd Kal âGiXiKrjv exoL Trfv]^ hiaiTav.
241 TavTa Tols Trepl tov ^KjTLcfiavrj rrvdoiievoLS, npoTepov GcfioBpa Trepl tov TraTpos SeStoatv, dveidrâav
at ipvxo.1 iJLydXT] Kal hvGhiadeTOV (fypovTiSo?.
^ Holwerda : 5ta\a,3o;/Tej most MSS. : diaâvres LC.

2 orn ML. ^ om. PAML.
572
Antiochus could not bring himself to remain, but

accompanied by his v.ife and daughters fled to
Cilicia, thereby breaking the spirits of his o^^^l troops ;
for, regarding him as ha\dng pronounced sentence

on his realm, they mutinied and went over to the
Romans, and despair was manifest in all faces.
Epiphanes and his followers were consequently forced
to seek safety from the enemy in flight, before they
were entirely deserted by their alhes. Ten horsemen, in fact, were all that crossed the Euphrates
\Wth the two brothers ; thence they proceeded unmolested to Bologeses," king of Parthia, by whom
they were treated not with disdain, as fugitives, but
v.'ith. every mark of respect, as though still enjoying
their ancient prosperit\^
(3) Antiochus, on reaching Tarsus in Cilicia, was His reconarrested by a centurion, sent after him by Paetus, with^"
who dispatched his prisoner in chains to Rome, ^'espasian.
\'êspasian, however, could not suffer the king to be
brought up to him thus, thinking it more fitting to
respect an ancient friendship than, on the pretext of
war, to cherish inexorable ^^Tath. He accordingly
gave orders, while he was still on the road, that he
should be released from his chains, abandon his
journey to Rome, and remain for the present in
Lacedaemon ; he, moreover, assigned him a revenue
sufficient to maintain not merely an ample but a
regal estabhshment. On hearing of this, Epiphanes
and Calhnicus, hitherto in serious alarm on thenfather's account, were reheved from their grave and
disturbing anxiety. They had hopes, moreover, of
10.5.
573
JOSEPHUS
242 eATTt? Se Kal avrolg tCjv irapa Katcrapos' hiaWayatv
eyevero BoAoyecrof rrepl avrow eTTioTeiXavTOS' ovhe

yap vhaijjLOVovvres vrrepievov e^co rrjs 'PajpLalajv
243 irjv -qyepLOvias. bovros 5e Katcrapo? rifxepcos

avTols r7]v aheiav is 'Pcofjurjv Trapeyevovro , rod re
TTarpos (1)9 avTOvg eK rijg AaKeSalu.ovos v9vg iX66vTO? rrdcrr]? d^LovjievoL TLfirjs Kare/jLevov evravda.
244 (4) To 8e Tcov ^ AXavoav eOvos on ptev elai

'Z.Kvdrj.L 7Tpl rov Tai'atV Koi rrjv Matwrtv Xipvqv
245 KaroLKOvvreg, Trporepov ttov he&qXojKap.v , Kara
rovTovg he rovs )(_p6vovs OLavorjdevre? ecs r-qv

Îrjdiav Kal TTpoGojrepo) ravrrjs tl Kad^ dpuayrjv
epLâXelv toj QaoiXel row 'YpKavujv hiaXeyovrav
rrjs TTapohov yap ovrog decnroTrj^ earlu, rfv 6
âcrtAeus" 'AAefavdpo? TTvXais ULd-qpaZs KXeiOTqv
240 7T0i'qa. KOLKeLVOv rrjv etaohov aurots" rrapa(JXdvTos adpooL Kai pnqhev TTpovTroTrrevaaGL rolg
Mryfeots" imrTeaovres ^(ôjpav TToXvdvdpojrrov Kal
TTavTOLOJv dvdfJLearov ôaK-qpLdrojv dL'qp7raL,ov
247 /XT^Scvos" auToi? toXjjlojvtos dvOiGTaaOaL. Kal yap

o âGiXevojv r-fjg x^P'^^ YldKopo? vtto beovg els
rag Sucr;âjptas" dvacfÊvyojv rcov p.ev aXXojv drrdvrojv
7TapaKxojpiJKL, /xoAi? he Trap avTOJV eppvGaro
TTjv re yvvaZKa ko.l rag TraXXaKag aLXpaXajroug
248 yevopievas CKarov Sous' rdXavra. pLerd TToXXrjg

ow paGTOjvrjg dpa^^l noLOvpLevoL rag apnaydg
P-expi rrjg 'AppLevtag TrporjXdov iravra XeiqXarovvreg .
This is the first mention of them in the War ; the allusion

to a previous remark has possibly been carelessly taken over
by Josephus from the source from which this section,
irrelevant to Jewish history, has been derived.
* The Don. ' Sea of Azov. ** S. of the Ca'^pian.
' The " Caspian Gates " was the name given to a mountain
574
their oa\ti reconciliation Nnth Caesar, through the

representations which Bologeses had addressed to
him on their behalf ; for, however favourable their
lot, the thought of li\ing outside the Roman empire
was intolerable. Caesar ha\ing then graciously
granted them safe conduct, they came to Rome,
where they were promptly joined by their father
from Lacedaemon ; and there they took up their
abode, treated ^^'ith everv' mark of honour.
(4) The Alani a race of Scvthians. as Ave have invasion of

somewhere prcA-iously remarked." inhabiting the tiie Aiarii, a
banks of the river Tanais ^ and the lake Maeotis '^ f^be^^^
contemplating at this period a predator^' incursion
into Media and bevond, entered into neo;otiations
A\-ith the king of the Hyrcanians.'^ who -svas master of
the pass Avhich king Alexander had closed with iron

gates. ^ Beino; granted admission by him, masses of
them fell upon the Medes, who suspected notliing,
and plundered a populous country, filled with all
manner of hve-stock, none venturing to oppose them.
For Pacorus,-^ the monarch of the country, had fled
in terror up into his fastnesses, abandoning all his
possessions, and having AAith difficulty recovered
from them his wife and concubines, who had been
taken prisoners, by a ransom of a hundred talents.
Pursuing, therefore, their raids Aîth perfect ease and
unresisted, they advanced as far as Armenia, lapng
pass, or series of difficult passes, in the Taurus range S. of

the Caspian Sea (Grote, Hist, of Greece, ed. 4, x. \21 f.).
Arrian (ill. 20) describes how Alexander the Great, in pursuit
of Darius, failed to overtake him before he reached this point,
but says nothing about the "iron gates" mentioned by
Josephus.
/ Brother of Vologeses I, king of Parthia, mentioned

above, 237.
575
JOSEPHUS
249 TtptSarTys" S' avrrjs c/SacrtAeucv, os" VTravridaa?

avTols Kai TTOLrjadfJievos iidy^'qv irapa (iLKpov 'qXdev
250 ^'~' avTTj? tojos dXojvaL rrjs rrapardêajs' ^poxov

yap avTO) TrepLâXojv ris TToppojdev^ e/xeAAev
iTTLGTrdueLVy et /xt] toj gi(j)L Odrrov eKelvos rov
251 Tovov Koipas 4)drj hia(^vyelv. ol he /cat Std rrjv

fxdxrjv eTt /laAAov dypLcoOevres ttjv fiev -âjpav
iXvpLT^vavro, ttoXv 5e TrXijOos dvdpwTTOjv Kai ttj^
dXXrjs Aeta? dyovreg i^ diJi(f)OLV rojv âGiXeiajv
TrdXiv et's" rrjv oiKeiav aveKopLLad-qcrav.
252 (viii. l) 'Etti de rrys" 'lofSata? Bacrcrov rcAcuTT^crayros" OAauio? ZtA/Sa? hLahix^Tai ttjv rjyepLovlav, Kai rrjv p.kv dXXrjv opcov aaaav ro)
TToXefioj KXî-pojpiV)-jVy v be povov en SpovpLov
dcjieoTqKOS , earpdrevaev e7n rovro Trdoav ttjv
ev rois rorroLg hvvafiLV cruvayaycov KaXeiraL he
253 TO (jjpovpLov MacraSa. TTpoeiGrrjKei he row KareiXrj(jiorajv avTO GLKapiajv hvvaro'S dvrjp 'EAeaâpos",
aTToyovo? lovha rov rreiGavros lovhaiovs ovk
oXiyovSy ojs TTporepov hed-qXcoKapiev, pur] rroielGdai

ras a7Toypad>d?, ore ]\vpLVLO? npLrjrrjs eig rrjV
254 ^lovhalav e7Tep.<j)0'q. rore yap ol GLKdpLoi gvveGTTjGav eTTL Tous" VTTaKoveiv 'PcopLaLCDV deXovrag
Kai Trdvra rpoTrov ws 7roXep.LOL 7Tpoae(êpovTOy
TCLS p-ev KrrjGeis dpTrdôvres Kai TrepieXavvovTes ,
255 rat? 8' otK7]crecrtv avTow irvp evievres' ovhev yap

dXXo(f>TjX<jjv avrov e(f>aGKOv hia(êpeiVy ovtojs
dyevvojs ttjv Trepip.dx'qTOv ^lovhaloLS iXevOepiav
1 ora. PA.
** Another brother of \'ologeses I. * 162.
L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus (the full name given in

an inscription) was consul in a.d. 81.
576
ever}'thing waste. Tiridates, the king of that
country, who met them and gave them battle,

narrowly escaped being taken alive in the eng-agement ; for a noose was thro\^'n round liim by a distant
enemy who would have dragged him off, had he not
instantly cut the rope ^îth his sword and succeeded
in escaping. The Alani, whose savagerv was increased by this opposition, made havoc of the country,
and, carrying off masses of the population and booty
of all kinds from both kingdoms, returned once more
to their own land.
(\'iii. 1) In Judaea, meanwhile, Bassus ^ had died and Fiaviua

been succeeded in the governorship by Fla\'ius Silva,'' attacks the
who, seeing the whole country now subjugated bv i^*<^ Je\\ish
the Roman arms, with the exception of one fortress masada
still in revolt, concentrated all forces in the district
and marched against it. This fortress was called
Masada ^ ; and the Sicarii who had occupied it had held by the
at their head a man of influence named Eleazar. unê"
He was a descendant ^ of the Judas who, as we have Eleazar,
pre\-iously stated,-'' induced multitudes of Jews to fprobabiy).
refuse to enroll themselves, when Quirinius was sent
as censor to Judaea. For in those days the Sicarii Crimes or
clubbed together against those who consented to '^ Sicam.
submit to Rome and in every way treated them as
enemies, plundering their property, rounding up
their cattle, and setting fire to their habitations ;

protesting that such persons were no other than
aliens, who so ignobly sacrificed the hard-won "
* Sebbeh, above the W. coast of the Dead Sea, near its

lower end, S. of En Gedi. The Roman siege-works are said
to be still clearly recognizable.
Son of Jairus {B. ii. 447) and apparentlv grandson of

Judas. / B. ii. 118, cf. 433.
Or " highly prized," " to be fought for."
577
JOSEPHUS
npoe/JLevovg /cat SovXclav alpelcrOai rrjv vtto 'Pcd-
256 fialoLS dvojfjLoXoyrjKoras . rjv ' apa tovto Trpo(âcrts" ets" TTapaKaXvpLfia ttj? ojfiorrjTO? Kau rrj?
rrXeoveîas vtt^ avrcjv Xeyofxevov aacfyeg Se Sta
257 raJv epycov erroL-qGav. ol p.kv yap aurot? tt^S"
aTTOcrrdGeco? eKoivajvqGav kol rov rrpos 'Pojfialovs

Gvvqpavro rroXliiov,^ kol Trap' eKeivojv he roXfirj-
258 fiara X^'-P^^ rrpos aiJTOVs iyevero, Kam ro) xjjevheGOai ttoXlv' rr^v 7Tp6(f)aGiv iêXeyxofiepoL ptaXXov
eKO-KOVV TOVS TTjV TTOVTjpLaV aVTCOV Sid TTjS BiKaiO-
259 Xoylag oveihLôvrag. iyivero ydp ttojs d ^povos

KLvos TTavToSaTTTJg v TOLS lovoaLOi? TTOvqpias
TroXv6opos, cu? fJL-qbev KaKcas epyov drrpaKTOV
KaraXiTTelv, /xt^S el' ns emvoiq.^ htaTrXdrreiv
ideX'^GEiev, ^X^^^ ^^ ''"^ Kaivdrepov eêvpeZv.
260 ovTOjg ISla T Kal kolvtj Trdvres ivoGTjGav, Kal

TTpos VTTep^dXXeiv^ dXX-qXovs ev re rat? Trpos 9e6v
aGeBeiaug Kal ral? els rov? ttXtjglov aSt/ctats"
(f>LXopeLKrjGav , ol fiev bvvaroL rd rrX-qdrj KaKovvreg,
OL TToXXoL 8e TOVS SvvaTOVs aTToXXvvai G7TVdOVrS'
261 '^v ydp iKLvois [lev eTndvjJLLa rod rvpavveZv, roZs

he rov ^LdL,eGdaL Kal rd row evTTopcov StapTraêtv.
262 7Tpd)T0L p.ev ovv ol GiKapioi rrjs rrapavopiLas Kal

T-fjs TTpog Tov? Gvyyevelg I'lpâv copLorr^rog, /^T^ê
Xoyov dpp-qrov el? vf^piv /xryr' epyov dTreiparoV'
els dXeOpov rcov eTriôvXevdevrcnv TrapaXiTTOVTes .
263 dAAa Kal tovtovs Îwdvvrjs drreheiêv avrov
^ Xiese here suspects a lacuna.

^ pridem ( = 7rd\at) Lat.
^ TL iiTLvoia PA^ : tls iiTLvoia the rest.
* Niese Trpoa-virep^dWeip with P : for adverbial irpSs cf.

A- xix. 110 {Kal Trpbs epLS avroh ^v).
Dindorf : a-irelpacTov mss.
578
liberty of the Jews and admitted their preference

for the Roman voke. Yet, after all, this was but a
pretext, put forward by them as a cloak for their
cruelty and avarice, as was made plain by their
actions. For the people did join with them in the
revolt and take their part in the war \\\\\\ Rome, only,
however, to suffer at their hands still worse atrocities ;
and when they were again convicted of falsehood in
this pretext, they only oppressed the more those who

in righteous self-defence reproached them with their
villainy.
Indeed,'^ that period had, somehow, become so other

prolific of crime of every description amongst the criminals.
Jews, that no deed of iniquity was left unperpetrated,
nor, had man's >vit been exercised to devise it, could
he have discovered any novel form of \'ice. So
universal was the contagion, both in private and in
public life, such the emulation, moreover, to outdo
each other in acts of impiety towards God and of
injustice towards their neighbours ; those in power
oppressing the masses, and the masses eager to
destroy the powerful. These were bent on tyranny,
those on violence and plundering the property of the
wealthy. The Sicarii were the first to set the example
of this lawlessness and cruelty to their kinsmen,
lea\'ing no word unspoken to insult, no deed untried
to ruin, the victims of their conspiracy. Yet even
they were shovvn by John to be more moderate than John of
Gischala.
" The mention of Masada, the last stronghold of the rebels,
and of their chief, leads to this digression ( 274) on the
general iniquities of other insurgents and their leaders.
VOL. Ill T 2 579
JOSEPHLS
fxerpLcorepovs' ov yap p.6vov dv^peL vavras oaot

ra SiKata kol (jvp.6epovra avveôvXevov , KaOd-ep
i-vdiuroLS fidXicrra dr] tojv ttoXltcov rols tolovtols
TTpOG4>ep6p.VO<S, dAAd Kol KOLvfl TTjV TTaTpiSo
fjLvplwv V7TXrjG KaKOJV , ola TTpdêiv epLeXXev

dvdpcoTTOV?^ rjSr] Kal rov Seov daeêlv TeroXfjirjKcog'
264 rpdeL^dv re yap ddeayiov TTaperldeTo Kal rrfv

vevofiL(jjJLvrjv Kal Ttdrpiov eêhiriTrjGev dyvetav,
tv' 7] fir]KeTL davp-aoTov, et r-qv vrpog avdpojTrovs
-qpLepoTTj-a Kal KOivcjjviav ovk irijprjGev 6 rrjg rrpos
265 deov VG^La ovroj Karapâveis . rrdXiv roivvv

6 Yiojpa HipLCjjv TL KaKOV ovk eSpaaev; tj TTolas
v^pws eXevdepojv aTreGX^TO^ Ga)fJLaTOJU ol rovrov
266 dveheiâv rvpavvov ; rroia S avrovs (îXla, TTola
8e Gvyyeveia Trpo? rovg e(f> eKdar-qg rjp.epa'^

(f>6vovs ovx^ dpaovrepovs 7TOLrjG ; to p,kv yap
Tovs dXXorpiovs KaKcog TTOtetv dyewovg epyov
TTOvTjpias^ VTreXdpLâvov, Xafnrpdv Se (jêpeiv Ittlhei^LV -qyovvTO rrjv ev rolg OLKeLoraroL^ djjjLorrjTa.
267 77 a p-qfiiXX-qGaro de Kat rrjv tovtojv aTTOvoiav rj

TOW 'Idou/iatojv jiavla]*' Klvol yap ol /xtapajrarot
Toijs dpxi-^peas KaTaG(^dâvTs , ottojs pLrjSe fiepos
TC" TTjS TTpOS TOV deOV eVG^LaS 8La(f)vXdTTr]TaL,
TTav oGov Tjv Xelipavov ert ttoXltlkov G^riP-aTos
268 i^Koipav, Kal ttjv TeXeojTdTTjv eiG-qyayov Sid

TrdvTOJV dvofilav, iv f] to Tchv ^-qXajTow KX-qOev-ojv
yivo? rJKiiaGVy ol ttjv TTpoGrfyopiav tols epyois
269 iTT-qXrjOevaav Trdv yap KaKias epyou eêpLLfi-^GavTO,
pLTjd^ et TL TTpOTepOV TTpOVTrdpXOV 7] pLmjfJLT] 77apa^ Exc. : dLudpuTTOt MS3.
580
himself. For not only did he put to death ail wlio

proposed just and salutary measures, treating such
persons as his bitterest enemies among all the citizens,
but he also in his pubhc capacity loaded his country
with e\'ils innumerable, such as one might expect
would be inflicted upon men by one who had already
dared to practise impiety even towards God. For
he had unlawful food served at his table and
abandoned the estabhshed rules of purity of omforefathers ; so that it could no longer excite surprise, that one guilty of such mad impiety towards
God failed to observe towards men the offices of
gentleness and charity. Again, there was Simon, Simon ben
son of Gioras : what crime did not he commit ? Or *^^^*what outrage did he refrain from inflicting upon the
persons of those very freemen who had created him
a despot ?^ What ties of friendship or of kindred but
rendered these men more audacious in their daily
murders ? For to do injury to a foreigner they considered an act of petty malice, but thought they cut
a splendid figure by maltreating their nearest
relations. Yet even their infatuation was outdone The
by the madness of the Idumaeans. For those most
abominable \^Tetches, after butchering the chief

priests,^ so that no particle of rehgious worship might
continue, proceeded to extirpate whatever reUcs were
left of our ci\il pohty, introducing into every department perfect lawlessness. In this the so-called '^'ê Zeaiou,
Zealots excelled, a class which justified their name
by their actions ; for they copied every deed of iU,
nor was there any previous villainy recorded in
B. iv. 574 ff. ^ iv. 314 ff.
* diriaxovTO M. ' Exc. : + eliâi MSS.
* om. VRC Lat. VRC Lat. : Irt the rest
581
JOSEPHUS
270 SeSojKev avrol TTapaXiTTovres diijXojToi'. Kalroi
TTjv TTpocjTjyopLav auTot? a.7T0 Tcbv eV dyado)

t,rjXoviiiva)v iedeaav, tj KareLpajvv6fXVOL tojv
a8iK0V[JLVWV SlOL TTjV QT^TCOV drjpLCoSr] cf)VGLV T) TO,
271 fieyLGra tcov KaKwv dyaOd vojiitôvres. roiyapovv

TTpoarJKov CKacTTOL TO reXo? evpovro, rod Oeov ttjv
aîav eTTt Trdaiv avrols TLpLcoplav ^paêvaavros'
272 oaa? yap dvdpcoTrov SuVarat (j)VGi? KoXdaeis

V7Top.eLvaL, rrdaai KareGK-qipav 6t? a'urovg P-^XP''
/cat tt]s ioxdrris rod îov reXevrrj?, rjv v7Tp.eivav
273 ev rroXvTpoTTois at/ctat? dTTodavovres . ov pirjv dXXd

(âlrj Tig dv avTOV? iXdrrco Tradelv cbv ehpauav
274 TO yap St/cai'o;? eV avTOJV ov rrpoarjv. tovs he

Tals gkelvcjov ajpLOTTjai TrepiTTeaovras ov tov
TTapovTOs dv 17] Katpov Kara ttjv d^lav oSvpeadaiTTaXiv ovv irrdveipii Trpo? to KaraXenrojievov pipos
TTJg hi-qyrjGeojs.
275 (2) E77t yap tov Y.Xedt,apov Kai tov? /carexovra? uvv avTO) ttjv ^laadbav GLKapiovs d tojv
IPojpLaLOJV GTpaTTiyos TjKe Tas hvvdp.eis dycov,
Kai TTJg pLv -ôjpas drrda-qs vdv? eVparct cjipovpds

v Tolg iTTLKaipoTdroL? avrrjg pLepeacv iyKara-
276 GTTjGas, TLxo? Se TTepieâXe kvkXoj rrepi Trdv to

<f)povpioVy OTTOJS pi-qSevl rojy rroXiopKOvpievajv rj
pahiov Staûyetv, Kai SiavepLei tovs (f)vXdôvTas.
277 avTos Se KaTaoTpaTorrehevei tottov d)S pLev npos

T-qv TToXiopKLav eTTLTrjheLOTaTOV e/cAa^CfJv, KaO ov
at TOV (f)povpiov rreTpaL to) rrX-qoiov opei GVVTJyytlôv,
aAAojS" Se Trpos d(f)dovLav tcov eTTiT'qheLcov hvoKoXov
278 ov yap rj Tpo(j)r] piovov rroppojdev eKopaêTO Kai

Gvv pLeydXr] TaXanrajpia tcov Ittl tovto reTayp-evcov
^lovhalajv, dXXd /cat to ttotov tjv dycoyipLov êtV
582
history that they failed zealously to emulate. And

yet they took their title from their professed zeal for
virtue, either in mockery of those they A\Tonged, so
brutal was their nature, or reckoning the greatest
of e\'ils good. Accordingly these each found a fitting
end, God awarding due retribution to them all. For

every punishment that human nature is capable of
enduring descended upon them, even to those last
dying moments of life, endured by them amid the
agonies of manifold torture.*^ And yet one may say
that they suffered less than they inflicted ; for no
suffering could match their deserts. However, the
present would not be the occasion to deplore, as they
deserve, the \'ictims of their barbarities ; I will, therefore, resume the interrupted thread of the narrative.
(2) The Roman general advanced at the head of Siivas

his forces against Eleazar and his band of Sicarii who [ioT-^fîheld Masada, and, promptly making himself master ^^^'^ ^^^s^'
of the whole district, established garrisons at the
most suitable points, threw up a wall all round the
fortress, to make it difficult for any of the besieged
to escape, and posted sentinels to guard it. He
himself encamped at a spot which he selected as
most convenient for siege operations, where the rocks
of the fortress abutted on the adjacent mountain,
although ill situated for commissariat purposes. For
not only were suppUes conveyed from a distance,
entailing hard labour for the Jews told off for this
duty, but even water had to be brought into the
Cf. 417 ff. for the tortures inflicted on the Sicarii

with the object of inducing them to own Caesar as lord, and
borne with a determination worthy of the early Christian
martyrs : these fanatics at any rate died nobly.
583
JOSEPHUS
TO GTparoTTeSovy rov tottov iirjêfnav eyyvs TTrjyrjv
279 dvaSiSovTO?. ravr* ovv rrpooLKovofiiâdfievo? 6

Zt'Aâ? CTTt TTjv TToXiopKLav IrpaTTeTO ttoXXtj? imrexîjcreajg /cat raXairrajpLas Seofievrjv Sid rrjv 6-)(vp6nqra rod (f)povpiov roiovhe rrjv (f)vaLv vnapxcvros-
280 (3) Ilerpav ovk oXiyqv rfj rrepiohcp kol fii^Kog

viprjXrjv TTavraxodev TrepLeppajyaai âOelai (f)dpayye?/ Karojdev i^ aopdrov repfiaros KprjjjLvcjodeLS
/cat TTacrrj âcret taxjjv drrpoGiroL, ttXtjv doov Kara
hvo roTTOv? rij? Trerpag et? dvoSov ovk evfiaprj
281 napeiKovGiqs. eon Se ra)v ohow rj fiev aTTo rijg

' AadjaXrlriSog Xlfivrj? rrpo? tjXlov dvlcrxovra, /cat
TrdXiv diTO rrjs SuCTea)? fj paov^ TTopevOrjvaL,
282 KaXovGL Be rrjv irepav 6(f)LV, rfj Grevorrjri irpoGeiKdGavres /cat rots' gvv)(Glv eAty/xoi?* /cAdrat
yap 7Tpi rds rcjv KprjfjLvojv iô^ds /cat TroAAa/ct?
ets" avrrjv dvarpexovGa /cat Kard puKpov avdis
283 eKfir^KWoiievrj fioXtg i/javei rov TrpoGCo. Set be

irapaXXd^ rov hi avrrjg âSlCovra rov erepov
Tcov rroSojv* epeiheGdai. cGri Se 7Tp6St]Xos oXedpos'
Karepoj6ev ydp ^dOos Kp-qp.vdjv V7tok)(T]V rfj
<j)oêp6rrjri rraGav evroXpLiav eKTrXrjâL hvvdpievov.
284 Sta rotavrrjs ovv iXBovn Grahiovs rpidKovra

Kopv(f>r] ro XoLTTov GrLV, OVK els o^v repjia
GvvrjyfjLevT] , dAA' war' etvai /car' d/cpa? errLTrehov.
285 CTTt ravrjj Trpcorov fjLv 6 dpî-^pevg ojKohopLrjGaro

(f)povpiov ^loji'dOrjs /cat rrpoG-qyopevGe MacrdSav,
VGrepov 8' 'HpcoSr] roj fâGiXei 8td ttoAAt]? iyivero
286 GTTOvhrjs rj rov x<^Pôv KaraGKevq. relx^S ê yap
^ om. P. 2 +Kai PLat.
* 7} pifuf Niese {ed. min.) after VR.
* Toiv irodoiv C.
584
camp, there being no spring in the neighbourhood.

