Dr.H.Sudarsana Rao et al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH
BASED GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED
HIGH-PERFORMANCE-CONCRETE
Dr.H.Sudarsana Rao
PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANANTAPUR-515002
HANCHATE123@YAHOO.CO.IN

SRI. H. M. SOMASEKHARAIAH
RESEARCH SCHOLAR
J.N.T. UNIVERSITY
ANANTAPUR - 515002
SSSKAR07@GMAIL.COM

DR.VAISHALI. G.GHORPADE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT.
JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANANTAPUR-515002
GHORPADE_VAISHALI@YAHOO.CO.IN

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Abstract
To increase the applications of Glass Fibre Reinforced High-Performance-Concrete (GFRHPC) in India, greater
under standing of GFRHPC produced with locally available materials and indigenously produced mineral
admixtures is essential. In the present investigation, GFRHPC has been produced with locally available
aggregates and fly ash as the mineral admixture. Various fly ash based GFRHPC mixes were designed by
absolute volume method. Cubes of 150X150X150 mm size and cylinders of 150X300mm were cast and cured
for 28 days and then tested for compressive and tensile strengths to asses the strength characteristics of
GFRHPC. Workability has been measured by conducting compaction factor test on fresh GFRHPC mixes. The
experimental results indicate that fly ash can be successfully utilized in producing good quality Glass Fibre
Reinforced High-Performance-Concrete. The various results which indicate the effect of fly ash and glass fibres
on the strength and workability characteristics of high-performance-concrete are presented in this paper to draw
useful conclusions.

Keywords: Fly ash, High Performance Concrete, Glass fibres

1. INTRODUCTION
The set back in the health of newly constructed concrete structures promoted the most directed and
unquestionable evidence of the last two/three decades on the service life performance of our construction and
the resulting challenge that confronts us is the alarming and unacceptable rate at which our infrastructure
systems all over the world are suffering from deterioration when exposed to real environments. When the
general performance concrete is substantially higher than that of normal type concrete, such concrete is regarded
as High Performance Concrete (HPC). Concrete may be regarded has high performance for several different
reasons: High strength, High workability, High durability-and perhaps also improved visual appearance. HPC
produced with the use of glass fibres is known as Glass Fibre Reinforced High Performance Concrete
(GFRHPC). In India the applications of GFRHPC are very limited due to the lack of mix proportions, and
proper understanding of its behavior. There are no specified codes and provisions for usage of GFRHPC.
Fly ash is the finely divided mineral residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal
in electric generating plant (ASTM C 618). Fly ash consists of inorganic matter present in the coal that has been
fused during coal combustion. This material is solidified while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected
from the exhaust gases by electrostatic precipitators. Since the particles solidify while suspended in the exhaust
gases, fly ash particles are generally spherical in shape. Fly ash particles those are collected in electrostatic
precipitators are usually silt size (0.074 - 0.005 mm). Due to its pozzolanic nature, FA is a beneficial mineral
admixture for concrete. It influences many properties of concrete in both fresh and hardened state. Moreover,
utilization of waste materials in cement and concrete industry reduces the environmental problems of power
plants and decreases electric costs. Utilization also reduces the amount of solid waste, greenhouse gas emissions
associated with Portland clinker production, and conserves existing natural resources.
Hassan et al. [2000] presented the influence of two mineral admixtures, silica fume and fly ash on the
properties of super-plasticized high-performance concrete. The results indicated that usage of the mineral
admixtures improved the properties of high performance concrete. Gopalakrishna et al. [2001] presented the
performance of HPC mixes having different replacement levels of cement with low calcium fly ash (class F) and
reported a compressive strength of 80 MPa with 25 % replacement of cement with fly ash and also concluded
that fly ash concretes have superior durability properties. Long et al. [2002] presented studies on very high
performance concretes with ultra fine powders such as pulverized fly ash (PFA), pulverized granulated blast
furnace slag (PS) and silica fume (SF) and reported that the use of ultra fine powders improved the relative
density of compound pastes with low w/b ratios. Goh et al. [2003] carried out laboratory tests to characterize the
properties of municipal fly ash as a blended cement material and reported that higher mortar strength than that
of control mortar cubes was achieved by replacement of OPC with municipal fly ash up to 10%. Uzal and
Turanli [2003] presented studies on blended cements containing a high volume of natural pozzolan and they
reported that blended cements containing 55% natural pozzolan showed excellent ability to reduce the alkalisilica expansion. Isaia et al. [2003] presented the studies on physical and pozzolanic action of mineral additions
on the mechanical strength of high performance concrete. Bhatty et al. [2006] presented utilization of discarded
fly ash as a raw material in the production of Portland cement. Their studies revealed that using fly ash is
beneficial in cement plants and power plants. Jerath and Hanson [2007] presented the effects of fly ash
replacement of Portland cement and the use of dense aggregate gradation on the durability of concrete mixtures
in terms of permeability. They found that, by the use of dense graded aggregate and increasing the fly ash
content from 35 to 40% the durability of concrete mixtures increased. They also observed the reduction in the
charge passed, when conducted rapid chloride ion permeability tests thus indicating increase in durability. Wang

