Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission
underdeveloped villages.
As per the 2011 census, India is home to about 1.21 billion people, making it one of the most densely populated
areas of the world. However, it was also estimated that
68.9% of Indias population lies in rural areas. Urban India is fast growing but sometimes in unplanned ways.
India is benchmarked to be the next superpower that held
a steady growth rate during the recent recession. But unplanned growth has taken a toll on urban India, especially
due to problems in the rural agricultural sector. The rising urban population due to transformation of rural areas
into urban areas (not migration) and other factors have
contributed to the decrease of living standards in urban
areas.

Overhead Water Tank Capacity 30 lakhs litres , at Barat Nagar

BHEL under Bhopal Municipal Corporation

Inadequate infrastructure, rising population rates as well

as rising urban poverty are major causes to the degradation of the cities. Hence, the government of India has
taken up the initiative to redevelop urban towns and cities
by developing infrastructure, municipal reforms and providing aid to the state governments and the urban local
bodies (ULBs). As per the information in the JnNURM
mission brochure as launched by the authorities, cities and
towns account for 30 percent of the countrys population,
contributing 5055 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). The degrading conditions in cities have forced
the government to rethink their strategies to adhere to the
socio-economic objectives of the country.Hence, this had
been proposed

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JnNURM) was a massive city-modernisation scheme
launched by the Government of India under Ministry of
Urban Development. It envisaged a total investment of
over $20 billion over seven years. Named after Jawaharlal
Nehru, the rst Prime Minister of India, the scheme
was ocially inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan
Singh on 3 December 2005[1] as a programme meant
to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the
cities. It was launched in 2005 for a seven-year period
(up to March 2012) to encourage cities to initiate steps
for bringing phased improvements in their civic service
levels. The government had extended the tenure of the
mission for two years, i.e., from April 2012 to March 31
2014.
JnNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to
development in the context of urban conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. JnNURM aims at creating
economically productive, ecient, equitable and responsive Cities by a strategy of upgrading the social and economic infrastructure in cities, provision of Basic Services
to Urban Poor (BSUP)[2] and wide-ranging urban sector reforms to strengthen municipal governance in accordance with the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,
1992.

2 Failure[3]
In spite of its run of over 10 years and huge expenditure, the mission failed as none of its objectives were
achieved. Most of the funds were spent in buying High
Capacity Buses that were visible in most municipal areas.
JnNURM has been replaced with focussed missions like
AMRUT & Smart City Mission etc.

2.1 Reasons for Failure [4][5]

Backdrop

1. Competence of Planners

JnNURM is a unique project dedicated to the redevelopment of Indias cities, as India has traditionally primarily
focused on the development of rural areas, especially its

(a) The mission was centrally planned in New

Delhi and its objectives were blindly accepted and adopted across the states. The
1

3 STRUCTURE
required administrative reforms and accountability were ignored. The infrastructure planning was limited to just addition of new Core
Infrastructure as suggested by private consultants. The planners were neither trained nor
competent in understanding the social needs
for which they were planning. This was one of
the major aws that resulted in failure.
2. Approach adopted by Planners
(a) One of the missions primary objective was a
projection that improving infrastructure would
be a solution and would cause urban renewal. Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
The objective failed to account for capabil- under JNNRUM for slum improvement and rehabilitation
ity/capacity & willingness of ULB authorities
to learn, participation of the citizens being
Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) which aim at
limited to just inviting comments, and lack of
planned urban infrastructural improvement in towns
focused research were the important reasons
and cities under its purview.[8]
for its failure.
The Sub-Mission for Integrated Housing and Slum
3. Funding of Projects
Development Programme (IHSDP) administered by
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
(a) Since the Objectives of the mission were
(MHUPA) was envisaged and brought into eect
vague and not easily understood, the funds
in 199394 in accordance with providing the enwere either diverted or misused. The central
tire population with safe and adequate water supply
funding had to be matched by the states to
facilities. The program is mainly implemented in
achieve stability. But lack of monitoring, retowns with populations less than 20,000 as per the
view and no provision for midterm course cor1991 census.[9]
rection caused serious damage to the renewal
mission.

