Table

A
mineral
2.2 can
: Relative
be defined
Hardness
as a natural
of Minerals
inorganic
substance
(Encyclopedia
having
Britannica,
aprojects,
particular
2009)
chemical
iv. Streak
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In
civil engineering
aggregates
are used
composition
Streak
is the or
colour
range
ofof
the
composition
minerals
powder
and a regular
when
as
construction
materials
and
the existence
of
itatomic
is scraped
structure
along
to awhich
roughened
its crystalline
surface
form
suchisas to
rock
layers
contribute
to strength
and resistance
Discussion
Answer
the
a)
related.
an
unglazed
To study
pottery.
rocks,
Theitfollowing
mark
is necessary
leftquestion;
behind
to know
can
be
the
foundations
and
applied
pressure.
Minerals
have
Explain
the
different
between
silicate
and
nonrock
a
characteristic
forming
minerals.
feature
The
of
the
physical
mineral.
properties
The
streak
that
different varieties and properties that contribute to
mineral.
b)
Group
your
sample
into
important
is
necessarily
to identify
the
a same
mineral
as
are;
the
colour
i. Colour
ofthe
aThe
thenot
physical
and mechanical
properties
of
rock
COURSE
GEOLOGY silicates
silicate
and
non-silicates
mineral.
c)
Differentiate
colour
mineral,
of
e.g.
the
hematite
mineral
is
(black)
that
seen

reddish
by
eye.
brown,
Colour
mass;
therefore
it
is
essential
to
determine
the
COURSE CODE
ECG
253
Relative Hardness Minerals
Mineralogy
between
ferromagnesian
silicate
may be
topaz
orinfluenced
corundum
by
no
impurities
streak
atinand
all.
thenonv.
sample,
physical
characteristics
of
the minerals.
The the
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
Diamond
Carbon
10 0
silicate.
Give
anaexample
from
light in the
Transparency
roomTransparency
or strong
reflective
is
measure
surfaces.
of how
physical
characteristics
of
minerals
include
CATEGORY
TRADITIONALferromagnesian
Alumina
9
yourCorundum
sample
for
each
of them.
d) Identify
the uses
Minerals
clearly
anmay
object
vary
can
greatly
be
seen
incleavage,
colour
through
from
a crystal.
one
hardness,
atomic
structure,
colour
and
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
0
Topaz
Aluminium
silicate
8
of
your
mineral
sample
in
civil
engineering.
The
specimen
Table
2.3
:
to
Minerals
another.
Transparency
Certain
minerals
(Encyclopedia
have
streak. Composition of these minerals formed
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
1 WEEK
Quartz
Silica
7
report
must
be submitted
7 days
after
the
constants
Britannica,
2009)
vi.
e.g.
Cleavage
azurite
these
/blue
Fracture
and
rocks,
andcolours,
with
their
existence,
characterize
Feldspar
Alkali
silica
completion
of
the
test.
6
melachite
The
way
a

mineral
green.
breaks.
Therefore,

Cleavage
colour
is
-aThe
general
the different rock types based on the crystallization
Apatite
Calcium
phosphate
rather
tendency
than
specific
some
minerals
indicator.
to
ii.
break
Lustre
consistently
Luster is
5
at
depth
orofnear
the
surface
based
on
Bowens
reflected
along
distinct
from
planes
the surface
in to
their
of crystal
a mineral,
structure.
the amount
Fluorite
Calcium
fluoride
reaction.
It is essential
identify
the
mineral
as it
4
of
Smooth
light
is
plane.
a
function