Ha\'ing completed these prehminary arrangements,
Silva tm-ned his attention to the siege, which demanded great skill and severe exertion, owing to the
strength of the fortress, the natm-e of which was as
follows.
(3) A rock of no slight circumference and lofty The rock of

from end to end is abruptly terminated on every side ^^^^^^
by deep ra\ines, the precipices rising sheer from an
invisible base and being inaccessible to the foot of
any li\ing creature, save in two places where the rock
permits of no easy ascent. Of these tracks one leads
from the Lake Asphaltitis on the east,^ the other,
by which the approach is easier, from the west. The
former they call the snake, seeing a resemblance to
that reptile in its narrowness and continual 'v\indings ;
for its course is broken in skirting the jutting crags

and, returning frequently upon itself and gradually
lengthening out again, it makes painful headway.
One traversing this route must firmly plant each foot
alternately. Destruction faces him ; for on either
side yawn chasms so terrific as to daunt the hardiest.
After following this perilous track for thirty furlongs,
one reaches the summit, Mhich, instead of tapering to
a sharp peak, expands into a plain. On this plateau
the high priest Jonathan ^ first erected a fortress and
called it Masada: thesubscquentplanningof theplace
engaged the serious attention of King Herod. For and Herods
lortrGss
upon it.
The Dead Sea.
** Literally " towards the sun-rising," a phrase found in

Herodotus (iii. 98).
" Brother of Judas Maccabaeus and his successor as

Jewish leader, 1<>1-U3 b.c, B. i. 48 f. ^
385
JOSEPHUS
TJyeLpe nepl nravra tov kvkXov rrjg Kopvcî^s errra

GTahiojv ovra, XevKov jxkv Xidov TreTTOL-qfjLevov,
vxjjos Se hojheKa koI TrXdros oktoj TrrjX^^S ^X^^
287 TpiaKovra S' avroj kol eTrra TTvpyoi Trevr-qKOvra-
TTTj-yêiS dvLOTT^KGaV, i^ OJV TjV LS OLK-qfiaTa
SieXOelv TTepl Trdv ro relxo? evhov co/coSo/xT^/xcVa.
288 '^'f]'^ ydp Kopv^r\v TTtova Kal Treblov Travrog ovoav

fjLaXaKOjrepav dvrJKev elg yecopyiav 6 âuiXe-us,
ty' et 770T6 rrjs eôjdev Tpo<f)rj? airopia yevoiro,
fir^he ravrrj Kafjcoiev ol ttjv avrcov acoT-qpiav rw
289 (f)povpLcv TTeTTiGTevKores . Kal âaiXeiov he KarGKvauev iv avrw Kara ttjv arro rrj eoTrepas
dvdâGLv, VTTOKdrci) fxev row rrj? dVpa? reix^v,
TTpos he TTjv dpKTOV KKXivov } TOV he âoiXeiov
TO relôs TjV vifjei jieya Kai Kaprepov, rrvpyov?
290 Xov e^rjKOvrarr-qx^'-^ eyyojVLOVs rerrapas. t) re

rdJv olKrjfidTOJV evhov Kal otoCjv Kal âXaveuajv
KaraGKevrj Travroia Kal TToXvTeXrj? tjv, kiovojv

jiev aTTavraxov fiovoXldojv ixêGrrjKorcov, tolxojv
he Kal Tcjjv ev roZs otKrjiJLaaLV ehd(f)a>v Xidov
291 arpcvGeu 7reTT0LKLXfieva>v . irpos eKaarov he rcov

olKovjievcov TOTTOJV dvoj re Kac rrepi to paaiXeLov
Kal TTpo TOV TeLxovg ttoXXov? Kai fieyaXovs
eTeTpLiQKeL XaKKovg ev rat? Trerpat? (^vXaKTT^pas
vhdTCop, ixTjxavojixevos elvai ;\;opT7ytay ogi) t<x>^
292 e/c TTTjycov eoTL ;\;pajêVot?. dpvKT-q h 6h6<^ eK

TOV âGiXeiov rrpog aKpav ttjv Kopv(f)rjV dve(j)epe
ToZs e^codev d(j)avrjs. ov fxrjv ovhe rat? <f>avepals
293 oSot? rjv otov re ;)(p')7craaât pahlajs TToXepaovg- rj

jxev yap eoja hid ttjv (f)VGLV, ojs TrpoeiTrapiev, eGTiv
dâTOS, TTjv S' a770 TTJg eGTrepas iieydXoj Kara to
GTevoTaTOV TTvpyw hieTelxioev , drrexovTi ttjs a/cpa?
586
first he enclosed the entire summit, a circuit measuring

seven furlong-s. îth a wall of white stone, twelve
cubits high and eight broad ; on it stood thirty-seven

towers, fifty cubits high, from which access was
obtained to apartments constructed round the whole
interior of the wall. For the actual top, being of
rich soil and softer than any plain, wâs given up by
the king to cultivation ; in order that, should there
ever be a dearth of pro\'isions from outside, those who
had committed their lives to the protection of the
fortress might not suffer from it. There, too, he
built a palace on the western slope, beneath the
ramparts on the crest and inclining towards the north.
The palace wall was strong and of great height, and
had four towers, sixty cubits high, at the corners.
The fittings of the interior apartments, colonnades,
and baths were of manifold variety and sumptuous ;
columns, each formed of a single block, supporting
the building throughout, and the walls and floors of
the apartments being laid with variegated stones.
Moreover, at each spot used for habitation, both on
the summit and about the palace, as also before the
wall, he had cut out in the rock numerous large tanks,
as reservoirs for water, thus procuring a supply as
ample as where springs are available. A sunk road
led up from the palace to the summit of the hill, imperceptible from without. But even of the open approaches it was not easy for an enemy to make use ;
for the eastern track, as we have pre\'iously stated,**

is from its nature impracticable, while that on the west
Herod barred at its narrowest point by a great tower.
" -^81-3.
* P {eKKXivuip) A : eyKXhou the rest.

^ Niese : tQv mss.
587
JOSEPHUS
TT-qyînv ovK eXarrov StdGrrjiJLa ;\;tAtajv, ov ovre

TTapeXOelv hvvarov -qv ovre pahiov iXelv hvaiôho^
he Koi Tols iiera dbelas âbitovoiv 776770 it] to.
294 ovrcos fJ-P ovv Trpos rds rcov TToXefjLLWv <j)6hovs

(f)vaL re Kal "x^^LpoTTOL-qTcos ro (f)povpiov (Jjy^vpojTO.
295 (4) Tojv h evhov 0.770 KeLfjidvcjjv 7TapaGKva)V en

pLoXXov dv Tig idavpLaGE ttjv Xapi77p6Trjra /cat r7]v
296 BLapLovrjv' alros re yap d776KLTO 7ToXvg Kal ttoXvv

Xpovov dpKelv LKavojraros olvog re 77oXvg -qv /cat
eXaiov, en he 7TavToZos 6G7Tpiojv Kap7T6s Kac
297 (jiOLVLKes eGeGOjpevvro. Trdvra 8' evpev 6 'EAeaâpos rod Spovplov p-erd rcov GiKapicov iyKparrjg
hoXoj yevop.evog dKpLala kc.l ixrjhev tojv veajGrl
KeLpLevojv d7roheovra' kciltol G)(_eh6v a770 rijs
TrapaGKevrjs els rrjv 1)776 'Pojâtots' dXojGLV eKarov
Tjv -^^povos erow dXXd Kal 'Poj/Ltatot rovs Trepi-
298 XeLc^devras tojv Kaprrojv evpov dhiachdopovg. atTLOv

8 OVK dr dp-dpTot rt? vrroXapi^dvajv elvat rov
depa TTjS SLapLovrjs, vipec tojv^ Trepi ttjv aKpav
naG-qs ovra yeojdovs Kal OoXepds dp.Lyrj KpaGeojg.
299 evpeBrj he Kal Travroiojv ttXtjOos ottXojv vtto tov

âGiXeoJS drroTeO-qGavpLGp-evov y^ chs dvhpdGLV apKelv fivpLOLg, dpyos re Gih-qpos Kal yâXKos ert
he Kal pLoXiô?, are h-q ttjs TrapaGKevrjg eVt
30(1 p-eydXais atriats" yevopLevrj?- Xeyerai yap avTOj

rov 'Hpojhrjv rovro ro (hpovpiov els V7ro(f)vyrjv
eroLp.dl,eLv hL7TXovv v(f)opojpievov Ktvhvvov, rov p,ev

rrapd rod rrX-qdovs row 'lovhacojv, pirj KaraXvGavres
eKeZvov rovs Trpo avrov âGiXeas e77t rrjv apxqv
KaraydyojGL, rov p.eLL,oj he Kal -xâXeTTcorepov eK
^ T(2 Xicse with A^.

* C Lat, : -KTfxevuy the rest.
588
distant no less than a thousand cubits from the crest.

This tower it was neither possible to pass nor easy
to capture ; exit being rendered difficult even for
passengers who had no cause for alarm. So strongly
had this fortress been intrenched against an enemy's
attack, both by nature and the hand of man.
(4) But the stores laid up \dthin would have excited Herod's
still more amazement, alike for their la\-ish splendour Inlljfecl^
and their durability. For here had been stored a condition,
mass of corn, amply sufficient to last for years,
abundance of ^^'ine and oil, besides every variety of
pulse and piles of dates. All these Eleazar, when he

with his Sicarii became through treachery master of
the fortress," found in perfect condition and no whit
inferior to goods recently laid in ; although from the
date of storage to the capture of the place by the
Romans well-nigh a century had elapsed.^ Indeed,
the Romans found what remained of the fruits undecayed. It would not be erroneous to attribute j
such durabihty to the atmosphere, which at the /
altitude of the citadel is untainted by all earth-born
and foul alloy. There was also found a mass of arms
of every description, hoarded up by the king and
sufficient for ten thousand men, besides un%\Tought
iron, brass, and lead ; these preparations ha\-ing. in
fact, been made for grave reasons. For it is said The fortress
that Herod furnished this fortress as a refuge for ^ refuge for
himself, suspecting a twofold danger : peril on the Jiimself.
one hand from the Jewish people, lest they should
depose him and restore their former dynasty to
power ; the greater and more serious from Cleopatra,
B. ii. 408, cf. 433.
" If the fortress was stocked in Cleopatra's Hfetiiiie (^ 300),

upward of a century had elapsed, from before 31 b.c. to
A.D. 73.
589
JOSEPHUS
301 rrjg âcnXevovcrrjg AlyvTTTOV KXeoTrdrpag. avrrj

yap rrjv avrrj? yvoj}irjv ovk eTreZx^v, aAAd TToXXaKLS
AvTOJVLUj Xoyovs TTpoaecbepe, rov fxev 'lipojd-qv

aveXelv d^Lovaa, ;âptcracrât S' avrfj rrjv â-
302 aiAeiav tojv 'louSatcov Seofxevrj. Kal juaAAov dv

Tt? eOavfiaGev on pLrjSerrco rols TrpoGrdypLaccv
Avtcjovlos VTTaKTjKoeL, KaKcjjs VTTO Tov TTpo? avTrjv

epojTo? SehovXcojievog , ovx on irepl rov fir]
303 x^pLGaadai TrpocredoKrjoev. Sid roLovrovg fiev (f)6povg HpojdTyS" ^lacrddav KareGKevaapLevos cfîeXXev
rojpiaiois drroXeLi/jetv epyov rov Trpos ^lovhaiov?

TToXifiov reXevraZov.
304 (oj Eet ydp e^cvdev rjdv TrepirereiX^KCi rrdvra
rov roTTOv o rcov PojpiaLOJV, chs TrpoeLTrapuev,

TjyepLojv Kai rod pLrj rtva dTroSpdvai rrpovoiav
rroLrjro rr^v dKpLêardrrjv, ivex^lpei rfj ttoXlopKLo. pLovov evpojv eva rorrov iTnôXrjv xajpidrojv
305 oecaadai hvvdpievov . pierd ydp rov BiareLX^Lovra

TTvpyov rr]v drro rrjs SuaeoJS" 686v dyovoav eig
re ro âGiXetov Kal rrjv aKpojpeiav rjv ns iôxr)
TTerpa? evpieyeOrjg rqj TrXdrei Kal ttoXv TrpoKVTTrovGa, rov S vipovg r-qs MaaaSa? rpiaKOGLOvs
Trr^x^Ls VTTOKaroj- AevKrjv S' avrrjv (LvopLaôv.
ouo e.,i ravrrjv ovv avapa? Kai KaraGXOJV avrrjv o

^tXpas eKeXeve rov Grparov ;)(oui' eTncbepeLv.
rcbv 0 7rpo6vp.ojs Kal pLrd TroXXrjg x^'-P^^ ipyaL,opievojv Grepeov elg StaKOGLOvg tttixîs vipwOr]
307 ro x^P-^- o^ ^tT^v ovre êBaiov ovr avrapKes

OOKL rovro ro pterpov elvat roZg pLr)XCLi''TJpô-(yi''i^
L e-L^dOpav, dXX irr^ avrov ^rjpia Xidcov pLeydXcov
(Juvr]ppLOGp.evojv IrroL-qdrj rrevrrJKOvra tttjxôjv evpos
308 re Kai vipos- r]v he rojv dXXojv re pLrjXo.vr]pidro}V

590
JEWISH WAR, MI. 301-308
queen of Egypt. For she never concealed her intention, but was constantly importuning Antony,
urging him to slay Herod, and praying him to confer
on her the throne of Judaea.'' And, far from expecting him to refuse to gratify her, one might rather be
surprised that Antony should never have obeyed her
behests, basely enslaved as he was by his passion for
her. It was such fears that drove Herod to fortify
Masada, which he wâs destined to leave to the
Romans as a final task in their war with the Jews.
(5) The Roman general, ha\'ing now completed his The siege.
wall surrounding the whole exterior of the place, as
we have already related,^ and taken the strictest
precautions that none should escape, applied himself
to the siege. He had discovered only one spot
capable of supporting earthworks. For in rear of
the tower which barred the road leading from the
west to the palace and the ridge, was a projection of
rock, of considerable breadth and jutting far 3ut, but
still three hundred cubits below the elevation of
Masada ; it was called Leuce.^ Silva, ha\'ing
accordingly ascended and occupied this eminence,
ordered his troops to throw up an embankment.

Working with a Mill and a multitude of hands, they
raised a sohd bank to the height of two hundred
cubits. This, hov.-ever, being still considered of
insufficient stability and extent as an emplacement
for the engines, on top of it was constructed a platform of great stones fitted closely together, fifty
cubits broad and as many high. The engines in
general were similarly constructed to those first
Cf. B. i. 359 f. (c. 34 b.c).

" 215 f.
' " White (cliff)."
591
JOSEPHUS
Tj KaraaKvr] TrapaTrX-qcTLa roZs vtto jxev OuecrTraGiavov TTporepov, yiTa ravra 8 vtto Ttrof rrpos
309 rag 770 Atop /eta? eVtvor^êtcrt, Kal irvpyos ^.^t)KOVTOLTrrjxy? crvveTeXeadr] aih-qpoj KaraTre(j)payfievos arra?, i^ ov ttoXXols o^vêXiuL Kal irerpoôXoLS âXXovres ol 'Poj/xatot rovs cltto rov
reiyôvs p.a)ôiJ.vovs ra^ôjg dveaTeiXav /cat Trpo-
310 KviTTELV eKcjoXvaav. iv ravra) Se /cat Kpiov o

StAâ? fjiiyav /caracr/ceuacra/xevos', uvve^^'^s KeXevoas TroieladaL rep rei^^L ras" ipôXas poXis pkv
311 dAA' ovv avapp-qâs rt pepos^ Kanqpeixpe . <:j}9dvovGL

8' ol GLKapioL raxôjg evhodev OLKohoprjodpevoL
rel-xôs erepov, o pr)h^ vtto rcov pr])âvr]pdra>v
ipieXXev opoLov rt TreLaeaOai' paXaKOV yap avro
Kal rrjv u(l>ohp6r-qra rrjs ipLôXrj? VTreKXvevv
312 Svvdpevov roLojSe rpoTTCo KareoKevaoav . hoKOVS

pLeydXa? IttI prJKog Trpoaex^^S dAATÂat? Kara rrjv
roprjv ovvedeaav. hvo S' rjcrap rovrojv arcxoL
TTapdXXrjXoi, roGovrov Siecrrajres ogov etvat rrXdros
rei)(ovSy Kal peGov dp(ôZv rov -ôvv ev(f)opovv.
313 OTTOJS Se p-T]^^ vipovpivov rov ;\;cLâTOS' rj yfj

SiaxÔLro, TrdXiv irepat? SokoXs CTrt/capcrtats' ras
314, Kara pLrJKos Keipevas SteSeov. rjv ovv Klvo(,s

p,v olKohopia TO epyov TrapaTrX'qGLOv , rwv pLTj^p-vrjpidrojv S' at TrXrjyal (êpopevai Trpos eiKOV^ eêXvovro
Kal ro) GdXcp GVVL^dvov eTTOLOvv avro Grepucfiajrepov.
315 rovro gvvlBojv 6 HlXâg TTvpl pdXXov aip-qGeLV

ivopLLêv ro rL)(OS, /cat rot? Grpariojrais TrpoGirarre XapTrdSag aWopeva? ddpoovs GaKOvrLt,eiv,
316 ro 8' Ota 87) ^vXa)v ro ttXeov Trerroiiqpevov raxv

rov TTvpos dvreXdêro Kal rfj ;)âL't'or7^Tt TTvpcuOev
^ PA : + avTov the rest.

592
devised by Vespasian and afterwards by Titus for

their siege operations ; in addition ^ a sixt^^-cubit
tower was constructed entirely cased in iron, from
which the Romans by volleys of missiles from
numerous quick-firers and ballistae quickly beat off the
defenders on the ramparts and prevented them from
showing themselves. Simultaneously, Silva, ha\'ing The wall ia
further provided himself with a great battering-ram, jinffthe^

ordered it to be directed without intermission against defenders
the wall, and ha\-ing, though with difficulty, succeeded wooden
in effecting a breach, brought it down in ruins. The ^'^^^
Sicarii, however, had abeady hastily built up another
wall inside, which was not likely to meet with a
similar fate from the engines ; for it was pliable and
calculated to break the force of the impact, having
been constructed as follows. Great beams were laid "~^
lengthwise and contiguous and joined at the extremities ; of these there were two parallel rows a
wall's breadth apart, and the intermediate space
was filled Mith earth. Further, to prevent the soil
from dispersing as the mound rose, they clamped, by
other transverse beams, those laid longitudinally.
The work thus presented to the enemy the appearance of masonry, but the blows of the engines were
weakened, battering upon a yielding material which,
as it settled down under the concussion, they merely
served to solidify. Observing this, Silva, thinking it is destroyea
easier to destroy this wall by fire, ordered his soldiers ^^ ^^'^'
to hurl at it showers of burning torches. Being
mainly made of wood, it quickly caught fire, and,
from its hollow nature becoming ignited right through
" Vespasian had constructed three similar towers at
Jotapata, but not more than 50 feet high, B. iii. 284.
'^ irpbs eiKov Hudson : wpoaeiKos mss.
593
JOSEPHUS
317 Sta ^ddovs (f)X6ya ttoXXtjv iêTTvpaevaev. a.pxofievov fjLev ovv en rod nvpog poppas ifiTTveajv
rols 'Vojp.aioLs (ôêpos tjv dvojOev yap aTToarpecfxjjv
en KLVOvg rjXavve rr]v (f)X6ya, /cat oxôov rjbrj
rojv pL-qxavrjfjLdrajv cos GviJi(l)XyrjGopLevcov air-
318 eyvcoaai^^' erreira 8' aL(f)VLdLov voro? pêraâXajv

KaOdirep Ik haipLOviov TzpovoLas /cat TToXvg evavriov
TTverjuas rep reix^L (jilpcov avrrjv rrpoaeâXe, /cat
319 rrdv TJhrj Sta ^dOovs icfiXdyero. 'Poj/xatot /xev

ovv rfj TTapd rod Qeov ovpLfxaxiO- Kexp^jpievoL
XOL^povres etV to crrparoTreSov dTrr^XXdrrovro , fxeO
Tjfiepav iTTLXîpelv rot? TroXefXiOLs hieyvojKores,
/cat ras" (jivXaKas vvKTOjp cVt/xeAecrepa? 7tol7]aavro, pLiq nveg avrcov XdOojGLv arrobpavres.
320 (6) Ov pLTjv ovT avros 'EAeaâpo? ev vo)

hpaufiov eXaêv ovr' a'AAcu rti^t rovro Troielv
321 ep.eXXev eTTiTpeipeLV. opojv Se ro p.ev relxos vtto

rod TTvpog dva?\oviJivov, dXXov 8' ovhiva crojrrjpLag
rpoTTOv ouS' dXKrjg eTTLVoojv, a Se e/xeAAoy Poj/Ltatot
Spacretv avrov? /cat re/cva /cat yvvalKa? avrojv,
et KparrjcreLaVy vtt^ ocjidaXp-ovs avro) ndepievos,
322 ddvarov Kara Trdvrow iôvXevGaro. /cat rovro

KpLPa? e/c rcbv rrapovrojv dpioroVy rov? dvhpcxjbeardrovs rcbv eraipcov ovvayayojv roiovrois em
323 TT]^ rrpd^Lv Adyot? irapeKdXef " rrdXat hieyvojKorag rjjjids, dvhpes dyaOoi, pLi^re Pa>/xatot? pirjr
dXXcp rcvl SovXeveiv -q deep, ptovog yap ovrog
dX-qdrjS icrrc /cat St/cato? dvdpcvTTOjv heGTToriqs ,
rjKei vvv Kaipos eTraXrjOevaaL KeXevcjv ro (jipovrjpLa
324 rot? epyoLS. Trpos ov avrov? fjirj Karaiaxvvcxjpiev ,
594
blazed up in a volume of flame. x\t the first outbreak of the fire, a north -sWnd which blew in the
faces of the Romans caused them an alarm ; for,
diverting the flame from above, it drove it against
them, and the fear that all their engines would be
burnt up had almost reduced them to despair. Then
suddenly the wind veering, as if by di\'ine pro\'idence,
to the south and blowing with full force in tlie opposite
direction, wafted and flung the flames against the
wall, which now through and throug-h ^ was all ablaze.
The Romans, thus blessed by God's aid, returned
rejoicing to their camp, with the determination of
attacking the enemy on the morrow ; and throughout
that night they kept stricter watch lest any of them
should secretly escape.
(6) However, neither did Eleazar himself con- Eieazar's

template flight, nor did he intend to permit any f^^'^y/^^*^^
other to do so. Seeing the wall consuming in the -'esieged
flames, unable to devise any further means of [^g^'ei?-^'^
deliverance or gallant endeavour, and setting before destruction,
his eyes what the Romans, if \'ictorious, would inflict
on them, their children and their ^^'ives, he deliberated
on the death of all. And, judging, as matters stood,
this course the best, he assembled the most doughty

of his comrades and incited them to the deed by such
words as these :
" Long since, my brave men, we determined ]

neither to serve the Romans nor any other save God,
for He alone is man's true and righteous Lord ; and *
now the time is come which bids us verify that
resolution by our actions. At this crisis let us not
disgrace ourselves ; we who in the past refused to
" For similar providential aid cf. B. iv. 76 (at Gamala).