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and Li [2007] presented the mechanical performance of engineered cementitious composites incorporating high
volume fly ash. In view of these results, it is proposed to study the effect of fly ash as a partial replacement to
cement in the production of Glass Fibre Reinforced High Performance Concrete.
2. Experimental Program
In order to study the behavior of GFRHPC and also to understand the influence of mineral admixture
like fly ash, a total number of 16 mixes have been tried. In all the mixes the same type of aggregate i.e. crushed
granite aggregate; river sand has been used. The proportion of cement, sand and aggregate has been maintained
same for all mixes. These relative proportions have been obtained by absolute volume method. Ordinary
Portland cement of 53 Grade from a single batch has been used. The test program consisted of carrying out
Compressive strength test on cubes and split tensile strength test on cylinders. The nomenclature of the mixes
studied in this investigation is presented in Table 1 which is self explanatory.
Table: 1 Nomenclature of Mixes Studied

S.No

Designation of
mix

Mix Details

No of cubes cast

No of Cylinders
cast

Reference Mix M20

PA0

Reference HPC mix with0% glass fibre,

0% Fly ash

P A 10

HPC Mix with 0% glass fiber, 10% Fly

ash

P A 20

HPC Mix with 0% glass fiber, 20% Fly

ash

P A 30

HPC Mix with 0% glass fiber, 30% Fly

ash

GF B 0

GFRHPC Mix with 0.5 % glass fiber,

0% Fly ash

GF B 10

GFRHPC Mix with 0.5 % glass fiber,

10% Fly ash

GF B 20

GFRHPC Mix with 0.5 % glass fiber,

20% Fly ash

GF B 30

GFRHPC Mix with 0.5 % glass fiber,

30% Fly ash

10

GF C 0

GFRHPC mix with 1% glass fibre, 0%

Fly ash

11

GF C 10

GFRHPC mix with 1% glass fibre, 10%

Fly ash

12

GF C 20

GFRHPC mix with 1% glass fibre, 20%

Fly ash

13

GF C 30

GFRHPC mix with 1% glass fibre, 30%

Fly ash

14

GF D 0

GFRHPC mix with 1.5% glass fibre,

0% Fly ash

15

GF D 10

GFRHPC mix with 1.5% glass fibre,

10% Fly ash

16

GF D 20

GFRHPC mix with 1.5% glass fibre,

20% Fly ash

17

GF D 30

GFRHPC mix with 1.5% glass fibre,

30% Fly ash

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2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade conforming to ISI standards has been procured and the
properties of the cement are presented in Table 2.
Table. 2 Properties of Cement

S.No.