Fracture
of
the
state
minerals
of
the
break
surface.
contributes
to
the
physical
and
mechanical
Calcite
Calcium carbonate
3
Luster
randomly,
is described
with
terms
rough
oftoor
the
jagged
degree
of
properties.
Youuneven,
areinrequired
carry
outsurfaces
minerals
Gypsum
Hydrated
calcium
2
brightness.
because
their
Table
bonds
2.1
are
:
equally
Minerals
strong
Luster
in
all
laboratory testing / physical
observation by using
sulphate
TITLE
IDENTIFICATION
OF
MINERALS
(Encyclopedia
directions
and
are
Britannica,
distributed
2009)
uniformly
iii. Hardness
throughout
suggested
apparatus
available
in the
laboratory
Talc
Hydrated
1
TheApparatus:
the
crystal.
resistance ofi. a
mineral
to abrasion
WAYS & MEANS
3.1
Minerals
Set
ii. Mohs
Scale of
magnesium
silicate
(scratching)
is iii.
termed
hardness
(Malzbender,1.
Hardness
Set
Magnifier
3.2 Procedure:
2003). the
Thisgiven
property
is determined
rubbing the
Select
labelled
specimen by
of minerals.
2.
1.1
Introduction
The
traditional
methods
of
mineral
to
be
identified
against
another
mineral
of
Name the mineral samples and observe the
conducting
laboratory
activities
(assigned
Level
known
hardness.
One the
will physical
stretch
the
otheras(unless
samples
to determine
properties
of
0)
will
not
be
able
to
provide
the
avenue
for
they
have
the
same
hardness).
Geologists
used
a
minerals 3. Tabulate the result from the
students
to
enhance
independent
learning
standard hardness
scale
the Mohs
scale
observation
complete
withcalled
the pictures
of the
activities
and
creativity
and innovation.
developed
by inculcate
a German
Mineralogist
named
mineral
sample.
3.3 Data
Acquisition
The
traditional
method
fullywhich
prescriptive
where
Friedrich
Mohs
(1773-1839)
relative
Observation
should
be is
made
on
theassigns
following
the
three
elements
namely
problem,
ways
&
hardnesses
to
several
common
and
a
few
rare
items: i. Mineral
name ii. Colour iii. Lustre iv.
Lustre
Characteristics
PREAMBLE
means
and
answersvi.are
provided/
fully
and
precious
asmetal
given in Table
2.2. to
Streak
v.
Hardness
vii.given
Likeminerals
polishedTransparency
Metallic
the
students.
However,
it
is
still
necessary
to be
Cleavage /Less
Fracture
brilliant
Submetallic
implemented
as
part
of
the
whole
laboratory
RESULTS
4 Results,
Analysis,
and
e.g.
chalk
or Discussion
clay
Dull
course
activity
especially
to
first andtosecond
Conclusion
The
group
is
required
submit year
the
Like
broken
glassactivity
e.g. student
Vitreous
students.
In
this
laboratory
will be
technical report
of
the
laboratory
results
quartz
or topaz on identifying the
exposed
to
the
technique
highlighting
thestrands
data acquisition
process, analysis
Like
of fibre parallel
Silky
physical
properties
of
minerals.
carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output
Objectives
The objective
of the report
test is:must
To
Transparency 1.2
Characteristics
to achieve
the
objective.
The technical
determine
the
physical
properties
of
minerals
by
An object
is seen Writing
clearly Guide.
Transparent
follow the format
in Student
laboratory
observation.
throughi.crystal
Results & Analysis
All data recorded must be
Learning
At
the
end of1the
AnOutcomes
objectgiven
is seen
with
Semi- transparent1.3
tabulated
in the
form
in Appendix
ii. Attach
laboratory
activities,
would
be ableand
to: i.
difficulty
the
diagram/
picture students
for each of
the sample
Identify
various
specimens
of
mineral
by
physical
An
object
cannot
be
seen,
Translucent
label it clearly
testing ii. Identify
mineral
in rock formation
but the
light iscontent
transmitted
1.4 Theoretical
Background
Dana
(1985) states
through the crystal
that
each
mineral
possesses
certain
physical
Light is transmitted only by
Semi-translucent
properties orthe
characteristics
by which it may be
edges of a crystal
recognized orNo
identified.
Some are subjected
to
light is transmitted,
this
Opaque
certain simple
tests. Physical
properties
includes
all metallic
mineralsare useful
in mineral identification.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Appendix 1: Identification of Minerals
COURSE
COURSE CODE
Chemical
LEVEL OF
OPENNESS
Composition
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIODCleavage
OF ACTIVITY
/
Fracture
WAYS & MEANS
Transparenc
y
Streak
TITLE
Hardness

Luster

Colour
PREAMBLE
RESULTS
Name

Identification of rocks is essential for mineral and

earth resources utilization as well as civil
engineering works. The ability to characterize
rocksAnswer
on site the
will following
results onquestions;
knowing the
GEOLOGY available
Discussion
a)
characteristics,
behavior
and
expected
strength.
ECG 253
Explain the formation of intrusive igneous
rock
Thus,
give
essential
to further
engineering
1
and the
formation
of guide
extrusive
igneous
rock.
works.ENDED
As a rock
groupsample
you are
given
a set
PARTIALLY OPEN
Group
your
into
these
typeofofrocks to
identify the
physical
features
textures of
33%
igneous
rock.
b) Describe
theand
relationship
igneous
rocks.
The
group
must
carry
out the
1 WEEK
between the cooling rates of igneous rock
withtest
the
following
the
procedures
outline
and
subsequently
grains size of the igneous rock. Identify the
analyse
the data
andsamples.
present itc)inIdentify
a proper
cooling rates
of your
the uses
technical
format.
of igneous rock in civil engineering The report
3.1 be
Apparatus
lens ii.
must
submittedi.7Magnifying
days after hand
the completion
of
Labelled
the
test. specimen of igneous rocks 3.2
Procedures: 1. Select the labelled specimen of
igneous rocks given in the list of rocks. 2.
Observe
the samples
determine
the physical
IDENTIFICATION
OF to
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
characteristics of igneous rocks You can refer to
1.1
Thethe
traditional
methods
of the
yourIntroduction
lecture notes for
details. 3.
Tabulate
conducting
result
from the
laboratory
observation
activities
complete
(assigned
with the
as
Level 0) of
willthe
notrock
be able
to provide
the avenue for
pictures
sample.
3.3 Data
students to enhance
Acquisition
Observation
independent
should
learning
be made on
activities
and items:
inculcate
creativity
innovation.
the
following
i. Rock
nameand
ii. Texture
iii.
The traditional
Colour
iv. Grain
method
size v.isMineral
fully prescriptive
composition
where
vi.
the three elements namely problem, ways &
Origin
means
and answers
areDiscussion
provided/ fully
4 Results,
Analysis,
andgiven to
the students.The
However,
still necessary
to the
be
Conclusion
group itisisrequired
to submit
implemented
as of
part
the wholeresults
laboratory
technical
report
theoflaboratory
course activity
to first process,
and second
year
highlighting
theespecially
data acquisition
analysis
students.
thisthe
laboratory
activity
be
carried
outInand
relevancy
of thestudent
set-out will
output
exposed
to
the
technique
on
identifying
the
to achieve the objective. The technical report
physical
characteristics
must
follow
the format of
inigneous
Studentrocks.
Writing
1.2 Objectives
objectives
of thisrecorded
laboratory
Guide.
Results &The
Analysis
i. All data
worksbe
is:organized
i. To identify
thetable.
characteristics
of
must
in the
ii. Attach the
igneous rocks
ii. To
rocksand
diagram/
picture
for classify
each of the
the igneous
rock sample
label
it clearly.Outcomes At the end of this
1.3 Learning
laboratory session, student should be able to:- 1.
Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the
laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical
characteristics of igneous rocks. 3. Perform
effectively as a team in carrying out the task and
produce the relevant technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background Rocks that are
formed by crystallization of a melt are igneous
rock and they may be formed at depth (intrusive
or plutonic) or on the surface (extrusive or
volcanic). In general, igneous rocks that cool
rapidly (i.e. volcanic rock) are very fine-grained
whereas rocks that cool slowly (i.e. plutonic rocks)
are coarse-grained.