* Or "from top to bottom."
595
JOSEPHUS
TTporepov jJLTjSe SovXelav aKLvSwov UTTO/ietVavres,

vuvV Se fxeTOL SovXelag eXojievoi Tifiajplag dvrjKe-
GTOV, L ôjvres V7T0 Pco/iatot? eoojieOa' Trpchroi

T yap TTavrujv a7TGTr][jLv Kal oXep.ovjJiv avrols
325 reXevraloL. vopLL^co 8e Kal rrapa deov ravr-qv^

SeSoadai X^P^^' "^^^ h-uvaaOai KaXojg Kal eXevdepcj?
aTToOavetv, orrep oXXols ovk eylvero Trap iXTTiha
326 Kpar-qdelGLV. -qplv he TrpoSrjXos p,iv ianv -q

yevrjGOjievrj fied^ rjjJLepav aXajois, iXevdepa S' 'q
rod yevvaiov davarov fxera rcov (jf)tATaTa>v atpeats".
ovre yap rovr" aTTOKcoXveiv ol TToXepnoL Svvavrai
TrdvTOJS vxop-voi ^covra? rjpLds TrapaXaêlv, ovd^
327 TjiieZ? iKLvovg en viKav jjLaxofJLevoL. ehet fxev

yap evdv? lgojs e^ dpx'q?, ore rrjg eXevdeplas
Tjfjuv dvmroLeLcrdai OeXrjGaaL Trdvra Kal nap*
a?C{-qXa)V drreâive xaXerrd Kal rrapd rcov rroXeixiojv
X^Lpoj, rrjs rov deov yvojfir]s Groxo.L,eG6aL Kal
yivojGKeiv on ro TrdXat (jiiXov^ avro) cf>vXov 'lou-
S2S Salojv* KareyvcoGro- jxevajv yap evjjLevqs rj ixerplojs

yovv -qpLlv " aTT-qx^VH-^^'^^' ^^ ^^ roGovrojv fiev
avBpajTTOJV TTepLelhev oXedpov, TrporjKaro he rrjv
tepcordr-qv avrov ttoXlv nvpl Kal KaraGKaâis
329 TToXefiLOJV. "qjiels S dpa Kai pLOVoi rov rravros
lovhaLOJv yevovs iqXmGaiiev TrepLeGeodai rrjv eXevdepiav (f)vXdâvres, (jjGTrep dvapLdprrjroi irpos rov
deov yevopLevoL Kal fi-qhefjudg jjLeraGxovres rrapa-
330 vopnaSy^ ol Kai rovs dXXovs ehihdâpLev; roiyapovv

opdre, TTcog "qfid? eXeyxî fidraua rrpoGhoK-qoavras
Kpeirrova rojv eXirihajv r-qv ev rols Seivols dvdyKrjv
^ VRC (the form usual in speeches in Jos.): vOy the rest.
^ + T),Ull/ C Lat. ' <pL\0VfJ.VOV A.
* + a7rii}\iav L Lat. : + awuXeiq. C. * om. P.
596
submit even to a slavery invohdng no peril, let us not

now, along with slavery, deliberately accept the
irreparable penalties awaiting us if we are to fall
alive into Roman hands. For as we were the first

of all to revolt, so are we the last in arms against
them. Moreover, I believe that it is God who has
granted us this favour, that we have it in our power
to die nobly and in freedom a pri\'ilege denied to
others who have met with unexpected defeat. Our
fate at break of day is certain capture, but there is
still the free choice of a noble death with those we
hold most dear. For our enemies, fervently thougli
they pray to take us ahve, can no more prevent this
than we can now hope to defeat them in battle.
Maybe, indeed, we ought from the very first when,
ha\-ing chosen to assert our liberty, we invariably
experienced such hard treatment from one another,
and still harder from our foes we ought, I say, to
liave read God's purpose and to have recognized that
the Jewish race, once beloved of Him, had been
doomed to perdition. For had he continued to be
gracious, or but hghtly incensed, he would never
have overlooked such wholesale destruction or have
abandoned His most holy city to be burnt and razed
to the ground by our enemies. But did we forsooth
hope that we alone of all the Jewish nation would
survive and preserve our freedom, as persons guiltless
towards God and without a hand in crime we who
had even been the instructors of the rest } Mark,
now, how He exposes the vanity of our expectations,

by visiting us with such dire distress as exceeds all
* irapdyofjUai M : culpae Lat. : om. the rest.
597
JOSEPHUS
331 77ayaydjv ovSc^ yap rj rod ^povpiov (f)VGig

dvdXojTOs ovaa Trpo? oojTiqpiav (LcjêXrjKev,^ dXXd
/cat rpo(f)'rj? d(l)6oi'Lav Kai TrXrjdos ottXojv kol rrjv
dXXrji' exovres TrapauKevrjv Treptrrevovcrav vtt*
avTOV 7TepL(j)avojs rod Beov rrjv eXTrlSa rrJ Gcorripias
332 dcfirjprjiieOa. to yap TTvp ls tovs TToXejiiovs

(êpo/xevoy ovk avropidrojs em to KarauKevaadev
TeL)(OS v(f)^ rjjJLCov dvearpeipev, dXX ecrrt ravra
)(6Xog TToXXojv dSiK-qfidrajv, d fiavevreg el? rovg
333 6iio(j)vXovs eroXfjiiâa/JLev. virep chv firj rols ^X^^'

oroLS 'PojfJiaLOLS Stara? aAAo, rep deep St' -qpôjv
avrojv VTr6(Jxcop.ev avrai 8' eluiv eKeivojv /xerptco-
334 repai' BvqGKerojaav yap yvvaiKeg dvv^pioToi Kal

TratSe? SovXelag dTreLparoL, jJLerd 8' avrovs rjiJiets
evyevrj X^P^^' dXXrjXois Trapaaxojpiev KaXov evrdîov
335 TT^v eXevBepiav (jivXaâvres . rrporepov 8e Kal rd

XpTJp-ara Kal to (fipovpiov TTvpl hLa<^6eipoj}Jiev'
XvTTTjOiqGOVTai yap Pcuyiiatot, aacfxjj? ol8a, p.'qTe
Tojv rjpLerepojv croj/xarajr Kpariâavres Kal tov
336 KepSovs djiaprovTes . ra? Tpo(f)d5 p.6vas edaajpiev

avrai yap rjpXv TeOvrjKOGL pLaprvprjaovGiv , otl pLrj
KO.T^ evSetav eKparijdrjpev, dXX Sanep i^ olRXV^
Sieyvajpiev, ddvarov eXopevoi irpo hovXeia?."
337 (?) Taura 'EAeaâpos" eXeyev. ov pLrjv Kara

TavTO^ rat? yvco/xats" TrpooeinTTTe tcjv TrapovTcoVy
dXX OL piev eanevhov vrraKoveiv Kal piovov ovx
rjhovrjg eveTTipLTrXavTO KaXov etvat rov ddvaTov
338 voixit,ovTe? y tovs 8 aurcor piaXaKcoTepovs yvvaiKOJV

Kal yeveds oIktos eLorjeL, Trdvrojs 8e Kal ttjs
^ Bekker : ovre mss. ^ dxpeX-qa-ef PAM.
^ Niese : /car' aiirb mss.
598
JEWISH WAR, \'II. 331-338
that we could anticipate. For not even the impregnable nature of this fortress has availed to save
us ; nay, though ample provisions are ours, piles of
arms, and a superabundance of every other requisite,
yet we have been deprived, manifestly by God Himself, of all hope of deliverance. For it was not of
their ovmi accord that those flames which were driving
against the enemy turned back upon the wall constructed by us ; no, all this betokens wTath at the
many \\Tongs which we madly dared to inflict upon
our countrymen. The penalty for those crimes let
us pay not to our bitterest foes, the Romans, but to
God throuffh the act of our own hands. It v.ill be
more tolerable than the other. ^ Let our wives thus
die undishonoured, our children unacquainted with
slavery ; and, when they are gone, let us render a
generous service to each other, preserving our liberty
as a noble winding-sheet. But first let us destroy
our chattels and the fortress by fire ; for the Romans,
well I know, will be grieved to lose at once our
persons and the lucre. Our provisions only let us

spare ; for they will testify, when we are dead, that
it was not want which subdued us, but that, in keeping with our initial resolve, we preferred death to
slavery."
(7) Thus spoke Eleazar ; but his words did not His speech
touch the hearts of all liearers alike. Some, indeed, have'ett'ct
were eager to respond and all but filled with delight
at the thought of a death so noble ; but others,
softer-hearted, were moved with compassion for their
wives and families, and doubtless also by the vivid
" 317 f.
" Qf. 2 Sam. xxiv. 14 " Let us fall now into the hand of
the Lord," etc.
599
JOSEPHUS
iamaJv TrpoS-qXov reXevrrjs, et? t^ dXX-qXovs

OLTTO^XeTrovres rolg SaKpvoLS to fxrj ôvXofjLevov
339 T'qg /voj/it]? icrqiiaivov. tovtovs ihojv 'EAeaCapos

aTToSeiAtcDyras' koI Trpos to fidyeOo? tov ôvXevfiaTOS rds" ^vxoLS V7TOKXojfivovs eSetac, fi-q rrore
Kal TOV? ippojfievojs tcov Xoyojv oLKo-UGavTag
avTol ovveKd-qXvi'OJOL TTOTVLajfievoL Kal 8aKpvovT?.
340 ovKovv dvrJK ttjv TrapaKcXevGLV, aAA' avTou

.7Teyeipas Kal rroXXov X-qfiaTOs^ TrXrjprj? yevop-evos
XaprrpoTepoLS evexîpei Xoyois rrepl ipvxrj? dda-
341 vaCTtaj, peya re ax^TXidaas Kal rots' SaKpvovaLv

dTV ip^Xeipas " tj rrXecGTOv," elrrev, " iipevadrjv
voptiajv dvSpaGLV dyadols t'jjv vkp ttjs iXevOepla?
dyojvojv (jvvapeludai,^ (^rjv KaXcos rj Tedvdvac
342 SieyvajKOGLv. vpeis ' r}T tcov tvôvtcov ovhev

els dpeTTjv ovS^ evToXplav hi.a(f)epovTs , ol ye Kal
TOV im p.yLGTOJV arraXXayfj KaKcov (f)0^LG9e
ddvarov, heov vnep tovtov pL7]Te p.eXXrjGai p.'qTe
343 GvpôvXov dvapeZvai. TrdXai yap evBvs dTTO ttjs

TTpcuTrjg aLGdiJGOj TratSeuovre? Tjpds ol Trarptot
Kal deloL XoyoL StereAou^-, epyoLS re Kal (l)povijpaGL
TCOV rjp.Tep(jDV Trpoyovcov avTOVs êâLovvTOJV,
OTL GVp(i)0pd TO trjV GTLV dvdpcVTTOLS, OVxl OdvaTOS .
344 ovTOS pLv yap iXevdeplav BlSovs ijjvxols els tov

olKelov Kal Kadapov d(^LrjGL tottov aTraXXaGoeGdai,
TraGrjs Gvp,(f)opds dTradeZs eGop,evas, ecus S' elGlv
^ T MC Lat. : ora. the rest.
* Richter : \rjufxaros mss.
^ Niese : arât/êrcrâi or avvaipeadai. MSS.
" This speech at the close of the war forms a sort of

counterpart to that of Agrippa before its outbreak {B. ii.
600
prc^pect of their own end, and their tears as they

looked upon one another revealed their unwilHngness
of heart. Eleazar, seeing them flinching and their
courage breaking do^^^l in face of so vast a scheme,
feared that their whimpers and tears might unman
even those who had listened to his speech with

fortitude. Far, therefore, from slackening in his
exhortation, he roused himself and, fired Mith mighty
fervour, essayed a higher flight of oratory on the
immortality of the soul. Indignantly protesting
and \\-ith eyes intently fixed on those in tears, he
exclaimed : ^
" Deeply, indeed, was I deceived in thinking that he renews

I should have brave men as associates in our strug-o-les
for freedom men determined to live with honour
or to die. But you, it seems, were no better than
the common herd in valour or in courage, you who
are afraid even of that death that ^^'ill deliver you
from the direst ills, when in such a cause you ought
neither to hesitate an instant nor wait for a counsellor.
For from of old, since the first da\\-n of intelligence,^
we have been continually taught by those precepts,
ancestral and divine confirmed by the deeds and
noble spirit of our forefathers that life, not death, " Life not
is man's misfortune.^ For it is death which gives man s mishberty to the soul and permits it to depart to its own fortune.
pure abode, there to be free from all calamity ; but
345-401). An acknowledgement of the nation's guiit must be

put into the mouth of one of the leaders of the insurgrents.
^ Cf. Ap. ii. ITS " our thorough grounding in the laws
from the tirst dawn of intelligence." But it is not so much
the Hebrew Law as Greek poetry and philosophy which
inspire what follows. It is interesting to compare the speech
of Josephus at Jotapata on the crime of suicide, B. iii. 36i If.
Cf. 358 with the parallel from Euripides.
601
JOSEPHUS
v GcojxaTi dvrjTcp 8eSe/êVat /cat roJv rovrov KaKOJV

avvavaTTL/jLTrXavraL, raXr^diorarov ecTrelv, reOvrjKaui'
KoivojVLa yap Oeico npos dvrjrov aTrpeTnj? ion.
345 jjLeya fiev otjv hvvarai ^v^y] Kau GOj[iarL uvvSehe/ievq' rroLel yap avrrjs opyavov alaOavofievov
aopd-roj avro Kivovaa Kal Ovqrrj? (j)voeojs rrepai-
346 Tepoj 77 podyovaa raZs rrpdêaiv ov yuTjV dAA'

iueihdv aTToXvOeXaa rod KaOeXKOvros avrrjv ^dpovs
em yrjv xat TrpoaKpepLapLevov ;\;c(jpov aTToXd^rj
TOP OLKelov, Tore 8rj /xaarapta? tcrpûos" /cat rravraxoOev aKCoXyrov pLerex^L Sum/xeo;?, doparos
pLevovaa rols dvdpcoTTivois opLpLaatv ajGirep avros
34.7 o deos' ovhe yap ecu? eariv ev croj/xart deojpelrai'

7Tp6(76LGL ydp d(havojs Kal pirj ^XerropLevq rrdXiv
arraXXdrreraL, fiiav p.kv avrrj (fiVGiv eôvoa rrjv
d(j)daprov, alria he Gojp.aTi yivop-evq pLeraôXfjs.
3i8 orov ydp dv ijjvyrf] TrpoaipavGT],^ tovto L,fj /cat

redqXev, orov b dv aTraXXayfj pLapavdev anodviJGKei'
34:9 TOGovTov avrfi TrepieGriv adavaGLas. vttuo? he

reKpL-qpLOv vpLLV eGTOJ tcov X6ya>v evapyeGrarov ,
ev oj ipv^CLL rod Gcopiaros avrds pLTj TTepiGTrcovTog
rjhiGTrjv pLev exovGiv avdrravGiv ecj)^ avrcov yevopLevai, deep o o/i.tAouaat Kara Gvyyeveiav Trdvrr]
pLev e7TL(f)OLTdjGL, TToXXd he TCOV eGopievojv TTpo-
350 deGTTLôvGL. TL dTj del hehcevat ddvarov rr^v ev

V7TVOJ yLvopLevTjv avairavGLv ayaTTcovrag ; ttcus" h
OVK avQ-qTov eGTiv rrjv ev toj ^rjv eXevdepiav
351 hicoKovra? ttjs dihcov (l>OoveLV avrots; eSet pLev

ovv rjpids OLKodev TreTrathevpLevovs aAAots" etiât
TTapdheLypta rrjs irpos ddvarov eroipLor-qTos' ov
^ P (a Sophoclean word like the phrase whicli t'ollowsji

7rpO(rd-^77rat the rest.
002
so long as it is imprisoned in a mortal body and

tainted with all its miseries, it is, in sober truth, dead,
for association with what is mortal ill befits that which
is divine. True, the soul possesses great capacity,
even while incarcerated in the body ; for it makes the
latter its organ of perception, in^'isibly swaying it
and directing it onward in its actions beyond the
range of mortal nature. But it is not until, freed
from the weight that drags it doMTi to earth and clings
about it, the soul is restored to its proper sphere,
that it enjoys a blessed energv" and a power untrammelled on every side, remaining, Uke God Himself, in\-isible to human eyes. For even while in the
body it is \^'ithdrawn from \-iew : unperceived it
comes and unseen it again departs, itself of a nature
one and incorruptible, but a cause of change to the
body. For w^hatever the soul has touched Hves and

flourishes,^ whatever it abandons ^^'ithers and dies ;
so abundant is her wealth of immortality.
" Let sleep furnish you -svith a most con\-incing The analogy
proof of what I say sleep, in which the soul, un- ^^ ^ '^^^'
distracted by the body, while enjoying in perfect
independence the most delightful repose, holds converse ^îth God by right of kinship, ranges the universe and foretells many things that are to come.
Why then should we fear death who welcome the
repose of sleep } And is it not surely foolish, while
pursuing hberty in this life, to grudge ourselves that
^^hich is eternal ?
" We ought, indeed, blest >vith our home training, The Indian
to aflford others an example of readiness to die ; if, of seif-
immolation.
" fp Kal T^d-qXtVy after Soph. Track. 235 Kal ^'S^vra /cat
ddWovra ; the same poet supplies the word for " touch,"
irpoaâveiv,
VOL. Ill u 603
JOSEPHUS
fjLTjv dAA* el Kai rrjs napa tojv aXXo(f)vXojv SeofieOa

TTLUTeojs, ^Xeijjcoiiev elg 'IrSou? rovs oo(f)Lav
352 oLGKeTv VTriaxvovfievovg . eKelvol re yap ovres

dvSpe? dyaOol rov fiev rod ^fjv xpovov woirep
avayKaiav riva. rfj cpvcjeL XeLrovpyiav olkovgIcos
353 V7TOpLiov<JL, OTTevhovGi he ras ipvô-s aTToXvaai

T(jL)v acofidrajv, /cat /xr^Sevos" avrovs eTreiyovros
KaKov ^tTyS' eêXavi'OVTos ttoOoj rrjs ddavdrov
hiairiqs TrpoXeyovat jxev rols dXXoLs on, fjLeXXovcnv
aTTLevai, koL eanv o kojXvgojv ovBelg, dXXd Travreg
avrovs evhaLjJLOVLiôvre? npos rovs oLKelov? eKauroi
354 StSoacjtr eTTiGroXds' ovrojs êâlav /cat dXrjdecrrdrrjv rat? ipvâl? rrjv fier aXXiqXcov elvai hlairav
355 TTemorevKaaiv . ol S eTreiSdv eaKovGOjoi rwv

evreraXixevojv avrolsy TTvpl ro crcD/xa rrapahovres,
OTTOJS hrj /cat KaOapwrdrrjv dTTOKpivajGi rov
356 aajjiaros rr]v ijjvxr^v, vp.vovp.evoi reXevrtoGLV paov
yap eKeivovs ets" rov ddvarov ol cfylXraroL TrpoTTep-rrovGiv 7} raJv dXXcov avOpcoTTOJV e/cacrrot rovs
TToXiras eis pr]KLGrrjv arrobr^pLav, /cat G(f)ds p.ev
avrovs haKpvovGiv, eKeuovs 8e p.aKapLt,ovGiv tJStj
357 rrjv dddvarov rd^LV drroXapL^dvovras . dp* ovv

OVK alhovpeda )(êlpov Yvhwv (f)povovvres /cat Std
rrjs avrcJov droXpilas rovs Trarpiovs vopLOVs, ol
TTOLGIV avdpcOTTOLS CtS" L,rjXoV TjKOVGLV, aLG^pO^S
358 v^pitôvres ; aXX et ye /cat rovs evavriovs ei

dpxrjs Xoyovs eTraiSevdrjpLev, cos dpa pteyLGrov
dyaOov dvOpcorroLs eGrl ro l,i]v Gvp.(l>opd 8' o
ddvaros, 6 yovv Kaipos r^jids rrapaKaXel êpeiv
" Cf. the allusion in Ap. i. 179 to the Indian philosophers

from whom Aristotle, as there quoted, considers that the
Jews are descended. " Or *' letters."
604
however, we really need an assurance in this matter

from aUen nations, let us look at those Indians '^ who
profess the practice of philosophy. They, brave
men that they are, reluctantly endure the period of
life, as some necessary service due to nature, but
hasten to release their souls from their bodies ; and
though no calamity impels nor drives them from the
scene, from sheer longing for the immortal state,
they announce to their comrades that they are about
to depart. Nor is there any who Mould hinder them :
no, all felicitate them and each gives them commissions ^ to his " loved ones ; so certain and absolutely
sincere is their belief in the intercourse which souls
hold with one another. Then, after Hstening to these
behests, they commit their bodies to the fire, that
so the soul may be parted from the body in the
utmost purity, and expire amidst hymns of praise.
Indeed, their dearest ones escort them to their death
more readily than do the rest of mankind their
fellow-citizens when starting on a very long journey ;
for themselves they weep, but them they count
happy as now regaining '^ immortal rank. Are we
not, then, ashamed of being more mean-spirited than
Indians, and of bringing, by our faint-heartedness,
shameful reproach upon our country's laws, which are
the en\y of all mankind ?
" Yet, even had we from the first been schooled "God has
in the opposite doctrine and taught that man's us to dehighest blessing is life and that death is a calamity,* struction."
still the crisis is one that calls upon us to bear it with
* sc. " departed."
** Or " receiving."
Probably here, as in 343, there is a reminiscence of the

Euripidean Tts oldev, el to îji' fxlv ean Kardavelv, j to KaTdavelv
5 iqv k6.t<jj yo/xiiêrai ; (Dindorf, Frag. 634).
605
JOSEPHUS
evKapbiOJS avTov, deov yvwfjLTj Kal /car' dvdyKas
359 reXevi-qGovras^ TrdXai ydp, (hs eoLKe, Kara tov

KOLvov TravTOs lovhaLOJv yevovs Tavrr]v edero
TTjV iprj(f)ov 6 deos, cucr^' rjiJid? rod ^rjv OLTTrjXXdxOat
360 jJ-y] /xeAAoyras" avrco XPV^^^'- ^^'^d rpoTTOV. firj

yap avTOLs vfilv avaTrrere rds atrta? fi-qSe X^P^'
L,Gde TOLs 'Poj/JLaiOL?, on Trdvras rjfJLds 6 Trpos
avTOV TToXefiog StichdeLpev ov ydp iKLvojv tV^ût
ravra avpLê^rjKev, dXXd Kpelrrajv atria yevopLevrj
361 TO SoKLv iKLvois viKO-v TTapeax'TjKe . TTOLOLs ydp

ottXols PojjjLaLOJV TeOvTjKaGLv OL KatCTapetav lov-
362 SdloL KaroiKovvres ; dXX ouSe pêXXqaavras^ avTovs iKeivojv dL<7TaadaL, p.era^v Se ttjv ^S6p,r]v
ioprdCovra? to ttXtjOos tCov Kacaapeajv 7ndpap.6v
pirjSe pêtpa? dvraipovras dp.a yvvai^l Kal reKvoLs
Kareacfiaâv, ovh avrovs Pa)/xatou? evrpaTrivres,
OL p.6vov rifids TjyovvTO TToX^paovs Tovs a(f)-
363 eGT'/jKoras. dXXd ^rjaei rt? on \\.aiGapevGiv rjv

ael hiacfiopd Trpos tovs Trap* avrots, Kal rov
Kaipov Xa^6p.voL to rraXaLov puGos dTreTrXrjpojGav .
364 Tt ovv Toij? iv '^KvdorroXeL (f)(jtjpLv; rjpLLV ydp

