Diseases of Poultry - COBB
Diseases of Poultry - COBB
Diseases of Poultry - COBB
Bacterial Diseases
SALMONELLOSES
PARATYPHOID INFECTIONS
FOWL CHOLERA
MYCOPLASMA
NECROTIC ENTERITIS
GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS
BOTULISM
AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS
Viral Diseases
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
FOWL POX
REOVIRUS INFECTIONS
LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS
MYELOCYTOMATOSIS
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
ADENOCARCINOMATOSIS
Parasitic Diseases
COCCIDIOSIS
HISTOMONOSIS
ASCARIDIOSIS
RAILLIETINOSIS
KNEMIDOKOPTOSIS
ASPERGILLOSIS
AFLATOXICOSIS
CANDIDIASIS
FUSARIOTOXICOSES
Deficiency Diseases
VITAMIN B2 DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN Bi DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY
Other
AMYLOIDOSIS
DYSCHONDROPLASIA
THYPERKERATOSIS
GOUT
SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA
GASTROINTESTINAL IMPACTION
MALFORMATIONS
2. Escherichia coli infections are widely distributed among poultry of all ages and
categories. They are primarily related to poor hygienic conditions, neglected
technological requirements or to respiratory and immunosuppressive diseases. A
common sequel of navel infections is local or diffuse peritonitis.
3. When the amount of egg white is bigger (in larger eggs), it impedes the absorption
during hatching, resulting in subcutaneous jelly-like oedemas that are an excellent
media for the development of E. coli infections.
4. The delayed absorption of the yolk sac is a prerequisite for E. coli infections and
peritonitis. The most commonly identified E. coli serotypes are: 01:K1 (L); 02:K1 (L) and
078:K80 (B).
5. At a later stage of the infection, the yolk content is a cause of putrefactive necrotic
processes in the peritoneal cavity. The abdomen is bloated. The entire abdominal wall is
affected by a moist gangrene (maceration).
7. Salpingites are among the commonest causes for death in layer hens. E. coli
penetrates from the cloaca via an ascendant route. Predisposing factors are the intense
egg laying and the associated estrogen activity.
. 8. Salpingitis. In older cases, the caseous masses in the oviduct have a lamellar
structure. E. coli organisms are usually found in excreta because of their presence in
avian and mammalian intestine, the birds are constantly at risk of infection through
contaminated water, dust, faeces and environment.
9. Salpingitis. Retained yolks among the caseous masses in the oviduct. In some cases,
when the systemic resistance is lower, places, contaminated with E. coli, such as
intestine, genital tract or nasal passages, could be latent sources of infection.
10. Compression and compactedness of caseous necrotic masses after losing a part of
their water content in the oviduct of a layer
11. Salpingitis. An element of Fig. 10. Longitudinal cross section of the oviduct.
12. Egg yolk peritonitis in a layer hen consequently to E. coli salpingitis. The chickens
could be hatched with a latent infection, when E. coli is present in ovaries and the
oviduct. In these instances, the infection could turn into an overt infection under the
influence of some stress factors or lesions.
15. Cellulitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue that affects also the overlying
skin). It predominates in broilers and is detected mainly in slaughterhouses.
Macroscopically, the lesions are with a yellowish-brown colour.
16. Cellulitis. Affected areas are mostly in the region of the back and the thighs.
17. In some cases, the lesions are slightly prominating over the adjacent healthy skin.
18. Cullulitis. In the subcutaneous tissue, thick fibrinous plaques are often found out.
19. In some cases with adult birds, in the region of the head, subcutaneous masses of
thick serofibrinous exudate resulting from a local E. coli infection could be detected.
20. Enterocolitis. Enterotoxigenic E. coli that produce toxins, cause the secretion and
retention of fluids in some intestinal loops and especially in the caeca. Clinically,
diarrhoea and dehydration are observed. The intestines are pale and distended,
particularly the caeca that are overfilled with fluid containing many gas bubbles
21. . Neonatal E. coli septicaemia. Chickens in the first 24 - 48 h after hatching are
affected. The death rate during the first ten days is higher and could reach 5 - 6%. The
yolk sac is unabsorbed. The spleen is enlarged. Some days later, the typical
serofibrinous polyserositis lesions, affecting the peritoneum, the pericardium, the air
sacs and the liver capsule are manifested.
22. Acute E. coli septicaemia in layer hens. Clinically and morphologically, the acute E.
coli septicaemia could resemble fowl cholera or fowl typhoid. It is encountered in both
young and sexually mature birds. The stress in the beginning of egg-laying is
considered as an important predisposing factor. The parenchymal organs are enlarged
and hyperaemic. Sometimes, the liver has a greenish colour and is mottled with multiple
small necrotic foci. Also, pericarditis, peritonitis and petechial haemorrhages on serous
coats are present.
23. 24. 25. E. coli septicaemia of a respiratory origin. In such cases, the respiratory
mucosa damaged by infectious and non-infections agents (ND viruses including
vaccinal strains, IB, TRT, mycoplasmae, high ammonia levels) is the entrance door of
the E. coli infection. The lesions are principally observed in the respiratory tract
(trachea, lungs and air sacs), but some adjacent serous coats (pericardium,
peritoneum) are also affected and thus, the picture of a typical serofibrinous
polyserositis is produced.