Test

Experimental values

1
2

Fineness of Cement
Specific gravity

4.52%
3.10

Suggested
values
Specification
<10.0%
--

Normal consistency

33%

--

40min
6 hours

Min 30 minutes
Max 10 Hours

30 N/mm2
42 N/mm2
56 N/mm2

23.0 N/mm2
33.0 N/mm2
53.0 N/mm2

Setting time
Initial setting time
Final setting time
Compressive Strength at
3 days
7 days
28 days

as

per

I.S

2.1.2 Fine Aggregate: The locally available Pandameru river sand conforming to grading zone-II of IS 383-1970 has been used as
Fine Aggregate. The physical properties of fine aggregate are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

S. No.
1
2
3

Property
Specific Gravity
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
i) Loose
ii) Compacted
Grading

Value
2.67
2.77
14.67 kN/m3
16.04 kN/m3
Zone - II

2.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

a) The locally available crushed granite material has been used as coarse Aggregate and its physical
properties are presented in Table 4.
Table 4 Physical properties of coarse aggregate

S. No.
1
2

3
4
5
6
7

Property
Specific gravity
Bulk density
Loose
Compacted
Water absorption
Flakiness index
Elongation index
Crushing value
Impact value

Coarse aggregate
2.75
13.29 KN/m3
15.00 KN/m3
0.7%
14.22%
21.33%
21.43%
15.5%

2.1.4. Glass Fibre: In this investigation Cem-FILL Anti rack HD fibres have been used. It is a special purpose high
dispersion alkali resistant glass fibre chopped strand designed for mixing with concrete, mortar and other
cement-based mixes, uniform dispersion of the fibres is needed. These fibres have a sizing system which is
water dispersible, allowing full dispersion into individual filaments in mixing in an aqueous environment. They
incorporate easily into mixes giving a very large number of distributed reinforcing fibres from a small weight of
product.

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Cem-FIL fibers offer superior performance to standard fiber reinforcing with widely varying addition rates
designed to meet specific project specifications. Anti Crack fibres do not protrude from the surface and require
no further finishing. The details are presented in Table 5

Table 5(a) Properties of Glass Fibres

S.No

Property

Value

1
2
3
4
5

Filament Diameter
Filament per stand
length
Ultimate Elongation%
Specific Gravity

14 Micron
100
12 mm
2.4
2.68

Table 5 (b) Technical characteristics

Strand Tex

Filament
(micron)

Dia

Standard
Length(mm)

ISO 1889:1987
306

14

12

Moisture
content (%)

Size
(%)

content

ISO 3344:1977

ISO 1887:1980

< 0.3

1.0

Filaments/
Kg
(Millions)

212

2.1.5. Water: Clean potable fresh water, which is free from concentration of acid and organic substances, has been
used for mixing the concrete.
2.1.6 Fly Ash
Locally available fly ash from a near by thermal power station has been used and its chemical
composition is presented in Table 6.
Table 6 Chemical composition of fly ash

SI. No.

Characteristics

Percentage

Silica SiO2
49-67
1
16-28
2
Alumina Al2 O3
4-10
3
Iron oxide Fe2O3
0.7-3.6
4
Lime CaO
0.3-2.6
5
Magnesia MgO
0.1-2.1
6
Sulphur tri oxide SO3
0.4-1.9
7
Loss of ignition
230-600
8
Surface area m2/kg
2.1.7 Super Plasticizer
The super plasticizer used in this experiment is SP 337. It is manufactured by FOSROC, Bangalore. It
complies to IS: 9103 1999 and also to BS, ASTM Standards. On adding to concrete, it disperses the cement
particles i.e. enhances the workability without much affecting the set rate of concrete. In the present
investigation super plasticizer is used only to improve workability of the concrete.
3 Fabrication and Casting:Cubes were cast in steel moulds of inner dimensions of 150 x 150 x 150mm and cylinders were cast in steel
moulds of inner dimensions as 150mm diameter and 300mm height for every mix. The cement, sand and fly ash
were mixed thoroughly by manually. Then glass fibre is added to the above mixture. For all test specimens,
moulds were kept on table vibrator and the concrete was poured into the moulds in three layers by tamping with
a tamping rod and the vibration was effected by table vibrator after filling up the moulds. The moulds are kept in