Kelvoi Std TOV ^'EAAi^vas' TToXep.elv eToXp^rjoav,
aXX ov pLTd tCjv ovyyevcov rjpLdjv 'Pcu/xatof?
365 apLVveGdai. ttoXv tolvuv ojvrjGev avTOvg rj Trpos
KLVOVS eVVOLa Kal TTLGTLS' VTT aVTCOV piivTOL

TTaVOLKGLa TTLKpOJS KaT(f)OVvdT]GaV TaVTTjV T7]S
366 Gvp.p.ax'-o.s diroXaôvTes dpLOL^-qv a ydp Klvovs

v<f)^ rjp.(jjv^ eKojXvGav , Tavd^ VTrepLCtvav d>s avrol
^ Lat. (raorituros): TeXevTrjaavTas tiSS.
^ A^ (adding Lcrixey): fxeW-qaovTas the rest.
2 + <^jradf'ivy Holwerda.
" B. ii. 457 (opening of the war, a.d. Q6).
606
a stout heart, since it is by God's \\dll and of necessity

that we are to die. For long since, so it seems, God
passed this decree against the whole Je^^'ish race in
common, that we must quit this hfe if we would not
use it aright. Do not attach the blame to yourselves, "The
nor the credit to the Romans, that this war mth them cannot
has been the ruin of us all ; for it was not their might claim the
' 11. credit of
that brought these things to pass, but the mterven- victory."

tion of some more powerful cause has afforded them
the semblance of victory.
" What Roman weapons, I ask, slew the Jews of "Consider

Caesarea ? < Nay, they had not even contemplated dis^sêr^
revolt from Rome, but were engaged in keeping their [^^^^^^^^0^
sabbath ^ festival, when the Caesarean rabble rushed responupon them and massacred them, unresisting, with '^^^
their wives and children, without even the shghtest
respect for the Romans, who regarded as enemies
only us who had revolted. But I shall be told that
the Caesareans had a standing quarrel with their
Jewish residents and seized that opportunity to
satisfy their ancient hate. WTiat then shall we say
of the Jews in Scythopohs,'' who had the audacity to
wage war on us in the cause of the Greeks, but refused
to unite with us, their kinsmen, in resisting the
Romans ? Much benefit, to be sure, did they reap
from their goodwill and loyalty to the men of Scytho})olis ! Ruthlessly butchered by them, they and all
their families that was the recompense that they re-
ceived for their alliance ; the fate from which they

had saved their neighbours at our hands, that they
endured, as though they had themselves desired to
^ Greek " seventh day " ; the massacre of the Roman

garrison in Jerusalem and of the Jews of Caesarea took place
simultaneously, on a sabbath, B. ii. 456 f. " B. ii. 466 ff.
()07
JOSEPHUS
Bpaaai deX-qaavres. ^laKpov dv etrj vvv iSta Trepi
367 Kdc7TCx)v XeyLV tare yap otl tcov iv ILvpia TToXecav

ovK eoTLV Tin's Tovs Trap o.vrfj KaroLKOvvrag
'louSatou? OVK dviqprjKv, rj[juv ttXIov tj Pcu/zatoi?'
368 ovra? rroXefiLovs- orrov ye Aafiaa K-qvol fJLTjSe

7Tp6(f)aGLv evXoyov TrXdaai Svvrjdevres (f)6vov pnapcordrov rrfv avrcov ttoXlv eveTrX-qaav OKraKLGx^LXlovs
TTpos ToZs fivploL? 'louSatous" dfia yvvai^l Kau
369 yeveat? d7T0G<l)dâvres . to 8' ev AlyvTrrco ttXtjOos
Tojv /xer' aiKLa? dvrjprjfjLevcov e^ ttov pLvpidSag

VTTep^dXXcLV irrvvdavoixeda. KaKeZvoi fiev Igojs
677* dXXoTpias yrj? ovhev avmraXov evpdiievoL rots'
TToXejiiOLs ovTCDs aTTeOavov, rols S 77t rrjs oiKeias
rov Trpos PcxjpLaLovg TToXepiOV apajievois dTrauL
TL^ TOJV eXTTiha viK-qs e-xypo-s Trapaax^lv hvvajxevojv
370 ovx V7T7]p^; Kat yap orrXa Kai TL)(r] /cat (f)povpLajv
SvadXcDTOL KaraGKeval koI (fypovrjfjLa Trpos rovs
vrrep rrjs eXevOeplas kliSvvovs drpeTrrov^ irdrras
371 Trpog rrjv d.TToarao'LV irreppojaev. dXXd ravra

rrpo? ^paxvv ;)(;poi'oy dpKeaavra /cat rat? iXTrioiv
Ty/xa? errdpavra jieitôvtov apx^j KaKwv dvecjidvrj*'
Trdvra yap rjXoj, Kat Trdvra rot? TToXepaois vrrerreaeVy
d)(j7Tep tV rrjv KLva>v evKXeearepav vlktjv, ouk
ct? TTjv TCOV TTapaGKevaaapLevajv ocDTrjpiav ev-
372 rperrLGQevra. /cat tovs p.kv ev rats" fiaxdi-S drroOvrjOKovras evhatjJLOVLêLV TrpoGrJKOv dfivvofievoL
yap /cat rrjv eXevOeplav ov TTpoejievoL redvrjKaai,'
TO he TrXrjOog rwv vtto 'Pcuâiot? yevopLevojv rig
OVK dv eXerjoeie; ris ovk dv eTreLxOetr] Trpo rod
373 Tavrd nadelv eKeivois aTTodavelv ; d)V at uev
* 'Pw/xaiot Lowth, Hudson, and Naber.

* Holwerda : re mss.
608
inflict it. Time would fail me now to name each

instance severally ; for, as you know, there is not a
citv in Syria which has not slain its Jewish inhabitants,
thoug-h more hostile to us than to the Romans.^ Thus,
the people of Damascus,^ though unable even to
invent a plausible pretext, deluged their city N\ith
the foulest slaughter, butchering eighteen thousand "
JeM's, with their wives and families. As for Egypt,**
we were told that the number of those who there
perished in tortures perhaps exceeded sixty thousand.
" Those Jews, maybe, perished as they did, because
thev were on alien soil, where thev found themselves
no match for their enemies. But consider all those
who in their own territory embarked on war with
Rome : what did they lack of all that could inspire
them with hopes of assured success ? Arms, ramparts, fortresses well nigh impregnable, a spirit un-
daunted by risks to be run in the cause of liberty

these encouraged all to revolt. Yet these availed
but for a brief season, and after buoying us up with
hopes proved the beginning of greater disasters.
For all were taken, all succumbed to the enemy, as
though furnished for his more glorious triumph, and
not for the protection of those who pro\'ided them.
Those men who fell in battle may fitly be felicitated,
for they died defending, not betraying, liberty ; but
the multitudes in Roman hands who would not pity ?
Who wcfuld not rush to his death ere he shared their
" Possibly we should read "than were the Romans."

" B. ii. 559 ff.
10,500 according to B. ii. 561. Hegesippus in the

present passage reads 8000.
<* B. ii. 487 fF.
' a.Tpe<7Tov \ RC. * e<^dvT] L.
b09
\^
JOSEPHUS
crrp^XovfivoL Kal Trvpl Kal fxdarL^Lv aLKLlôfxei'oi,

TedvqKaGiv , ol S' airo Q-qpiajv rjfxl^pcoTOL npos
hevripav avroZs Tpo(f)rjv ^covre? ic^vXdxd-qoav ,
yeXcora Kal TraiyvLov^ roZs rroXejiiois napaaxovres .
374 iKLvcjv fJLev otjv ddXiajTarovs VTToXrjTrreov rovs

en t^cnvras, 61 7toXX6.kls evxoiievoL rov ddvarov
375 Xaêlv ovk exovGiv. rrov S' tj jieydXirj ttoXls, t)

Tov rravros 'lovSaiajv ydvovs fJbrjrpoTToXLS, 'q
rOOOVTOlS (JLV ipVjJLVTj TLX(^V 7TpL^6XoLS, TOGaVTa
8' avrrjs Spovpia Kat fieyedrj TTVpyojv Trpoê^XrjfJLvr), juloXl? 6e jj^copoucra ra? et? rov rroXefiov
TTapauKevds, roaavTa? Se pivpidhas dvhpwv exovaa
376 ra)v VTrep avrrjs fiaxo/JLevcov; ttov yeyovev rjfiLP
7) TOV deOV XIV OLKLGTTjV 7T7TLGTVfJLVrj ; TTpop-
pit,os e/c ^ddpojv dvrjprraGTaif Kai jjlovov avrrjs

fivr]fiiov aTToXeLTTerai to tojv dv7]prjij.vajv^ en
377 Tols XenfjdvoLs irroLKOvv. TrpeG^VTai he hvGTrjVOi

Tjj GTToho) TOV Tefievovs TTapaKadrjvTat Kat yvvalKes
oXiyaL rrpos v^piv aLGX^GTr^v vrro tojv TToXejiicov
378 TeTTjpTjfievaL. ravra tls ev vw âXXofievos -qpLOJV

KaprepijoeL tov ^Xlov opdv, Kav hvvr]raL (,rjv
aKLvSm'OJS ; tls ovtw rrjs TraTplSos ix^pos, ^ tls
ovTcos avavhpos Kal (jaXoibvxos , OJS fJ^r) /cat Trepl
379 rod p-ixpi' v^v CrJGai fxeravoeLV ; aXX eWe rravTes

ireOvrjKeLjjLev Trplv ttjv lepdv eKeLvr]v ttoXlv x^P'^l'^
ISelv KaraGKaTTTOjJLevrjv rroXepLiajv, Trpcv tov vaov
380 rov dyiov ovtws dvoGLa>s iôpcopvyfievov . errel

he 7] lids OVK ayevvrjs eXins eôvKoXxjoev, cLs rcfjca
7701; hwrjoeoOai tovs TToXefitovs virep am rjs
^ PA : TraiSihv the rest,

* avr^p-qixhuiv PAL: avrjprjKbTuiv avTTjv crTpaTOTreSov the rest.
610
fate ? Of them some have perished on the rack or

tortured by fire and scourge ; others, half-devoured
by wild beasts, have been preserved alive to provide
them with a second repast, after affording merriment
and sport for their foes. But most miserable of all
must be reckoned those still alive, who have often
prayed for death and are denied the boon.
" And where now is that great city, the mother-city

of the whole Je\Wsh race, intrenched behind all those
lines of ramparts, screened by all those forts and
massive towers, that could scarce contain her munitions of war, and held all those myi-iads of defenders ?
What has become of her that was believed to have
God for her founder" ? Uprooted from her base she
has been swept away, and the sole memorial of her
remaining is that of the slain ^ still quartered in her
ruins ! Hapless old men sit beside the ashes of the
shrine and a few women, reserved by the enemy for
basest outrage.
" Which of us, taking these things to heart, could

bear to behold the sun, even could he Hve secure from
peril ? Who such a foe to his country, so unmanly,

so fond of life, as not to regret that he is still alive
to-day ? Nay, I would that we had all been dead ere
ever we saw that holy city razed by an enemy's
hands, that sacred sanctuary so profanely uprooted !
But seeing that we have been beguiled by a not
ignoble hope, that we might perchance find means of
The rendering " inhabitant " in older translations is

unwarranted ; oiKL<jTr]s is a synonym for ktIcftii^ in B.
ii. 266.
" Text doubtful : if correct, ixv-qixdov seems to be used in

the double sense of " memorial " and tomb. But the reading
of the other mss. " the camp of those that destroyed her "
is perhaps right.
VOL. Ill u 2 6j 1
JOSEPHUS
dfJiVvaadaL, (f)povS-q Se yiyove vvv /cat p.6x'0vs

rjfidg eTTL rrj? dvdyK-qg KaraXeXoLTrev, arrevcrojiJiev
KaXaj? drrodavelv, iXe-qaojjjLev rj/jLas avrovs Kal
rd TeKva Kal -ra? yvvoLKag, ecus' 'qjjuv ^(Ttlv Trap*
381 -qiiujv avTOjv Xaêlv tov eXeov. eTrl jjLev yap

Odvarov iyvvrj9-)]fiv Kal rovs i^ avrdjv eyevvqoap.v, Kal Tovrov ovhk toIs evhaipLOvovGiv eon
382 hia(f)vyelv v^pis Kal hovXeia Kal to /SAeVetv

yvvalKas els alaxuv-qv dyofievas pLerd reKvwv ovk
eGTLV dvdpd>7T0LS KaKOv eK 4)VGea>s avayKaioVy
dXXd ravra hid rrjv avTcov 8etAtav VTropLevovcnv
ol TTapov TTpo avTCJjv drroOavelv pLrj BeXrjaavres.
383 rjpLels S' eV dvhpeia piiya c^povovvres Pcoâtcov

dTTeaTTjpLev Kal rd reXevrala vvv eTrl crcoTTypta
384 7TpoKaXovpLeva>v 'qp.ds ovx VTrrjKovaapLev. tlvl

roivvv OVK eoTLV 6 OvpLog avrow Trpoh-qXos, ei
tôjvrojv TjpLwv KpaTTjOovoLV ; ddXiOL piev ol veoL
rrjs pcLpLT^s Tcov ocjjpidTa>v els 77oAAds- aiKiag
dpKeoovres , ddXiOL ' ol iraprj^-qKores (jiepeiv rrjs
385 -qXiKLas rd? ovpicfjopds ov bvvapievrjs. oe/ferat

Tt? yvvalKa Ttpos îav dyopLevrjv, (hojvfjs eiraKovoerai reKvov Trarepa ôowtos X^^P'^^ 8ehep,evos;
SS6 dAA' ea>s elolv eXevSepai Kal î4>0 exovotv,
KaXrjP VTTOvpyiav VTrovpyrjudrajoav dSoJAcorot p.ev

VTTO tCjv TToXep.iujv drroOdvcopiev, eXevOepoi he
pLerd reKvojv Kal yvvaiKcJv rod L^'qv crvveêXdojpLev.
c87 ravB^ rjpids ol vopLOL KeXevovuL, ravd^ rjpids

yvvaiKes Kal TralBes LKerevovoi' rovrtov rrjv
dvdyKTjv Oeos dTreoraXKe,^ tovtojv 'PajpLaloi rdvavTia OeXovoL, Kal pLij tls rjpLcov rrpo rrjs dXcooeais
388 dTToddvTj heboLKaoL. orrevowpiev ovv avn rrjs

^ eniXevcre C : eire'<TTaX/ce should perhaps be read.
612
avenging her of her foes, and now that hope has

vanished and left us alone in our distress, let us hasten
to die honourably ; let us have pity on ourselves, our
children and our wives, while it is still in our power
to find pity from ourselves. For we were born for
death, we and those whom we have begotten ; and
this even the fortunate cannot escape. But outrage
and servitude and the sight of our vWves being led
to shame vvith their children these are no necessary
evils imposed by nature on mankind, but befall,

through their own cowardice, those who, having the
chance of forestalhng them by death, refuse to take
it. But we, priding ourselves on our courage, revolted
from the Romans, and now at the last, when they
offered us our Uves, we refused the offer.'* Who then
can fail to foresee their v\Tath if they take us ahve ?
Wretched will be the young whose vigorous frames
can sustain many tortures, wretched the more advanced in years whose age is incapable of bearingsuch calamities. Is a man to see his v\ife led off to
violation,^ to hear the voice of his child crying
' Father ! ' when his own hands are bound ? No,
while those hands are free and grasp the sword, let
them render an honourable service. Unenslaved by
the foe let us die, as free men with our children and
wives let us quit this hfe together ! This our laws
enjoin,^ tliis our wives and children implore of us.
The need for this is of God's sending,*^ the reverse
of this is the Romans' desire, and their fear is lest a
single one of us should die before capture. Haste
" vi. 350 f. '' Or " by violence."
<= Rhetorical statement : the Law contains no such express

injunction.
'^ Or perhaps " ordering."
6lS
JOSEPHUS
iXTntjOyLiinqs avrols Kad^ rjixojv OL7ToXavGa)s e/cTrXiq^tv rod davdrov Kal OnvfJia ttj? roXfJi-qs Kara-
AL7TIV.
389 (ix. l) "Ert ôvXojievov avrov napaKaXeZv ttovre? VTrere/JLVovTO Kai Trpos T7)v Trpdîv rjTreLyovTO,
dv77LaxTOV Tti'os" opjJLrjs 7Te7TXrjp(jjp.ivoi, Kal SatfjLOVowres drr-Qeoav dAAo? Trpo dXXov </)âCTat yXtxdfJievos Kal ravTTqv 677tSet^tv elvai rrjs avSpelas
Kal rrj? evôvXia? vofiLL,ovrS, to puj tls V varaTOis yevofievos ocjidrjvaL' roaovros avrolg yvvaiKCJv
Kal 7Taihia>v Kal rrjs avrojv G(f)ayrjs epojs eveeaev.
390 Kal iiTjV ou8' orrep dv ns coTJOrj rfj Trpdêi irpooLovres Tjfji^Xvi'OrjGav, dXX* drevi] rrjv yvajpuqv St(f)vXaâv olav eGy(ov rcbv X6ya>v dKpoojjJL^voi,
rod fJL6v OLKCLOV Kai (jîXoGTopyov TrdOovs aTTaoL

7TapapL6vovTos, rod XoyLGfjLov Se ojs rd KpdriGra
391 ^ôvXev KOTOS rolg <f>iXTdTois ertiKpaTovvros . ofxov

yap rjGTrd(ôvTO yvvalKa? TTepiTTTVOGopêvoi Kai
TKVa TTpOGViyKaXltoVTO Tol? VGTdTOlS (f>iXrjâGLV
392 ifx(^v6p.voL Kai haKpvovTCs, ofiov Se KaOdnep

aXXorpiais x^P^'-^ VTTOvpyovjjievoi GvveTeXovv to
ôvX.evjjia, TTjv eTTivoiav cSv rreiGovTai KaKOJv vtto
rots TToXefiLOL? yev6p.evoi rrapapivdiov ttjs iv Ta>
393 KTeiviv avdyKifs exovTes. Kai rrepag ovSels nqXiKOVTOV ToXixi'-jiiaTos TjTTWv evpeOfj, rrdvTes Se Sta
Tcov oiKeiOTdrajv Sie^rjXdov, ddXioi ttjs avdyKTjs,
otg avToxîpi yvvaiKag ras avTcov Kai re/cva
39-4 KTivai KaKOJv eboêv etvat to KovcfiOTaTOV . ovt^

Srj Toivuv TTJV inl toi? TTeTrpayjJievois oBvvqv TL
(jiipovTes Kal tovs dvrjp-qfievovs vofillovTeg dSiKeiv
1 Kai ^pax^v avrols en xpoiôv e7TiL,TJG0VGL, raxv
^ Destinon with Lat. : ovtoi mss.

614
we then to leave them, instead of their hoped-for

enjoyment at securing us, amazement at our death
and admiration of our fortitude."
(ix. 1) He would have pursued his exhortation but How the

was cut short by his hearers, who, overpowered by ôn^_"^^
some uncontrollable impulse, were all in haste to do
the deed. Like men possessed they went their way,
each eager to outstrip his neighbour and deeming it
a signal proof of courage and sound judgement not to
be seen among the last : so ardent the passion that
had seized them to slaughter their wives, their httle
ones and themselves. Nor, as might have been
expected, did their ardour cool when they approached
the task : inflexibly they held to the resolution, which
they had formed M'hile hstening to the address, and
though personal emotion and affection were alive in
all, reason which they knew had consulted best for
their loved ones, was paramount. For, v/hile they
caressed and embraced their ^îves and took their
children in their arms, chnging in tears to those
parting kisses, at that same instant, as though served
by hands other than their own, they accomplished

their purpose, ha\dng the thought of the ills they
would endure under the enemy's hands to console
them for their constraint in killing them. And in
the end not one was found a truant in so daring a
deed : all carried through their task with their
dearest ones. Wretched \ictims of necessity, to whom
to slay with their own hands their ov.-n wives and
children seemed the hghtest of e\-ils ! Unable,
indeed, any longer to endure their anguish at what
they had done, and feeling that they MTonged the
slain by surviving them if it were but for a moment,
615
JOSEPHUS
>\
fxev rrjv Kr-qaiv arraaav ei? ravro crcopevcravTeg
395 TTvp elg avrrjV iveâXov, KX'qpqj 8 ef avraJv

iXojJLei'OL heKa rov? arrdvrojv crcbayel? iaofjievov?,
KOL yvvaiKi Tis avrov Kai TraiGL /cet/xevot? rrapaorpojuas KOL ra? x^^P^^ TrepiâXajv, rrapeZxov
iroLuov? TOL? (J(f)ayas toZs nqv hvcrrrjvov VTTovpylav
396 eKrcXovcnv. ol 8' drpeTrrcos'^ rravras <f)ovVGavTs

Tov avTov 7T* dAATÂots" Tov KXrjpov VOjlOV OjpiGaVy
iv' d Aa;)^^)^ Tovs ivvea KreLvag eavrov im TrdoLv
aveXrj- Trdvres ovrojs avrols edappovv pnqr et?
TO hpdv li'qr* et's" ro 770.6eZv aXXos d'AAoL" Sta(/>epety.
397 Kol reXo? ol fxev rd? (j6aydg vrredeaav, 6 8' et?

