ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
[ EE2202 ]

(LECTURE NOTES)

Dr. K.SRINIVASAN
&
Mr. K.KARTHIKEAN

TAGORE

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Rathinamangalam, Chennai - 600127,

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [ EE2202 ]

1.

INTRODUCTION

Sources and effects of electromagnetic fields Vector fields Different co-ordinate

systems- vector calculus Gradient, Divergence and Curl - Divergence theorem
Stokes theorem.
2.

ELECTROSTATICS

Coulombs Law Electric field intensity Field due to point and continuous charges
Gausss law and application Electric potential Electric field and equipotential plots
Electric field in free space, conductors, dielectric -Dielectric polarization - Dielectric
strength - Electric field in multiple dielectrics Boundary conditions, Poissons and
Laplaces equations Capacitance- Energy density.
3.

MAGNETOSTATICS

Lorentz Law of force, magnetic field intensity Biotsavart Law - Amperes Law
Magnetic field due to straight conductors, circular loop, infinite sheet of current
Magnetic flux density (B) B in free space, conductor, magnetic materials
Magnetization Magnetic field in multiple media Boundary conditions Scalar and
vector potential Magnetic force Torque Inductance Energy density Magnetic
circuits.
4.

ELECTRODYNAMIC FIELDS

Faradays laws, induced emf Transformer and motional EMF Forces and Energy in
quasi-stationary Electromagnetic Fields - Maxwells equations (differential and integral
forms) Displacement current Relation between field theory and circuit theory.
5.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Generation Electro Magnetic Wave equations Wave parameters; velocity, intrinsic

impedance, propagation constant Waves in free space, lossy and lossless dielectrics,
conductors-skin depth, Poynting vector Plane wave reflection and refraction
Transmission lines Line equations Input impedances Standing wave ratio and
power.

TEXT BOOKS
1.
2.

Mathew N. O. SADIKU, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford University press

Inc. First India edition, 2007.
Ashutosh Pramanik, Electromagnetism Theory and Applications, Prentice-Hall
of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1.
2.
3.

Joseph. A.Edminister, Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics, Second

edition, Schaum Series, Tata McGraw Hill, 1993.
William .H.Hayt, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata McGraw Hill edition, 2001.
Kraus and Fleish, Electromagnetics with Applications, McGraw Hill International
Editions, Fifth Edition, 1999.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III
UNIT I

CONTENTS:
1. SOURCES & EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
2. VECTOR FIELD
3. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
4. DIVERGENCE THEOREM
5. STOKES THEOREM

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

NATURAL SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere in our environment but are invisible to the
human eye.
Electric fields are produced by the local build-up of electric charges in the atmosphere
associated with thunderstorms.
The earth's magnetic field causes a compass needle to orient in a North-South direction and
is used by birds and fish for navigation.

HUMAN-MADE SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Besides natural sources the electromagnetic spectrum also includes fields generated by
human-made sources: X-rays are employed to diagnose a broken limb after a sport accident.
The electricity that comes out of every power socket has associated low frequency
electromagnetic fields

FIELD:

Field is a function of that specifies a quantity everywhere in a region or a space.

If at each point of a region or space, there is a corresponding value of some physical
function then the region is called a field.

MAGNETIC FIELD:

If the field produced is due to magnetic effects, it is called magnetic field.

The current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field.

ELECTRIC FIELD:
There are two types of electric charges
Positive and
Negative
Such charges produce a field around it, which is called an electric field. The moving charges
produce a current.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD:
Electromagnetic is a branch of physics (or) electrical engineering.
Electric and magnetic fields are related to each other. Such a field is called electromagnetic
field.
The field may be time varying or time independent.
Quantify the field, three-dimensional representation can be made easy by the use of vector
analysis.
ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTITY:
The various quantities involved in the study of engineering electromagnetic can be classified as

Scalars
Vectors

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SCALAR:

A scalar is a quantity, which is wholly characterized by its magnitude.

Quantity whose value may be represented by a single real number
It may be positive or negative
The direction is not required in describing a scalar.

EX:
Mass
Density
Pressure
Volume
Volume resistivity
Speed
Temperature
Voltage
VECTOR:
A vector is a quantity, which is characterized by both magnitude and a direction.
In electromagnetic vectors defined in two and three-dimensional spaces.
Vectors may be defined in n-dimensional space.
EX:
Force
Velocity
Acceleration
Displacement
Electric field intensity
Magnetic field intensity
Straight line from positive to negative of battery.
SCALAR FIELD:
The distribution of a scalar quantity with a definite in a space is called scalar field.

EX:
Temperature of atmosphere
Sound intensity in an auditorium
Light intensity in a room

VECTOR FIELD:
If a quantity, which is specified in a region to define a field, is a vector then the corresponding field
is called a vector field.
Gravitational force on a mass in a space
Velocity of particles in a moving fluid
Wind velocity of atmosphere
Voltage gradient in a cable

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

REPRESENTATION OF A VECTOR:
R

TERMINATING POINT

O
STARTING POINT

Two dimentional ,a vector can be represented by a straight line with an arrow in a plane.
Length of the segment is called magnitude.
Arrow indicates direction of a given co-ordinate system.
OA = R

UNIT VECTOR:
The unit vector has only direction .its magnitude is always unity.
Unit vector = aOA =

OA
OA

By the use of the unit vectors ax, ay, az along the x, y, and z axes of a Cartesian co-ordinate system.
A = Axax+Ayay+Azaz

=A=

Ax + Ay + Az
2

VECTOR ALGEBRA:
VECTORS MAY BE ADDED

) + (Bx ax + By a y + Bz a z )
)ax + (Ay + By )a y + ( Az + Bz )a z

A+B = ( Ax ax + Ay a y + Az az
= ( Ax + Bx

SUBTRACTED

) - (Bx ax + By a y + Bz a z )
)ax + (Ay By )a y + ( Az Bz )az

A -B = ( Ax ax + Ay a y + Az az
= ( Ax Bx

ASSOCIATIVE LAW:
A+ (B+C) = (A+B) +C
DISTRIBUTIVE LAW:
K (A+B) = kA+kB
(K1+K 2 ) =K1A+K2A
CUMULATIVE LAW:
A+B =B+A

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

DOT PRODUCT LAW:

Dot product of two vectors is, by definition
A.B = AB cos
Where, is the smaller angle between A and B
A.B = AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
Ex:1
The dot product obeys the distribute & scalar multiplication Laws
A. (B+C) = A.B +A.C
A. K B = K (A.B)
A. B

= ( Ax ax + Ay a y + Az az

) . (Bx ax + By a y + Bz a z )

= AxBx (ax. ax) +AyBy (ay.ay) +AzBz (az.az) +

Ax By (ax.ay) + ..+AzBy (az.ay)
ax. a x = ay.ay = az.az =1
Cos in the dot product is unity. When angle is zero, =900. cos =0.All other dot product
of the unit vectors are zero.
A. B =AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
CROSS PRODUCT LAW:
Cross product of two vectors is by definition
A x B = (AB Sin) an
Where is the smaller angle between A & B. an is unit vector.
Expanding the cross product in component from
Ax B = ( Ax ax + Ay a y + Az az

) x (Bx ax + By a y + Bz a z )

Which is conveniently expressed as a determinant?

ax ay az
Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

Ax B =

BXA=-AXB
B X A has the same magnitude but opposite direction.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Ex: 2
Given A=2ax+4ay-3az and B =ax- ay, find A .B and A x B.
A .B = AxBx+AyBy+AzBz
= 2(1) + 4(-1) + (-3) (0)
=2-4+0
=-2
ax ay az
Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

Ax B =

= (AyBz-AzAy) ax-(AzBx-AxBz) ay+ (AxBy-AyBx) az

= ax (0-3)-ay (0+3) +az (-2-4)
= -3ax-3ay-6az
THE COORDINATE SYSTEMS:

To describe a vector accurately and to express a vector in terms of its components, it is

necessary to have some reference directions. Such directions are represented in terms of
various coordinate systems.

There are various coordinate systems available in mathematics, which are

v Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system
v Cylindrical coordinate system
v Spherical coordinate system

CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM:

This is also called rectangular co-ordinate system.

This system has three coordinate axes represented as x, y, and z which are mutually at right
angles to each other s.
These three axes intersect at a common point called origin of the system. There are two
types of such system called
v Right handed system
v Left handed system

The right handed system means if x axis is rotated towards y axis through a smaller angle,
then this rotation causes the upward movement of right handed screw in the z axis
direction.
In this system, if right hand is used then thumb indicates x axis, the forefinger indicates y
axis and middle finger indicates z axis, when three fingers are held mutually perpendicular
to each other.
In left handed system x and y axes are interchanged compared to right handed system. This
means the rotation of x axis into y axis through smaller angle causes the downward
movements of right handed screw in the z axis direction.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

NOTE:

The right handed system is very commonly used.

The base vectors are the unit vectors, which are strictly oriented along the directions of the
coordinate system. The base vectors are the unit vectors oriented in x, y, z-axis of the
system. So ax, ay, az are the base vectors of Cartesian coordinate system.

Consider a point P (x1, y1, z1) is the position vector by the distance from the origin,
directed from origin to point P radius is called radius vector.

r op = x1ax+y1ay+z1az
The magnitude of this vector in terms of three mutually perpendicular components given
by,

rop = x1 + y1 + z1
2

aop =Unit vector along op=

rop
rop

DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENTS IN CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

Consider a point P( x, y ,z) in the rectangular co-ordinate system. Let us increase each coordinate by a differential amount. A new point P will be obtained having co ordinates (x
+ dx, y + dy, z + dz).
Thus
dx= Differential Length in x direction.
dy = Differential Length in y direction
dz = Differential Length in z direction

Differential vector Length also called elementary vector length can be represented as
dl= dx ax + dy ay + dz az

This is the vector joining original P to new point P .

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Now point P is the intersection of three planes while point P is the intersection of new
three planes which are slightly displaced from original three planes.

These six planes together define a differential volume, which is a rectangular

parallelpiped. The diagonal of this parallel piped is the difference vector length.

