Toroidal flow and radial particle flux in tokamak plasmas

Manyeffectsinuencetoroidalowevolutionintokamakplasmas.Momentumsourcesandradialplasma
transportduetocollisionalprocessesandmicroturbulenceinducedanomaloustransportareusually
considered.Inaddition,toroidalowcanbeaffectedbynonaxisymmetricmagneticelds;resonant
componentscauselocalizedelectromagnetictoroidaltorquesnearrationalsurfacesinowingplasmasand
nonresonantcomponentsinduceglobaltoroidalowdampingtorquethroughouttheplasma.Also,
poloidalmagneticeldtransientsonthemagneticelddiffusiontimescalecaninuenceplasmatransport.
Manyoftheseprocessescanalsoproducemomentumpinchandintrinsicoweffects.Thispaperpresentsa
comprehensiveandselfconsistentdescriptionofalltheseeffectswithinauidmomentcontext.Plasma
processesonsuccessivetimescalesandconstraintstheyimposeareconsideredsequentially:compressional
AlfvnwavesGradShafranovequilibriumandionradialforcebalance,soundwavespressureconstant
alongaeldlineandincompressibleowswithinauxsurface,andioncollisionsdampingofpoloidal
ow.Finally,plasmatransportacrossmagneticuxsurfacesisinducedbythemanysecondorderinthe
smallgyroradiusexpansiontoroidaltorqueeffectsindicatedabove.Nonambipolarcomponentsofthe
inducedparticletransportuxesproduceradialplasmacurrents.Settingtheuxsurfaceaverageofthenet
radialcurrentinducedbyalltheseeffectstozeroyieldsthetransporttimescaleequationforevolutionof
theplasmatoroidalow.Itincludesacombinationofglobaltoroidalowdampingandresonanttorques
inducedbynonaxisymmetricmagneticeldcomponents,poloidalmagneticeldtransients,and
momentumsourceeffects,aswellastheusualcollisionandmicroturbulenceinducedtransport.Onthe
transporttimescale,theplasmatoroidalrotationdeterminestheradialelectriceldfornetambipolar
particletransport.Theultimateradialparticletransportiscomposedofintrinsicallyambipolaruxesplus
nonambipolaruxesevaluatedatthistoroidalrotationdeterminedradialelectriceld.
I. INTRODUCTION

Determiningthemagnitude,radialprole,andevolutionoftoroidalowintokamakplasmasisan
1
importantissueforbothpresenttokamakplasmasandITER for EB owshearcontrolofanomalous
transport, prevention of locked modes, control of edge localized modes via resonant magnetic
2
perturbations, etc. Many effects inuence the evolution of toroidal ow in tokamak plasmas. Radial
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transport of toroidal ow due to collisioninduced and microturbulenceinduced anomalous
813
processes obtained using meaneld theory
is usually considered within the context of an
equilibriumaxisymmetricmagneticeldmodel.Inaddition,thetoroidalowisconstrainedbyfastertime
scale processes and can be affected by threedimensional 3D nonaxisymmetric NA magnetic eld
1421
2225
components,
magneticeldtransients,
andexternallysuppliedtoroidalmomentumsourcese.g.,
26
fromneutralbeaminjection NBI.
Heretoforethesediverseeffectsontheplasmatoroidalowhavebeenmostlyconsideredseparately
andinan ad hoc fashion.Inthispaperadetailedframeworkisdeveloped fordescribingtoroidalow
evolutionintokamaksthat

accouns for allthese physical effects simultaneouslyandselfconsistently. A neoclassicalequilibrium is

NAmagnetic eldcomponentsintokamaksarisefromcoilirregularities,activecontrolcoils,and
plasmacollectivemagneticdistortionse.g.,neoclassicaltearingmodesandresistivewallmodes.TheNA
componentsaretypically
very small
comparedtotheequilibriummagneticeld:

10
.Thus,theywillbeconsideredtobeofrstor
derorsmallerinthesmallgyroradiusexpansion,whichwillgreatlyfacilitateanalysisofthe3Deffects.
Thispaperusesauidmomentapproachtodevelopacomprehensivedescriptionofthevariouseffects
ontheparticleuxes,toroidalow,radialelectriceld,andresultantnetradialparticleuxinatokamak
plasma.Anearlierandmorelimitedandabridgedversionofthisworkhasbeen