COURSE
COURSE CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
RESULTS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

TITLE
PROBLEM STATEMENT

PREAMBLE

WAYS & MEANS

1.4 Theoretical Background

Sedimentary
rocks are formed by the accumulation of
sediments. There are three basic types of
sedimentary rocks: i. Clastic Sedimentary rocks
such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and
shale that are formed from mechanical weathering
3.3 Data
Acquisition
should
be
debris.
These
rocks areObservation
formed by the
lithification
made
on
the
following
items:
i.
Rock
name
ii.
of weathered rock debris that has been physically
iii Composition
of During
minerals
iv.transport
Grain size
GEOLOGY Colour
transported
and deposited.
the
v.
Texture
vi.
Classification/
Type
of
sedimentary
ECG 253 process, the particles that make up these rocks
rock
1
often become rounded due to abrasion or can
Results,
Analysis,
Discussion
and
PARTIALLY 4
OPEN
ENDED
become
highly
sorted. ii.
Chemical sedimentary
Conclusion
The
group
is
required
to
submit the
33%
rocks such as rock salt and some limestones,
that
technical
report
of
the
laboratory
results
1 WEEK
form when dissolved materials precipitate from
highlighting
theiii.data
acquisition
process,
analysis
solution; and,
Organic
sedimentary
rocks
such
carried
out
and
the
relevancy
of
the
set-out
output
as coal and some limestones which form from
the
to
achieve
the
objective.
The
technical
report
must
accumulation of plant or animal debris. The
follow
the format
Student
Writing
Sedimentary
rocks in
created
either
from Guide.
chemical
Results
&
Analysis
i.
All
data
recorded
must be
precipitation and crystallization, or by the
organized
table.
ii. organic
Attach the
diagram/
lithificationin
ofthe
once
living
matter
can be
picture
for
each
of
the
rock
sample
and
label it
identify
as
non-clastic.
IDENTIFICATION
OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
clearly.
Discussion
the following
Sedimentary
rock is oneAnswer
of the major
types of
questions;
a)
Describe
the
factors
that
can
rock. Stable vertical slopes can usually be
characterize
sedimentary horizontally
rocks. b) Explain
the
excavated in the
well-cemented,
bedded
sedimentary
structures
(stratification).
Identify
the
sandstones and limestones (example of
1.1 Introduction
Levelany
1 laboratory
activity
refers
sample
that has
shown
sedimentary
structure
sedimentary
rocks).
Flatter slope
angles must
be
to condition
where the
problem
anduses
ways
& means
on
the
rock
surface.
c)
Identify
the
of
cut for weaker rock types. A particularly important
are guided and
given
to the
students.d)However
the
sedimentary
rock
in civil
engineering
factor in the stability
of sedimentary
rockBriefly
slopes is
answersthe
to strength
the assignment
are left
to
the students
explain
and
stability
of
sedimentary
the direction and amount of slope, or dip, of
to solve
using the group
creativity
and
rock
in construction
engineering
perspective.
bedding.
Tunneling and
underground
mining in
innovativeness.
The
activity
is
hoping
to slowly
The
report must
beare
submitted
7 days
after
theand
sedimentary
rocks
influenced
by lithology
introduce and
inculcates
independent learning
completion
of
the
test.
structure (orientation of bedding). Special
amongst students and prepare them for a much
problems occur in limestones and evaporate
harder task of open-ended laboratory activities. In
deposits because these rocks are soluble under
this laboratory activity student will be exposed on
the action of flowing groundwater. The soils and
identifying the physical characteristics of
rocks overlying underground cavities produced by
sedimentary rock.
chemical dissolution may collapse into the voids,
1.2 Objectives The objective of the test are: i.
damaging or destroying buildings constructed at
To identify and classify sedimentary rocks. ii. To
the surface. As a group you are given a set of
recognize the depositional environmental of
rocks to identify the physical features of
sedimentary rock
based on their physical
sedimentary rocks. The group must carry out the
features.
test following the procedures outline and
1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the
subsequently analyse the data and present it in a
laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1.
proper technical format.
Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the
3.1 Apparatus: i. Magnifying hand lens ii.
laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical
Labelled specimen of sedimentary rocks 3.2
characteristics of sedimentary rocks. 3. Perform
Procedure: 1. Select the labelled specimen of
effectively as a team in carrying out the task and
sedimentary rocks given in the list of rocks. 2.
produce the relevant technical report.
Observe the samples to determine the physical
characteristics of sedimentary rocks 3. Tabulate
the result from the observation complete with the
pictures of the rock sample.