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vibration for one minute and it was maintained constant for all the specimens. Six cubes and three cylinders
were cast for each mix.
4 Curing:The moulds were removed after 24 hours and the specimens were kept immersed in a clear water tank. After
curing the specimens in water for a period of 28 days the specimens were removed out and allowed to dry under
shade. Six cubes, three cylinders were cast for each mix and the average strengths have been considered.
5.0 Results and Discussion
5.1 Effect of percentage replacement of cement by Fly Ash on workability of GFRHPC:
The variation of compaction actor workability with percentage of Cement replacement by fly ash is presented
Fig. 1 & 2

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Fig. 1

Compaction Factor Vs. % of Fly ash for different glass fibre ratio

Fig. 2

Compaction Factor Vs. % of glass fibre for different Fly ash ratio

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Observing Fig. 1 it can be noticed that the compaction factor of GFRHPC mixes decrease with increase
in the percentage replacement of cement by Fly ash indicating a decrease in workability with increase of Fly ash
content. Similar trend is observed for all percentages of Glass fibre ratios tried in this investigation. This
decrease in workability may be attributed to the higher surface area of Fly ash leading to greater water demand.
For a given water-binder ratio, Fly ash based GFRHPC mixes possessed lesser compaction factor workability
when compared to corresponding plain HPC mixes. At 0% replacement level, the decrease in compaction factor
workability is in the ranges of 6.44%, 9.95% and 14.29 for glass fibre ratios 0.5 %, 1% and 1.5% with respect to
reference plane GFRHPC Mix PA 0. At 10% replacement of cement by Fly ash, the decrease in the compaction
factor workability is in the ranges of 2.58%, 8.90%, 12.30% and 16.51% for glass fibre ratios 0%, 0.5 %, 1%
and 1.5% with respect to reference plane GFRHPC Mix PA0. At 20% replacement of cement by Fly ash, the
decrease in the compaction factor workability is in the ranges of 5.15%, 11.36%, 14.64% and 18.75% for glass
fibre ratios 0%, 0.5 %, 1% and 1.5% with respect to reference plane GFRHPC Mix PA0. Similarly at 30%
replacement of cement by Fly ash, the decrease in the compaction factor workability is in the ranges of 7.26%,
13.23%, 16.51% and 20.49% for glass fibre ratios 0%, 0.5 %, 1% and 1.5% with respect to reference plane
GFRHPC Mix PA0. Thus, it can be observed that, at ten percent replacement of cement by Fly ash the decrease
in the compaction factor is very much marginal. At 10% replacement level, the minimum compaction factor is
around 0.741 for the mix GFD10. For most of other mixes with different values of glass fibre ratios (0 to 1.5%),
the compaction factor is lesser than 0.741. Also, it is observed that these mixes are quite cohesive even at lower
water-binder ratio 0.35 because of the super plasticizer used in the mix. Hence, it can be concluded that 10%
Fly ash based GFRHPC can be produced to have sufficient workability.
5.2 Effect of percentage replacement of cement by fly ash on 7 days and 28 days compressive strength of
Glass fibre reinforced high performance concrete:
The variation of 7 days cube compressive strength with varying percentage of fly ash is presented in
Fig. 3.
0% Glass fibre
0.5% Glass fibre
1.0% Glass fibre
1.5% Glass fibre

7 Days cube compressive strength MPa

70

65

60

55

50

45

40
0

10

15

20

25

30

% of Fly ash

Fig. 3 7-Days Cube Compressive Strength vs. % of Fly ash

From this figure, it can be observed that the 7 days compressive strength of GFRHPC mixes increases
with increase in percentage of fly ash up to 10% replacement level. It can further be observed that the maximum
compressive strength is obtained at 10% fly ash value. Further increase in percentage of fly ash, decreases the 7
days compressive strength. At 20% and 30% fly ash for different percentage of glass fibre the 7 days
compressive strength is even less than the plain mix value hence it can be concluded that the maximum
replacement of cement by fly ash as mineral admixture is 10%. A maximum increase of 6.67% is observed at 7
days age for PA10 mix. But by adding glass fibre a maximum increase of 27.21% is observed at 7 days age for
GF C 10 mix.