Kal reXevTOLOS to ttXtjOos tcov Ketfievajv TrepiadprjuaSy pLij ttov tls t iv ttoXXo) cf>6vcp rrjs avrov
XeiTTeraL x^'-P^^ Seofievos, diS .yv(x> navrag avTjprjiievovSy TTVp p.kv ttoXv toIs âaiXeioi'S eviriGiv,
ddpoa Be rfj X^^P^ ^^ avrov Trdv eAdaa? ro ^L(f)os
398 ttXtjCtlov rcov oIklcov Karerreae. Kai ol fiev ereOvTjKeaav vrrecX-qchore? ovSev ^xov ifjvxrjv VTroxelpiov
399 ef avraJv *Vojiio.lois KaraXirreiVy eXadev be yvvT]

TTpea^vrLS Kal crvyyevrj? erepa' rig YLXeatdpov,
(f)povqGei Kal TraiheLa TrAetcrrajy yvvaLKcov hia-
(f)epovGay Kal rrevre r:aihia rolg V770v6p.0Ls, ol

TTorov Tjyov vBojp Std yq?,^ iyKaraKpv^-qvaL* rcov
400 dAAcov Trpos rfj acpayp rds dLavolas ixovrwv, ol

TOV dpLdjidv Tjaav eh^Kovra rrpog rots' ivaKOGLOLS
yvvaLKcov dp.a Kal Traihajv avroZs GvvapLdp.ovpieva>v.
401 Kal TO Trddos eTrpdxdrj TrevreKaLheKdrrj 'E.avBLKOV

jJLrjvcs,
1 PA : drpe'cTTwj the rest (cf. 370).
iraiija ML (rf. -104). 3 trs. 5. a y9j^ idup A.
* abditi Lat. : eyKaraKpvêiaai Destinon.
^16
they quickly piled together all the stores and set thcra
on fire ; then, ha\'ing chosen by lot ten of their
number to dispatch the rest, they laid themselves
do\'V'n each beside his prostrate ^^"ife and cliildren, and,
flinging their arms around them, offered their throats

in readiness for the executants of the melancholy
office. These, ha^-ing unswer\ingly slaughtered all,
ordained the same rule of the lot for one another,
that he on whom it fell should slay first the nine and
then himself last of all ; such mutual confidence had
they all that neither in acting nor in suffering would
one differ from another. Finally, then, the nine
bared their throats, and the last solitary sur\ivor,
after surveying the prostrate multitude, to see
whether haply amid the shambles there were yet
one left who needed his hand, and finding that all
were slain, set the palace ablaze, and then collecting
his strength drove his sword clean through his body
and fell beside his family. They had died in the
behef that they had left not a soul of them ahve to
fall into Roman hands ; but an old woman and nê seven
another, a relative of Eleazar, superior in sagacity ^
and training to most of her sex, with five children,
escaped by concealing themselves in the subterranean aqueducts, while the rest were absorbed in
the slaughter. The victims numbered nine hundred
and sixty, including women and childi-en ; and the
tragedy occurred on the fifteenth of the month c. 2 May
X,i .' A.D. 73.a
anthicus.
" The day of the month follows the reckoning of Xiese,

the year that of Schiirer, G.J. V. i. 639 f. ; Xiese reckons the
year as a.d. 72 (Schiirer. ibid.).
617
JOSEPHUS
402 (2) Ot Se *l?ojfJLaiOL jjudx'rjv en TrpocrSoKwvre^,

V7TO TTjv Oj StacTêuacTa/ievot koI ras airo rcvv
)(co}JiO.TOJV e(f)68ovs ral? irrL^dSpais yecbvpojaavres
403 TTpoGôXrjv eTTOLOvvTO . ^Xerrovreg 8' ovSeva tojv

TToXep-Lcov, dXXd SeLvrjv TravTa-ôBev ipiqiiiav Kal
TTvp evSov Kal glcotJv, OLTTopco? iXoi' TO ycyovo?
ovfiSaXea', Kal re'Aos" cus" et? a.(f)cnv ôXijs rjXdXaâv ,
404 L TLva T(jL)v evSov tt poKaXeaaivro . rrj? Se ôrjs

aluO-qais yiverai rots yvvaioLs, KdK rcvv VTrovofJLcov
avaSuCTat to TrpaxOev d)s elx^ rrpos rovg 'PatpiaLovs
epLr]vvov, Travra rrjs erepa^^ d)S eXexOî t /cat rtva
405 rpoTTOV eTTpdxOr] aachojs eKSLrjyovpLevrjs . ov pLTjv

paSlojs avrfi TrpoGeixov rco ficyedet rod roXpi-qpLaros
a~LGrovv-, errexîpovv re to TTvp Gêwvvai
Kal raxôjs ohov 8t' avrov repLovres rcov âoiXeltov
406 vt6s eyevovTO. Kal tco TrXrjOei tojv Tre(f)OvevpLevojv errcTVXovTes ovx ci) ^.ttI TToXepLioLS âdrjaav,
Tr]v he yevvaioT-qra rov jôvXevpLaTOs Kal ttjv ev
TOGovTOtg arpeTOV em tojv epyujv eOavpLaGav
Tov davdrov KaTachpovqGLv.
4Q7 (x, 1) TotauTTî he ttj? dXojGeojs yevop.ev7]s

eTTL pLev TOV (jjpovpiov KaTaXeiet (f)vXaKrjv 6
urpaTiy/os, avTos he puera ttjs hvvdp.eojs aTrrjXdev
408 et? Kaicrapetav. ovhe yap veXeirreTo tls tojv

Kara ttjv ;!^cupav TToXepLLOJV, dAA' -qhr^ TraGa Sia
piaKpov rov TToXepLov KaTeGTpaTTTO ttoXXol? Kal
TOJV aTTOJTdTOj KaTOLKOvvTOJv aLGdr]GLV Kal KLvhvvov
409 Tapaxfjs TrapaGxovTog. eTi he Kal rrepl 'AAc^dvhpeiav ttjv ev XlyvTTTOj puerd raura ovve^T]
410 TroAAous" 'lovhaLOJV aTtoBaveZv tols yap e/c ttjs

GTdGeojs TOJV GLKapiojv eKel hiacjjvyelv hvvrjBeZaiv
ovK drrexp^ to acoêcrât, rrdXiv he KaivoTepoLS

6I8
(2) The Romans, expecting further opposition, Entry of

were by daybreak under arms and, ha\'ing Math Rodmans.
gangways formed bridges of approach from the
earthworks, advanced to the assault. Seeing none liof the enemy but on all sides an awful solitude, and
flames within and silence, they were at a loss to
conjecture what had happened. At length, as if for
a signal to shoot, they shouted, to call forth haply
any of those within. The shout was heard by the
women-folk, who, emerging from the caverns, informed the Romans how matters stood, one of the
two <* lucidly reporting both the speech and how the
deed was done. But it was with difficulty that they
listened to her, incredulous of such amazing fortitude ; meanwhile they endeavoured to extinguish
the flames and soon cutting a passage through them
entered the palace. Here encountering the mass of
slain, instead of exulting as over enemies, they
admired the nobility of their resolve and the con-
tempt of death displayed by so many in carrying it,

unwavering, into execution.
(x. 1) The fortress being thus taken, the general ah Judaea

left a garrison on the spot and himself departed with ^
his army to Caesarea. For not an enemy remained
throughout the country, the whole having now been
subdued by this protracted war, which had been felt
by many even in the remotest parts, exposing them
to risk of disorder. Moreover, at Alexandria in Fate of
Egypt, after this date many Jews met with destruc- refugees
tion. For certain of the faction of the Sicarii who 'n Egypt.
had succeeded in fleeing to that country, not content
.. ::-.- Eleazar's relative, 399.
* eraLpai ML. " * * -
^19
JOSEPHUS
ei')(^Lpovv npayixacn /cat ttoXXov? tcjv VTToheâ-
/xeVojv eTTeidov rrj? eXevOeptag avTiiTOielGdaiy kol
PajjiaLovs LLV fxrjBev Kpelrrovg avrcov viroXap.-
411 ^dveWy deov Se fiovov rjyelcrOaL SeGTTorrjv. Irrel

8' avTols rchv ovk a.(l)avojv nve? 'Iouaiav di^reâwov, Tov? fxev d7TG(j)aâv , rols S' dXXoLS
VKLVrO TTpOS TrjV OLTTOGTaGLV TTapaKaXoVVTES .
412 6pa)VTs 8 avTibv rrjv drrovoiav ol TrpajTevovre?

TTJs yepovGLag ovkt aG(j)aXks avrolg evopulôv
7Tpiopdv, aXXd TrdvTas aOpoiGavreg etV KKXrjGtai'
TOV 'louSatou? rjXeyxov ttjv aTTOvoiav raJv GiKapiojv, TTavTOJv aiTLOvg ao(j)aivovTes KLvovg tojv
413 KaKow KOL vvv (jiaGav a'urovg, iTreuTTep ov6e

7Te(f)vy6rg rrjg GOJTTjpias eA77tSa êâlav exovGiv,
yvojGOevras yap vtto 'Poj/xatcoy evdus cLTToXeLGdaL,
TT^s" avTolg TTpoG-qKOVGT]? Gvii(f)opd dvaTTifiTrXdvaL
rovs fir^hevog tojv apLapr-qixdrojv ixeraGxdvras .
414 (f)vXdâG6ai roivvv rov i^ avrdyv oXedpov ro

TrXrjOo? TTapcKaXovv Kai Trept avrcov Trpos 'Vojfxaiovs
415 aTToXoyrjGaGdai rfj tovtojv TrapahoGei. Gwihovres^
rov KLvSvvov TO fieycdos eTreiGd-qGav toZs XeyofjLV0L, /cat /Ltera ttoAAt^? opfirjg enl tous" GLKaptovg
41 H aâvres Gvvqpaôv avrov^. tojv 8' iâKOGLOv

fjLv evdug edXojGav, ogol S' et? ttjv AtyvTTTOV
/cat rag eKel (-J-qBag hiecjjvyov, ovk els {xaKpav
417 GvXXrj(f)9VTg 7ravrj)(9riGav. e^' oJv ovk Gtlv

OS ov TT]v Kaprepcav /cat Trjv etr arrovoiav eire
TTJs yvojfjLTjs LGXvv XPV Xiyiv ov KaT7TXdyrj'
418 naG-qs yap 77' avTOvs fiaGdvov Kai Xvixrjs tcov
^ + ovv M ed. pr. : + 5e L : oi 8^ crwiSoi'Tes C.
^ "It appears from Philo {In Flaccum, 10, 74 Cohn) tliat
620
vriih their escape, again embarked on revolutionary

schemes, and sought to induce many of their hosts
to assert their independence, to look upon the
Romans as no better than themselves and to esteem

God alone as their lord. Meeting >\-ith opposition J
from certain Jews of rank, they murdered these ; the
rest they continued to press -with solicitations to
revolt, Obse^^'ing their infatuation, the leaders of
the council of elders,*^ thinking it no lonorer safe for
them to overlook their proceedings, convened a
general assembly of the Jews and exposed the madness of the Sicarii, pro\'ing them to have been responsible for all their troubles. " And now," they
said, " these men, finding that even their flight has
brought them no sure hope of safety for if recognized by the Romans they would instantly be put
to death are seeking to involve in the calamity
wliich is their due persons wholly innocent of their
crimes." They, accordingly, advised the assembly
to beware of the ruin with which they were menaced
by these men and, by delivering them up, to make
their peace \\'ith the Romans. ReaHzing the gra\'ity
of the danger, the people compHed îth this ad\'ice,
and rushed furiously upon the Sicarii to seize them.
Six hundred of them were caught on the spot ; and
all who escaped into Egypt and the Eg^-ptian Thebes
were ere long arrested and brought back. Xor was rheir
there a person who was not amazed at the endurance ^^^'^sal
and call it which you Mill desperation or strength persecution
of purpose, displayed by these victims. For under caeTIr as

every form of torture and laceration of body, de\'ised lord*
from the time of Augustus the single idvdpxvs at Alexandria

was superseded by a yepoiaia, over which a certain number
of apxavTes presided, Schiirer, G.J. V. iii. 41.
621
JOSEPHUS
aajfidrajv eTTLVorjdeLcrrjs^ (p ev tovto fiovov, ottcus"

avrojv KatCTapa beGTTorrjv ojioXoyrjGOJGLv , ovhels
evlhojKev ovh^ efxeXXrjGev eLrrelv, aAAa iravTes
VTTeprepav rrjs dvdyK-qs rrjv avrchv yvcjofjLTjv Siec/yvAaây, ojGTrep dvaiGdrjTOis GcvfjiaGL x'^'-povGrj jxovov
ov)(l rfj ipvxfi '^ds âGavovs Kat to TTvp Seôêvot.
419 pLaXiGra 8' tj tojv TTaihojv -qXiKia rovs dewpLevov^

iêrrX-qêv ovde yap iKeivcuv ris iêvLK-qdr) Kataapa
SeGTTorrjv eôvopaGai, togovtov dpa rrfs tcop
GOjpLdrajv dcrêreta? r) rrjs ToXprjS lgxvs eTreKpdreL.
420 (2) AouTTO?^ t6t 8lo)KL TTjv WXe^dvBpeiav
Kal TTepl rod KLvrjpLarog rovrov Kataapt Kara
421 rdôs eVeorretAev. o Se rcxyv lovhaicov ttjv

dKardTTavGTOv v(f)opojpivo? veojrepoTTodav /cat 8etcas", /U.T7 TToXiv els v dBpooi GvXXeyojGi Kal nvas
avrols GweTTLGTrdGowraL , TrpoGeraê ro) AovTrco
Tov iv rfj ÔvLOV KaXovpevrf veojv KadeXelv tojv
^2 'lovSalojv. rf S' eGrlv iv KlyvTncp Kal Sta

TOLavTTjv alrlav coKLGdr] re /cat rrjv iTTLKXrjGcv
423 eXaêv "Ovias Îpicovos vlog, et? rcov ev 'lepoGoXvjJLOig dpxi'^piojVj (f)vya>v Âvtloxov tov Hvplas
âGiXea TToXepovvra roXs ^lovSaloLs rjKev els
ÂXe^dvhpeiav, /cat heâpevov YlToXepLalov (J)lXo(f)p6vojs avTOV hid TTjV TTpos ^ AvTLOXO'^ aTTexOetav
e<f)7j GvpLpLaxov avTOi TTOL-qGetv to tojv lovSaiajv
eSvos, el TTeLGOel-q tols vri* avTov Xeyopevots.
424 TTOLTjGeiv he Ta hvvard tov âGiXecJS 6p.oXoyiq-
^ AorTTTTos in some mss. here and below.
* Hudson with Lat. : Kokovixevov mss. ' 6 PMC.
* Unidentified ; M. Rutilius Lupus (probably of the same
family) was the Roman governor of Egypt at the outbreak of

the later Jewish war under Trajan, a.d. 116.
622
for the sole object of making them acknowledge

Caesar as lord, not one submitted nor was brought to
the verge of utterance ; but all kept their resolve,
triumphant over constraint, meeting the tortures and
the fire with bodies that seemed insensible of pain
and souls that wellnigh exulted in it. But most of
all were the spectators struck by the children of
tender age, not one of whom could be prevailed upon
to call Caesar lord. Sofar did the strength of courage
rise superior to the weakness of their frames.
(2) Lupus " was then in control at Alexandi'ia, and Oemoiitiou

without delay reported this commotion to Caesar. ?einp?eS
The emperor, suspicious of the interminable tendency Onias in
of the Jews to revolution, and fearing that they might ^^ '
again collect together in force and draw others away
with them, ordered Lupus to demoHsh the Je\\ish
temple in the so-called district of Onias.^ This is a siorvofits

region in Eg^-pt which was colonized and given this
name under the follo^^'ing circumstances. Onias, son
of Simon, and one of the chief priests at Jerusalem,
fleeing from Antiochus,^ king of Syria, then at war
with the Jews, came to Alexandria, and being graciously received by Ptolemy,*^ owing to that monarch's
hatred of Antiochus, told him that he would make the
Je\\ish nation his ally if he would accede to his
proposal. The king having promised to do what
^ This temple is often mentioned in Josephus : B. i. 33,

A. xii. 387 f., xiii. 62 if., 285, xx. 236 f. Leontopolis, its site
(A. xiii. 70), has been identified as TeU-el-Yehudhjyeii,
X.E. of Memphis at the southern end of the Delta : excavations have laid bare the remains of the Jewish temple
(Flinders Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite cities^ quoted by
G. B. Gray on Isa. xix. 19).
'^ Antiochus Epiphanes.
^ Ptolemy Philometor, 182-146 b.c.
623
ori^^m.
JOSEPHUS
aavTOS rj^LOJcrev 7nrpTriv avro) vecov re ttov

rrjs PslyuTTTov KaraGKevdaaGdai Kal rots TrarpLOLS
425 eOeGL OepaTrevetv rov Qeov ovTcog yap Avtloxco

fiev TL âAAov eKTToXeixojGeod ai rov lovhalovs
rov iv 'lepoaoXvfJLOLg vecov TreTTopOrjKori, rrpos
avrov S' evvoLKcvrepajs eêtv /cat iroXXovg eir*
dSela rrjs eucreêta? 77 avrov ovXXeyrjGead at.
426 (3) rietCTêts" UroXefxalos rolg Aeyo/xeVot? SlSojglv

avTO) ;^c6/3ay eKarov ern rols oyhoT]Kovra Grahlovs^
OLTTexovGav Me/xêcos" vofios S ovros HAtoTToAtrr]?^
427 KaXelrai. (f)povpLov evOa KaraGKevaGafievos 'Ovta?

Tov fiev vaov ov^ opLOiov cvKoSofirjGe ro) iv 'lepoGoXvfJLOig, dXXd TTvpyci) TrapaTrXrjGiov XlBojv /x-
428 ydXojv els i^'qKovra Tr-qyêis dveGrrjKora' rod

^cjfjiov 8e rrjv KaraGKevrjv irpos rov oIklov^
iêijajjii^Garo /cat rot? dvaOrjpLaGLV opLolws eKoGfjLrjGv, )(OjpL TT^s" 7TpL TTjv Xv)(yiav KaraGKevrjS'
429 OX) yap eTToirjGe Xvxyiav, avrov he x'^XKevGapievos

Xvxôv xp^ôvv eiTiâivovra GeXas XPÔ"^? dXvGecxJS
430 eêKpepaGe. ro Se repLevos Trdv OTrrfj ttXlvOco

TTepLrereLX^Gro irvXas ^X^^ XiBivas. dvqKe he
Kal x^P^^ TToXXriv o âGuXevs els XPVH-^'^^^
rrpoGohoVy ottojs eli) /cat rots' lepevGiv d(f>Oovia
431 /cat rdi Oeo) 77oAAa rd rrpos rrjV evGeêiav . ov

pLTjv 'Ovia? e^ vyiovs yvcopnqs ravra errparrev,
dAA* rjv avrcp <j>LXoveiKLa irpos rovs iv rols
'lepoGoXvpLOLs lovSaiovs dpyrjv rijs cfivyrjs diro-
^ L : (TT-aSt'otj C : crraSt'wf the rest.

^ Dindorf : 'HXtouvroXtrTjs mss. ^ otKoi. MVRC.
" Joseph us here corrects his previous statement that the

temple of Unias resembled that at Jerusalem, . i. 33 (so ^.
624
JEWISH WAR, VI T. 424 431
was in his power, he ask( d permission to build a

temple somewhere in Egypt and to worship God after
the manner of his fathers ; for, he added, the Jews
would thus be still more embittered against Antiochus,
who liad sacked their temple at Jerusalem, and more
amicably disposed towards himself, and many would
flock to him for the sake of religious toleration.
(3) Induced by this statement, Ptolemy gaye him

a tract, a hundred and eighty furlongs distant from
Memphis, in the so-called nome of Heliopolis. Here
Onias erected a fortress and built his temple (which
was not like that in Jerusalem, but resembled a
tower) of huge stones and sixty cubits in altitude.
The altar, however, he designed on the model of that
in the home country, and adorned the building with
similar offerings, the fashion of the lampstand ^
excepted ; for, instead of making a stand, he had a
lamp wrought of gold which shed a brilhant light
and was suspended by a golden cliain. The sacred
precincts were wholly surrounded by a wall of baked
brick, the doorways being of stone. The king, more-
over, assigned him an extensive territory as a source

of revenue, to yield both abundance for the priests
and large provision for the ser\'ice of God. In all
this, however, Onias was not actuated by honest
motives ; his aim was rather to rival the Jews at
Jerusalem, against whom he harboured resentment
xii. 388, xiii. 63, xx. 236). Probably, as Dr. Eisler suggests,
correspondence took place between the Emperor and the
governors Lupus and Paulinus ( 433 if.) concerning the
demoHtion of the temple ; from thi-5 correspondence Josephus
learned the particulars here given. The close of Book vii of
the War appears to be a later appendix.
'' For a description of the Jerusalem lampstand or

"candlestick " see 148 f.
625
JOSEPHUS
IJLV7j/j,ovvovrL, Kal TovTo TO Upov v6fXL^ KaraGKevdoas els avTo TrepLG-ndoeiv dir* CKelvcDV to
432 ttXtjOos. iyeyovet Se rt? Kal rraXaid Trpopprjois

T(JL 7T0V TTpooBcv iâKOGLOcg- 'Haotas ovo/xa
TO) TTpoayopevaavTi Tovhe tov vaov ttjv iv AlyvTTTcv
yevqGopiiirqv vtt^ dvhpos 'louSatou /caraa/ceuT^v.
TO fjLV oi'V lepOV OVTOJS 7TTT0Lr]T0.
433 (4) AovTTOS 8* o TT^s" ÂXeâvSpelas rjyeiiajv to.

Trapd KaiGapo? Xa^d)v ypdjjLfjLaTa Kal napaycvofievos ets" TO tepov Kal Tiva tojv dvadrjpdTOJv
434 eK(f)op-qo-as tov vaov drreKXeiGe. \ov7tov 8e pLeTa

^paXV TeXevTTjGavTos YlavXZvos StaSe^dpevos ttjv
Tjyepoviav ovt tojv avadrjpATCJV ovSev /careAtTre/
TToAAa yap 8ir]7TLX7]G ToZg UpevGLv el p,rj irdvTa
TTpOKOpiGetaV, 0VT TTpOGlivaL TO) TpVL TOVS
435 6prjGKVLV ôvXopevovg d(l>rJKv,^ dAA' aTTOKXeiGas

Tag TTvXas anpoGLTOv avTO navTeXajg eTTolrjoev,
COS" prjS^ iX^^^ ^'''^ '^V^ ^^^ '^^^ Oeov depaTreias iv
436 TO) TOTTCp KaTaXiTTelv . XP^^^^ V^ ^^S" ttjv aTrokXelglv tov vaov yeyovojs drro ttjs KaTaGKevrjs
T7] Tpia Kal TGGapdKOVTa Kal TpiaKOGia.
437 (xi. 1) "Hâro 8e /cat twv irepl Kvp-^vrjv

TToXeojv Tj Tojv GLKaplcjv aTTovoia Kaddnep vogos.
^ C: KateXeiireTO (-XiireTo R) the rest. ^ eiprjKev Niese. -
" The period of Isaiah's prophecies was actually c. 740700 B.C., some 800 years before this time.
^ The reference is to Isa. xix. 18 f., and in particular to the

"words (partially quoted in A. xiii. 68) " In that day shall there
be an altar to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt."
The passage is regarded by modern critics as a late insertion
in Isaiah : by some even so late as to be vaticinium post
eventum, the city in v. 18, whose name is variously given in
different texts as " city of righteousness," " of destruction,*'
626
for his exile, and he hoped by erecting this temple to

attract the multitude away from them to it. There
had, moreover, been an ancient prediction made some
six hundred years before ^ by one named Esaias, M'ho
had foretold the erection of this temple in Egypt by

a man of Je\vish birth.'' Such, then, was the origin
of this temple.
(4) Lupus, the governor of Alexandria, on receipt

of Caesar's letter, repaired to the temple and, having
carried off some of the votive offerings, shut up the
building. Lupus dying soon after, Paulinus, his c a.d. 73.
successor in office, completely stripped the place of
its treasures, threatening the priests Aîth severe
penalties if they failed to produce them all, prohibited
would-be worshippers from approaching the precincts, and, closing the gates, debarred all access,
so as to leave thenceforth no vestige of di\'ine worship
on the spot. The duration of the temple from its
erection to its closure was three hundred and fortythree years.*'
(xi. 1) The madness of the Sicarii further attacked, Further

like a disease, the cities around Cyrene. Jonathan, sicariiin
or "of the sun," being taken as a reference to Leontopolis.

See G. B. Gray, Intemat. Crit. Comm., in loc.
^ The first figure is probably corrupt ; 243 years, i.e. c.