WAYS & MEANS

COURSE
COURSE CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

RESULTS
TITLE

PREAMBLE

PROBLEM STATEMENT

3.1 Apparatus: i. Magnifying hand lens ii. Set of

sedimentary rocks sample 3.2 Procedure: 1.
GEOLOGY Select the labelled specimen of sedimentary rocks
given in the list of rocks. 2. Observe the samples
ECG 253
to determine the physical characteristics of
1
rocks 3. Tabulate the result from the
PARTIALLY sedimentary
OPEN ENDED
observation complete with the pictures of the rock
33%
sample. 3.3 Data Acquisition Observation
1 WEEK
should be made on the following items: i. Rock
name ii. Colour iv. Composition of minerals v.
Grain size vi. Classification (Foliation / granular)
vii. Texture .
4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion The group
is required to submit the technical report of the
laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition
IDENTIFICATION
OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKSof
process,
analysis carried
out and the relevancy
the
set-out
output
to
achieve
the
objective.
c
1.1 Introduction Level 1 laboratory activity
Results
&
Analysis
i.
All
data
recorded
must
be &
refers to condition where the problem and ways
organized
the table.
Attach
the students.
diagram/
means areinguided
and ii.
given
to the
picture
for
each
of
the
rock
sample
and
it to
However the answers to the assignmentlabel
are left
clearly.
Discussion
Answer
the
following
the students to solve using the group creativity
questions;
a) Describe
the
all types
of
and innovativeness.
The
activity
is hoping
to
metamorphism.
b)
Explain
in
details
the different
slowly introduce and inculcates independent
textures
metamorphic
rock.
Identifythem
the for a
learning of
amongst
students
andc)prepare
parent
rock oftask
yourofsamples
before
turn to
much harder
open-ended
laboratory
metamorphic
rocks.
d)
Identify
the
uses
ofactivity
activities. In this partially open laboratory
metamorphic
rock
in
civil
engineering.
e)
Briefly
students are required to identify the physical
explain
the
strength
and
stability
of
metamorphic
characteristics of metamorphic rocks.
rock
construction
engineering
1.2 in
Objectives
i. To
identify theperspective.
characteristics of
The
report
must
be
submitted
7
days
after the
metamorphic rocks. ii. To classify the metamorphic
completion
of the test.
rock
1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the
laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1.
Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the
laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical
characteristics of metamorphic rocks. 3. Perform
effectively as a team in carrying out the task and
produce the relevant technical report.
Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the
transformation of pre-existing igneous or
sedimentary rocks that have been buried deeply
within the crust due to the movement of
lithospheric plates. The term metamorphism
involves the alteration of existing rocks by either
excessive heat or pressure or through chemical
action of fluids. Due to metamorphism, rocks may
undergo changes in their mineral composition
leading to formation of new mineral and changes
in texture. Classification of metamorphic rock can
be divided into foliated and non-foliated. As a
group you are given various samples of
metamorphic rocks to make an observation using
the appropriate apparatus available in the
laboratory.

top of one and the bottom of the one next above.

In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes:
bedding planes. Figure 4.1: Geological map of
an existing site i. Contours Hills and valleys are
usually carved out of layered sequences of rock
or strata. In simplest case we can consider strata
WAYS & MEANS
3.1
Figure
Apparatus
4.2 : Plotting
i. Geological
format for
Map
X-section
1 Appendix
ii.
are horizontal. Rarely are they so in nature, they
5(a) ii. Graph
Colour
the rock
paper/drawing
profile by referring
paper to
- A4
Appendix
size iii. 5
are frequently found elevated hundreds of metres
Ruler
(b)
foriv.
key
Pencils
to shading
v. Colour
the rock
pencils
profile.
3.2 iii.
COURSE
GEOLOGY
above their position of deposition and titling has
Conclude
the
results
by
analysing
the
relation
Procedures
:
i.
Plot
the
cross-section
with the
COURSE CODE
ECG253
usually accompanied such uplift. The pattern
of
between
contour
line
and
section
profile.
The
horizontal
scales
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
0
outcrops ofand
thevertical
bed where
theaccordingly
strata are to the
must
be submitted
7 daysa after
scale
of
the
piecethe
of graph
CATEGORY
TRADITIONAL report
horizontal
is geological
a function map
of theon
topography,
the
completion
of the
test.Refer to Appendix 5(a). The
paper
or
blank
sheet.
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0
highest beds in the sequence (the youngest) will
vertical
normally
exaggerated
improve
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
1 WEEK
outcrop scale
on theishighest
ground
and the to
lowest
visibility
of
the
profile.
ii.
Draw
a
line
to
join
thein
beds in the sequence (the oldest) will outcrop
line
of
cross-section
on
the
map,
says
A
B.
iii. a
the deepest valleys. ii. Section Drawing Draw
Using
a
blank
piece
of
paper,
mark
the
points
of
base line, the exact length of the line A-B on Map
intersection
accordingly
between
thethe
lines
with at
1 (19 cm). Mark
off on the
base line
points
the
contours
respective
to
its
heights.
Transfer
which the contour lines cross the line of section:the
points
to the 85
cross-section
respective
to
for
example
mm
A profile
mark the
point TO
GEOLOGICAL
MAPfrom
1 - INTRODUCTION
the
heights
of
the
contours.
iv.
Join
the
points
to
corresponding
to the
intersection
of the 700m
TITLE
CONTOUR
AND
1.1
Introduction
The
traditional
methods
of Data
form
the
profile
of
the
ground
elevation.
3.3
contour.
From
the
baseactivities
line, erect
a perpendicular
HORIZONTAL
STRATA
conducting
laboratory
(assigned
as
Acquisition
i. in
Completely
colour
theof
geological
corresponding
length
to
the
height
the
Level
will not
be able to4(a)
provide
the avenue
map
10)given
in Appendix
by to
referring
to for
ground
and,
since
it isindependent
important
make vertical
students
to
enhance
learning
Appendix
4(b) for
key equal
to shading
the map.
ii.
and
horizontal
scales
wherever
practicable,
activities
andcross-section
inculcate
creativity
and
innovation.
Produce
the
of
rock
strata
a
perpendicular
of length
14mm
must be erected
The
traditional
method
is fully
prescriptive
where
RESULTS
4.1
Result,
Analysis
and
Conclusion
The
to
correspond
to
the
700m
contour
(since
1000m
the
three
elements
namely
problem,
ways
& of
group
required
to2mm).
submitSections
the technical
report
PREAMBLE
=
2cm is
and
100m
=
cangiven
readily
be
means
and
answers
are
provided/
fully
the
laboratory
results
highlighting
the data to
drawn
on metric
squared
paper.
the
students.
However,
it
is
still
necessary
to
be
acquisition
process,
analysismap
carried
outtoand
the
PROBLEM STATEMENT
A
geologic map
a special
made
show
implemented
as is
part
of the
whole
laboratory
relevancy
of
the
set-out
output
to
achieve
the
special
featuresespecially
of earth surface
and second
subsurface.
course
activity
to firstmust
and
year
objective.
The
technicalbyreport
follow
the
The
map
is
presented
using
colour
and will
students.
In
this
laboratory
activity
student
format
inThe
Student
Writing
Guide.asBy
referringbe
symbols.
rock
units
asofknown
geologic
exposed
to
the
technique
producing
the cross
to
Geological
Map
1 Appendix
5 (a)features
i. Plot
the
strata,
bedding
planes
and structural
section
profile
outcrop
of
each
rock
type
on
the
cross-section
such
as faults, folds,
foliations,
and lineation
are
1.2
Objectives
To plot
ground profile
and rock
profile
shown
with
strike
and
dip
or
trend
and
plunge
formations from geological map.
symbols which give these features three1.3 Learning Outcomes. At the end of this
dimensional orientations. You are required to
laboratory session, student should be able to:- i.
carry out map activity to identify geological
Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the
features and profiling for rock stratification.
laboratory activity. ii. Produce the rock strata
profile of given geological map iii. Perform
effectively as a team in carrying out the task and
produce the relevant technical report.
1.4 Theoretical Background A geological map
is one which shows in the first place, the
occurrence and distribution of the rocks at the
surface of the ground. Conventional sign may
show certain facts of observation about them. The
geological map allows the geological structure of
the country to be inferred. Beds of rocks are
bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be
horizontal, tilted or bent in any form or direction. A
series of beds which have been laid down
regularly one on the other, and which may be
treated as a whole, form a conformable series. It
follows that the lower beds are the older. In such
a series of bedding surfaces are parallel. Each
bedding surface is usually common to two beds of
rock, being the