The distance of P from P is given by magnitude of the differential vector length,

dl = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2

Hence the differential volume of the rectangular parallelepiped is given by

dv= dx dy dz

NOTE:

dl is a vector
dv is a scalar
The differential surface element ds is represented as

ds = ds an
ds =Differential surface area of the element

ds x = Differential vector surface area normal to x direction.

= dy dz ax

ds y = Differential vector surface area normal to y direction.

= dx dz ay

ds z = Differential vector surface area normal to y direction.

= dx dy az

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:

The circular cylindrical co-ordinate system is the three dimensional version of polar coordinate of analytic geometry.

Three unit vectors in cylindrical co-ordinates are a l , a and az .

The unit vector a l at a point P( l , , z ) is directed radically outward, normal to the

cylindrical surface l = l 1 .
It lies the plane = 1 and z =z1. The unit vector a is normal to plane = 1 points
in the direction of increasing 1 lies in the plane z=z 1 and in tangent to the cylindrical
surface l = l 1.

The unit vector az is the same as the unit vector az of the Cartesian co-ordinate system.

The unit vectors are mutually perpendicular for each is normal to three mutually
perpendicular surfaces.
a l . a = az

A differential volume element in cylindrical coordinates may be obtained by increasing l ,

and z by differential increments d l , d , dz.

The cylinders of radius l and ( l +d l ), radial plane angles and ( +d ), horizontal

planes at z and z + dz.
The rectangular parallel piped having sides of length d l , l d and dz.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

NOTE:

d l and dz are dimensionally lengths, but d

The surface areas of

is not,

l d is the length.

l d l d , d l dz and l d dz. And volume becomes l d l d dz.

x = l cos
y = l sin
z=z

X 2 +Y2

= tan

y
x

Z=Z
Cartesian vector
A= Ax ax + Ay ay +Az az
Where each component is given as a function of x,y,z.
In Cartesian co-ordinates
A= A a + A a +Az az
Where each component is given as a function of

,,Z.

A =A. a
A =A . a
Expanding these dot product,
A = ( Ax ax + Ay ay +Az az ) . a
= Ax ax . a + Ay ay . a
A = ( Ax ax + Ay ay +Az az ) . a
= Ax ax . a+ Ay ay. a
Az = ( Ax ax + Ay ay +Az az ) . az
= Az az . az
= Az
Since az . a and az . a are zero.
a
ax .
cos
ay.
sin
az .
0
The angle between ax and a as , so ax . a
and ay . a = cos(90 -) =sin

12

az

-sin
cos
0

0
0
1

cos. But the angle between ay and a is 90 -

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SPHERICAL COORDINATES
z

( u1,u2,u3 ) = ( R ,, ) A point P(R1, 1, 1 ) in spherical coordinates in

spherical coordinates is specified as the intersection of the following 3
surfaces :
a spherical surface centered at the origin with a radius R = R1: a right
circular cone with its apex at the origin, its axis coinciding with the +z axis
and having a half angle = 1; and a half plane containing the z axis and
making an angle = 1 with the xz plane.
aR, a and a are the base vectors.

This system is also a right-handed system having the following relations

aR x a = a
a x a = aR
a x aR = a

A vector in spherical coordinates is given by

A = aRAR + aA + aA

For spherical coordinates the metric coefficients are h1 = 1, h2 = R and h3 =

Rsin

The differential length dl is given as

dl = aRdR + aRd +aRsind

The differential surface area ds is given as

dsR = R sindd
ds = RsinddR
ds = Rdrd

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Differential Volume element in Spherical Coordinates

The differential volume dv is given as
dv = R sindRdd

Conversion formulae
From spherical to Cartesian coordinates
x = Rsincos
y = Rsinsin
z = Rcos
From Cartesian to spherical coordinates
R = ( x + y + z )1/2
= tan 1 ( x + y )1/2
z
= tan 1 (y/x)

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

DIVERGENCE THEOREM:

Divergence is defined as the net outward flow of the flux per unit volume over a closed incremental
surface.
The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field over a closed surface S enclosing volume V
is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of integral taken through out the volume V.

A.ds = v . Adv

VOLUME INTEGRAL:

It is the integral over the region enclosing a volume V.

SURFACE INTEGRAL:

Surface integral is the surface of the surface of the region .It is denoted by S.

The divergence of any vector A is given

. A =

Ax Ay Az
+
+
(1)
x
y
z

dv = dx dy dz

Taking volume integral on both sides

Ay Az
A
. Adv = v x +
+
y
z
x

Consider element in x direction

A
= v x dx ]dydz
x

But x1 and x2 be limits for x direction

Ax
dx = Ax1 Ax 2 = Ax
x

Then

Ax
dxdydz = s Axdydz
x

= s Axds x -------------------------- (2)

lllly the following terms

15

Ay
dxdydz = s Aydsy ------------- (3)
y

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Az
dxdydz = s Azdsz ( 4)
z

From equation (1),put equa (2),(3),(4).

Ax Ay Az
.
Adv

=
v
v x + y + z
=

)dxdydz

( Axdsx + Aydsy + Azdsz )

s

. Adv = s A.ds

STOKES THEOREM:

The surface integral of the curl of a vector field over an open surface
is equal to the closed line integral of the vector of along the contour
bounding the surface.
( x H).ds = H.dl
s

Proof:

Consider an arbitrary surface this is broken up into incremental surfaces of area s as shown in the fig.
If H is any field vector, the by definition of the curl to one of these incremental surfaces.

H .dls = (xH )N
s

Where, N indicates normal to the surface and dl s indicates that the closed path of an incremental
area s .

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

The curl of H normal to the surface can be written as

H .dls = (xH )a
s

or

H .dls = (xH )a

= (xH ).s
Where aN is a unit vector normal to s

The closed integral for whole surface s is given by the surface integral of the normal component of curl H

H .dl = xH .ds
s

Problems:
1. Determine the volume of the sphere of radius R.
SOLUTION:
Difference volume in spherical coordinates is

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Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

2. Determine by integration the volume V of a region defined in a cylindrical

Coordinate system as
SOLUTION: Differential volume in cylindrical coordinates is

3. Determine by integration the area S of a surface defined in a spherical coordinate

system as

SOLUTION: Differential surface area in spherical coordinate S

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III
UNIT II
CONTENTS:
1. COULOMB S LAW.
2. ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY.
3.FIELD DUE TO CHARGE DISTRIBUTION.
4. GAUSS S LAW.
5. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL.

6. DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION.
7. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
8. POISSON S AND LAPALACE EQUATIONS.
9. CAPACITANCE.
10. ENERGY DENSITY.
11. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

1. COULOMB S LAW:
According to coulomb s law force between any two point charges is

Proportional to the magnitude of each charges;

Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; and is

Directed along the line joining the charge s

The force of interaction also depends upon the medium in which the charges are situated.
Consider the two point charges q1 and q2.

F12
q2

U12
r12
q1
Force between charges q1 and q2
Force of interaction between charges ,q1 and q2 may be formulated as follows:

F12 = k [

q1 q 2
]U 12 (1)
r12

Where
v
v
v
v

F12=force exerted by q1 on q2
U12=Unit vector directed from q1 to q2.
R12 =distance between the charges.
K=proportionality constant

MKS system of units:

v Force = Newton ( N )
v Charge = Coulomb s( C )
v Distance= Metres( m )
And

k=

1
4 0

Where
0

= 8.854 x 10-12 Farad/metre (or)

0=

1
3610 9

permittivity of free space (or) Dielectric constant

Equation (1) may be rewritten, on substitution for k as

F12 = [

20

q1q 2
4 0 r12

]U 12

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

1.1.LINEAR SUPERPOSITION:

If a system consists of n point-charges, namely q1 ,q2 q n ,then the force on i th charge is

given by the vector sum of all the individual forces given by coulomb s law. This is called linear
superposition.

The force Fi on the i

th

charge can be written by the mathematical expression given below.

Fi = j =1 F ji = j =1
n

j 1

j 1

qi q j
4 0 r ji

U ji

Where
qj is any of the charges other than qi, and
rji ,the distance between the j th i

th

charges.

For a homogeneous medium, the permittivity is

= o r
Where
= absolute permittivity
r

= relative permittivity

PROBLEM NO: 1

Use the vector form of coulomb s law, consider a charge of 3 x 10-4 at P (1, 2, 3) and a
Charge of -10-4 C at Q (2, 0, 5) in a vacuum. To find force
TO FIND:
o

Force

SOLUTION:
Q1=3x 10 -4
Q2 = -10-4
r12 = r 2 - r 1
= (2-1) ax+ (0-2)ay+(5-3)az
=ax 2ay +2az
F2

Q2

a12
r12

r2

Q1
r1

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

r12 = 12 + (2) 2 + 2 2 = 3
a12 =

r12
r12

a12 = ax-2ay+2az
3
F12 =

3x10 4 (10 4 ) a x 2a y + 2a z
(
)N
1
3
9
4 (
) x10 x9
36

F = -10 ax+20 ay-20az

PROBLEM NO: 2

A 2 mC positive charge is located in vacuum at P1 (3,-2,-4), and a 5 C negative charge is at

P2 (1, -4, 2) .(a) Find the vector force on the negative charge.(b) What is the magnitude of the
charge at P1 .
TO FIND:

Vector force on the negative charge.

Magnitude of the charge at P1 .