3.2 Objectives

Structure

3.1

Sub-missions

JnNURM primarily incorporates two sub-missions into

its program:
The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance administered by the Ministry of Urban Development, with a focus on water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, road network, urban
transport and redevelopment of old city areas.
The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban
Poor (BSUP)[2] administered by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation with a focus on integrated development of slums.[6]
In addition to this, it has two further components:[7]

Focused attention relating to infrastructural services

in the context of integrated development is to be
covered under the mission.
Make ecient and increase self-sustaining capabilities of cities as per the sector proving infrastructural
services by securing the linkages between asset creation and asset management
Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulll deciencies in the urban infrastructural services.
Planned development of identied cities including
peri-urban areas, out growths, urban corridors, so
that urbanization takes place in a dispersed manner.
Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of
utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban
poor.
To take up urban renewal programme, i.e., redevelopment of inner (old) cities area to reduce
congestion.[10]

The Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT) administered by the Ministry of Ur- 3.3 Duration
ban Development, with a focus on subsuming the
schemes of Integrated Development of Small and The duration of the mission is seven years beginning from
Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban December 2005. During this period, the mission sought

3
to ensure sustainable development of participating cities.
An evaluation of the experience of implementation of
the mission would be undertaken before the end of the
Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012.

6 Implementation

The duration of the mission was extended by two more

years: until 31 March 2014.

3.4

Implementation mechanism

The funds are channelled through state-level agencies,

where grants from the central and state governments are
pooled and passed on as grants or soft loans to cities provided that they have prepared development strategies and
that the investments identied t within these strategies.
The mission emphasises transparency and accountability.
It supports public-private partnerships and cost recovery
to make service providers nancially self-sustaining.[6]
The share of grant funding by the central government can
vary from 35% in the largest cities to up to 90% in cities
in the Northeast. Most cities receive grants covering 50%
or 80% of costs depending on size.[11] Capacity building
is also included in the mission to assist urban local bodies
to prepare strategies and projects.
Currently, ten projects are covered by JNNURM funds
pertaining to road network, storm water drains, bus rapid
transit system, water supply, solid waste management,
sewage treatment, river and lake improvement, slum improvement and rehabilitation, all fall under its scope.

Interior of Low Floor Buses

Coverage

As per the JNNURM guidelines, only select cities/Urban

Agglomerations (UAs) as per 2001 Census have been
chosen for the implementation of the programme as per
norms/criteria mentioned below:[10]

Eligibility

A total of 67 cities are eligible (up from 63 initially), provided that they have elected bodies in position. 13 specic
reforms are mandatory f or states and municipalities before funds can be accessed. At the state level, they include
decentralisation of urban planning, water supply and sanitation from the states to cities, as well as the enactment
of laws for community participation and public disclosure. At the municipal level, they include the adoption
of modern accounting systems, e-government, improvements in property tax collection, better cost recovery for
water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, and
targeting of investments to the poor.

Low oor bus from JNNURM for Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) city, capital of Kerala

6.1 State level reforms

As of 2012 Gujarat led the tally for the state level reforms,
being the only state to have achieved all 10 reforms required by the mission. Five states have achieved 9 out of
10 reforms: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.[12] Public

11

REFERENCES

6.3 Sanctioning of projects

As of 2009, 415 projects requiring an investment of
44,000 crore, equivalent to half the total envisaged
program amount, were approved. Among the states,
Maharashtra has been sanctioned the maximum number
of projects under the mission. Among cities, Bangalore
has had the highest number of approved projects.[13]