170 B.c.-A.D. 73, would be approximately correct. Dr.
Eisler, however, in a forthcoming work, has an ingenious

explanation of the figure in the text. " By one of those
errors in calculation, not rare and easily intelligible in this
author, Josephus imagined that the duration of the Onias
temple . . . was a period of 343 ( = 7x7x7) years or seven
jubilees. . . . This mystical number indicates that J. saw
in the destruction of the two Jewish temples, at Heliopolis
and in Jerusalem, God's judgement upon the impious transgression of the deuteronomic law (of the single sanctuary). . . .
Some idea similar to that of the seventy year- weeks of Daniel
may have been in his mind."
627
JOSEPHUS
438 SiaTTecTcov^ yap et? avrrjv ÎcovdOr)?, TTOv-qpoTaro?

av9pco770 Kai T-qv rexvriv vSdvrris, ovk oXiyovs
Tojv drropajv dveTreicre 77poae;)êtv avrco /cat Trporjyayev et? r-qv eprjuov crqpLela /cat Sdajxara heiîv
439 vmG)(\'ovp.evo^ . kol tovs fiev aXXovg iXdvdave

ravra hiapaTrofxevos kol (f)vaKLâjv, ol hk rols
a^LcLfiaGL TTpoiJXOVTeg rcov cttl rrjs Kypr^vTy?
lovbalcov rrjv eôhov avrov /cat 7Tapa(TKvrjv rep

rijg TrevraTToXeaJS Al^vt]? -qyefiovL KaruAAoj rrpoG-
440 ayyeXXovGiv . 6 S' I Trias re /cat Tretovs dnoGreiXas pahtajs iKparrjGev avonXajv, /cat to puev
rrXeov eV -yêpGlv dTTwXero, nves /cat t^cuyprj-
^^ devres dvrj-xOrjGav rrpog rov KaruAAov. o 8

"qyepidjv rod ôvXevpLaros ^lojvdOrjs rore fiev
hi(hvyy 77oXXrJ Se /cat Atav eTTLpLeXovs ava
Tracrav rr^v y^^cJjpav t-qr-qGeojs yevopLevqg -qXw, /cat
TTpos rov Tjyepiova dvaxOeLS avroj pev epirjxavdro
rijs rLptajplas dTraXXayrjv, rot KaruAAo) 8 ehojKev
442 ddioppLrjv dhiK-qjidrajv . 6 pLv yap rov? ttXovglojrdrovs rcjv ^lovhaiojv e'Aeye Karaipv86p.vo? StSacr/caAou? avrco rod ôvXevpLarog yeyovevai, (2)
443 TTpoOvpLOJS 8e rds hcajôXas eKelvog iêSex^ro

/cat ro) TrpdypiarL ttoXvv oyKov TrepieriOei pieydXa
TrpoGrpayojdojv , tva Sdête Kavrog lovSalKov
444 rtra TToXepLOv KarojpOojKevai. ro Se St) rovrov

XaXeTTcorepov, Trpos yap roj TTLGreveuv paStco? en
/cat StSaCT/caAos" "qv rcjv GLKapiojv rrjg ipevboXoyias'
445 ACcAeuCTas" yovv aurdv ovopidGaL rtva rait' lof Satcot'

'AAeâvSpov, a> rrdXac rrpoGKEKpovKcbs (f>avpov
iêvqvox^L ro plaos, r-qv re yvvoLKa rr]v Klvov
[Bepyt/CT7V rat? atVtats";' GvptTrXeâs,^ rovrovg /xev
rrpwrov dvelXev, 7tl S avrolg dnavras tovs
628
an arrant scoundrel, by trade a weaver, having taken

refuge in that town, won the ear of not a few of the
indigent class, and led them forth into the desert,
promising them a display of signs and apparitions.
Plis knavish proceedings escaped detection in general;
but the men of rank among the Jews of CjTene
reported his exodus and preparations to Catullus, the
governor of the Libyan Pentapolis. Catullus, having
dispatched a body of horse and foot, easily overpowered the unarmed crowd, the greater number of
whom perished in the encounter, a few being taken
prisoners and brought up to Catullus. Jonathan, the
originator of the plot, escaped at the time, but after
a prolonged and extremely diligent search through-
out the country was caught. On being brought

before the governor, he contrived to elude punishment himself, while affording Catullus a handle for
injustice, by falsely asserting that he had received
his instructions in the scheme from the wealthiest of
the Jews.
(2) These calumnies were readily entertained by Criminal
"T-Ction of
Catullus, who invested the affair with serious im- catullus,

portance, pompously exaffg-eratinff it, in order that ^^ Rom.-n
r ^ r r J oo o' governor
he too might be thought to have won a Jewish war. in Libya

But what was far worse not only did he show tliis
easy credulity, but he actually prompted the Sicarii
in falsehood. Thus he instructed Jonathan to name
one Alexander, a Jew, with whom he had formerly
quarrelled and was now at open enmity, further
impHcating his wife Berenice in the allegations.
These were his first victims. After them he slew all
^ di,eKTrecru}i> Zon.
ora. hepevLK-qv P Exc. : om. rats alriais PA.
' <ri^;'c/iirX^â5 VC.
629
JOSEPHUS
evTTopLa xprjfiOLTCOv BLa(f)povTas o/iov rpiaxi'^'-ovs^

416 i4)6vVGv dvSpas' /cat ravra Trpdrreiv cyd/xtêp"
acrâAtos', on ras ovatag avrwv ets" Tas tov
Katcrapo? rrpoGoSovs dveXdfiâvev .
447 (3) "Ottcos Se /x7]Se aAAa;ôu rtve? rcDv louSatcoi^

iXeyôjGLV avrov rr]v dSt/ciav, TToppojripco to
ipev6os i^TLV KaL TTeldet TOV 'Icovddrjv Kai TLvas
Twv dpi* eKeivcp GVveiXrjpLpiivcov vecoTepiopLOV KaTTj-yoplav Tn4)ep.iv tols v WXeâvSpeia t /cat
448 PojpLT) TCOV lovSaLOJV hoKlp-OJTdTOLS . TOVTWV Ct?
T(jL)v i^ iTTLôvXrj? aiTiaO ivTcuv tjv 'IcoG'qTTOS 6
449 TavTa cruyypatjjdpLevos . ov pLrjv /car' iXniSa tw

KaruAAoj TO GKva)pr]pLa vpoexooprjGev rjK pikv
yap LS TTjV ^PcopLTjV TOVS TTCpl TOV lojvdOjJV
dycov SeSepiivovs /cat Tripas oiero ttjs eêTdGecos
elvai TTjV TT avTOV /cat St avTOV yevopievrjv
4:50 ipevhoXoyiav. OvG77aGLav6? 8e to Trpdypia vtto-
TTTEVGas dva^r^Tel ttjv dX-qOeiav /cat yvovs aSt/cor
TTjV aLTLaV ToXs dvSpdGLV i7TV7]VypLVr)V TOV? pLV
d(f)i-qGL TOJV iyKXrjpidTOJV Tltov GTTOvhdGavTOS ,

SIktjv 8' eTredrjKev ^lojvddr] ttjv TrpoGrjKOVGav
tâjv yap KaTCKavdr] TrpoTepov at/ctcrêts".
451 (4) KariÂAo) hk t6t ptev VTrrjpê 8td ri^v

TrpaoTTjTa tojv avTOKpaTopojv pnqhev TrXeZov vttopLclvaL KaTayvajGecjJs , ovk els pLaKpdv Se vogco
KaTaXT)(j)dels TroXvTpoTTco Kai SuCTtaro) ;>âA7r6Ds"
aTT-qXXaTTev , ov to GcopLa pLOvov KoXal,6pLevoSy aAA
452 TjV rj TTjs ipvxrjs avTcv vogos âpvTepa. Set//,acrt

yap i^TapdTTTO /cat Gvvexc^s iôa ÂeVetv
etScoAa TOJV vtt* avTov 7r(f>ovvpLva)v i(f)GTrjKOTa,
^ T/MO-XtX'OUs] Tt X'-Î-OVS P.
630
the well-to-do Jews, three thousand persons in all ;

a step which he thought that he could safely take,
as he confiscated their property to the imperial
exchequer.
(3) Sloreover, to prevent any Jews elsewhere from

exposing his iniquity, he extended his hes further
afield, and prevailed on Jonathan and some others
who had been arrested alonff with him to bring- a
charge of sedition against the most reputable Jews
both in Alexandria and Rome. Among those thus Josephus

insidiously incriminated was Josephus, the author of ated.^^""
this history. The upshot, however, of the scheme
did not answer to Catullus's expectations. For he
came to Rome, bringing Jonathan and his associates
in chains, in the belief that the false accusations
brought up before him and at his instance would be
the end of the inquiry. But Vespasian, ha\-ing his

suspicions of the affair, investigated the facts ; and
discovering that the charge preferred against these
men was unjust, on the intercession of Titus he
acquitted them, and inflicted on Jonathan the punishment that he had deserved. He was first tortured
and then burnt ahve.
(4) Catullus, on that occasion, o^ving to the lenity Divine
of the emperors, suffered nothing worse than a on CaSiiTus.

reprimand ; but not long after he was attacked by a
complicated and incurable disease and came to a
miserable end, not only chastised in body, but vet
more deeply deranged in mind. For he was haunted
by terrors and was continually crjang out that he
saw the ghosts of his murdered victims standing at
" Josephus alludes to this again in his autobiography

( Vita 424 f.) : " Jonathan . . . asserted that I had provided him with arms and money."
631
JOSEPHUS
Kat Karexî'V avrov ov hwdyievos i^rjXXeTO ttjs

vvrjs ojs âadvcxjv avTW Kal nvpos 7TpoG(j)pofj.vajv.
453 Tov Se KaKOV TroXXrjv del ttjv inLSoGiv Xafi^dvovros

Acat Ta)v ivTepojv avrcp Kara hid^pajGiv iKTreaovrcov,
ovTCos dTriSaveVy ovhevos tjttov irepov ttj? Trpovoias rod deov reKfi-qpcov yevofievos, on tols
TTOvqpoLS SiKr]v emTLdriGLV.
454 (5) Evrauâ rrj? LGropias rjjJLiV to Trepa? ccrrtv,

r]v iTT-qyyeLXdfjLeOa jierd TrdGrjs d/cptêta? Trapa8cl)GLv rot? ôvXopLvoL fjLaOelv, riva rpoirov
ovros 6 TToXepLOs ^PojpiaLOLS irpos ^lovhaiovs
455 eTToXepLijOrj. Kal ttws jjLev r^ppL-qvevr at, rol? dvayvwGopLevois Kpivetv aTToXeXeLcjida), nepl rrj? dXTjdeLag
Be ovK dv oKvqGaLfjLL dappojv Xiyetv, otl fiovr^s
TavTijs napa TraGav Tr]V' avaypa<f>-qv eGTO)(aGaiirjv,
632
his side ; and, unable to restrain himself, he would

leap from his bed as if torture and fire were being
applied to him. His malady ever growing rapidly
worse, his bowels ulcerated and fell out ; and so he
died, affording a demonstration, no less striking than
any, how God in his providence inflicts punishment
on the wicked.
(5) Here we close the history, which we promised Kpiiogue.

to relate with perfect accuracy for the information of
those who ^^'isll to learn how this war was waged by
the Romans against the Jews. Of its style '^ my
readers must be left to judge ; but, as concerning
truth, I would not hesitate boldly to assert that,
throughout the entire narrative, this has been my
single aim.
" Or possibly " How it has been rendered " (into Greek) ;
cf. the allusion to the Aramaic original in 5. i. 3 (where,
however, the verb used Is /.'.eraâXili').
633
APPENDIX
THE PRINCIPAL ADDITIONAL PASSAGES IN

THE SLAVONIC VERSION
The first nineteen of these passages are translated from

the German rendering of the Slavonic version produced by
the late Dr. Berendts and Dr. Grass, Flavins Josephus voiri
Jiidischen Kriege, Biich i-iv, nach der slavischen Ubersetzung, Dorpat, teil i, 1924-1926, Teil ii, 1927 ; the last
three passages from Dr. Berendts' translation in Texte und
Untersuchungen, Neue Folge, vol. xiv, 1906. The history
of these passages is obscure. They include some obvious
Christian interpolations " ; on the other hand, the Slavonic
version, in which they are found, has been thought by
some scholars to have preserved, at least in j)art, the
author's original draft of the Jeicish War. The reader is
referred to a forthcoming work of Dr. Robert Eisler, " The
Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist, as described in the
unpublished ' Capture of Jerusalem ' of Flavins Jose])hus
and the Christian sources," of which an English edition
will shortly be published by Messrs. Methuen, and an
American edition by Lincoln Mac^'eagh (The Dial Press).

The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. Eisler for assistance
in the preparation of this Appendix. Notes which he has
kindly supplied are indicated by the initials R. E.
(1) Herod's Dream
[i. 328, inserted after TrpoaTj.uali'ovffiv.]

(But when Herod was in Antioch, he saw a dream which
" Supposed interpolations, according to Dr. Eisler 's critical

edition of the te\t, are placed in square brackets in the
following translation.
VOL. Ill X 635
APPENDIX
revealed to him in advance his brother's death.) Now the

dream was on this wise. There were four** ears of corn :
the first was drv throuorh frost, but the second stood upright, while wolves fell upon the third and cut (it) down
and dragged it behind them. But the interpretation of
it was on this wise. The first ear was Phasael, whom
poisoning had dried up ; the second ear was himself,

inasmuch as he was " unscathed ; while the third was his
brother Joseph, whom warriors cut down and dragged
awav without burial. And his soul was stirred within him;
at once terror seized him, and he went forth from the
bed-chamber about midnight like one possessed. For the
soul, which had understood sooner than the spirit, = was
afraid. (And forthwith there came to him the melancholy
tidings.)
(2) A DiscussiO-v OF Jewish Priests : " Herod is
NOT THE Messiah "
[Replacing i. 364-370 (middle) in the Greek.]
But Herod spent little (time) in Jerusalem, and marched

against the Arabs. At that * time the priests mourned
and grieved one to another in secret. They durst not (do
so ojtenly for fear of) * Herod and his friends.
For (one Jonathan) ^ spake : " The law bids us have no

foreigner for king." Yet we wait for the Anointed, the
meek one,* of David's line. But of Herod we know that
he is an Arabian,' uncircumcised. The Anointed will be
" So the text ; but no further mention is made of the

fourth .
'' Lit. "is." According to Ur. Eisler, the pre^ênt tense

shows that the source was written while Herod the Great was
still alive. Or " mind " (Uelst). "* Lit. " the."
* An apparent lacuna : words supplied by Berendts-Grass.

^ The name, which has fallen out, is supplied from the
sequel. " Deut. xvii. 15. '' Zech. ix. 9.
According to B.J. i. 123 he was an Idumaean ; his friend

Nicolas of Damascus represented him as belonging to one
of the first Jewish rr^milies that returned from Babylon,
Ant. xiv. 9 ; Christians called him a Phili.-,tine.
636
SLAVONIC " ADDITIONS "
called meek, but this (is) lie who has filled our whole land
with blood. Under the Anointed it was ordained for the
lame to walk, and the blind to see,'' (and) the poor to
become rich." But under this man the hale have become
lame, the seeing are blinded, the rich have become beggars.
What is this ? or how ? Have the prophets lied r The
prophets have written that there shall not want a ruler
from Judah, until he come unto whom it ' is given up ;
for him do the Gentiles hope."^ But is this man the hope
for the Gentiles ? For we hate his misdeeds. Will the
Gentiles perchance set their hopes on him ? Woe unto us,
because God has forsaken us, and we are forgotten of him ! *
And he will give us over to desolation and to destruction.
Not as under Nebuchadnezzar and Antiochus (is it). For
then were the prophets teachers also of the people, and
they made promises concerning the captivity and concerning the return. And now neither is there any whom
one could ask, nor any with whom one could find comfort."
But Ananus the priest answered and spake to them :

" I know all books.''' ^^^len Herod fought beneath the city
wall,^ I had never a thouffht that God would permit him
to rule over us. But now I understand that our desolation
is nigh. And bethink you of the prophecy of Daniel ; for
he writes '' that after the return * the city of Jerusalem
shall stand for seventy weeks of years, which are 490
years, and after these years shall it be desolate." And
when they had counted the years, (they) were thirty years
' Is. XXXV. 5 f.
* Cf. Is. Ixi. 1 (" to preach good tidings unto the poor ").
* sc. the rulership.
** Gen. xlix. 10 : " The sceptre shall not depart from

Judah . . . until Shiloh come : and unto him shall the
obedience of the peoples be." Shiloh is interpreted above,
as in the Targum, to mean " he whose it is."
' Cf. Is. xlix. 14, " Zion said, Jehovah hath forsaken me
and the Lord iiath forgotten me."
'' i.e., of Scripture or of the Messianic Scriptures.
" Lit,, ** before the city," when besieging Antigonus in

Jerusalem in 37 B.C., B.J. i. 343 ft".
* Dan. ix. 24 flF. * Of the exiles from Babylon.
637
APPENDIX
and four." But Jonathan answered and spake : " The

numbers of the years are even as we have said. But the
Holy of Holies,* where is he .' For this Herod he (sc. the
prophet) cannot call the Holy one* (him) the bloodthirsty and impure."
But one of them, by name Levi, wishing to outwit them,

spake to them what he got ** with his tongue, not out of
the books, but in fable. They, however, being learned in
the Scriptures, began to search for the time when the Holy
one would come ; but the speeches of Levi they execrated,
saying, " Soup * is in thy mouth, but a bone in thy head,"
wherefore also they said to him that he had breakfasted
all night and that his head was heavy with drink, as it
were a bone. But he. overcome with shame, fled to Herod
and informed him of the speeches of the priests which they
had spoken against him. But Herod sent by night and
slew them all, without the knowledsre of the people, lest
they should be roused ; and he appointed others.
(And when it was morning the whole land quaked, etc.,

as in 370 Greek text.)
" This seems to mean that they reckoned that there were
34 more years still to run of the 490, within which, according
to Daniel ix. 24, the Messiah was to appear. Berendts takes

it to mean "Herod has 34 years to reign"; i.e., from his
capture of Jerusalem in 37 b.c. to his death in 4 b.c. (cf. B.J.
i. 665 ; Ant. xvii. 191). But we are not told that the priests
were also prophets ; this debate, moreover, is represented
as taking place in the year of Herod's Arab campaign
(3-2 B.C.), not in that of his accession (37 b.c). Herod was
evidently dead when this chapter was written.
^ Dan. ix. 24, " Seventv weeks are decreed ... to anoint
a Holy of Holies." [The "Holy of Holies" is the last
Messianic high-priest, cf. 1 Chron. xxiii. 13 : *' Aaron was set
aside for a holy one of holies " (literal trans, of MT.). R. E.J
[The " Holy one " of God (Mark i. 24, Luke iv. 34, Jo.
vi. 69) is again the Messianic high-priest. R. E.]
** German fesibekam. [for Greek iirr^^fv. R.E.]
* Dr. R. Eisler would read " putty," thinking that the

Greek reading underlying the Slavonic has arisen through
confusion of maraq, " soup " and marqah, " putty."
638
(3) Antipater's " Comparison of Himself to

Heracles fighting the Hydra
[Replacing the sentence in i. 588, " Then there were these

hydra heads, the sons of Aristobuhis and Alexander, shooting
up."]
But there are growing up against me and against my

children the heads of the hydra (?). Just as Heracles
sought to cut off the hundred heads of that beast with the
sword, and, when he had not (yet) reached the last head,
the heads again grew up, until he called lolaus to his aid ;
(and as,) while Heracles hewed, lolaus burnt out with a
fire-brand the places that appeared through the gash, and
thereby the growth of the heads of that beast was stayed
even so have I cut off Aristobulus and Alexander, but
have gained no profit therefrom. For there are those who
(stand) in their place, their sons, but I have no lolaus to
help me. And I know not how I should fulfil my desire.
(4) First Invective against the Romans (or
Latins)
[Replacing i. 601-605.1
But Antipater, knowing nothing of these things, amused

himself in Rome. And he lived just as becomes a king's
son, alike in the magnificence of his surroundings, attendance and dress, and in munificence. Accordingly he gave
large presents to the Roman authorities, and induced them
to write in praise of himself to Herod.
And after receiving the presents, the [Italians, who arc

called] Latins wrote such praise of Antipater, as cannot be
expressed, saying : " This man alone is thy defender and
guardian and shield and deliverer from thy shameful sons.
Had it not been for him, thy two first reprobate sons would
have killed thee. And those two who are now here study-
" Not " Herod's," as in Berendts-Grass (List of Contents).
639
APPENDIX
ing philosophy clamour loudly against thee, reviling and

representing thee as a monster."
For such are the Latins : they run to accept presents

and break their oath for the sake of presents. And they
see no sin in calumny, saying, " With words have vre
spoken, but vre have not killed (anyone) ourselves," since
the accursed vrretches think that he is a murderer, who
kills with the hand, but that calumny and denunciation
and instigation against one's neighbour are not murder.
Had they known the law of God, they would have been
shown long since what a murderer is.'' But they are aliens,
and our doctrine ^ touches them not. Therefore did they
lie against the two sons of Herod, who were then being
educated in Rome, Archelaus (and) Philip, and wrote so
that he should kill them.
But Herod, having fortified himself' against external

things, and in consequence of the first painful inquiries,
attached no credit to the Roman letters.
(o) Second Invective against the Romans
[In i. 610, in place of the words rrapaxpo/â akv âirevbev.']
(And during the time when he '^ was in Cilicia, he received

his father's letter, of which we have spoken.) And he was
highly delighted, and prepared a sumptuous dinner for his
travelling companions and for the Romans, who through
flattery had received from him three hundred talents.**
" [Allusions to the rabbinic doctrine (' Arakin 15 b, Jer.

Penh i. 16 a, etc.) that "calumny is threefold killing." It
kills (in the end) the calumniator, the calumniated, and him
who believes the calumny. R. E.]
* Lit. " his mind " {seinen Sinn).
* i.e., Antipater, on his homeward journey from Rome to

Palestine.
^ The Greek text in 605 states that " his returns showed
an expenditure of 200 talents " in Rome. The Slavonic
omits that statement, but the 300 talents here mentioned may
possibly have some connexion with that other sum.
640
SLAVONIC *' ADDITIONS "
For they are insatiable in receiving ; but if anyone gives

them more to-day, to-morrow they want (still) more.
And as the sea cannot be filled, nor hell satisfied, nor
woman's passion, even so are the Romans insatiable in
receiving ; in truth they are Solomon's leeches, "^ people
who give their body and their soul for a reward. '' Yet they
are ready also to give up their limbs "^ and their brothers
and children,*^ the former in that (by training) they convert
boldness (and) fury into valour,' but the others in that
they are covetous of gold, like ravens on a corpse. Many
also for some trifle are prepared to surrender their
(military) clothing, their cities, as also their generals.'
We shall describe them in the sequel, but now we (will)
relate the matter in hand.
(^Vhen Antipater came to Celenderis, etc.)
* An allusion to the Proverbs of Solomon xxx. 15 f., " The

leech hath two daughters, Give, give. There are three
things that are never satisfied . . . Sheol, and the barren
womb, the earth that is not satisfied with water. ..."
" Woman's passion " above {vice " the barren womb ")
follows the Lxx text (^/jws ywaiKos, xxiv. 51).
' [An allusion to the gladiatorial profession. Cf. Petronius

117 "tamquam legitimi gladiatores domino corpora animasque addicimus." R. E-l
'^ [An allusion to the auctorati, freeborn Romans entering

the arena as gladiators for the sake of lucre. Cf. Tacitus,
Ann. xiv. 14. R. E.]
^ [An allusion to Romans selling their sons to the la}itsfa,

to be trained as gladiators. R. E.]
* die einen, indem sie durch {Zucht) Keckheit {iind) ToUiieit in Mannhaftigkeit verwandeln. [Cf. B.J. iv. 1. 6, 45
TO . , . TTjs bpuTjs /j.ai'Liodes euweLpia . . . KaropBovfxev. He
means the lanistae, the trainers of the gladiators' schools.
R. E.]
f [The text has " an3 their clothing " at the end, but this
makes a bad anticlimax. Dr. Eisler transpn-es the words
and explains them as referring to deserters bartering away
their outfit for civilian clothes and a little money.]
641
APPENDIX
(6) Moralizing on Divine Providence as

exemplified in abraham
[Following upon the trial and condemnation of Antipater,

in place of i. 6-il-644.]
Therefore is it fitting to marvel at Divine Providence,

how it requites evil for evil, but good for good. And it is
impossible for man to hide from " His Almighty right hand,
either for the just or for the unjust ; but more still
does His mighty ^ eye look upon the just. And indeed
Abraham, the forefather of our race, was led out of his
land, because he had offended his brother in the division
of their territories '^ ; and whereby he sinned, even thereby
he received also his punishment. And again for his
obedience ^ He gave him the promised land.*
(7) Appeal of the Rabbis JLrDAs and Matthias
QUOTING PrE^'IOUS ExAMPLES OF HeROTSM
[i. 650 : this fuller address in oratio recta replaces that in
oratio ohJi'iua in the Greek ; the introduction also contains

some additional words.]
For Herod had at that time erected a golden eagle over

the great gate of the temple, in honour of the emperor ;
< " before."
'' hochJierrliches : cf. fêov fj-eyas 6<pda\fj.6s, B.J. i. 84 and 378,

where it is mentioned in conjunction with His right hand (oi)
oca<pvtoyTai. rbi> aiyav 6cf)6a\abv avrov Kai Tr)v aviK-qTOi' Se^tdi'),
[An allusion to an othem-ise unknown legend about

Abraham depriving his brother Haran of his fair share of
the land and consequently losing his own. According to
Yacut ii. :231 the city of Haran was named after this
brother of Abraham. In Ant. i. 7. 1 Jo.>ephus says that
Abraham had to leave Mesopotamia, rî' Ûao-KOTaunTCov
araaiaadi'Tu^v wpos ai'Tov. He does not wish to tell the
Gentiles that it was a quarrel bet-een Abraham and his
brother Haran which drove him out of the country. R. E.]
** Gen. xii. 4.
' [This he shares fairly with Haran 's son Lot. R. E.]
64-2
SLAVONIC - ADDITIONS "
and he called it the golden-winged eagle." This the two

(doctors) exhorted the people to cut down, saying : " Easy
is it to die for the law of (our) fathers ; for immortal glory
will follow those who die thus,** while for their souls there
awaits eternal joy. But those who die in unmanliness,
loving the body, not desiring a manly death, but finding
their end in sickness, these are inglorious, and will suffer
unending torments in the underworld."^ Forward, ye
Jewish men ! Now is the time to play the man. We will
show what reverence Ave have for the law of Moses, in order
that our people may not be put to shame, in order that
we may not offend our lawgiver. For an example of
heroism we have Eleazar ^ first, and the seven brethren,*
the Maccabees, and their mother, who acted manfully.
For Antiochus,^ who had defeated and captured our
country and domineered over us, was defeated by those
seven striplings and by the aged teacher " and by the
grey-haired woman. We, too, will show ourselves like
them, that we may not appear weaker than the woman.
But should we also be tortured for our zeal for God, then
will our garland be yet better wreathed. But should they

even kill us, then will our souls, after quitting tlie(ir) dark
abode, pass over to (our) forefathers, where Abraham (is)
and those (descended) from him."
(8) Herod's Sins and Punishment
[Replacing the last clause in i. 656, " His condition led

diviners to pronounce his maladies a judgement on him for
his treatment of the professors."]
For the eye of God looked invisibly upon his sins. He
" The words " in honour . . . eagle '' are not in the Greek.
^ Or " there " (da).
* Cf. B.J. vi. 46 ff., where, however, Titus speaks only of

the " obliteration in subterranean night " and " oblivion "
of those dying on a sick-bed, not of " unending torments."
** 2 Mace. vi. 18 ff. * 2 Mace. vii. '' Epiphanes.
" 2 Mace. vi. 18, "Eleazar, one of the principal scribes