BB0

presentedelsewhere. ThemagneticeldB,electricpotential,andplasmaparameterswillbeexpandedin
termsoftheiraxisymmetricequilibriumplusgyroradiussmallNAperturbations.Bothexternallyinduced
perturbationsandcollectiveplasmauctuationsaretakenintoaccount.Effectsonsuccessivelylongertime
scaleswillbeconsideredsequentially:onthecompressionalAlfvnwavetimescale,theradialionforce
balanceyieldsarelationbetweenthepoloidal andtoroidal owswithinauxsurfaceandtheradial
electriceld;onCoulombcollisiontimescales,thedensity,temperature,andpressureofeachplasma
speciesbecomeconstant alongamagnetic eldlineandowswithinamagneticuxsurfacebecome
incompressible;andthen,fortimeslongerthantheioncollisiontime,thepoloidalionowisusually
dampedtoadiamagnetictypeowdependentontheiontemperaturegradient.
Finally,therearemanysecondorderinasmallgyroradiusexpansionandthe3DNAmagneticeld
magnitudesradialparticletransportuxesinducedbytoroidaltorquesonaplasmaspecies,bothcollision
inducedintrinsicallyambipolaronesandpossiblynonambipolarones.Thecollisioninducedonesinclude
3
5,6
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classical, PrschSchlterPS,bananaplateau, andpaleoclassical particleuxesplusonesinduced
A
2
byparallelnoninductiveanddynamoCDs,andthe E B B pinch.Possiblynonambipolaruxesare
1417,27,28
caused by NA neoclassical toroidal viscosity NTV ow damping effects,
perpendicular
3,4,7
18
viscosities,
toroidaltorquesonresonantsurfacesduetononidealeffectse.g.,duetoresistivity and
19
20
twouiddiamagneticows onNAresonantmagneticeldcomponentscombinedwithNTVeffects,
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polarization ows, microturbulence,
magnetic eld transients,
and momentum sources.
Nonambipolarcomponentsoftheparticleuxescauseradial plasmacurrents.Settingtheuxsurface
averageofthetotalradialcurrenttozeroso,fromchargeconservationandthetimederivativeofGausss
2,15,27,28
law,theradialelectricelddoesnotincreasemonotonicallyintimeyields
atransporttimescale
toroidalowevolutionequation.Theradialelectriceldisdeterminedfromthetoroidalow.Thenet
radial particle ux is the sum of the collisioninduced intrinsically ambipolar particle uxes and the
nonambipolarparticleuxesevaluatedatthetoroidalowdeterminedradialelectriceld.
Wemakeanumberofassumptionstofacilitatedeterminingcomprehensiveequationsfortheparticle
uxesandevolutionoftoroidalrotationintokamakplasmas.
1 Smallgyroradiusexpansion,whichtozerothorderyieldsmagnetohydrodynamicMHDforcebalance
equilibrium,owswithinuxsurfacesatrstorder,andsecondorderradialtransportuxes
2Axisymmetriclowestordermagneticfieldstructurewithnestedtoroidaluxsurfacesi.e.,nomagnetic
islandsinregionofinterest
3 Gyroradiussmall magnetic field nonaxisymmetries such that toroidal nonaxisymmetries NAsinthe
magneticeldBarerstorderorsmallerinthegyroradiusexpansion
4Bananaplateaucollisionalityregime,whereelectron
andioncollisionlengthsarelongcomparedtothepoloidalperiodicitylength2Rqandhenceplasma
propertiesareconstantonmagneticuxsurfaces
5Gyroradiussmallplasmafluctuations,whichleadtosecondordermicroturbulenceinducedanomalous
radialplasmatransport
6Slowpoloidalmagneticfieldtransients,whichattheirfastestoccuronthetransporttimescale
7PoloidaldampingofelectronheatflowisneglectedinobtainingtheparallelneoclassicalOhmslaw
NoexplicitinverseaspectratiorR0expansionwillbemade,exceptinestimatingthemagnitudeof
2
sometermsandinneglectofsomeminor O terms.Whiletheanalysiswillbevalidovermostofa
tokamakplasma,becauseofassumptions4and5,itmightnotapplytoitsveryedge.Inparticular,very

closetothemagneticseparatrixindivertedtokamakplasmas,assumption4canbeviolated,inwhichcase
atwodimensionalradialandpoloidaldescriptionofplasmatransportisneeded.Also,intheedgeofL
modetokamakplasmasuctuationscanbecomesolarge thatassumption5isviolated,inwhichcasea
uidtypeturbulentplasmadescriptionmaybeneededthere.Becauseofassumption7,whilescalingsof
allthecollisionalradialparticleuxeswillbecorrect,someoftheirnumericalcoefcientswillonlybe
approximate. Finally, for simplicity we restrict our analysis to a two species plasmaelectrons plus
hydrogenicions.
Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.SectionIIspeciestheplasmaandmagnetic eldmodelsand
perturbationprocedure.SectionIIIdiscussesthesuccessivetimescalesandtheconstraintstheyimpose.
Theradialparticleuxesinducedbythevariouseffectsindicatedaboveandtheplasmatoroidalow
evolutionequationthatresultsfromsettingtozerothenetradialcurrentsfromtheirnonambipolarcompo
nentsaredevelopedinSec.IV.AppendixAdescribestherelationofuidowvelocitiestoguidingcenter
velocities,andAppendixBdescribesthegyroviscosityanditseffects.Someinterestingpropertiesofthe
variouseffectsintheevolutionequationfortheplasmatoroidalrotationarediscussedinSec.V.Finally,
Sec.VIsummarizesthemainresultsobtainedinthispaper.
II. PLASMA AND MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS
Weuseaplasmadescriptionbasedonuidmomentsofageneralplasmakineticequationforeachspecies,
whichincludestheVlasovoperator,theCoulombcollisionoperator,andsources.Someofthepossibleplasma
particle and momentum sources and sinks are those due to collisions with neutrals, fast ions injected via
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energetic neutralbeams, currentsources,andradiofrequency waves interacting with theplasma. Such a
descriptionissometimescalledatwouiddescription.Howeverbecauseweareconsideringthebananaplateau
collisionalityregime,wewillusethekineticallyderivedclosurerelationsforthetypicallyrstorderinthesmall
6
gyroradiusexpansionneoclassicalparallelviscousforcesB0. Themagneticelddescriptionwillbebased
onalowestorderaxisymmetricmagneticeld,whichiscomposedofnestedmagneticuxsurfaces.Thatis,any