29.. Arthritis, Osteomyelitis and Osteonecrosis (inflammation of joints, bone marrow and
bone necrosis, respectively). The lesions are a common sequel to E. coli septicaemia.
Clinically, lameness, prolonged lying down, dehydration and retarded growth rate are
observed. The coxofemoral joints, the femur and tibiotarsal joints are most commonly
affected. The bacteria colonize the physes of growing bones and provoke an
inflammatory response that is further causing osteomyelitis. Pathoanatomically,
fractures of the femoral head are usually discovered.
30. 31. some cases of E. coli septicaemia, accumulation of exudate between the
superficial and deep pectoral muscles is observed.
32. The lesions that develop in the articular spaces of thoracolumbar vertebrae result in
spondylitis (spondylosis) and after that, in progressive paresis and paralysis.
34. 35. . Bursitis sternalis (inflammation of the sternal bursa). The bursa is enlarged in a
various extent and filled with inflammatory exudate. The diagnosis of coli - infections is
based on isolation and typization of pathogenic E. coli serotypes. Many other bacteria
(salmonellae, pasteurellae, staphylococci etc.), viruses, chlamydiae and mycoplasmae
should be excluded as possible aetiological agents. The prevention should aim at
minimizing the probability of faecal contamination of eggs. This implies the maintenance
of clean nests, discarding floor eggs and removal of eggs that are cracked or
contaminated with faeces. Breeder eggs should be fumigated or disinfected in the farm
prior to their transportation in the storage premise. The treatment is effective if initiated
soon after testing the antibacterial sensitivity of isolates
Fauziah (2009) mengatakan kotoran ayam sering dianggap sebagai penyebab pencemaran pada lingkungan
sekitar usaha peternakan ayam. Adanya usaha peternakan ayam mulai dirasakan mengganggu warga
sekitar. Hal ini dikarenakan dekatnya usaha peternakan ayam dengan pemukiman masyarakat serta
rendahnya kesadaran peternak untuk mengolah limbah yang dihasilkan. Permasalahan yang sering dikeluhkan
oleh masyarakat adalah timbulnya bau amoniak yang menyengat dan tingginya jumlah populasi lalat.
Sekarang peternak ayam tidak perlu bingung lagi untuk menangani kotoran ayam yang selalu menjadi
permasalahan. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan, mulai dari pencegahan, penanganan, hingga pemanfaatan
kotoran ayam menjadi produk-produk yang bernilai ekonomis. Hasil dari penjualan produk tersebut dapat menjadi
tambahan pendapatan bagi peternak ayam.
(exceedence days). Sebelum analisis potensi dampak kesehatan dilakukan, perlu diamati jumlah data harian
yang tersedia untuk perhitunganexceedence days tersebut.
Debu yang berasal dari peternakan unggas pada umumnya meliputi partikel tanah, sisa pakan, rambut dan
bulu, kotoran kering, bakteri, dan jamur. Kandungan debu di peternakan unggas umumnya berasal dari pakan
sedangkan kandungan partikel tanah tersebut menentukan konsentrasi debu (Casey et al., 2006). Baku mutu udara
ambien untuk debu adalah 260 g/m3 dengan waktu pengambilan 24 jam (KLH, 1988). Efek yang dapat
ditimbulkan oleh debu antara lain gangguan kenyamanan pada pernafasan, peradangan saluran pernafasan,
alergi, meningkatkan sekresi cairan di hidung, nafas menjadi berat, serta penurunan kapasitas ventilasi paru
(Kurniawan, 1996).
Partikel debu yang menyebabkan penyakit paru-paru akibat lingkungan kerja yang terpenting adalah partikel yang
berukuran lebih kecil dari 0,1 dan sifat-sifat 9 aerodinamik dari debu yang terdapat di udara. Gejala yang
terjadi pada pekerja biasanya meliputi gangguan restriktif paru antara lain cepat lelah, sesak nafas pada waktu
bekerja ringan, dan berkurangnya kapasitas kerja (Rab, 1996).
Bau kotoran ayam selain berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia yang tinggal di lingkungan sekitar
peternakan, juga berdampak negatif terhadap ternak dan menyebabkan produktivitas ternak menurun.
Pengelolaan lingkungan peternakan yang kurang baik dapat menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi bagi peternak
itu sendiri karena gas-gas tersebut dapat menyebabkan produktivitas ayam menurun sedangkan biaya kesehatan
semakin meningkat yang menyebabkan keuntungan peternak menipis (Pauzenga, 1991).
Menurut Charles dan Hariono (1991), senyawa yang menimbulkan bau dapat mudah terbentuk dalam kondisi
anaerob seperti tumpukan kotoran yang masih basah. Senyawa tersebut dapat dihasilkan selama proses
dekomposisi pada kotoran ayam. Oleh karena itu, faktor lingkungan yaitu kelembaban udara dapat
mempengaruhi jumlah emisi yang dihasilkan.
Selengkapnya simak di edisi cetak Majalah Poultry Indonesia Edisi Agustus 2015