Appendix 5 (a): Geological Map 1

Cut here (to be attached with your report)

Date
Time
Group

Approved by

Appendix 5 (b): Key to shading widely used on geological maps and text figures

PROBLEM STATEMENT

COURSE
COURSE CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
WAYS & MEANS

TITLE

PREAMBLE

RESULTS

A geologic map is a special map made to show

special features of earth surface and subsurface.
The map is presented by using color and
symbols. The rock units as known as geologic
strata, bedding planes and structural features
such
as 4.1
faults,
folds, foliations,
lineationii.are
GEOLOGY
Figure
: Plotting
format for and
X-section
F
shown(a):
with
strike
and dip
or trendcontours
and
plunge Figure (b): Se
ECG 253 Colour
thePlan
rock
showing
profile
by
structure
referring
to Appendix
symbols
which
give these
features
0
5(b)
for
through
key
tocontours
shading
the
showing
rock profile.
thethreerelationship
iii.
between dip a
dimensional
You
are the
required
TRADITIONAL
Conclude
gradient.
theorientations.
results
Dip Inclined
by analysing
strata
arerelation
said to be dipping. The
carry dip
out contour
map
to identify
geological
0
between
is
theactivity
maximum
line and
angle
section
measured
profile. The
between the strata a
features
and
profiling
for
rock
stratification.
1 WEEK reporthorizontal
must be submitted
(regardless
7 days
of theafter
slope
theof the ground)
Consequently,
determine
the dip and
strike
of theThe angle of d
completion
Figureof(c):
the
Section
test. showing
dipping
strata.
rock strata.
measured from the horizontal.
3.1 Apparatus i. Geological map 2 - Appendix 6
ii. Graph paper iii. Colour pencil (optional) iv.
Ruler v. Pencil 3.2 Procedures : i. Plot the
cross-section with the horizontal and vertical
scales
accordingly The
to the
scale of methods
the geological
1.1
Introduction
traditional
of
GEOLOGICAL
MAP
2
INTRODUCTION
TO
map
on a piece
of graph
paper or
blank sheet.
conducting
laboratory
activities
(assigned
as
STRIKE
AND DIP is normally exaggerated to
The
Levelvertical
0) will scale
not be able to provide the avenue for
improve
of the
profile. ii. Draw
a line to
students visibility
to enhance
independent
learning
join
the
line
of
cross-section
on
the
map,
says X activities and inculcate creativity and innovation.
Y.
iii.
Using
a
blank
piece
of
paper,
mark
the
The traditional method is fully prescriptive where
points
of intersection
accordingly
between
the
the three
elements namely
problem,
ways &
lines
with
the
contours
respective
its heights.
means
and
answers
are
provided/to
fully
given to iv.
Transfer
the
points
to
the
cross-section
profile
the students. However, it is still necessary
to be
respective
to
the
heights
of
the
contours.
v. Join
implemented as part of the whole laboratory
the
points
to form
the profile
of the
course
activity
especially
to first
andground
second year
elevation.
3.3
Data
Acquisition
Completely
students. In this laboratory activityi. student
will be
colour
the
geological
map
2
given
in
Appendix
6
exposed to the technique of producing the cross
by
referring
to Appendix
5(b)strike
for key
to dip.
shading
section
profile
together with
and
the
map.
ii.
Produce
the
cross-section
of
1.2 Objectives The objective of the test rock
are: i. To
strata
complete
with
strike
and formations
dip. iii. Measured
plot ground
profile
and
ground
from
the
dip angle
geological
map ii. To determine the dip and strike
4.the
Result,
Analysis and Conclusion The group
of
rock strata
is
required
to
the technical
report
of the
1.3 Learning submit
Outcomes.
At the end
of this
laboratory
the data
acquisition
laboratory results
session,highlighting
student should
be able
to:- i.
process,
analysis
carried
out
and
the
relevancy
of
Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the
the
set-out
output
to
achieve
the
objective.
The
laboratory activity. ii. Produce the profile of rock
technical
report must
follow
thedip
format
in
strata complete
with strike
and
for given
Student
Writing
Guide.
By
referring
to
geological map iii. Perform effectively as a team
Geological
Mapthe
2- task
Appendix
6 i. Plot the
the relevant
outcrop
in carrying out
and produce
of
each rock
- type
onTheoretical
the cross-section
profile
technical
report.
1.4
Background
The continues lines are the geological boundaries
separating the outcrops of the dipping strata
beds, P, Q, R, S, T and U. Examine the map and
note that the geological boundaries are not
parallel to the contour lines but in fact, intersect
them. This show that beds are dipping. Structure
Contour (Strike lines) Just as it is possible to
define the topography of the ground by means of
contour lines, so we can draw contour lines on a
bedding plane. These we call structure contours
or strike lines, the former since they joints pints of
equal height, the later since they are parallel to
the direction of strike.