The variation of 28 days cube compressive strength with percentage of fly ash is presented in Fig. 4.

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0% Glass fibre
0.5% Glass fibre
1.0% Glass fibre
1.5% Glass fibre

28 Days Cube Compressive strength (Mpa)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
0

10

15

20

25

30

% of Fly ash

Fig. 4 28-Days Cube Compressive Strength vs. % of Fly ash

It can be observed that the 28 days cube compressive strength also increases with percentage of fly ash.
The addition of fly ash enhances the load carrying capacity of the mix. The maximum cube compressive
strength is obtained at 10% replacement of fly ash further increase in fly ash decreases the value of compressive
strength. The percentage increase in compressive strength of GFRHPC at 10% fly ash is 3.33% for PA 10 mix
and 22.81 for GF C 10 mix over plain mix PA 0
5.3 Effect of glass fibre ratio on compressive strength of glass fibre reinforced high performance concrete:
The variations of 7 days cube compressive strength with varying percentage of glass fibre are presented
in Fig. 5. It can be observed that the 7 days compressive strength of GFRHPC mixes increases with increase in
percentage volume of glass fibres. It can further be observed that the maximum compressive strength is obtained
at 1% of glass fibre. Further increase in percentage of glass fibre, decreases the 7 days compressive strength as
observed at 1.5% of glass fibre. Hence it can be concluded that addition of glass fibre also contributes to
compressive strength of the mix. Similar observation was made by earlier researchers using fibres. A maximum
increase of 25.90% is observed at 7 days age for GF C 10 mix, over reference mix PA0

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Fig. 5 7-Days Cube Compressive Strength vs. % of Glass fibres

The variation of 28 days cube compressive strength with volume percentage of glass fibres is depicted

28 Days Cube Compressive strength (Mpa)

in Fig. 6.

0% Fly ash
10% Fly ash
20% Fly ash
30% Fly ash

100

90

80

70

60

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

% of Glass fibre

Fig. 6

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28-Days Cube Compressive Strength vs. % of Glass fibres

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It can be observed that the 28 days cube compressive strength also increases with percentage of glass
fibres 0, 0.5 and 1%. The addition of glass fibres enhances the load carrying capacity of the mix. It is observed
that the maximum compressive strength attained is at 1% of glass fibre ratio in the present investigation. Further
increase in percentage of glass fibre i.e., 1.5% decreases the value of compressive strength. The percentage
increase compressive strength of GFRHPC at 1% glass fibre is 22.81% for GF C 10 mix over reference mix
PA0.
5.4 Effect of percentage replacement of cement by Fly ash on 28 days Split tensile strength.
The 28 days tensile strengths of different GFRHPC mixes obtained from the present investigation are reported
in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 28-Days Split Tensile Strength vs. % of fly ash