. . . well atricken in years."
VOL. Ill X 2 643
APPENDIX
Lad indeed defiled his dominion with bloodshed and with

illicit intercourse with foreign women." And because he
had made others childless, therefore killed he also his
children with his (own) hands ; * and because he spared not
his body in wantonness, therefore contracted he so foul a
disease.
(9) [" John the Foreruxner "] *
[Inserted between ii. 110 and iii.]
Now at that time there walked among the Jews a man

in wondrous garb, for he had put animals' hair upon his
body wherever it was not covered by his (own) hair ; and in
countenance he was like a savage. He came to the Jews
and summoned ^ them to freedom, saying : " God hath
sent me to show you the way of the Law, whereby ye may
free yourselves from many masters ; and there shall Ije no
mortal ruling over you, but only the Highest * who hath
sent me." And when the people heard that, they were
glad ; [and there went after him all Judaea and the (region)
around Jerusalem.] ^ And he did nothing else to them,
save that he dipped them into the stream of the Jordan
and let (them) go, admonishing them to desist from evil
works ; (for) so would they be given a king who would
" Or " vith other men's wives."'
* Cf. (6) above, for the punishment fitting the crime.
" This title, clearly of Christian origin, appears in the

Slavonic mss. : the text, here and in the later passage (llj,
mentions no name and speaks of " the savage."
"^ Lit. " enticed."
* I have not found any parallel use of 6 i'-yia-Tos in

Josephus : dpx'fpfi'^ ^foO v-<piaTov occurs in an edict of
Augustus, înt. xvi. 163.
^ Cf. Matt. iii. 5, " Then went out unto him [i.f. John)
Jerusalem and all Judaea and all the region round about
Jordan" : Mk. i. 5, " And there went out unto him all the
country of Judaea and all they of Jerusalem." [The sentence
evidently a Christian interpolation is not to be found
in the Rumanian version of Josephus, Cod. Caster No. b9.
R. E.J
644
SLAVONIC *' ADDITIONS "
set them free and subject all (the) insubordinate, but he

liimself would be subject to no one (he) of whom we
speak. Some mocked, but others put faith (in him).
And when he was brought to Archelaus " and the doctors

of the Law had assembled, they asked him who he was and
where he had been until then. And he answered and
spake : " I am a man ^ and hither "^ the spirit of God hath
called me, and I live on cane and roots and fruits of the
tree.'' " But when they threatened to torture him if he
did not desist from these words and deeds, he spake nevertheless : " It is meet rather for you to desist from your
shameful works and to submit to the Lord your God."
And Simon, of Essene extraction,* a scribe, arose in

wrath and spake : " We read the divine books every day ;
but thou, but now come forth from the wood like a wild
beast, dost thou dare to teach us and to seduce the multi-
tudes with thy cursed speeches ? " And he rushed (upon

him) to rend his body. But he spake in reproach to
them : " I will not disclose to you the secret that is among
you,^ because ye desired it not. Therefore has unspeakable
misfortune come upon you and through your own doing."
And after he had thus spoken, he went forth to the other
side of the Jordan ; and since no man durst hinder him,
he did what (he had done) before.
Ethnarch, 4 b.c.-a.d. 6, a date much earlier than that

assigned to John's ministry in the Xew Testament.
** For " a man " (Dr. Eisler would render "Enosh") one
MS. reads " pure."
' For " hither " other mss. read " because."
"* Slavonic " wood-shavings." Dr. Eisler adopts a suggestion of Wohleb that there has been a confusion in the GreeJc
exemplar of the Slavonic between /capTrdv "fruits," and Kdpcpuv
(irXu'wi') " shavings."
* Cf. 'Ea-aaios . . . -yeVos, B.J. i. 78.
^ [The secret of the ,âcri\eia evTos L',ul'j', Luke xvii. 21. Cf.
TO, /JLvaTTjpLa TTjs âffiXeiust Matt. xiii. 11. R. E.]
645
APPENDIX
(10) The Novice's Oath o.v Admission to the

EssENE Order
[This shows some enlargement on the Greek text in ii. 138 f.

The additional matter and altered phraseology are printed
in italics. After " his character is tested for two years "' the
Slavonic continues : ]
And if he is not suitable, they dismiss him from their

community ; if he appears worthy, they enrol him in (their)
society. And before they enrol him, they bind him by
tremendous oaths, and he standing before the doors, pledges
himself with tremendous oaths, invoking the living God
and calling to ivitness His almighty right hand'^ and the
Spirit of God, the incomprehensible,^ and the Seraphim
and Cherubim, who have insight into ail, and the whole
heavenly host, that he will be pious, etc.
(11) " The Wild Man " (John), Herod Philip's Dream
AND the Second Marriage of Herodias
[After ii. 168.]
Philip, during his government, saw a dream, to wit that

an eagle plucked out both his eyes ; and he called all his
wise men together. ^Vlien some explained the dream in
this manner and others in that, there came to him suddenly,
without being called, that man of whom we have previously
written, = that he went about in animals' hair and cleansed
the people in the waters of the Jordan. And he spake :
Hear the word of the Lord the dream that thou hast
seen. The eagle is thy venahty, for that bird is violent
and rapacious. And this sin wiU take away thine eyes,
" C/. (6j above, p. 642 n. 6.
* d(n nicht zu fassenden ( = perhaps dKardX-qTrTop).
(9) above.
646
which are thy dominion and thy wife. " " And when he had
thus spoken, Philip expired before evening, and his
dominion was given to Agrippa,**
And his wife [Herodias] " was taken by Herod ** his

brother. Because of her all law-abiding people * abhorred
him, but durst not accuse (him) to his face. But only this
man, whom we called a savage, came to him in wrath and
spake : " Forasmuch as thou hast taken thy brother's wife,
thou transgressor of the law, even as thy brother has died a
merciless death, so wilt thou too be cut off by the heavenly
sickle. For the divine decree will not be silenced, but will
destroy thee through evil afflictions in other lands ; ^
because thou dost not raise up seed unto thy brother, but
gratifiest (thy) fleshly lusts and committest adultery, seeing
" [The Rumanian Josephus has another explanation of the
dream : "The dream that thou hast seen, heralds thy death ;
for the eagle is a bird of prey aud has destroyed thine eyes."
The object of the alteration is to avoid the stricture on
Philip's venality, just as in Ant. xviii. 106 f., where Philip is
called a mild and just ruler, the correction is intended to
please his relative, josephus's patron, Agrippa II. R. E.]
* Philip the Tetrarch died in a.d. 33-34, Ant. xviii. 106 ;

Agrippa I was appointed king by Caligula on his accession
some three years later (a.d. 37).
"^ According to Dr. Eisler a Christian gloss derived from

the Gospel narrative (Mark vi. 17, Matt. xiv. 3). The first
husband of Herodias v^-as not Philip the tetrarch, as here
represented, but a half-brother of Antipas, who is called by
Josephus {Ant. xviii. 136) simply "Herod," though he may
have borne the second name, Philip ; according to the same
passage of Ant., the second marriage of Herodias took place
in the lifetime of her first husband. [The name Herodias
is not found after the words "his wife" in the Rumanian
Josephus or in the Hebrew or in the Arabic text of Josippon,
although the story runs in all three versions exactly as in
the Russian. R. E.]
'^ Herod Antipas.
* Gesetzesleute.
f Antipas was banished by Caligula to Lugdunum in Gaul

in A.D. 39, Ant. xviii. 252, cf. B.J. ii. 183 (" to Spain ").
647
APPENDIX
that he haf? left four children." " But Herod, when he

heard (that), was wroth and commanded that they should
beat him and drive him out. But he incessantly accused
Herod, wherever he found him, until he (Herod) grew
furious, and gave orders to slay him.
Now his nature was marvellous and his ways not human.
For even as a fleshless spirit, so lived he. His mouth knew
no bread, nor even at the passover feast did he taste of
unleavened bread, saying : "In remembrance of God, who
redeemed the people fi'om bondage, is (this) given to eat,
and for the fligrht (only), since the journey was in haste." *
But wine and strong drink he would not so much as allow
to be brought nigh him : and every beast he abhorred (for
food) ; and every injustice he exposed ; and fruits of the
trees * served him for (his) needs.
(12) The Mixistrv, Trial and Crucifixion oi

" The Wonder-worker " (Jesus)
[Between ii. 174 and 175.]
At that time there appeared a man, if it is permissible

t'j call him a man.'* His nature [and form] were * human,
but his appearance (was something) more than (that) of a
man; [notwithstanding'' his works were divine]. He
worked miracles wonderful and mighty. [Therefore it is
impossible for me to call him a man :] but again, if I look
" i.e., it was not a case of a Levirate marriage in accordance

with the Law, Deut. xx\-. 5 if. The statement about these
" four children " conflicts with Ant. xîii. 136 f., according
to which Herodias by her first marriage had one daughter,
Salome, and PhiHp the Tetrarch died childless.
'> Cf. Ex. xii. 11 "ye shall eat it in haste."
* Slavonic " wood-shaviners " : see p. 615, note d.
* Cf. the opening of the disputed passage in Ant. xviii. 63

TipeTai be Kara tqvtov t'ov xP^^^^ '1t]<xov$ (xocpbs avrip^ eiye
dv5pa avTou Xe'yeti/ XPV-
* The Russian has the singular ("was"), which suggests

that the word^ "and form " are a later addition.
^ Or " at least " {dock).
648
at tne nature which he shared with all.*^ I will not call him
an angel. And everything whatsoever he wrought through
an invisible power, he wrought by word and command.
Some said of him, " Our first lawgiver is risen from the
dead ^ and hath performed ' many healings and arts," while
others thouarht that he was sent from God. Howbeit
in many things he disobeyed the Law and kept not the
Sabbath according to (our) fathers' customs. Yet, on
the other hand, he did nothing shameful ; nor (did he
do anything) with aid of hands, '^ but by word alone
did he provide * everything.
And many of the multitude followed after him and
hearkened to his teaching ; and many souls were in commotion, thinking that thereby the Jewish tribes might
free themselves from Roman hands. Now it was his
custom in general to sojourn over against the city upon
the Mount of Olives ; ^ and there, too, he bestowed his
healings upon the people.
And there assembled unto him of ministers" one hundred

and fifty, and a multitude of the people. Now when they
saw his power, that he accomplished whatsoever he would
by (a) word,'' and when they had made known to him their
will, that he should enter into the city and cut down the
Roman troops and Pilate and rule over us,* tê disdained
us nott.'
" die allgemeine Natur, doubtless representing a Greek
TT)V KOLVT)V <pV<nV I Cf. B.J. U'l. 369 TTJS KOLVrjS airdvTwv ^li>(j}V
(pi'creojs.
* Cf. Mark vi. 14 f., Luke ix. 7 f., where it is conjectured

that Jesus may be " one of the old prophets " : but the
identification with Moses in this passage is unparalleled.
"^ ericiesen.
^ Lit. " nor hand-acts." * Or "prepare" {hereitete).
' The Galilaean ministry is ignored.
" [RuSS. .5/(/^(7a = i'7r7]perat. R. K.]
^ Cf. the spurious epistle of Tiberius to Pilate, \6yLo /.l6v(p

rds Idaeis eireT^Xei, ed. ISL R. James, Texts and Studies, v.
p. 79.
* One Slavonic ms. has " them."
^ Text doubtful : one ms. has " but he heeded not."
(i49
APPENDIX
And when thereafter knowledge of it came to the Jewish

leaders, they assembled together with the high-priest and
spake : " We are powerless and (too) weak ^ to withstand
the Romans. Seeing, moreover, that the bow is bent, we
will go and communicate to Pilate what we have heard,
and we shall be clear of trouble, le.st he hear (it) from others,

and we be robbed of our substance and ourselves slaughtered
and our children scattered." And they went and communicated (it) to Pilate. And he sent and had many of
the multitude slain. And he had that Wonder-worker
brought up, and after instituting an inquiry concerning
him, he pronounced judgement : " He is [a lienefactor, not]
a malefactor, [nor] a rebel, [nor] covetous of kingship.'' "
[And he let him go ; for he had healed his dying wife.*"]
[And he went to his wonted place and did his wonted

works. And when more people again assembled round
him, he glorified himself through his actions more than
all. The teachers of the Law were overcome with envy,
and gave thirty talents to Pilate,"* in order that he should
put him to death. And he took (it) and gave them liberty
to execute their will themselves.] And they laid hands on
him and crucified him tcontraryf * to the law of (their)
fathers.
* Cf. the use of dadevrj^ with inf. = " too weak " in ^.^.
Jos. Ant. X. 215, xiv. 317.
** [Piuss. czar izadec, an otherwise unknown word, probably
a literal translation of oiXapxos. R. E.J
" [This sentence is missing in the Rumanian version. The

legend occurs fir-t in the mediaeval Jîfa heatne Mariae et
Salcatoris rhytmica, which quotes among its many sources
Josephus evidently an interpolated copy. Pl. E.J
* The bribery of Pilate is mentioned in the spurious epistle of

Tiberius above mentioned (oii/:a inrep rod davdrov aOrov eXaês).
* [Russ. cres. Xot the usual preposition employed by the

translator in this sense. In I. 209 he translates rrapd in
irapa rov ' lo- baixv vjixoi' by krome. The Rumanian Josephus
has the genuine readina- "according to the law of the
emperors."' Josephus spoke of the supplicium more
maiorum of the Romans. R. E.J
650
(13) The Followers of " The Wondeb-workfr "

(the Early Christians)
[Replacing ii. 221 f. ( = Herodian family history). The

first paragraph below roughly corresponds to ii. -219 f., which
is here presented in a condensed and altered form.]
But before the completion of the work he him- Cf. Ii. 219
self" died at Caesarea after reigning three years. Since
he had no son * Claudius again sent his officers to those Cf. ii. 220
kingdoms, Cuspius Fadus and Tiberius Alexander, both
of whom kept the people in peace, bv not allowing any
departure in anything from the pure laws.
But if anyone deviated from the word of the Law,

information was laid before the teachers of the Lav\- ;
whereupon they punished and banished him or sent (him)
to Caesar.
And since in the time of those (rulers) many followers

of the Wonder-worker afore-mentioned had appealed and
spoken to the people of their Master, (saying) that he
was alive, although he was*^ dead, and " He will free you
from your bondage," many of the multitude hearkened
to the(ir) preaching and took heed to their injunctions
jnot on account of their reputation] ; for they were of the )
humbler sort, some mere shoemakers, others sandal- (,
makers, others artisans. [But wonderful were the signs'*
which they worked, in truth what they would.]
Agrippa I.
" The Greek, in the parallel passage, has " He left issue
. . . three daughters . . . and one son Agrippa. As the
la;<t was a minor," etc. Thi> son, Agrippa II, was the close
friend of Josephus. and the ignorance shown in the words
italicized above is indeed surprising, if Josephus can be held
to have written them. Berendts attaches these words to the
preceding sentence, but the sense requires the division of
sentences given above : cf. the Greek. [It is pos.-iblt that 1
"grown-up," "of age" (e^vjôs or the like) has dropped
out. R. E.]
* Perhaps " had been."
** Cf. the N.T. use of a-n/xeia for " miracles."
651
APPENDIX
But wben these noble procurators savr tho falling away

of the people, they determined, together with the scribes,
to Beize (them) [and put (them) to death], for fear lest

the little might (not) be little, if it ended in the great.
[But they shrank back and were in terror at the signs,"
saying, "Not through medicines'" do such wonders come
to pass; but if they ^lo not proceed from the counsel of
God, then will they quickly be exposed." * And they gave
them liberty to go where they would. ** But afterwards,
being prevailed on (?) * by them], they sent them away,
some to Caesar, others to Antioch to be tried, others (they
exiled) to distant lands.
Cf. li. 223 (But Claudius removed the two officers (and) sent
Cumanus, etc.)
(14) Speech of Josephus to his Galilaean Troops
[The first paragraph, on the training of the troops, and the

second, being the first portion of the speech, correspond
roughly to ii. 576-562, but are sufficiently different to bear
quotation. The remainder of the speech has no parallel in
the Greek. The speech, as is usual in the Slavonic version,
is in oratio r^rfa.]
And he collected forces, a hundred thousand young men,

armed them, and taught them the art of war. knowinrr that
the Roman army was victorious not through weapons
only, but rather through discipline and incessant training.
And he set over them captains often and of hundreds and

of thousands, and over these a commander-in-chief J And
i.e., miracles.
'' [F\.u^s. o(rnirlenijemi = Ota (papaaKfia^. R. E.]
* Cf. the words of Gamaliel in Acts v. 38 f.
** Or " to do as they would." - vfiranlnsst (ri.
^ In the Greek " over these, generals in command of

more extensive divisions." [Josephus betrayed by the use
of this word which Is altered in the later Greek text that
he himself was not the commander-in-chief of tiie Galilean
forces, but only sonie kind of commissary of the Galilean
revolutionarv svnhedrion accompanving the troops. R. E.]
652 ' '
SLAVONIC '' ADDITIONS "
he taught them the trumpet-call and the advance and the

retreat and how to reinforce a defeated division, and
fortitude of soul, to endure wounds and not to fear death.
And he said to them, " If you thirst for victory, renounce

the usual malpractices, theft and robbery and rapine.
And do not defraud your kinsmen ; regard it not as an
advantage to injure others. For war can be better conducted, if the warriors have a good conscience " and their
souls are aware that they have kept themselves pure from
every crime. (But) if they are condemned by their evil
deeds, then will God be their enemy, and the foreigners
(will) have an easy victory.
" '' But do you have regard for one another. Put away
wrath (and) anger." But if any of those in lower station
misconducts himself,*^ do not be quicldy provoked against
them, nor resort to blows, but let them stand with meekness before the officers, correct some of (their faults) and
forgive the rest.^ But if (your) subordinates do aught
amiss, refrain from punishment with the hand : punish
with a threatening tongue. Castigation by bitter words is
enough for the knave. If, on the other hand, you look
into everything and inflict corresponding penalties, either,
not tolerating the blows, they will desert to your enemies
and become an addition to their strength and (another)
enemy for you, or they will grow inured to the blows and
=Slav. s'lcestj, conj. Berendts : mss. ichtj="' name.'*
* Here begins the new matter.
This, together with the context before and after, has a

superficial resemblance to S. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians
iv. 26-32, " Be ye angry and sin not. . . . Let him that stole
steal no more. . . . Let all . . . icrath and anger . . . be
put away . . . and be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving each other." [But "be ye angry and sin
not "' comes from Ps. iv. 4 and the numerous rabbinical
parallels collected by Strack-Billerbeck, Komm. z. N.T. au^
Talm. u. Midr. vol. iii. (Munich, 1926), pp. 602 if., show
that Josephus uses the commonplaces of moralizing rhetoric.
Pt. E,] "* sich verfehlt.
' weiset das eine zurecht, das andere aber vergehet,
653
APPENDIX
careless of your affairs, doing (yet) more wrong and

injury."
(15) The Trick by which Josephus saved his Life

at jotapata
[In place of iii. 387-391 we read :]
And lie. commending his salvation to God the Protector,"

said, " Since it is well pleading to God that we should die,
let us be killed in turn.'' Let him whose turn comes last "
be killed by the second." And when he had thus spoken,
he counted the Jimnbers with cunninfj, and tJierehy misled
them all.^ And they were all killed, one by another,
except one *, and, anxious not to stain his right hand with
the blood of a fellow-countryman, he besought this one,
and they both went out alive.
(16) An Abomination (of Desolation) in the

Holy Place
[Added at the end of iv. 157 the passage describing the

scandalous election by lot of a high-priest ]
(But all (the) priests, when they beheld from a distance

how the divine Law was dishonoured, wept and bitterly
groaned, because they * had degraded ^ and trodden under
" dem Versorger=GT. tQ Kvde/iSvL.
^ der Rfihf nach.
* Auf welchen das Ende der Reihe fallen wird, i.e.

apparently he who draws the lowest numbered lot, though
the lots are not here mentioned.
'' The Greek has " He, however (should one say by fortune,
or by the providence of God ?) was left alone with one
other."
The Zealots.
f vernirhtet : the Greek has the phrase ttjv tQ}v UpQ>v nixCiv
KardXiKTiv.
654>
foot the priestly consecration) and had set at naught the
covenant of God, and because every pernicious and shameful

deed had grown up" among them. And (they thought
that) the desolation of the city would ensue and prophecy
would cease, if abomination were to be found in the holy
place."
(17) The Words of the Zealots over the Bodies
OF Ananus and Jesus
[Replacing iv. 316, which runs in the Greek text, " And,
standing over their dead bodies, they scoffed at Ananus for
his patronage of the people, and at Jesus for the address
which he had delivered from the wall."]
And, standing over their dead bodies, they insulted

them, saying over Ananus, " In truth thou art a friend of
Jerusalem and art worthy of the honour with which thou
art honoured." And over Jesus they said, " Very eloquent
art thou and wise, and much trouble didst thou give
thyself, when speaking from the battlements. But now
rest ! " *
(18) The Zealots disregarded the Warnings of

Scripture and the Lessons of History
[Replacing and amplifying iv. 407.]
So also (was it) in Jerusalem. Because the metropolis

was beset with riot and robbers, therefore also did the(se)
** herangereift = " come to maturity."
* These last words seem to betray the influence on the

Russian translator of the familiar passage Matt. xxiv. 15,
" when ye see the abomination of desolation . . . standing
in the holy place " (both Greek texts of Dan. ix. 27 have t'Trt
t6 iepdv). But the references to the " covenant " and the
cessation of prophecy come directly from Daniel (ix. 27
" make a firm covenant," 24 " seal up . . . prophecy ").
"^ For a short speech in orafio recta in similar circumstances

c/. the Greek text of iv. 343 (slightly amplitied in the Slavonic).
655
APPENDIX
miscreants, who had found a favourable opportunity fur

their lust, fulfil their will and follow evil ways," recognizing
neither the Law of God, nor Da\4d's instruction ^ nor

Solomon's,'^ nor the threatenings of the prophets, nor the
words of the holy men who in word and writing have pronounced glory and praise for the virtuous, but for the
reprobate ignominy and disgrace and pain, in order that
those who give ear to them may be zealous and uplifted
to what is good, but may abhor the wicked and turn away
their face from their works. But these men have cast the
instructions of those (saints) behind them as a heavy
burden, they have walked after the pleasure of their heart,
not calling to mind what they '^ have endured, neither
Nebuchadnez(z)ar (and) the captivity, nor what Antiochus
laid upon them, nor yet the bondage in Egypt, nor yet the
divine deliverance.
!!^ ^ (19) Ruse op Vitellius at the Baitle of
Bedriacum *
[After iv. 547.]
iv. 547 (On the first day Otho was victor, but on the second
Vitellius.) For he had during the night strewn (the
ground with) three-pronged irons.''' And in the morning
after they had drawn up in order of battle, when Vitellius
feigned flight, Otho pursued after them with his troops.
And they reached the place on which the irons were

strewn. Then were the horses lamed, and it was impossible
" gingen auf unredlkheti W(gea = "' went on foul ways " :
the Greek has eis ttjv eprj/xiav cKplaravTo " made off into the
wilderness." ' In the Psalms.
In Proverbs. ** i.e., their nation.
None of the classical authors who describe the battle

Dio Cassius, Plutarch, Suetonius, Tacitus mentions this
incident. Vitellius himself was not on the scene : his
generals were in command.
f dreigehornte Eisen. [The *-shaped contrivance commonly called "caltraps'" is meant. It was still used in the
last war for similar purposes. R. E.J
656
SLA\'ONIC " ADDITIONS "
either for the horses or for the men to extricate themselves.
And the soldiers of \'itellius, who had tm-ned back, slew
all who lay (there). (But Otho saw what had befallen C/. Iv. 648
(and) killed himself.)
(20) The Inscription in the Temple concerninq

Jesus
[Inserted in v. 195, after the mention of the stelae warning

foreigners not to pass the barrier to the inner court.]
(And in it < there stood equal * pillars = and upon them cf. v. 194
titles in Greek and Latin and Jewish "^ characters, giving
warning of the law of purification, (to wit) that no foreigner
should enter within ; for it " was called the inner sanctuary, cf. v. 195
being approached by fourteen steps and the upper area
being built in quadrangular form.)
And above these titles was hung a fourth title in the

same characters, announcing that Jesus (the) king did not
reign, (but was) crucified [by the Jews], because he prophesied the destruction of the city and the devastation
of the temple.
(21) The Rent Veil of the Temple and rna