Appendix 6: Geological Map 2

Cut here (to be attached with your report)

Date
Time
Group

Approved by

PROBLEM STATEMENT

A
geological
mapBackground
is a special-purpose
mapDip
made
1.4
Theoretical
Dip & Strike
is
to show geological features. Rock units or
the angle between a horizontal plane and an
geologic
strata Dip
are is
shown
by measured
color or symbols to
inclined plane.
always
indicate where they are exposed at the surface.
perpendicular to strike. Dip angles range from 0
Bedding
planesbed
andto
structural
such
as
for
horizontal
90 for
afeatures
vertical
bed. Strike
Byareferring
to Geological
3 Appendix
6 (a)
faults,
folds, foliations,
and Map
lineation
are shown
is
the compass
direction
ofrock
line -formed
bythe
thecrossi.with
Plot
the
outcrop
of
each
type
on
strike and
or trend plane
and plunge
intersection
of adip
horizontal
andformat
it symbols
usually
section
profile
4.2three-dimensional
: Plotting
for XCOURSE
GEOLOGY
which give
theseFigure
features'
expressed
relativethe
to the
north.
Figureto7.1:
section
ii.
Colour
rock
profile
by
referring
COURSE CODE
ECG 103
orientations. Stratigraphic contour lines may be
Strike and4dip
rock strata
On Map
3,
Appendix
(b)direction
forthe
key
toofshading
the rock
profile.
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
0
used to illustrate
surface
of a selected
stratum
the
contour
1100
m
for
the
geological
boundary
DConclude
results bytopographic
analysing the
relation
CATEGORY
TRADITIONAL iii.
illustrating
thethe
subsurface
trends
of
E
coincides
with
the
1000
m
structure
contour
for
between
line and
profile.
Show the
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0
the strata.contour
As a group
yousection
are given
a geological
boundary
C-D.
Thus,
along
this
strike
direction,
strike
and
dip
angle.
The
report
must
be
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY
1 WEEK
map to analyse and interpret the strike and dip
the
top of bed
D isafter
100 the
m higher
than its
bed.test.
This
submitted
7 days
completion
of the
and also the
true vertical
thickness
of rock
strata.
is the thickness of the bed that would be
The group must carry out the test following the
penetrated by a borehole drilled at point X.
procedures outline and subsequently analyze the
Vertical thickness (VT) and True thickness (T)
data and present it in a proper technical format.
Vertical thickness of inclined bed is greater than
WAYS & MEANS
3.1 Apparatus: i. Geological map 3 (Appendix 6a)
the True thickness, since the True thickness is
ii. Graph paper iii. Colour pencil iv. Ruler v. Pencil
measured perpendicular to the geological
3.2 Procedure: 1. Colour all the outcrop based on
Angel of dip T VT
GEOLOGICAL
INTRODUCTION
TO is
boundaries. TheMAP
angle3 in
between T and VT
the shading code given (Appendix 6a & 4b). 2.
TITLE
TRUEto
& the
APPARENT
DIP Cosine = Thus, T =
equal
angle of dip.
Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and
AND
THICKNESS
OF BED
VT
cosine
This mean
the T of a bed is equal to
vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the
the
VT
multiplied
by
cosine
ofgraph
the angle
of dip.
geological map on a piece of
paper.
The
Figure
7.2:
Section
showing
the relationship
1.1
Introduction
The
traditional
methods
of
vertical
scale
is normally
exaggerated
to improve
between
the
vertical
thickness
(VT)
and
true
conducting
laboratory
activities
(assigned
as
Level
visibility of the profile. 3. Draw a line to join the
line
thickness
(T)
of
a
dipping
bed
0)
will
not
be
able
to
provide
the
avenue
for
of cross-section on the map, says Y - Z. 4. On the
students
enhance
learning
geologicaltomap,
drawindependent
the strike line
and mark the
activities
and
inculcate
creativity
and
innovation.
points of intersection accordingly between
the
The
traditional
method
is
fully
prescriptive
where
lines with the contours respective to its heights.
the
three
namely
ways
Name
theelements
intersection
line. problem,
5. Transfer
the &
points
means
and
answers
are
provided/
fully
PREAMBLE
to the cross-section profile respective togiven
the to
the
students.
still the
necessary
toform
be
heights
of theHowever,
contours. it6.isJoin
points to
implemented
as
part
of
the
whole
laboratory
the profile of the ground elevation. 7. Fold the
course
activity
to first
second
year
geological
mapespecially
3 to form the
Y and
Z cross
section.
students.
In
this
laboratory
activity
student
will
Locate the X mark which the borehole position. be
8.
exposed
the technique
of producing
cross
Draw the to
borehole
cross section
on thethe
profile
of
section
profile together
with the
linethickness
and dip
ground elevation.
Determine
thestrike
vertical
direction
according
to
the
given
outcrop.
and true thickness of each rock bed. 3.3 Data
1.2
Objectives
The objective
of the
test are: i.
Acquisition
i. Cross-section
profile
ii. Borehole
To
plot
the
cross
section
profile
to
determine
the
cross-section iii. Vertical thickness of each rock
rock
strata
by
referring
to
the
geological
map
bed iv. Angle of dip
given.
ii. To draw
the dip
and
strike of theThe
rock
RESULTS
4 Results,
Analysis
and
Conclusion
group
strata
iii.
To
calculate
the
vertical
and
true
is required to submit the technical report of the
thickness
the rock
strata the data acquisition
laboratoryof
results
highlighting
1.3
Learning
Outcomes
At and
the end
of the
process, analysis carried out
the relevancy
of
laboratory
activities,
students
would
be
ableThe
to: 1.
the set-out output to achieve the objective.
Identify
correct
apparatus
to conduct
the
technicalthe
report
must
follow the
format in
laboratory
activity.Guide.
2. Produce the rock strata
Student Writing
profile complete with the dip and strike. 3. Perform
effectively as a team in carrying out the task and
produce the relevant technical report.