SOLUTION:
Q1=2x 10 -6
Q2 = 5x10-6
P1 = (3,-2,-4)
P2 =(1,-4, 2)
r12 = r 2 - r 1
=-2ax 2ay +6az

p2
a12
r12

r2

p1
r1

r12 = 44
a12 =

r12
r12

a12 = -2ax-2ay+6az
44

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

F12 =

2a x 2a y + 6a z
2 x5 x10 12 )
(
)N
12
4x8.854 x10 x 44
44

F = 6.16ax+6.16ay-18.48az

F = 2.04 x10 5
PROBLEM NO: 3

A charge Q1 = -20 C is located at P (-6, 4, 6) and a charge Q2 = 50 C is located at R(5, 8, 2) in a Free space. Find the force exerted on Q2 by Q1 in vector form. The distances are
given in metres.
P=-6ax+4ay+6az
R=5ax+8ay-2az

F2 =

Q1Q2
4 0 R12

a12

R12 =RPR =R-P

= 5 ( 6 )a x + (8 4 )a y + ( 2 (6 )a z )
=11ax+4ay-8az

R12 = 112 + 4 2 + ( 8)2

=14.1774
a12 =

R12
R12

11ax + 4ay - 8az

14.1774

a12 =0.7758ax+0.2821ay-0.5642az

F2 =

20 x10 6 x50 x10 6

a12
4x8.854 x10 12 x(14.1774) 2

= -0.0447(.7758ax+0.2821ay+0.5642az)
=-0.0346ax-0.01261ay+0.02522az

F2 = (0.0346) 2 + (0.01261) 2 + (0.02522) 2

= 44.634 Nm.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

PROBLEM NO: 4
Calculate E at M (3, -4,2) in free space caused by (a) a charge Q1=2 C at P1 (0,0,0)(b) a
charge Q2 =3 C at P2 (-1,2,3)(c) a charge Q1 =2 C at P1 (0,0,0) and a charge Q2 =3 C at
P2 (-1, 2, 3).
Q1=2 C
Q2=3 C
P1= (0, 0, 0)
P2 = (-1, 2, 3)

3a x 4a y + 2 a z
2 x10 6
E1 =
x
2
5.385
4x8.854 x10 12 (5.385)
=345.33ax-460.44ay+230.22az

4a x 6a y a z
3 x10 6
2
12
7.280
4x8.854 x10 (7.280)

E2 =

E=E1+E2
=624.85ax -879.72ay+160.34 az
2.ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY:
The electric field intensity (or electric field )at a point is defined as the force per unit charge
on a test charge being as small as possible in comparison with other charges forming the
system.

E=

Ft
Qt

Consider one charge fixed in position, say Q1, and move a second charge slowly around,
exists everywhere a force on this second charge.
This second charge is displaying the existence of a force field.
This second charge is called as a test charge Qt.The force on it is given by coulomb s law,

Ft =

Q1Qt
4 o r12

a1t

Writing the force as a force per unit charge gives,

Ft
Q1Qt
a1t (1)
=
Qt 4 o r12 2
Electric field intensity as the vector force measured by the unit Newton s per coulomb the
force per unit charge.

Ft
(2 )
Qt
Q1
E=
a (3)
2 1t
4 0 r1t
E=

24

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Q
4 0 R

E=

a R (4)

r is the magnitude of the vector r , the directed line segment from the point at which the point
charge Q is located to the point at which E is desired and aR is a unit vector in the r direction.
SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
Q1 at the centre of a spherical co-ordinate system, the unit vector aR then becomes the radial
vector ar and R is r.
Hence

Q1

E=

4 0 r

a r (5)

or

Er =

Q1
4 0 r

CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES
Q at the origin,

R = r = xax + yay + zaz

ar =

E=

( x ax + y ay + z az )
x2 + y2 + z2

Q
x

2
2
2
2
2
2
4 0 ( x + y + z )
x +y +z

y
a +
x
x2 + y2 + z 2

z
a +
y
x2 + y2 + z 2

a (6)
z

Q located at the same point

r ' = x ' ax + y ' ay + z ' az

r = xax + yay + zaz
R as r-r , and then

E=

25

r r'

Q
4 0 r r '

r r'

Q (r r ' )
4 0 r r '

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

PROBLEM NO: 5

Find E at P (1,1,1) caused by four identical 3 n C point charges located at P1 ( 1,1,0 ) , P2

(-1,1,0),P3 (-1,-1,0), and P4 (1,-1,0). Z

P3 (-1,-1,0)

.
P2(-1,1,0)
P
y
O

P4 ( 1,-1,0)
X

P4 ( 1,-1,0)
r = ax+ay+ az
r1 = ax+ay
r2 = -ax+ay
r3 = -ax-ay
r4 =ax-ay
r r1 = a
r r2 =2ax+az
r r3 =2ax+2ay+az
r- r 4 =2ay+az

Q
3x10 9
=
= 26.96V m
4 o 4 (8.854 x10 12 )

a z 2 a x + a z 2 a x + 2a y a z 2 a y + a z
+
+
+
3
3
3

1 5
9
5

E = 26.96

( )

( )

( )

=az +2ax+2ay
E = 6.82 ax+6.82ay+32.8az

26

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

PROBLEM NO: 6
v A charge Q1 = -20 C is located at P (-6, 4, 6) and a charge Q2 = 50 C is located at R (5, 8,2) in a free space. Find the force exerted on Q2 by Q1 in vector form. The distances are
given in metres.
P=-6ax+4ay+6az
R=5ax+8ay-2az

F2 =

Q1Q2
4 0 R12

a12

R12 =RPR =R-P

= 5 ( 6 )a x + (8 4)a y + ( 2 (6 )a z )
=11ax+4ay-8az

R12 = 112 + 4 2 + ( 8)

=14.1774
a12=

R12
R12

11ax + 4ay - 8az

14.1774

a12 =0.7758ax+0.2821ay-0.5642az

F2 =

20 x10 6 x50 x10 6

a12
4x8.854 x10 12 x (14.1774) 2

= -0.0447(.7758ax+0.2821ay+0.5642az)
=-0.0346ax-0.01261ay+0.02522az

F2 = (0.0346) 2 + (0.01261) 2 + (0.02522) 2

= 44.634 Nm.

27

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

10

PROBLEM NO: 7
Calculate E at M(3,-4,2)in free space caused by (a) a charge Q1=2 C at P1(0,0,0)(b) a charge Q2
=3 C at P2 (-1,2,3)(c)a charge Q1 =2 C at P1(0,0,0) and a charge Q2 =3 C at P2 (-1, 2, 3).
Q1=2 C
Q2=3 C
P1= (0, 0, 0)
P2 = (-1, 2, 3)

E1 =

3a x 4a y + 2a z
2 x10 6
x
2
12
5.385
4x8.854 x10 (5.385)

=345.33ax-460.44ay+230.22az

4a x 6 a y a z
3 x10 6
E2 =
2
7.280
4x8.854 x10 12 (7.280 )
E=E1+E2
=624.85ax -879.72ay+160.34 az
3. TYPES OF CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS:

The forces and electric fields due to only point charges are considered.

In addition to the point charges, there is possibility of continuous charge distributions along a line,
on a surface or in a volume.

Thus there are four types of charge distributions which are,

v Point charge
v Line charge
v Surface charge
v Volume charge
LINE CHARGE:

28

It is possible that the charge may be spreaded all along a line, which may be finite or infinite.

Such a charge uniformly distributed along a line is called a line charge.

The charge density of a line charge is denoted as L and defined as charge per unit length.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

11

L = Total charge in coulomb (C/m)

Total length in meters
Thus, L Is measured in C/m. It is constant all along the length L of the line carrying the charge.

Method of finding Q from L :

In many cases L is given to be the function of co-ordinates of the line.i.e, L = 3 x or

L = 4y 2 etc.

In such a case it is necessary to find the total charge Q by considering differential length dl of the
line.
Then by integrating the charge dQ on dl, for the entire length, total charge Q is to be obtained.
Such an integral is called line integral.

Mathematically,

dQ = L dL =Charge on differential length dl.

Q = dQ = L dl
L

If the line of length L is a closed path, then integral is called closed contour integral and denoted
as

Q= L dl
L

Sharp beams in a cathode ray tube or a charged circular loop of conductor are the examples of line
charge. The charge distributed may be positive or negative along a line.

PROBLEM NO: 8

A charge is distributed on x-axis of Cartesian system having a line charge density of

3 x 2 C / m. Find the total charge over the length if 10m.

Sol:

L = 3 x 2 C / m And L=10m along x-axis.

The differential length is dl=dx in x direction and corresponding charge is

dQ = L dl = L dx
10

3x 2
Q= L dl = 3 x dx =

3 0
L
0
=1000 C = 1mC
10

SURFACE CHARGE:
If the charge is distributed uniformly over a two-dimensional surface then it is called a
surface charge or a sheet of charge.
The two dimensional surface has area in square metres. Then the surface charge density
is denoted as S and defined as the charge per unit surface area.

S = Total charge in coulomb

(C/m2)

Total area in square meters

29

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

12
The S is constant over the surface carrying the charge.

Method of finding Q from S :

In case of surface charge distribution, it is necessary to find the total charge By considering
elementary surface area dS .
The charge dQ on this differential area is given by S dS .

Then integrating this dQ over the given surface, the total charge Q is to be obtained.
Such an integral is called a surface integral and mathematically given by

Q= dQ =
S

dS

The plate of a charged parallel plate capacitor is an example of surface charge distribution.

If the dimensions of the sheet of charge are very large compared to the distance at which the
effects of charge are to be considered then the distribution is called infinite sheet of charge.

VOLUME CHARGE

If the charge distributed uniformly in a volume then it is called volume charge.

The volume charge density is denoted as V and defined as the charge per unit volume.

V = Total charge in coulomb

(C/m3)

Total volume in cubic meters

Method of finding Q from V :

In case of volume charge distribution, consider the differential; volume dV .

Then the charge dQ possessed by the differential volume is V dV .

Then the total charge within the finite volume is to be obtained by integrating the
dQ throughout that volume. Such an integral is called volume integral.
Mathematically it is given by

Q=

dV

vol

The charged cloud is an example of volume charge.

3.1 FIELD DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION:

A region of space filled with a number of charges separated by minute distances.

This distribution of very small particles with a smooth continuous distribution described by
a volume charge density.
EX:
Space between the control grid and the cathode in the electron gun assembly of a
cathode ray tube with space charge.

30

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

13
The volume charge density is

, having the unit of coulombs per cubic meter(C/m3).

The small amount of charge density Q in a small volume v is

Q = v v
v , Mathematically by using a limiting process on

Q
v 0 v

v = lim

The total charge within some finite volume is obtained by integrating throughout that volume,

Q = v dv
v

One integral sign is indicated, the differential dv signifies integration throughout a volume and
hence a triple integration volume.