7 Midterm appraisal

Low oor bus from JNNURM for Coimbatore city

disclosure and community participation laws have initially progressed slowly, with only ve states managing
to enact them as part of the reform agenda as of 2009.[13]
However, as of 2012 community participation laws have
been enacted by 22 out of 31 states, and public disclosure laws were enacted by 27 states. 20 states had decentralised the responsibility for water supply and sanitation
from the state level to ULBs, and 19 had done so for city
planning functions.[12]

A midterm appraisal carried out in 2009 by the consulting rm Grant Thornton recommended to establish a single directorate for the ministries in charge of the mission;
more involvement of city administrations in the preparation of city development plans that were prepared by
consultants; broader stakeholder consultation during environmental and social impact assessments; the development of a national procurement manual; separation of the
approval process for projects in two stages; nancial support and capacity development for the implementation
of reforms in addition to funding for infrastructure; the
use of policies for public-private partnerships and pooled
funding mechanisms at the state level, such as urban development funds that exist in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.[15]

8 Funding shares by city categories

9 List of identied cities
The following table provides for a list of the cities/urban
agglomerations (UAs) identied to receive the benets of
JNNURM. They include data pertaining to the state they
belong to; the population in these cities given in lakhs as
per the census of 2001.[16]

A bus by JNNURM scheme used by West Bengal Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited, in the capital city
of Kolkata

Note: National Steering Group may choose to add or

delete cities/UAs/towns under Category-C (other than
state capitals) based on the suggestions received from
state governments. However, the number of cities under
the mission shall remain around 60.

10 See also
6.2

City level reforms

As of 2012, Visakhapatnam, Surat and Pune had the distinction of having accomplished all 8 city level reforms.
Chennai, Greater Mumbai and Hyderabad had achieved
7 out of 8 reforms. Out of 67 cities, 30 had achieved the
90% target for property tax collection, 20 had achieved
full operation and maintenance cost recovery for water
supply and sanitation, but only 8 had achieved cost recovery for solid waste.[14]

Vikas yojna
Accredited Social Health Activist
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act

11 References
[1] http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/

Prime-Ministers-Office.htm
[2] Sub-missions:JnNURM Sub-Missions
[3] http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/
Chandigarh.pdf
[4] http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_
report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/
union_performance/2012_2013/Commercial/Report_
15/CHap_10.pdf
[5] http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/DMU_REPORT_
JNNURM.pdf
[6] Government of India:Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission, ca. 2005
[7] JNNURM Directorate (PDF).
[8] UIDSSMT Guidelines.
[9] Accelerated
(AUWSP)".

Urban

Water

Supply

Programme

[10] Guidelines:JNNURM Guidelines, February 2009

[11] Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited
(ILFS) India:IL&FS IDC Services oered for JNNURM
and UIDSSMT Schemes, undated presentation
[12] JnNURM. UIG State Level Reform Status, March
2012 (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2012.
[13] Indian Infrastructure:JNNURM Progress Report, February 2009
[14] JnNURM UIG. ULB Level Reforms Status, March
2012 (PDF). Retrieved 30 September 2012.
[15] JNNURM. Annual Update 20102011 (PDF). pp. 45.
Retrieved 30 September 2012.
[16] Census of India, 2001:2001 Census of India
[17] The Hindu, 2013:All districts to get low-oor buses
[18] EAI, 2012:All districts to get low-oor buses

12

External links

JNNURM Homepage
JNNURM information from the Centre for Civil Society, New Delhi
indiaurbanportal-JNNURM

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_

Renewal_Mission?oldid=694042323 Contributors: Topbanana, Bearcat, Woohookitty, Trlovejoy, Kidu, Rsrikanth05, Planemad, Yashwadaye, Ohconfucius, Shyamsunder, Parivartan, Randhirreddy, Just Chilling, MikeLynch, Ekabhishek, Samaleks, Magioladitis, Mschifer, R'n'B, Kudpung, Naniwako, Logicwiki, Philip Trueman, Naveenpf, Sankalpdravid, Raj808, Aravind V R, JL-Bot, Nagendrapsingh,
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