Appendix 7: Geological Map 3

COURSE
COURSE CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

TITLE
WAYS & MEANS
PREAMBLE

RESULTS
PROBLEM STATEMENT

Date
Time
Group

GEOLOGY Each group is required to select a site as

ECG 253 research area and find rock samples with
3
adequate size to be used (igneous, sedimentary
FULLY OPEN
or metamorphic). The group is required to design
100%
and conduct suitable and related laboratory tests
3 WEEKS to obtain the relevant rock strength parameters to
address the three (3) related problems mentioned
above. Two (2) laboratory tests to be designed
will be conducted in series in two (2) consecutive
weeks. The present of lecturer/ assistant
engineer
while conducting
the
is
1.1 Introduction
The need for
antest
open-ended
compulsory
to supervise
and assist
students
laboratory activity
is emphasized
in enhancing
to
operate
the
apparatus
in
the
laboratory.
independent
learning
activities
and inculcating
THE
STRENGTH
OF
ROCK
3.1
Apparatus
The
group
identifyThis
the opencreativity
and innovation
ofmust
students.
availability
of
the
chosen
apparatus
in
the
ended laboratory activities is created to provide a
laboratory
the (as
righta procedures
can be
platform forbefore
students
group) to determine
identified.
3.2
Procedures
The
group
is required
the objectives and scopes of the laboratory
to
search
for
the
relevant
procedure
to
carry
assignment, identify the necessary apparatusout
and
the
test based
the methodology
available apparatus
your
prepare
step byonstep
to carryinout
the
laboratory.
The document
must be made
readywill
for
task to address
the given problem.
The group
verification
by
the
instructor
before
the
laboratory
be required to analyse all the technical data
activity
commences.
procedure
in conducting
obtained
and presentThe
them
in a technical
format.
engineering
rock
testing
should
refer
the is: To
1.2 Objectives The objective of this to
activity
International
Society using
for Rock
Mechanics,
solve a given problem
the right
laboratory
ISRM
Suggested
Method for Rock
testing(2006)
equipments
and methodology.
Characterization,
TestingAtand
1.3 Learning Outcomes
theMonitoring.
end of the 3.3
Data
Acquisition
All
data
collected
observed
laboratory activities, students would and
be able
to: 1.
during
the
test
must
be
tabulated
in
proper
format
Determine the suitable laboratory tests to be
for
easy verification
and
of the
conducted
to address
thepresentation
given problem
2. Work
technical
report.
in a group to produce the relevant technical
4
Results,
Analysis,
and the
report.
3. Analyse
testDiscussion
data and present
Conclusion
The
group
will
be
required
to prepare
solution to the open-ended problem.
technical
report
of
the
laboratory
results
2 The Problem The potential for instability in the
highlighting
the procedures
of testing adopted,
rock surrounding
tunnel, underground
mine
data
acquisition
process,
analysis
openings and construction sites is carried
an ever-out and
the
relevancy
set-out
address the
present
threat of
to the
both
safetyoutput
of mentoand
given
problem.
The technical
report
follow
equipment
in construction
sites.
Onemust
of the
the
format
in
Student
Writing
Guide.
The
assessment required for construction site is to
report
be submitted
THREE
(3) weeks
after
classifymust
the rock
mass. The
development
of rock
the
completion
of
the
test
and
report
writing.
classification for engineering purposes has been
provided by Dearman (1974) for assessing rock
quality. The strength of rock is the main
characteristics to analyse before any civil
engineering works could be design and
constructed. The crucial information that needs to
be address is given below. 1. The strength value
of each test that was carried out. 2. The
classification of rock strength based on any
related standard. 3. Non-destructive strength test
on site and classification of weathered rock based
on their characterization.
Approved
by

COURSE
WAYS
& MEANS
COURSE
CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