PROBLEM NO: 9

Find the charge in the volume defined by 0 x 1m , 0 y 1m ,and

0 z 1m if P=30 x2 y(C/m3 ).What charge occurs for the limits
1 y 0 m?
Since
dQ= v dv
1 1 1

Q = 30 x 2 ydxdydz
0 0 0

= 5C
For charge in limits on y
PROBLEM NO: 10

A point charge, Q =30nC, is located at the origin in Cartesian

co-ordinates. Find the electric flux density D at (1,3, -4) m.

D=

Q
aR
4R 2

ax + 3ay 4az

26

ax + 3ay 4az
11
C / m 2
= (9.18 x10 )

26

30 x10 9
4 (26)

D =91.8 pC/m2

31

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

14

PROBLEM NO: 11

Three equal positive charges of 4 x 10-9 Coulombs each are located at three corners of a
square, side 20 cm. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the
vacant corner point of the square.
E=E1+E2+E3
E1 =

q1
4 0 r 2

4 X 10 9
E1 =9X10 .2 2
( )
9

E1 = 900 v/M = E3
E2 is along the diagonal

4 X 10 9

E1 =9X10 2 .2 2
( )
9

= 450V/m (along the diagonal)

E1+E2 = vector directed along the diagonal, in the same direction as E2.

E1 + E 2 = 2E1
=900 2
0
0
E=900 2 +450 + 45 = 172545 v / m

PROBLEM NO: 12

Find the total charge inside a volume; having volume charge density as 10 Z2 e-0.1x sin
y C/m3. The volume is defined between -2 x 2, 0 y 1 and 3 z 4.
v = 10 Z2 e-0.1x sin y C/m3
Consider differential volume in Cartesian system as,
dv=dxdydz

dQ = v dv
= 10 Z2 e-0.1x sin y dx dy dz

Q=

dv
v

vol

But now it becomes triple integration.

4

Q =

10 Z2 e-0.1x sin y dx dy dz

z =3 y = 0 x = 2

Q =

z =3 y =0

32

2 -0.1x

10 Z e

e 0.1 x
sin y
dy dz
0.1 2

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

15

Q =

z =3

0.2 x
e 0.2 x
cos y e
0.1 0.1 dz
0
2
1

z 3 cos cos 0
=10
4.0267

3 3
4

4 3 33 1 1
=10
4.0267
3 3
=316.162 C
4.ELECTRIC FLUX:

Electric flux are the lines of force that are drawn to trace the direction in which a positive
test charge will experience a force due to the main charge.

ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY:

Electric flux density measured in coulombs per square meter, is given by D.Electric flux
is more descriptive.

The direction of D at a point is the direction of flux lines at that point, and the magnitude
is given by the number of flux lines crossing a surface normal to the lines divided by the
surface area.
r=b
r=a
r=a

at a radial distance r, where a r b,

D=

Inner sphere becomes smaller and smaller, still retaining a charge of Q, it becomes a
point charge in the limit, but the electric flux density at a point r meters from the point
charge is given by
D=

Q
ar
4 r 2

Q
ar
4 r 2

Q lines of flux are symmetrically directed outwards from the point and pass through an
imaginary spherical surface area of 4r2.
Radial electric field intensity of a point charge in free space

E=

Q
ar
4 0r 2

In free space,
D= 0 E (free space only)

33

Volume charge distribution in free space

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

16

E=

V dV
vol 4 0 R 2 a R

D=

V dV
vol 4 R 2 ar

4.1.GAUSS LAW:
The electric flux passing through any closed surface equal to the total charge enclosed by
that surface.
s

D
s

Let us imagine a distribution of charge, shown as a cloud of point charges, surrounded by

a closed surface of any shape.
The closed surface may be the surface of some real material.
If the total charge is Q1 then Q coulombs of electric flux will pass through the enclosing
surface.
At every point on the surface the electric flux density vector D, will have some value Ds .
Where subscript S merely reminds us that D must be evaluated at the surface, and Ds will
in general vary in magnitude and direction from one point on the surface to another.
s is incremental surface element is a vector quantity.
At any point P consider an incremental element of surface s and let Ds make an angle
with s.
The flux crossing s is then the product of the normal component of Ds and s.
= Flux crossing s =Ds ,norm s = Ds cos s= Dss
The total flux passing through the closed surface is obtained by adding the differential
contribution crossing each surface element s.

34

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

17

= d =

D ds
s

The resultant integral is a closed surface integral, and since the surface element ds always
involves the differentials of two co-ordinates, such as dx dy, d d,(or) r2sin
,the
integral is a double integral.
We shall always place an S below the integral sign indicates a surface integral

Differential ds is the signal for a surface integral.

A small circle on the integral sign itself to indicate that the integration is to be performed
over a closed surface. Such surface is often called Gaussian surface.

.ds =Charge enclosed =Q

The charge enclosed might be several point charges ,in which case

Q = Qn
or
In line charge

Q = l dL
or
a surface charge

Q = s ds (Not necessarily closed surface)

s

or
a volume charge distribution

Q=

dv
v

vol

D .ds = dv
s

vol

Surface is equal to the charge enclosed

SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:

Q
ar
4 0 r 2
D = 0E
Q
D=
ar
4r 2
E=

35

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

18
At the surface of the sphere

Q
ar
4r 2

Ds =

The differential element of area on a spherical surface is ,in spherical co-ordinates

ds = r 2 sin dd
= a2 sin

d d

ds = a2 sin

d d ar

The integrant is

Ds .ds =
=

Q 2
a sin
4a 2

Q
sin
4

d d ar .ar

d d

Loading to the closed surface integral

= 2 =

Q
sin
4

=0

=0

d d

Where the limits on the integrals have been choosen so that the integration is carried
over the entire surface of the sphere once.
Integrating gives
2

(cos
) d
0 4
0

2 d
0

=Q
A result showing that Q coulombs of electric flux are crossing the surface ,as we should
since the enclosed surface charge is Q coulombs.

5. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:

The work done in moving a point charge Q from point B to A in the electric
field E is given by
A

W = Q E.dL
B

36

If the charge Q is selected as unit test charge then from the above equation we
get the work done in moving charge from B to A in the field E.

This work done in moving unit charge from point B to A in the field E is called
potential difference between the points B to A is denoted by V.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

19

Potential Difference = V = E.dL

B

Thus work done per unit charge in moving unit charge from B to A in the field E
is called potential difference between the points B to A.
5.1. PONTENTIAL DUE TO POINT CHARGE:
Consider a point charge, located at the origin of a spherical co-ordinate system
producing E radially in all the directions.

rA
rB
Assuming free space, the field E due to a point charge Q at a point having radial
distance r from origin is given by

E=

Q
ar
4 0 r 2

Consider a unit charge, which is placed at a point B, which is at a radial distance

of rB from the origin.

It is moved against the direction of E from point B to point A.

The point A is at a radial distance of rA from the origin.

The difference length in spherical system is,

dL = dra r + rd a +r sinda

Hence the potential difference VAB between points A and B is given by,
A

V AB = E.dL
B
rA

V AB = (
B

rA

37

A= rA

Q
a r ).( dra r + rd a +r sinda)
4 0 r 2

V AB = (
B

But B=rB and

Q
a r ) dr
4 0 r 2

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

20

V AB

Q
=
4 0

V AB =

Q
4 0

V AB =

Q
4 0

rA

r 1
1
B
rA
Q 1 1
1

r
4 0 rA rB
B
1
1
Q 1 1
V
+ =
4
r
r

B
0 rA
A
rB

rA

Q
B r dr = 4 0
2

1
1 and V is positive.
AB
<
rB rA

When rB > rA ,

This indicates the work is done by external source in moving unit charge
from B to A.

6. DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION:

38

When the dipole results from the displacement of the bound charges, the
dielectric is said to be polarized.

Consider an atom of a dielectric; this consists of a nucleus with positive

charge and negative charges in the form of revolving electrons in the orbits.

The negative charge is thus considered to be in the form of cloud of

electrons.

E applied is zero.

The number of positive charges is same as negative charges and hence atom
is electrically neutral.

Due to symmetry, both positive and negative charges can be assumed to be

point charges of equal amount, coinciding at the center.

Hence there cannot exist an electric dipole.

This is called unpolarized atom.

When electric field E is applied, the symmetrical distribution of charges

gets disturbed.

The positive charges experience a force F=QE while the negative charges
experience a force F=-QE in the opposite direction.

There is separation between the nucleus and center of the electron cloud as,
such an atom is called polarized atom.

An electron cloud has a center separated from the nucleus.

This forms an electric dipole.

The dipole gets aligned with the applied field.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

21

This process is called polarization of dielectrics.

There are two types of dielectrics

v Non -polar
v Polar
In non-polar molecules, the dipole arrangement is totally absent of electric
field E.

It results only when an externally field E is applied to it.

In polar molecules, the permanent displacements between centers positive

and negative charges exist.

Thus dipole arrangements exist without application of E.

But such dipoles are randomly oriented.

Under the application of E, the dopoles experience torque and they align
with the direction of the applied field E.

This called polarization of polar molecules.

Ex:
v Non polar molecules:

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Rare gases

v Polar molecules:

Water
Sulphur dioxide
Hydrochloric acid

7. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
v When an electric field passes from one medium to other medium ,it is important
to study the conditions at the boundary between the two media.
v The conditions existing at the boundary of the two media when field passes from
one medium to other are called boundary conditions.
v Depending upon the nature of the media, there are two situations of the
boundary condition,
Boundary between conductors and free space.
Boundary between two dielectrics with different properties.
v The free space is nothing but a dielectric hence first case is nothing but the
boundary between conductor and a dielectric.
v For boundary conditions, the Maxwell s equations for electrostatics are required.

E.dl = 0

39

And

D.ds = Q

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

22
v Similarly the field intensity E is required to be decomposed into two
components namely tangential to the boundary (Etan) and normal to the boundary
(ES).