Resurrection
[After V. 214. Clearly a Christian interpolation, or, in

Dr. Eisler's opinion, two distinct interpolations, the first and
last paragraphs, printed in italics, being the work of an
earlier hand, the middle paragraph which is not found in
" i.e.y the stone balustrade.
" The Greek text has e^ t(xov dLaarq/j-aros " at equal

intervals."
" [Rus^. stolpi. He means square pillars, built of rectangular blocks with the inscription inscribed on the front
side of the stones. One of them was found by ClermontGanneau and is now in the Tschinili Kiosk Museum in
Constantinople. R. E.]
^ The Gr. text does not contain the words " and Jewish.'*
The inner portion.
657
APPENDIX
the Rumanian version, Cod. Gaster Xo. 89 that of a much

later hand. See Dr. Eisler's forthcoming work, The Messiah
Jesus.]
This curtain * was be/ore this generation entire, because

the people were pious ; but now it was grievous to see, for it
was suddenly rent from the top to the bottom^ when they
through bribery delivered to death the benefactor of men and
him who from his actions was no man.
And of many other fearful signs might one tell, which

happened then.' And it is said that he, after being killed
and after being laid in the grave, was not found. Some
indeed profess that he had risen, others that he was stolen
away by his friends. ** But for my part I know not which
speak more correctly. For one that is dead cannot rise
of himself, though he may do so with the help of the prayer
of another righteous man, unless he be an angel or another
of the heavenly powers, or (unless) God himself appears
as a man and accomplishes what he will, and walks with
men and falls and lies do^vn and rises again, as pleases his
will. But others said that it was not possible to steal him
away, because they set watchmen around his tomb,'
thirty Romans and a thousand Jews.^
.Slch {is the story told) of that curtais. There are

also (objections) against this reason for its rending.
(22) Interpret ATioxs op the Oracle of the

World-Ruler
[Replacing vi. 313.]
Some understood that this meant Herod," others the

crucified Wonder-worker Jesus, others again Vespasian.
" Katapdasma. " Matt. x.wii. 51, Mark xv. 38.
" Matt, xxvii. 51 ff. " Matt, xxvii. 64, xxviii. 13-15.
' Matt xxvii. 64 ff,
'' These numbers come from some apocryphal source. In

the spurious Acts of Pilate Pilate assigns 500 soldiers to the
Jews to watch the tomb (Tischendorf, Evangelia Apocrypha,
1853, pp. 293 f.l. " Cf. passage (2) above.
658
OMISSIONS IN THE SLAVONIC VERSION

(BOOKS I-IV)
The following complete sections have no equivalent in

the Slavonic. The deficiency in some cases may be due
to the translator, who curtailed a text which he failed to
understand. But some instances, discussed in detail in
Dr. Eisler's book, suggest that he may have had before
him a Greek exemplar shorter than the printed text.
The list (which is confined to the four books for which a
translation of the Slavonic is available) may therefore
have its use.
Book I. 1-30 (Proem), 115, 164-168 (in part), 178, 179
{yref}i (Lf . . . \eyeLi') and 180, 182 (ending -n-epl wv . . . epov/.ii')f
189-194, 223 (mid.)-224, 228, 231 f., 238 (mid.)-240,

2.56-260, 272, 274-276, 280 and 281 (part), 305-309, 334,
362 (most)-369 (for substitute see above, p. 636), 375,
386, 403 (end)-407 (part), 408 (end)-414 (mid.). 420 (end)421, 576 f., 603-605 (for substitute see p. 639), 641-644.
Book II. 15-19, 21, 40-66, 178-180, 182, 213, 217,

221 f., 233, 242, 257, 260, 268, 271-283, 323, 354, 366 (end)367, 376-378, 386 (end)-387, 388 (end)-389, 407, 410 (mid.)-
412 (mid.), 423 and 424 (part), 428 (end)-429, 431-434,

439 (mid.)-450 (mid.), 465 (end)-478, 513 (end)-514, 519
(end)-521, 531 (end)-532, 536, 542, 556 (mid.)-557, 558
(end)-562, 564 f., 571 f., 573 (mid.)-575, 588 (mid.)-589, 603,
622-625, 629-631, 645 (end)-646, 650, 652 f. (most).
Book III. 17 (mid.)-19 (mid.), 21 f., 44 (45-71

lacuna in Slavonic ms.), 87 f., 114, 117, 125, 127, 140, 146148 (mid.), 149, 152 (mid.)-153, 156, 159 f., 164. 168, 177,
179 f , 182-185, 190-192, 195 f., 198, 217 f., 226, 237-239
659
APPENDIX
(mid.), 244-245 (mid.), 247-248 (mid.), 250, 258-270, most

of 272-283, 296 f., most of 299-304. 306, 311. 316. most of
330-332, 380, 395-397, 413, 415. 418-421, most of 423-426,
429-431, 440, 442, 444, 460, 464 f., 467, 479 f., 489, 514, 521,
most of 522-531.
Book IV. 54-62, 82, 86, 100, 105. most of 107-111,

119, 129, 150-152, 161, 179-180 (mid.). 184 f., 188. 194-199,
200 (end)-201. 209-213, 222 f.. 237, 263 f., 266, most of
274-281, 291-298 (mid.), 302-304. 307 f.. 310 f., 328-330,

347, 349-352, 354-356. 363 f., 374, 392, 401, 424, 426-427
(mid.). 430, 432, 466, 475, 485, 496, 507-508 (mid.), 619,
649, 554, 558, 609-615, 621, 627, 630 f.
660
GALILEE & SURROUNDING DISTRICT
Gaulanitis, Batajiaea etc -Kingdom of Agrippall . Decapolis independent . The

rest under Roman Procurettors.
CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PALESTINE (50-70 A.D.)
-CAESAREAf
Ginnf^
^^^^^îf^pM(Be^h^^\f^^m^-^',
M^fiijbîau.^
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"(Sebastej r
*~ (Neapoiis) j-.) v.^-^-\\. .
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^^ AnthedonJ
^ (AgrippiasT
Raphi,
Part of
Jamnii
liazaJ^''
Is'anad
iBeth-noron ^'/;-. -, '
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'Bet-ndchajâcp^^y u '"]"'. " J
- .111, 1 ii Hii ti^n^ r^lf
lebrjcin j;;^,';^
Vlî^S^ 'f-ll'J^delpJ)jfi
(Beth Hai-a/n) ?neshbon
^ga/liprhoei il, ^ ^./

'^?,MachaErtjr,
*~ .' Vl*'' ^'i *^-; %>. -'S7.^ X^fc^''^ . J^Gittha. -,i..v<r ,, ,'", 1/ " <*
SCALE OF MILES
5 10
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JERUSALEM
"t- FvistirK^ walls .
.-J'^pprarbnatf lutf ot' tu-xt (old ) wall .
Supposed line ul' sextmd tvaU .
-Allf/'naliif .suppo.iiul li'nr.i of tJtii-d (A<jrippa'.-i) wal
^=^^^ Suppose* I' o/u'lerif sfrtwls .
^ Gethsemane ^
en .3'tfey of aitciertt huUdifxfs.
The. lines of the sreoiid ,ind third nails are- wneerttii/i.

Bemai/hs mu-ntly (I.K.-.) disimvred linoiu- the more
nort/iert)' posilion, for tlw f/iird wa/l,; tJie line, of Ih/i
second n-aJl is idethti/ied hy some wi/h the. ejcistinp
North >yll
English Feet
Hebrew Cubits
zoo 400 600 800 1000
nluii/- lines ore ilroivri ol i/dejyul- of r,!! feel..
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^n6
INDEXES TO VOLS. II AND III
INDEX I. GENERAL
For the body of the work references are to the books of the Jewish
JTar (Roman figures); and to the sections shown in the left margin of
the Greek text and in the headline of the English text (Arabic figures) ;
for the Introduction and Appendix reference is made to the pages.
Abila, ii. 252 ; iv. 438

Abomination (of desolation) in holy
place, App. 654 f.

Abraham, iv. 531; v. 380; App.
642 f.
Absalom, ii. 44S
AcchabaroE, ii, 573
Acedasa, i. 47
Achaia (Achaea), iii. 8, 64 ; iv.
499
Achiab, i. 662 ; ii. 55, 77
Acme, i. 641-643, 645, 661
Acra, i. 39, 50 ; v. 137 f., 253 ; vi.
354
Acrabatene, ii. 235, 652; iii. 48;
iv. 504, 511

Acrabet{t)a, ii. 568 ; iii. 55 ; iv. 551
Actium, i. 364, 370, 386, 388 ; games
at, i. 398 n.
Adiabene, i. 6 ; ii. 3S8, 520 ; iv. 567 ;
V. 147, 252, 474
Adida, iv. 486

Adoreus, i. 166
Aebutius, iii. 144, iv. 36
Aeneas, a deserter, v. 326-328
Aeschines, on severing of suicide's
hand, iii. 378 n.

Agesilaus, of Sparta, ii. 359
Agrippa I, Introd. xxiii fif. ; i, 552 ;
in Rome, ii. 178 ; imprisoned,
180 ; made king, 181, 183 ;
App. 647 ; as mediator be^^veen
Claudius and the Senate, ii. 206213 ; king of Judaea, etc., 214;
his death, 219 ; Agrippa's Wall,
v. 147-155
Agrippa II, Introd. x f., xix ft". ; iL
220 ; king of Chalcis, ii. 223 ; defends the Jews before Claudius,
245; king of Trachonitis, Bata-
naea, Gaulanitis, etc., 247; his

kingdom enlarged by Nero, 252 ;
goes to Egypt, 309 ; returns to
Jerusalem, 335 ; his speech to
the Jews, 345-401 ; banished
from Jerusalem, 406 ; 418, 421 ;
his palace bui-nt, 426 ; 4S1, 483,
502 ; tries to parley with the
Jews, ii. 523, 595 ; iii. 29 ; his
kingdom, 57 ; 6S ; visited by
Vespasian, iii. 443 ; 456, 540 f. ;
territory of, iv. 2 ; wounded, 14 ;
goes to salute Galba, 498, 500 ;
repairs sanctuary, v. 36 ; App.
651 n.
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, i. 400; ii. 25
Asrippeum, part of Herod's palace,
i. 402
Agrippias (Agrippium), city, formerly xVuthedon, i. 87, 118, 416
Aiirippina, wife of Claudius, ii. 249
Alani, invade Media, vii. 244-251
Albinus, procurator, ii. 272-277;
vi. 305
661
GENERAL INDEX
Alexander the Great, ii. 360 ;

settles Jews in Alexandria, ii.
487 ; his fortune, v. 4G5 ; closes
the Caspian Gates, vii. 245
Alexander, alabarch of Alexandria,

V. 205
Alexander Jannaeus, accession of,

i. 85 ; his early wars, S6-87 ;
revolt of Jews against, 88 ; defeated by Obedas, 90 ; long war
with his subjects, 91-98 ; defeated by Demetrius, 94-95 ; his
massacre of Jews, 97 ; his last
wars, 99-105 ; his death, 106 ;
V. 304 ; vii. 171
Alexander, son of Aristobulus II,

i. 15S ; his revolt, 160 ; defeated
by Gabinius, 163 ; surrenders
Alexandreion, 167 ; massacres
Romans, 176 ; his death, 185 ; 551
Alexander, son of Herod, i. 452,

467, 469, 471, 474, 477 ; d"^nounced by Herod's eunuchs.
488-491 ; arrested, 496 ; his
written statement, 498 ; 504.
508 ff. ; his death, 551 ; App. 639
Alexander, Herod's grandson, son

of preceding, i. 552
Alexander, the pseudo-, ii. 101-110
Alexander, Tiberius, ii. 220, 309,

492 f., 497; App. 651; secures
Alexandria for Vespasian, iv.
616 ; accompanies Titus, v. 45 ;
205, 510; vi. 237, 242
Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, i. 186
Alexandra, Queen (Salina, i. 85 n.),

1. 107 ; her firm government, 108 ;
rise of Pharisees under, 110-114 ;
her foreign policy, 115-116; her
illness, 117 ; her death, 119
Alexandr(e)ion, i. 134, 161, 163-168,

171, 308, 528, 551
Alexandria, i. 279, 598; ii. 30P,

335, 385 f. ; population of, 3S5 n. ;
riots at, 4S7-49S ; iii. 8, 64, 520 ;
iv. 605 f. ; port of, 612 ff. ; 631 ;
Vespasian at, 656 ff. ; v. 2, 44, 169,
287 ; vi. 238; vii. 21, 75, 116,
409, 423
Alexas, (1) friend of Antony, i. 393 ;

(2) friend of Herod, husband of
Salome, L 566, 660, 666 ; (3) Jew
in John's army, vL 92, 148
662
Alps, ii. 371
Alurus, iv. 522
Amathus, i. 86, 89, 170
Ammathus, iv. 11
Ammaus, iv. 444, 449 ; c/. Emmaus
Amygdalon, pool of, v. 468
Anachronism, cases of, i. 35 n. , 38 n.
Ananias, high-priest, ii. 243, 409 ;

his house burnt, 426, 429; murdered, 441 f.
Ananias, son of Masbalus, v. 532
Ananias, son of Sadok, ii. 451, 628
Ananus, the elder, high-priest,

tomb of. v. 506
Ananus, high-priest, ii. 563, 647,

651, 653; iv. 151, 160 ; his speech
against the Zealots, 162-192;
attacks the Zealots, 193-207 ;
betraved by John of Gischala,
20S-223; 224 ff., 288, 296, 301;
murdered, 314-318 ; encomium
on, 319-322 ; 349, 504, 508 ; App.
655
Ananus, priest, App. 637
Ananus, son of Bagadates, of

Emmaus, v. 531, vi. 229-231
Ananus, son of Ananias, ii. 243
Ananus, son of Jonathan, ii. 533
Andromeda, iii. 420
Angel, comparison of Jesus to,

App. 649, 658
Annaeus, ii. 597
Annius, Lucius, takes Gerasa, iv.

487-488
Anointed, the (= Messiah), App.

636 f.
Anthedon, i. 87, 166, 396, 416 ; ii. 460
Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II,

i. 158, 173, 186; accuses Antipater, 195-198 ; 239, 240, 249 ;
supported by the Jews, 250 ;
253, 257, 259 ; made king by the
Parthians, 269, 273; 282, 284;
besieges Masada, 286; 289, 290,
294, 296, 297, 300, 302, 303, 314,
317 ff. ; 323 ; outrages Joseph's
corpse, 325; 327, 333, 335; surrenders to Sossius, 353 ; his
death, 357 ; v. 398
Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus I, i.

64 ; raurilered by his brother
Aristobulus, 71-80, 82
Antioch, Introd. xxi ; L 185, 243
328, 425, 512 ; ii. 41, 79, 186, 201'
GENERAL INDEX
244, 281, 479, 481, 500 ; iii. 29 ; iv.

630 ; peril of Jews in, vii. 41-62:.;
100 ; Christians sent to, App. 652
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Introd.

xiii ; App. 637, 643, 656 ; takes
Jerusalem and persecutes the
Jews, i. 19, 31-38 ; v. 394 ; vi. 436 ;
vii. 44 ; his death, L 40
Antiochus V Eupator, wars with

the Jews, i. 40-47 ; vii. 423
Antiochus VI, i. 48 f. n.
Antiochus VII Sidetes, i. 50 f.,

61 f.
Antiochus VIII Aspendius, i. 65
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, i. 65 n.
Antiochus XII Dionysus, i. 99-102
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, i. 99 n.
Antiochus (I), kin<r of Commagene,

surrenders Samosata, i. 322
Antiochus (IV) of Commagene,

assists Vespasian and Titus, ii.
50J, iii. 68, v. 461 ; expelled
from his kingdom, vii. 219-243
Antiochus Epiphanes, son of

Antiochus (IV) of Commagene,
vainly as.âults walls of Jerusalem, v. 460-465 ; his fight for his
father's kingdom and flight, vii.
221, 232, 236, 241
Antiochus, renegade Jew of Antioch, vii. 47, 50, 55, 60
Antiochus, ravine of, i. 105
Antipas (Herod the Tetrarch), son,

i. 562, and heir of Herod the
Great, 646 ; nominated tetrarch,
1. 664, 668 ; claims the throne,
ii. 20 ; made tetrarch by Augustus, 94 f. ; 167 f., 178 ; his exile
and death, 181-183 ; App. 647
Antipas, relative of Agrippa II,

besiet;ed and killed by the rebels,
ii. 418, 557 ; iv. 140
Antipater, the Idumaean, father of

Herod the Great, befriends Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus, i.
123-127 ; , turns to Pompey,
131 ; assi.sts Scaurus, 159, and
Gabinius, 175 ; rise of, 181 ; supports Caesar's cause in Egyptian
campaign, 187-192 ; honoured
by Cae.sar, 193 f. ; accused by
Antigonus, 196-198 ; viceroy of
Judaea, 199, 201 ; his popularity,
207 ; attacks Bassus, 217 ; pro-
pitiates Cassius, 222 ; conspiracy

of Malichus against, 223 f. ; poisoned, 226 ; 276, 2S2
Antipater, son of Herod the Great

by Doris, i. 241, 562 ; banished,
433; recalled, 448; his intrigues,
449, 469, 567 ; declared heir, 451 ;
453, 455, 467 fif. ; all-powerful,
473 ; 516 ; his unpopularity,
552 ; practises bribery, 554 ; 557 ;
Herod indignant with, 564 ; his
visit to Rome, 573, App. 639 ;
discovery of plot to poison
Herod, i. 582 ff. ; forges letters,
603 ; returns from Rome, 60S fl". ;
his ignominious reception, 614;
at Herod's court, 617 ; his trial,
620 ; Herod's indictment of, 622 ;
his reply, 630-635 ; imprisoned,
640 ; his p!ut against Salome,
641-643 ; condemned to death by
Augustus, 661 ; his executi"n, 664
Antipater, son of Salome, nepL w

and son-in-law of Herod the
Great, i. 566 ; accuses Archelaus
in Rome, ii. 26-33
Antipater, the Samaritan, i. 592
Antipatris, i. 99, 417; ii. 513, 515,

5.04 ; iv. 443
Antiphilus, i. 592, 598, 641
Antiquities, the Jewish, Introd.

xiii-xxvi et passimi
Antistius, i. 217
Antonia, daughter of Claudius, ii.

249
Antonia, fortress of, formerly Baris,

i. 75, 118, 121, 401 ; ii. 32S, 330,
403 ; captured by insurgents, 430 ;
V. 146, 149, 183, 192 ; description
of, 238-246; 260, 267, 304, 356,
358, 467, 469, 486, 523; vi. 15;

battered by the Romans, 23-32 ;
45, 68, 74, 82, 86 ; razed to the
ground, 93; 133, 135, 145, 149,
165 f., 246, 249, 311
Antonius, commander at Ascalon,

repels the Jews, iii. 12 ff., 25 ff.
Antonius Primus, iv. 495 ; opposes

Vitellius, 633 ; .joined by C;iecina,
635-639 ; destroys army of
Vitellius, 642 ; enters Rome, 650
Antonius, centurion killed at Jotapata, iii. 333 ff.
Antony, Mark, 1. 162, 165, 171, 184,
663
GENERAL INDEX
225, 242-247; makes Herod king

of the Jews, 2S1-2S5 ; near
Athens, 309 ; besieges Samosata,
321 f. ; in Egypt, 327 ; enslaved by
Cleopatra, 359 ff. ; defeated at
Actium, 3SG; his death, 396;
urged by Cleopatra to kill Herod,
vii. 301
Anuath Borcaeus, iii. 51
Apamea, i. 216, 218 f., 3C2 ; ii. 479
Apellaeus, month of, iv. 654
Apiieku, tower of, ii. 513
Aphthia, iv. 155
Apionem, Contra, Introd. xv, xix,

xx\ii
ApoUonia, i. 166
Aqueduct, Pilate's, ii. 175
Arabia, i. 6, 89, 267, 274, 276, 286 ;

iii. 47 ; v. 160
Arabia Felix, ii. 385
Arabs, Herod's war against, i. 365385, 388 ; as Roman mercenaries,

ii. 69 f.. 76; Arab archers at
Jotapata, iii. 168, 211, 262 ; their
cruelty and avarice, v. 551, 556 ;
et passim
Aramaic edition of the Jevnsh

War, Introd. ix-si ; 1. 3n.

Josephus 3

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JOSEPHUS

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY

H. ST . J . THA CKE RAY, M.A.

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

HISTORY OF THE JEWISH WAR

(i. 1) Such Galilaeans as after the fall of Jotapata Most of

received the submission of all the fortresses and

* Sogane (in Gaulan, unidentified ; distinct from S. in

" Baheiret el IliihJi, the little lake N. of Gennesaret ; B.

bcareLueL d' avrris to. eXrj /^e'xP^ i\d(f)vrjs^ )(^ajpLov

Tp(f>OVGaL TOV fJLLKpOV KaXoVfXCVOV lopdaVOV^ VTTO

Tov TTj? XP^'^^i^ ^oog veojp TrpoTTepLTTovGL TO) fieydXcp.

4 Tovs fJLv ovv 771 HojydvTjs Kai HeXevKelas^ vtto*

.") rfj hvGxojpia rrXeov rcbv ^Icor air draw, rpax^s

^j iTTLXojpLOJV. Kara TrXevpd" pkv h'q /cat rrpoGcoTroi'

aTTrjpTTjraL rod opovg- /cat tovto h emKapGia

5 iaVTTjV (1770 TT]S O^VTTjTOS . /Cat 77^0? p.GrjpL^piaV

pev e/cAtvev, o vonos S' avrrjg oxOog et? aTreipov

^ Aai'-qs Reland ; cf. A. viii. 226.

* PA (as in A. vii. 210+) : 'lopddvrjv the rest.

^ Xiese : ^tti 1w,6.vr)v k. "ZeXevKeiav mss.

* L : ewl PA : irapa the rest.

^ A Lat. : TrXevpai' the rest.

Xiese : rf/j mss.

JEWISH WAR. IV. 3-8

marshes extend as far as Daphne,"^ a delightful spot

this perpendicular site gave the city the appearance

"* One of the two golden calves erected by Jeroboam at

" The eastern stream descending from Caesarea Philippi,

<* i.e. they slurred the sharp (lit. "clear") K into r,

ISy Se V7T*^ avTTJs^ Kp'qfivos els rrjv ^advTdrrjp

i<f>* T]v TO aorv KareXrjyev.

9 (2) OvTCos ovuav (fivaet hvaixrixo.vov*' ttjv ttoXlv

10 POjJLOLS T Kal hiOjpV^LV. OL 8 V avrfj (f)V(JL pLV

rod )(ajpLov dappaXeojrepoi tojv Kara T'r]v 'Icura-

TTOLTrjV TjGaV, TToXv 8' iXoLTTOVS pLa)(^ipiOl , Kal TOJ

roTTcp TreTTOidoTes ovhe TrXelova? vireXapL^avov

11 (3) Oi)G7TaoLav6s S' dpa? aTTO rrjs ' ApLpLaOovs ,

12 Kal rraGav pcev /cu/cAtacracr^at (j)vXaKfj ttjv ttoXlv

13 opos KaraXapL^dveTat . TeLX^Gapievcov 8e coGirep

* Niese : virkp mss., irepi Destinon perhaps rightly {cf. 74).

* 5'''a-/xaxov C and perhaps Lat.

^ Destinon : e<p' ov mss. The text of the next line is

JEWISH WAR, IV 8-13

below this an unwalled precipice descended to the

(3) A^espasian now broke up the camp which he Vespasian

in such a situation impossible, he posted sentries

" B. ii. .37 1-.

" Under Aequus Modius, V^ita 114.

* IJntnmam, between Tiberias (X.) and Tarichaeae (S.j ;

^ero TTjv ttoXlv, rag Se hto'jpvyas ayerrX-qpov Kai

14 ra? (bdpayyas ro heKarov. Kav rovroj TrpoaeXdovra

Tols TL)(Giv AypLTTTTav Tov j^aGiXia Kol Trepl

15 dyKOJva Xidoj. Kai 6 fxev vtto tow OLKetojv So-ttov

16 G(j)6w avTow decs' o'u yap aTToXeiijjeiv wp^oTTiTOs

17 (4-) Y^vvTeXeadevTow ovv tow )(a)fidrajv daTTOV

Kai TOLs TzeTpo^oXoLS dvexojpovv eis ttjv ttoXlv.

20 Acat TTpoGayayovres^ ol 'Poj/iatot Tpi^odev tovs

21 avvepprjyvvvTO tols Kara ttjv ttoXlv. ol be Teojs