TITLE

RESULTS
PREAMBLE

PROBLEM STATEMENT

As a group you are required to collect the rocks

sample and conduct the uniaxial compressive
strength with supervision by an assistant engineer
to operate the appropriate apparatus available in
GEOLOGY the laboratory.
3.1 Apparatus: The group must identify the
ECG 253
availability of the chosen apparatus in the lab
2
before
the right procedures can be identified. 3.2
PARTIALLY OPEN
ENDED
Procedure: The group is required to search for
66%
the relevant procedure to carry out the test based
1 WEEK
on the available apparatus in your laboratory. The
document must be made ready for verification by
the instructor during the laboratory activity. The
procedure in conducting uniaxial compressive
strength test should referring to the International
Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM (2006)
Suggested Method for Rock Characterization,
UNAXIAL
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Testing and
Monitoring. 3.3
Data Acquisition
1.1data
Introduction
Level
2 laboratory
All
collected and
observed
duringactivities
the test
refer to
condition
where only
thefor
problem
must
bethe
tabulated
in proper
format
easy is
guided and and
given.
Students are
required
to find
verification
presentation
of the
technical
the ways & means and provide the answers to the
report.
given
assignment
usingDiscussion
the group creativity
and
4 Results,
Analysis,
and
innovativeness.
The
activity
will
enable
the
Conclusion The group is required to submit the
students to
appreciate
independent
learning and
technical
report
of the laboratory
results
prepare them
fordata
a much
harder process,
task of open
highlighting
the
acquisition
analysis
ended laboratory
activities.
open
carried
out and the
relevancyInofthis
thepartially
set-out output
laboratory
the students
are required
to
achieve activity
the objective.
The technical
reporttomust
carry
to determine
theWriting
uniaxialGuide.
followout
thetests
format
in Student
compressive
strength
of
rocks.
Results & Analysis i) The data should properly
1.2 Objectives
To measure
uniaxial
organize
in the table.
ii) Showthe
all the
calculation
compressive
strength
of rock
sample
the form
have
been made
iii) Neatly
sketch
theinmode
of of
specimen
of regularAnswer
geometry.
failure.
Discussion
the following question
1.3theLearning
Outcomes
At theand
endexplain
of the the
in
discussion
part. i) Identify
laboratory
activities,
students
would
be
able
types of rock that have been selected for
theto: 1.
Identify
the
correct
apparatus
and
procedure
experiment including the source of sample to
conduct the uniaxial
strength 2. ii)
(geographic
location,compressive
depth and environment)
Analysethe
testweathering
data and present
results
in proper
Predict
grade ofthe
rocks
based
on
technical
format 3.
Perform
effectively
asthe
a team in
the
compressive
strength
obtained
from
carrying out the
and produce
the relevant
experiment.
iii) task
Evaluate
and comment
the
technical
report.
stability and durability of your sample in civil
The uniaxial works
compressive
strength
a rock is one
engineering
according
to theofweathering
of the simplest
measures
of strength value.
to obtain.
It
grade
determined
in (ii) and
The
may bemust
regarded
as the highest
that a rock
report
be submitted
7 days stress
after the
specimen can
carry
when a unidirectional stress is
completion
of the
test.
applied, normally in axial direction, to the end of a
cylindrical specimen. In other words the
unconfined compressive strength represents the
maximum load supported by the specimen during
the test divided by the cross-sectional are of the
specimen. The behaviour of rock in uniaxial
compressive is influenced to some extent by the
test conditions. The most important of these is the
length-diameter ratio of specimen.

WAYS & MEANS

COURSE
COURSE CODE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
CATEGORY
DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)
PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

TITLE
RESULTS

PREAMBLE

PROBLEM STATEMENT

3.1 Apparatus: The group must identify the

availability of the chosen apparatus in the lab
GEOLOGY before the right procedures can be identified. 3.2
Procedure: The group is required to search for
ECG 253
the relevant procedure to carry out the test based
2
on the
available apparatus in your laboratory. The
PARTIALLY OPEN
ENDED
document must be made ready for verification by
66%
the instructor during the laboratory activity. The
1 WEEK
procedure in conducting slake durability test
should referring to the International Society for
Rock Mechanics, ISRM (2006) Suggested
Method for Rock Characterization, Testing and
Monitoring. 3.3 Data Acquisition All data
collected and observed during the test must be
tabulated in proper format for easy verification and
SLAKE
DURABILITY
TEST report.
presentation
of the technical
4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and
Conclusion
The group
to activities
submit the
1.1 Introduction
Levelis2required
laboratory
technical
report
of thewhere
laboratory
results
refer to the
condition
only the
problem is
highlighting
the
data
acquisition
process,
guided and given. Students are required analysis
to find
carried
out
the and
relevancy
theanswers
set-out output
the ways
& and
means
provideofthe
to the
to
achieve
the objective.
Follow
the
format and
in
given
assignment
using the
group
creativity
Student
WritingThe
Guide.
Results
& Analysis
innovativeness.
activity
will enable
the i) The
data
should
properly
organize
in
the
table.
ii) and
students to appreciate independent learning
Show
allthem
the calculation
been
made
prepare
for a muchhave
harder
task
of open
Discussion
Answer
the
following
question
in open
the
ended laboratory activities. In this partially
discussion
part.
i)
Describe
the
rock
parameters/
laboratory activity the students are required to
properties
that to
influence
the the
durability
of rock.
ii)
carry out tests
determine
durability
of rocks.
Identify
and
briefly
explain
the
types
of
rock
that
1.2 Objectives To determine the resistance
have
been
for the
iii) Explain
offered
by aselected
rock sample
toexperiment.
weakening and
the
relationship
between
the slake
durability
disintegration
when
subjected
to drying
and index
(I
d2) obtained from the experiment with the
wetting cycles.
weathering
grade
of rocks. Ativ)the
Evaluate
1.3 Learning
Outcomes
end of and
the
comment
the
stability
and
strength
your
laboratory activities, students wouldofbe
ablesample
to: 1.
in
civil engineering
works according
to the to
Identify
the correct apparatus
and procedure
weathering
in (ii)
The report
conduct thegrade
slake determined
durability tests
2. Analyse
test
must
be submitted
7 days
after
the completion
data and
present the
results
in proper
technicalof
the
test.3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying
format
out the task and produce the relevant technical
report.
The slake durability test, proposed by Franklin and
Chandra (1972), is a standardized measurement
of the weight loss of rock lumps when repeatedly
rotated through an air water interface. An
abundant class of rock materials, notably with
those with high clay content are prone to
weakening or disintegration when exposed to
short term weathering process of a wetting and
drying nature. So, index test should carry out to
stimulate the natural process. As a group you are
required to collect the rocks sample and conduct
the slake durability test using the appropriate
apparatus available in the laboratory.