E = E tan + E N
7.1. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BETWEEN CONDUCTOR AND FREE SPACE:
v Consider a boundary between conductor and free space; the conductor is ideal
having infinite conductivity.
v Such conductors are copper, silver etc, having conductivity of the order of 106
S/m and can be treated ideal.
The field intensity inside a conductor is zero and the flux density inside
a conductor is zero.
No charge can exist within a conductor. The charge appears on the
surface in the form of surface charge density.
The charge density within the conductor is zero.
v Thus E,D and v within the conductor are zero. While s is the surface charge
density on the surface of the conductor
v To determine the boundary conditions let us use the closed path and the gaussian
surface.
7.2 E AT THE BOUNDARY:
v Let E be the electric field intensity, This E can be into two components:

The components tangential to the surface ( Etan).

The components normal to the surface (EN).

v It is known that,

E.dL = 0

v The integral of E.dL carried over a closed contour is zero i.e. work done in
carrying unit positive charge along a closed path is zero.
v Thus the E at the boundary between conductor and free space is always in the
direction perpendicular to the boundary.

D = 0 E for free space

Dtan = 0 E tan = 0
v Thus the tangential component of electric flux density is zero at the boundary
between conductor and free space.
v Hence electric flux density D is also only in the normal direction at the boundary
between the conductor and free space.

40

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23

7.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BETWEEN CONDUCTOR AND DIELECTRIC:

v The free space is a dielectric with = 0. Thus if the boundary is between
conductor and dielectric with

= 0 r

E tan = D tan =0
DN =s
EN =

s
s
=

0 r

8. POISSON S AND LAPLACE S EQUATIONS:

According to Gauss s law in point form, the divergence of electric flux density is equal to
the volume charge density.

D = v

D= E

( E)= v
. E=

But E= - V

(V ) =
(V ) =
2V =
This is the poisson equation.

CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES SYSTEM:

.V =

41

V V

+
x x x y

V
+

x z

2V 2V 2V
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

24

This Poisson s equation for Cartesian co-ordinate system is written as

2V =

V V

+
x x x y

V
+
x z

v
=

For cylindrical co-ordinate system, the Poisson s equation is

2V =

1 V

1 2V
+ 2 2

2V
+ 2
z

SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:

The Poisson s Equation Is

1 2 V
1
1

V
2V v
V = 2
=
r
+
sin
+
r 2 sin 2 2

r r r r 2 sin
2

If the volume charge density ( v ) is zero, then

2V = 0
This is Laplace s equation. The operator is called Laplacian operator.
2

9. CAPACITOR:
A Capacitor is an electric device, which consists of 2 conductors separated by a dielectric
medium.
Consider a capacitor composed of two conducting plates of area A separated by a dielectric
medium whose permittivity is .
The space separation between the plates is d.
If potential V is applied across the plates, the positive charge Q is deposited on one plate and
the negative charge Q is deposited on other plate as shown. The net charge is zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

d
C

The capacitance of two conducting planes is defined as the ratio of magnitude of charge on
either of the conductor to the potential difference between conductors.

42

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

25
It is given by
C=

Q
V

The unit 0f capacitance is coulombs/volt or farad.

Assume that there is a uniform charge density D over the plates and dielectric medium.
D=

Q
C / m2
A

It is also written in terms of electric field E.

D=E

Q
= E
A

Q=AE
But electric field is given by
E=V/d V/m

Substituting the value of E in the above equation

V
d
Q A
=
V
d
Q=A

Capacitance is given by

Q
V
A
C=
d
A 0 r
C=
farad
d
C=

Where = 0 r
9.1.Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having two dielectric media
Consider a parallel plate capacitor consists of 2 dielectrics as shown
V1
V2

r1

r2

d1

dd1

The relative permittivity of dielectric medium 1 and medium 2 are r1 and r 2

respectively.

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26
If the potential across the capacitor is V, the potential difference across medium 1 and
medium 2 are V1 and V2 respectively.
V=V1+V2
Let E1 and E2 be the field intensities in the medium 1 and medium 2 respectively. Then,
V1=E1+d1
V2=E2 (d-d1)
V=V1+V2
=E1d1+E2 (d-d1)
The electric flux density D=Q/A will be the same in both the media. The electric flux
densities are given by

D
Q
=
r 1 A r1 0
D
Q
E2=
=
r1 A r 2 0

E1=

The applied potential V=E1d1+E2 (d-d1)

d1 d d 1

+
r 2
r1
A 0
Q
=
d1 d d 1
V
+
r1
r2
A 0
C=
d1 d d1
+
r1
r2
V=

Q
A 0

The capacitance

A 0 r1 r 2
d1 r 2 + (d d1) r1
If medium 1 is air, r 1 = 1 and for medium 2 r 2 = r .The capacitance of capacitor is
A 0 r
C=
d1 r + (d d1)
C=

9.2.Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having 3 dielectric media:

Consider a parallel plate capacitor consists of 3 dielectrics as shown in figure
Let 1 , r 2, r 3 be the relative permittivity and thickness d1, d2, and d3 of the medium 1,
medium 2 and medium 3 respectively.

r1

r2

r3

d1

d2

d3

d
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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

27
If E1, E2, E3 are the electric field intensity of the medium 1,2 and 3 respectively. The
applied potential
V=V1+V2+V3
V=E1d1+E2d2+E3d3
Since the flux density D=Q/A is the same in three media, the electric field intensity
E1=

D
Q
=
A 0 r 1
0 r1

Q
A 0 r 2
Q
E3=
A 0 r 3
E2=

Then
V=

Q
Q
Q
d1 +
d2 +
d3
A 0 r1
A 0 r 2
A 0 r 3

d1 d 2 d 3

+
+

r
r
r
1
2
3

A 0
Q
=
d1 d 2 d 3
V
+
+
r1 r 2 r 3

V=

Q
A 0

The capacitance is given by

C=

A 0
d1 d 2 d 3
+
+
r1 r 2 r 3

9. 3. Capacitance Of An Isolated Sphere:

Consider a sphere of radius r having charge Q coulombs as shown.

r
Q

The potential is the work done per unit charge in carrying a positive test charge from
infinity to the sphere. The absolute potential is given by
r

V= - Edr

=-

45

Q
dr
Y 2
4 pe r

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

28

Q
4 r

V=

The capacitance of isolated sphere is

C=Q/V=4r farads
Where

= 0 r
If the medium is air, then C becomes
C=4 0 r farad.
9. 4.Capacitance of concentric spheres:
Consider 2 concentric spheres of inner radius of a and outer radius b . Let r be the
permittivity of dielectric medium between the inner and outer spheres as shown.
If the charge Q is distributed uniformly over the outer surface of the inner sphere, there
will be equal and opposite charge induced on their inner surface of the inner sphere.
The electric field intensity at any point in between inner sphere and outer sphere
(a r b) is given by
E=

Q
(a r b)
4 r 2

The potential difference between the spheres is

a

V= -

4 r

.dr

=-

Q
4

dr

Q 1

4 r b
Q 1 1
=

4 a b
Q ba
=

4 ab
=

The capacitance of 2 concentric spheres is

Q
ab
= 4

V
ba
ab
C=4

ba
C=

9. 5.Capacitance of co-axial cables (cylinders):

Consider a capacitance of inner radius a and outer radius b as shown.
The relative permittivity of dielectric filled in between two co-axial cylinders is r .

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

29
The potential difference V is applied in between the two cylinders.
The two cylinders are charged at the rate of l C/m. It is assumed that inner cylinder has
charge of l C / m and outer cylinder has charge of - l C / m . By applying Gauss s law, the
electric field at any distance r from the axis of cylinder is given by

E=

l
2 r

The potential difference between two co-axial cables is

a

V= - Edr
b

=-

=-

l
2 r

dr
r

l
b
ln
2 a

b
a

The capacitance of co-axial cable/unit length is

l
2
F /m
=
V
ln(b / a )
2 0 r
C=
F /m
ln (b / a )

C=

9. 6.Capacitance of parallel conductors (Transmission lines):

Consider a two parallel conductor of radius a separated by a distance d as shown.
If the conductor A has charge of l C / m along its length, this will induce charge of -

l C / m on the conductor B
The electric field intensity at any point P with a distance r from the conductor A is
algebraic sum of electric field intensity at P due to conductor A and conductor B.
E=

l
l
+
2 r 2 ( d r )

l
2

1
1
+

r d r

The potential difference between the conductors is given by

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

30

V= - Edr
=-

l
2

r + d r dr

d a

l
a
a
+ ln
ln

2 d a
d a
l
a
= 2 ln

2
d a
l d a
V=
ln

a
=-

The capacitance per unit length between two parallel conductors

C=

l
=
V

F /m
d a
ln

If d>>a
C=

F /m
d
ln
a

If the dielectric medium between two conductor is air (for transmission lines) r = 1
C=

0
F /m
d
ln
a

9.7.Serial and parallel combination of capacitors:

Two capacitors are connected in series as shown fig

If potential difference V is applied across the two capacitors, V1 and V2
are the potential differences of capacitors C1 and C2 respectively.
V=V1+V2
Since the charge acquired by each capacitor is same, then
V=

Q
Q
+
C1 C 2

The equivalent capacitance C is given by

Q Q
Q
=
+
C C1 C 2
1
1
1
=
+
C C1 C 2
If N number of capacitors are connected in series ,the equivalent capacitance is given by

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ .........
C C1 C 2 C 3
Cn

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

31

N
1
1
=
C n =1 Cn

The two capacitors of value C1 and C2 are connected in parallel as shown.