It can be observed from Fig. 7, there is an increase in tensile strength with addition of fly ash as mineral
admixture. There is increase in tensile strength at 10% of fly ash of PA10 mix, and for GM C 10 mix. The
reason for increase in tensile strength is due to pozzolanic activity of the admixture. Also, the addition of fly ash
improves the quality of transition zone and also contributes for achieving a denser mix. Further increase in
percentage of fly ash decreases the tensile strength. The percentage increase of PA10 mix over reference mix R
is 4.24%. And the maximum percentage increase in tensile strength at 10% of fly ash for GF C 10 mix is 23.32
over reference PA 0 mix.
5.5 Effect of Glass fibre ratio on Tensile strength of GFRHPC
The variation of 28 days split tensile strength with volume percentage of glass fibres is depicted in Fig.
8. It can be observed from this figure that the 28 days split tensile strength increases with increasing volume
percentage of glass fibres i.e., 0, 0.5 and 1%. Further increase in percentage of glass fibre decreases the tensile
strength. This result is justified because addition of glass fibres with higher tensile strength can definitely
contribute to the tensile strength of the matrix. It is observed that the percentage increase in tensile strength is
maximum at 1% of glass fibre i.e., for the mix GF C 10. The percentage increase in tensile strength of GFRHPC
for GF C10 mix is 26.20% over reference mix PA 0. Thus it can be observed that addition of glass fibres has
significantly increased the split tensile strength. The major lacuna of low tensile strength of concrete mix can be
thus be alleviated by using GFRHPC. The decrease in tensile strength at 1.5% glass fibre may be due to
formation of fibre lumps at higher fibre dosage.

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Fig. 8 Split Tensile Strength vs. % of Glass fibres

6 Conclusions
From the experimental work carried out and the analysis of the results following conclusions seem to be valid
with respect to the utilization of fly ash in the production of GFRHPC.

Compaction factor workability of GFRHPC mixes decreases with increase in the percentage
replacement of cement by Fly ash indicating a decrease in workability with increase of Fly ash content.
This trend is observed for all percentages of Glass fibre ratios.

It is observed that, at ten percent replacement of cement by Fly ash the decrease in the compaction
factor is very much marginal. At 10% replacement level, the minimum compaction factor is around 0.741
for the mix GFD10. Also, it is observed that these mixes are quite cohesive even at lower water-binder
ratio 0.35 because of the super plasticizer used in the mix. Hence, it can be concluded that 10% Fly ash
based GFRHPC can be produced to have sufficient workability.

The 7-day compressive strength of GFRHPC mixes increases with increase in percentage of fly ash up
to 10% replacement level. It can further be observed that the maximum compressive strength is obtained at
10% fly ash value.

The 28-day cube compressive strength also increases with increase in percentage of glass fibres i.e. 0,
0.5 and 1%. The maximum compressive strength is attained at 1% of glass fibre ratio in the present
investigation. The percentage increase in compressive strength of GFRHPC at 1% glass fibre is 22.81% for
GF C 10 mix over reference mix PA0.

There is an increase in tensile strength with addition of fly ash as mineral admixture up to 10%
replacement levels. The percentage increase of PA10 mix over reference mix R is 4.24%. And the
maximum percentage increase in tensile strength at 10% of fly ash for GF C 10 mix is 23.32 over reference
PA 0 mix.

The split tensile strength of GFRHPC increases with increasing volume percentage of glass fibres up to
1%. Further increase in percentage of glass fibre decreases the tensile strength. The percentage increase in
tensile strength is maximum at 1% of glass fibre i.e., for the mix GF C 10. The percentage increase in
tensile strength of GFRHPC for GF C10 mix is 26.20% over reference mix PA 0. Thus it can be observed
that addition of glass fibres has significantly increased the split tensile strength. The major lacuna of low
tensile strength of concrete mix can be thus be alleviated by using GFRHPC.

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Goh, Chia-Chia., Show, Kuan-Yeow and Cheong, Hee-Kiat. 2003. Municipal Solid Waste Fly Ash as a Blended Cement Material.
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Jerath, Sukhvarsh P.E. and Hanson, Nicholas. 2007. Effect of Fly Ash Content and Aggregate Gradation on the Durability of Concrete
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Long, Guangcheng., Wang, Xinyou and Xie, Youjun. 2002. Very-High-Performance Concrete with Ultra fine Powders. Cement and
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Uzal, B. and Turanli, L. 2003, Studies on blended cements containing a high volume of natural Pozzolans, Cement and Concrete
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