The voltage source V is applied to this combination.
The total charge acquired by the equivalent capacitor is the sum of the charges on
individual capacitors.
Q=Q1+Q2
=C1V+C2V
The equivalent capacitance C is given by
CV=C1V+C2V
C=C1+C2
If N number of capacitors is connected in parallel the equivalent capacitance is given by
C=C1+C2+C3+ . Cn

10.ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY:

The capacitor stores the electrostatic energy equal to work done to build
up the charge.
If a voltage source is connected across the capacitor, the capacitor charges.
Potential is defined as the work done per unit charge.
dW
V=
dQ
The work done
dW =V dQ
But
V=Q/C

dW =

Q
dQ
C

The capacitor is charged to the value of Q.The total work done is

Q

W=

C dQ
0

1 Q2
=
C 2 0
W =

49

Q2
2C

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

32
But
Q=CV
W=

1
CV 2 or
2

W=

1
QV joules
2

10.1.ENERGY DENSITY:
Consider a elementary cube of side d parallel to the plates of a capacitor as shown.
+
+
Q
+|
+
+

-Q
d
C

V
The capacitance of elemental capacitance is

A
d
2
(d )
=
d
= d

C =

Energy stored in the elemental capacitor is

W =

1
2
C (V )
2

But potential difference across the elementary cube is

V = Ed
Where E is the electric field exist in the cube.

C = d
The stored energy

1
( .d )(E.d )2
2
1 2
3
= E (d )
2
1 2
= V
2

W =

50

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

33
Where V = (d ) is elementary volume. The energy density is given by
3

W 1 2
= E
V 2

Q D = )

W 1
= D.E Joules/m3
V 2
11. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH:
The ideal dielectric is non-conducting but practically no dielectric can be ideal.
As the electric field applied to dielectric increases sufficiently, due to the force exerted on
the molecules, the electrons in the dielectric become free.
Under such large electric field, the dielectric becomes conducting due to presence of
large number of free electrons.
This condition of dielectric is called dielectric breakdown.
All kinds of dielectrics such as solids, liquids and gases show the tendency of
breakdown under large electric field.
The breakdown depends on the nature of material, the time and magnitude of applied
electric field and atmospheric conditions such as temperature, moisture, humidity etc.
NOTE:
The minimum value of the applied electric field at which the dielectric breaks
down is called dielectric strength of dielectric.
The dielectric strength is measured in V/m or kV/cm.
It can be stated as the maximum value of electric field under which a dielectric can
sustain without breakdown.
Once breakdown occurs, dielectric starts conducting and no longer behaves as dielectric.
Hence all the dielectrics are assumed to be either ideal or are not in a breakdown
condition.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

34

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PART A
1. Define coulomb s law?
2. Define Gauss s law?
3. Define electric flux density at a point?
4. Define Poisson s potential?
5. Define dielectrics?
6. What is the difference between dielectrics and insulators?
7. Define dipole?
8. E.dl =0 why and how?
9. Define gradient and divergence?
10. Name any two dielectric materials.
11. Give the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor?
12. Derive the poisons equations for electrostatics fields?
13. State divergence theorem?
14. Define electric field intensity?
15. What is convention current?
16. State the principle of superposition?
17. Gauss s law can be applied only to ----------- surface.
18. Find the force on a charge Q2=10c at point (2, 0, 0) by a charge Q1=20c at point
(1, 0, 0) in free space. Dimensions are in meters.
19. What are the significant physical differences between Poisson s and laplace s
20. Under what conditions will the field intensity be solenoidal and irrotational?
21. What is the use of Gauss s law?
22. Express Laplace equation in cylindrical and in Cartesian co-ordinate system.
23. Write Laplace and Poisson s equation.
24. What are boundary conditions?
25. What is a magnetic dipole?
26. List the properties of electric field lines?
27. Calculate the energy stored in a 10F capacitor which has been charged to a voltage
Of 400V.
28. Define Surface and Volume charge densities.
29. Fill up: sD.ds=v
30. State Poisson s equation in Cartesian co-ordinates.
31. Write down the equation of continuity in point form.
32. Define electric potential?
33. State the conditions at the interface between two dielectric surfaces.
34. State the relation between magnetization magnetic flux density and field intensity.
35. Write the expression for force between any two point charges using coulombs.
36. Define the electric field at a point in space.
37. State Laplace equations.
38. Distinguish between conductor and dielectric.
39. Define electric potential?
40. Derive the energy stored in a capacitor.
41. State the assumption made in coulomb s law?

52

equations?

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

35

PART -B
1. Derive an expression to determine electric field intensity at a point volume charge distribution and
surface charge distribution.
2. State and derive the expression for Laplace and Poisson s equations.
3. Derive the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having two dielectric media.
4.Two small identical conducting spheres have charge of -1 nano coulombs and 2 nano coulombs
respectively .If the y are brought in contact and then separated by 4 cm what is the force between them?
5. State and explain the boundary conditions of electric field between a dielectric and a conductor.
6. Derive an expression for the energy stored in the capacitor.
7. Determine the electric field at P(-0.2,0,-2.3) due to a point charge of +5 nC at Q(0.2,0.1,-2.5) in air. All
dimensions are in meters.
8. Derive and expression for electric field intensity at a point P due to an electric dipole hence define
electric dipole moment.
9. State divergence theorem.
10. Find the potential of a uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R at points inside and outside.
11. Give the potential V=10sin cos /r2 find the electric flux density D at (2, /2,0).

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III
UNIT III
CONTENTS:
1.Lorentz Law of force
2. Magnetic field intensity
3. Biotsavart Law
4. Ampere s Law
5. Magnetic field due to straight conductors
6. Magnetic flux density (B)
7. Magnetic materials
8. Boundary conditions
9. Scalar and vector potential
10. Torque
11. Magnetic circuits.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

1. FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE:

In electric field, force on a charged particle is

F=QE

Force is in the same direction as the electric field intensity

(positive charge)

A charged particle in motion in a magnetic field force

magnitude is proportional to the product of magnitudes of the
charge Q, its velocity V and the flux density B and to the sine
of the angle between the vectors V and B.

The direction of force is perpendicular to both V and B and is

given by a unit vector in the direction of V x B.

The force may therefore be expressed as

F=QV x B

Force on a moving particle due to combined electric and

magnetic fields is obtained by superposition.
F=Q (E + V x B)

This equation is known as Lorentz force equation.

1.1 FORCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ELEMENT:

The force on a charged particle moving through a steady

magnetic field may be written as the differential; force
exerted on a differential element of charge.
dF = dQ

Convection current density in terms of the velocity of the

volume charge density

Differential element of charge may also be expressed in terms

of volume charge density.
dQ = v dv
Thus,
dF = v dvVxB

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

dF = JxBdv

JdV is the differential current element

Jdv = Kds = IdL

Lorentz force equation may be applied to surface current

density.
dF = KxBds

Differential current element

dF = IdLxB

Integrating the above equations over a volume, surface open

or closed
F=

JxBdv

vol

F = KxBds
s

To a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field

F= IdLxB = I BxdL

F = ILxB

The magnitude of the force is given by the familiar equation

F=BILsin

56

Where is the angle between the vectors representing the

direction of the current flow and direction of the magnetic flux
density.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

2. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY:

The quantitative measure of strongness or weakness of the

magnetic field is given by magnetic field intensity or magnetic
field strength.

The magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field

is defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole of one
Weber strength, when placed at that point.

The magnetic flux lines are measured in webers (wb) while

magnetic field intensity is measured in newtons/weber or
amperes per metre (AT/m)

It is denoted as H.

It is a vector quantity.

This is similar to the electric field intensity E in electrostatics.

3. BIOT-SAVART LAW:

The law of biot savart then states that at any point P the
magnitude of the magnetic field intensity produced by the
differential element is proportional to the product of the
current, the magnitude of the differential length, and the sine
of the angle lying between the filament and a line connecting
the filament to the point P .the magnitude of the magnetic
field intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the differential element to the point P.
dH =

The unit of the magnetic field intensity H are ampere s per

meter (A/m)

Point 1

I1

57

IdLxaR
4R 2

dL1

R12 P
aR12

Point 2

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

The law of Biot savart is sometimes called Ampere s law for

the current element.

dH 2 =

I1dL1 xaR12
4R12

The magnetic flux density at any point P due to current

element I dl is given by
dB =
Where,

IdL
a
4r 2

=0 r is permeability of the medium

IdL is the current element
r is the distance between the point P and current
element
a is the unit vector

Its magnitude is
dB =

IdL sin
4r 2

The magnetic field intensity is given by

dH 2 =

58

I1dL1 sin
2
4R12

This is referred to as Ampere s law for current element

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

4. AMPERE S CIRCUITAL LAW:

o The Ampere s circuital law states that,
The line integral of magnetic field H around a closed
path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by
that path.

H.dL = I
v In electrostatics, the gauss s law is useful to obtain the E in
case of complex problems.
v Similarly in the magnetostatics, the complex problems can
be solved using a law called Ampere s law or Ampere s work
law.

PROOF:
z
I

Y
a

x
I
Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I
placed along Z-axis.
Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses
the straight conductor carrying direct current I.
The point P is at a perpendicular distance r from the
conductor.
Consider dL at point P, which is in a direction, tangential
to circular path at point P.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

dL = rda
While H obtained at point P, from Biot-savart law due to
infinitely long conductor is,
H =

I
a
2r
I
a .rda
2r

H .dL =

I
rd
2r

I
d
2

Integrating H.dL over the entire closed path,

H .dL =
=

I
d
= 0 2

I
[ ]20
2

I 2
2

=I=current carried by conductor.

This proves that the integral H. dL along the closed path
gives the direct current enclosed by that closed path.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

5. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR:

Consider a infinitely straight conductor carrying a current I
and also consider a current element IdL.
Let P be any point at which magnetic field intensity is to
be measured at a distance r from the current element Idl.
According to Biot savart s law, the magnetic flux density at
any point P is given by
B=
From ABC

0 I dL sin
4 r 2

AC
= sin
AB
But arc

AC = dL sin
AC =rd
dL sin = rd
dL sin
r
0 I d
B=
4 r
d

Substitute the value of r in above equation

0 I
sin .d
4d 0
I
B= 0 ( cos )0
4d
I
B= 0 .2
4d
The magnetic flux density due to infinite conductor
I
B= 0 wb / m 2
2d
B=

The magnetic field intensity due to infinite conductor

H =

61

I
a/m
2d

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

6. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY:

The total magnetic lines of force i.e. magnetic flux crossing a

unit area in a plane at right angles to the direction of flux is
called magnetic flux density.

It is denoted as B and is a vector quantity.

It is measured in Weber per square metre (wb/m2).

Which is also called Tesla(T).

This is similar to the electric flux density D in electrostatics.

B= 0 H free space only Wb/m2 (or) tesla (or) Gauss.

6.1 MAGNETIC FLUX:

The magnetic flux through a surface area is the normal

component of magnetic field times over the area.
m = Hds

Where is the permeability of the medium.(H/m)

7. MAGNETIC MATERIALS:
All material shows some magnetic effects. In many
substances the effects are so weak that the materials are
often considered to be non magnetic.

A vacuum is the truly nonmagnetic medium.

Material can be classified according to their magnetic

behavior into
v Diamagnetic
v Paramagnetic
v Ferromagnetic
v Antiferromagnetic
v Ferromagnetic
v Super paramagnetic

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

DIAMAGNETIC:
In diamagnetic materials magnetic effects are weak.
Atoms in which the small magnetic fields produced by the
motion of the electrons in their orbit and those produced
by the electron spin combine to produce a net field of
zero.
The fields produced by the electron motion itself in the
absence of any external magnetic field.
This material as one in which the permanent magnetic
moment m0 of each atom is zero. Such a material is
termed diamagnetic.
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC:
In anti-ferromagnetic materials the magnetic moments of
adjacent atoms align in opposite directions so that the net
magnetic moment of a specimen is nil even in the
presence of applied field.
FERRIMAGNETIC:
In ferromagnetic substance the magnetic moments of
adjacent atoms are also aligned opposite, but the
moments are not equal, so there is a net magnetic
moment.
It is less than in ferromagnetic materials.
The ferrites have a low electrical conductivity, which
makes them useful in the cores of ac inductors and
transformers.
Since induced currents are less and ohmic losses are
reduced.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

8. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
A boundary between two isotropic homogeneous linear
materials with permeability 11 and 2.
The boundary condition on the normal components is
determined by allowing the surface to cut a small
cylindrical gaussian surface.
Applying gauss s law for the magnetic field.

B.ds = 0
s

We find that
BN 1S BN 2 S = 0
BN 1 = BN 2
1
H N1 = H N 2
2
The normal component of B is continuous, but the normal

component of H is discontinuous by the ratio 1 .

2
The relationship between the normal components of M,is
fixed once the relationship between the normal
components of H is known .
For linear magnetic materials, the result is written simply
as
M N 2 = m2

1

H N 1= m 2 1 M N 1
2
m22

Next, Ampere s circuital law

H.dL = I
Is applied about a small closed path in a plane normal to
the boundary surface.
Taking trip around the path, we find that

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

H t 1L H t 2 L = KL
Boundary may carry a surface current K whose component
normal to the plane of the closed path is K.Thus
H t1 H t 2 = K
The direction are specified more exactly by using the cross
product to identify the tangential components,
( H1 H 2 ) xaN 12 = K
Where aN12 is the normal at the boundary directed from
region 1 to region 2.
An equivalent formulation in term of the vector tangential
components may be more convenient for H:
H t1 H t 2 = K x a N 12
For tangential B, we have
Bt1 Bt 2

=K
1 2
The boundary condition on the tangential component of
the magnetization for linear material is therefore

Mt2 =

m 2m
M t1 m 2 K
m1

The last three boundary conditions on the tangential

components are much simpler, the current density is zero.
This is a free current density, and it must be zero if
neither material is a conductor.
9. SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIAL:
9.1. SCALAR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL:
Ampere s law stated that the line integral of the field H
around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

H.dL = I
If no current is enclosed i.e.
J=0

Hdl = 0
Magnetic field H can be expressed as negative gradient
of a scalar function.
Vm = H .dl
This scalar potential also satisfies lapalace equation
In free space
.B = 0
0 .H = 0
but
H = Vm
0.( Vm) = 0
0 2Vm = 0
2Vm = 0

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL:

Scalar magnetic potential exists if there is no current
enclosed i.e. H .dL = 0 .
If current is enclosed, the potential which depends upon
current element (vector quantity) is no more scalars but
it is vector quantity.
Since the divergence of a vector is a scalar, vector
potential is expressed in curl.
.B = 0

B = xA
Where A is magnetic vector potential. Take curl on both
sides
xB = xxA
By the identity
xxA = (. A) 2 A
But xB = J
(. A) 2 A = J
For the steady dc
(. A) = 0
Then 2 A = J
x 2 Ax + y 2 Ay + z 2 Az = ( xJx + yJy + zJz )
Equating
2 Ax = Jx
2 Ay = Jy

2 Az = Jz

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

They are in the form of Poisson s equation. from the

above equation ,magnetic vector potential can be written
as
Ax =

Jx

( )dv

4 v r

Ay =

Jy

( )dv

4 v r

Az =

Jz

( )dv

4 v r

The general magnetic vector potential can be expressed

as
A=

68

r dv

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

10. TORQUE:
When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic
field, forces act on the loop that tends to rotate it.
The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at
which it acts is called torque or mechanical moment on
the loop.
Consider the rectangular loop of l and breadth B
carrying a current i in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B.
F
Ft

l
Axis of rotation

Axis of rotation
B
The force on the loop

Ft

F=Bil.
If the loop plane is parallel to the magnetic field ,the
total torque on the loop

T=2 x torque on each side

= 2 xforce x distance
=2(Bil).b/2
=Bilb
=BIA
Torque is given by
T=BIA

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

If loop plane makes an angle with respect to flux

intensity B, the tangential component of the force is
Fts = F cos
The total torque on the loop T=BIA cos .
The magnetic moment of loop is IA
m =IA
T=mBcos
In vector form
T=m x B
M=T/B
The magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque
on loop per unit magnetic induction.
11. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:
In magnetic circuits are analogous to the electric circuits.
The common examples of the magnetic circuits are
transformers, toroids motors, generators, relays and
magnetic recording devices.
An electric circuit forms a circuit (i.e. closed path) through
which current flow.
Similarly in magnetic circuits, magnetic lines of flux are
continuous and can form closed paths.
A single magnetic line of flux or all parallel magnetic lines
of flux may be considered as magnetic circuits.
Electromotive force in an electric circuit, in magnetic
circuit called magnetiomotive force (m.m.f.)
The magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) is defined as,
em =NI= H.dL

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

The SI unit of m.m.f. is ampere(A)

In electric circuit, resistance is defined as the ratio of
voltage to current given by
R=V/I
In magnetic circuit, reluctance as the ratio of the
magnetomotive force to the total flux.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

IMPORTANT QUESTION
PART A
1. State Biot Savart Law?
2. What is magnetic vector potential?
3. Name any two dielectric materials.
4. Name any two applications of Ampere s Law?
5. Define magnetic flux density?
6. What is the difference between scalar and vector magnetic potential?
7. Compare the usefulness of Ampere s Circuital Law and Biot-Savart Law in
determining B of a current carrying circuit.
8. A conductor 1.5 m long carries a current of 50 A at right angles to a magnetic field of
density 1.2T. Calculate the force on the conductor.
9. What is the expression for the torque experienced by a current carrying loop, placed
in a magnetic field.
10. Define magnetic flux?
11. Define Amperes law?
12. Obtain H due to infinitely long, straight filament of current I.
PART B
1. State and explain ampere s Circuital Law for least two specific cases.
2. State and explain Biot savar s law.
3. Using the biot savart s law in H, find the magnetic field intensity at a point on the axis
of a circular loop of radius a carrying a current I. The point is at a distance (on the Z
axis) from the centre of the loop.
4. A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form of a square of side a.
Assuming that the Z axis passing through the centre of the square is normal to the
plane of the square ,Find the magnetic field intensity H at any point on the axis.
5. Obtain the flux density produced by an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I,
at any point distant a normal to the wire.
6. In a cable the solid inner conductor of radius a carries I amps.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III
UNIT IV
ELECTRODYNAMIC FIELDS
CONTENTS:

1. FARADAY S LAWS
2. INDUCED EMF - TRANSFORMER EMF AND MOTIONAL
EMF
3. MAXWELL S EQUATIONS (DIFFERENTIAL AND
INTEGRAL FORMS)
4. DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
5. RELATION BETWEEN FIELD THEORY AND CIRCUIT
THEORY.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

1. FARADAY S LAWS:

According to faraday s law, the induced e.m.f. is equal to

the time rate of change of magnetic flux linking with the
closed circuit.

Faraday s law can be stated as

e = N

Where

d
volt
dt

N=number of turns in the circuit

e =induced e.m.f.

Let us assume single turn circuit i.e. N=1, then faraday s

law can be stated as,
e=

d
volts
d

The minus sign in equations (1) and (2) indicates that the
direction of the induced e.m.f. is such that to produce a
current which will produce a magnetic field which will
oppose the original field.

LENZ LAW:
Thus according to Lenz law, the induced e.m.f. acts to
produce an opposing flux.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

2. INDUCED E.M.F:
TRANSFORMER E.M.F AND MOTIONAL E.M.F:

Let us consider faraday s law. The induced e.m.f.is a scalar

quantity measured in volts. Thus the induced e.m.f. is given
by,
e = E.dL (1)

The induced e.m.f in equation (i) indicates a voltage about a

closed path such that if any part of the path is changed the
e.m.f. will also change.

The magnetic flux

by

passing through a specified area is given

= B.dS (1)
s

Where
B=magnetic flux density

Using above result ,equation (2) can be rewritten as

e=

d
B.dS (2)
dt s

From equation (1) and (2) ,we get,

e = E.dL =

75

d
B.dS (3)
dt s

There are Two Conditions for induced e.m.f.

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

FIRST CONDITION:
v The closed circuit in which e.m.f. is induced is stationary and
the magnetic flux is sinusoidally varying with time.
v Form equation (3), the magnetic flux density is the quantity
varying with time.
v Partial derivative to define relationship as B may be changing
with the co-ordinates as well as time.
v Hence we can write,

E.dL = t .dS (4)

s

v This is similar to transformer action and e.m.f. is called

transformer e.m.f.
v Using Stoke s theorem, a line integral can be converted to the
surface integral as
B

(xE ).dS = t .dS (5)

S

v Assuming that both the surface integral taken over identical

surfaces.
B
(xE ).ds = .dS
S t
v Hence finally,
B
(6)
t
v Equation (6) represents one of the Maxwell s equations.
xE =

v If B is not varying with time, then equations (4) and (6) give
the results in the electrostatics.

E.dL = 0

xE = 0

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SECOND CONDITION:
v Magnetic field is stationary, constant not varying with time while
the closed circuit is revolved to get the relative motion between
them.
v This action is similar to generated action; hence the induced
e.m.f. is called motional or generated e.m.f.
v Consider that a charge Q is moved in a magnetic field B at a
velocity v.
v Then the force on a charge is given by,
F = QvxB (7)
v But the motional electric field intensity is defined as the force per
unit charge.
v It is given by
Em =

E
= vxB (8)
Q

v Thus the induced e.m.f is given by

.dL = ( vxB ). dL ( 9 )

v Equation (9) represents total e.m.f. induced when a conductor is

moved in a uniform constant magnetic field.
v If in case ,the magnetic flux density is varying with time, then
the induced e.m.f. is the combination of transformer e.m.f. and
generator e.m.f. is given by,
B

E.dL = t .dS + (vxB).dL

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

3. MAXWELL S EQUATIONS:
v Maxwell s equations are nothing but a set of four expressions
derived from
Ampere s circuit law
Faraday s law
Gauss s law
v This is for electric field.
v In magnetic field it is derived from
Gauss s law
v These four expressions can be written in following forms
Point form or differential form
Integral form
MAXWELL S EQUATION DERIVED FROM AMPERE S CIRCUIT LAW:

v According to Ampere s circuit law, the line integral of magnetic

around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the
path.

v Replacing current by the surface integral of conduction current

density J over an area bounded by the path of integration of FL,
we get more general relation as,

v Above expression can be to conduction current density made

further general by adding displacement current as follows,

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v Equation (I-a) is Maxwell s equation derived from Ampere s

circuit equation is in integral form in which line integral of H is
carried over the closed bounding the surface S over which the
integration is carried out on R.H.S. In theory, closed path is
called Mesh.
v Hence the equation considered above is also Mesh equation or
Mesh relation.
v Applying Stoke s theorem to L.H.S. of the equation (I-a), we
get,

v Assuming the surface considered for both the integrations is

same, we can write,

v Above equation is the Point form or differential form of

Maxwell s equation derived from Ampere s circuit law.
MAXWELL S EQUATION DERIVED FROM FARADAY S LAW:
INTEGRAL FORM:

v Now consider Faraday s law which relates e.m.f. induced in a

circuit to the time rate of decrease of total magnetic flux linking
the circuit. In general we can write,

v This is Maxwell s equation derived from Faraday s law

expressed in integral form.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

MAXWELL S EQUATION DERIVED FROM FARADAY S LAW:

POINT FORM OR DIFFERENTIAL FORM:
v Using Stokes theorem, converting line integral of equation (2)
to the surface integral,

v Assuming that the integration is carried out over the same

surface on both the sides, we get,

v This is Maxwell s equation derived from Faraday s law

expressed in point form or differential form.
MAXWELL S EQUATION FOR ELECTRIC FIELDS DERIVED FROM
GAUSS S LAW:
INTEGRAL FORM
v According to Gauss s law, the total flux out of the closed surface
is equal to the net charge within the surface.
v This can be written in integral form as,

v If we replace R.H.S. of above equation by the volume integral of

volume charge density Pv through the volume enclosed by the
surface S considered for integration at L.H.S. of equation (3), we
get more general form of equation given by

v This equation is called Maxwell s equation for electric fields

derived from Gauss s law, expressed in integral form and
applied to a finite volume.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

MAXWELL S EQUATION FOR ELECTRIC FIELDS DERIVED FROM

GAUSS S LAW:
POINT FORM OR DIFFERENTIAL FORM:
v Using divergence theorem, we can write

v Assuming same volume for integration on both the sides,

v This is Maxwell s equation for electric fields derived from

Gauss s law which is expressed in point form or differential
form.
MAXWELL S MAGNETIC FIELD EQUATION INTEGRAL FORM:
DERIVED FOR GAUSS S LAW:
v For magnetic fields, the surface integral of over a closed
surface S is always zero, due to non existence of monopole in
the magnetic fields.

v This is Maxwell s magnetic field equation expressed in integral

form. This is derived for Gauss s law applied to the magnetic
fields.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

DERIVED FROM GAUSS LAW APPLIED TO THE MAGNETIC

FIELDS:
DIFFERENTIAL FORM OR POINT FORM:
v Using divergence theorem, the surface integral can be
converted to volume integral as

v But being a finite volume, dv

v This is differential form or point form of Maxwell s equation

derived from Gauss law applied to the magnetic fields.
v summarizes Maxwell s equations

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

4. DISPLACEMENT CURRENT:
In static electromagnetic fields ,according to Ampere s circuital
law
xH = J (1)
Taking divergence on both sides,
.(xH ) = .J
According to vector identity, divergence of the curl of any vector
field is zero. Hence we ca write,
.(xH ) = .J =0---- (2)
Equation of continuity is given by,

(3)
t

From equation (3) it is clear when

= 0 ,and then only
t
equation (2) becomes true.
. J =

Thus equation (2) and (3) are not compatible for time varying
fields.
Equation (1) by adding one unkown term say N.
Then equation (1) becomes,
xH = J + N (4)
Again taking divergence on both the sides
.(xH ) = .J + .N = 0
As .J =

, to get correct condition.

t

v
t
But according to Gauss s law
.N =

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v = .D
Thus replacing v by .D

(.D)
t
D
= .
t
Comparing two sides of the equation,

D
(5)
t
Ampere s circuital law in point form as,

D
(6)
t
In equation (6) is conduction current density denoted by Jc.

. N =

N=

xH = J c +

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIELD THEORY AND CIRCUIT THEORY:

The comparison of circuit theory and field theory on basis of
the analysis of transmission line is as given below.
FIELD THEORY:
v The analysis of the transmission line from the field point of
view is carried out starting withMaxwell equations based on
Faraday s law and Ampere circuital law with conduction
current J=0.
v Maxwell equation based on Ampere circuital law is
E
t
For a wave traveling in X direction,
xH =

E y
H z
=
(1)
x
t
Similarly Maxwell s equation based on
Faradays law is
H
t
For a wave traveling in X-direction,
xE =

E y

H z
(2)
x
t
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to t
and (ii) with respect tox,
Wave equation as given by
=

2Ey

2
1 Ey
=
x 2
t 2
v The velocity of the wave or signal along a lossless line given by

v=

85

For air or vacuum the velocity is given by

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v = 3x10 8 m / s = c
v The intrinsic impedance of the medium is given by,

= 0

For air or vacuum , r = r = 1

0 = 377
v The line constants are given as follows
= propagationcons tan t
= j ( + j )m 1
= attenuationcons tan t
= Re j ( + j ) Np / m
= pha sec ons tan t
= Im j ( + j )rad / m
v The line voltage between two lines is given by
line 2

v=

E.dL

line1

The line current is given by

I=

H .dL

aroundonel ine

In field theory, current density J is used.

Mathematically the Ohms law is given by

E.dL = Z H .dL

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

CIRCUIT THEORY:
v The analysis of the transmission line from the circuit
point of view is carried out by considering it as a four
terminals network. Out of these four terminals two are at
sending while other two are at receiving end.
v For a lossless line ,the differential voltage and current per
distance is given by
dv
dI
= L (i ) and
dx
dt
dI
dV
=C
(ii )
dt
dt
v Differentiating first equation with respect to distance and
differentiating second equation with respect to time t,we
can get the transmission line wave equation as given
by,
d 2V
1 d 2V 2
=
LC dx 2
dt 2
v The velocity of the wave or signal along a lossless line is
given by,
v=

1
LC

v The characteristics impedance of the line is given by,

Z Line =

V
R + j L
=

I
G + j C

For a lossless line,

Zline= line =

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v The secondary line constants are given as follows,

= propagationcons tan t
= ( R + jL)(G + jC = + jm 1
= attenuationcons tan t
= Re ( R + jL)(G + jC ) Np / m
= pha sec ons tan t
= Im ( R + jL)(G + jC )rad / m
v The line voltage is given by

The line current is given by

I=

88

V1
Z
Y

ex e j (t + x) +

V2
Z
Y

e x e j (t + x )

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PART A
1. Compare field theory with circuit theory?
2. State Lenz s law?
3. What is Displacement current?
4. Define Displacement current and Eddy current?
5. What is the relation between field theory and circuit theory?
6. Give two application s of Lenz s Law?
7. What is the static maxwell s equation each term?
8. Give Lorentz force equation explains each term.
9. Write down the differential form of Maxwell equation?
10. What is the significance of Displacement current density?
11. Explain the significance of displacement current and eddy current?
12. State two applications of Eddy current?
13. Write down the Maxwell equation corresponding to faraday s law, in point form.
14. Define curl of a vector.
15. State faraday s law of electromagnetic induction.
16. State 4 similarities between electric and magnetic circuits.
17. Give Ampere s law of Maxwell equation in point form and integral form.
18. What is convection current?

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

PART B
1. Determine the electromotive force using faraday s law using relevant expressions.
2. Derive Maxwell s equation from Ampere s law and Faraday s law .Express the
equation in phasor from for time harmonic fields.
3. Derive the expression for magnetic vector potential.
4. Derive the expression for displacement current.
5. Explain in detail about Lenz s law and their significance.
6. Compare circuit theory with field theory?

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS
COURSE CODE: EE1201
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2005-2006
YEAR/SEMESTER: II / III

COURSE NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SEMESTER: ODD/EVEN
ASSIGNMENT-IV
PART- A

1. Compare field theory with circuit theory?

2. State Lenz s law?
3. What is Displacement current?
4. Define Displacement current and Eddy current?
5. Give two application s of Lenz s Law?
6. What is the static maxwell s equation each term?
7. Give Lorentz force equation explains each term.
8. Write down the differential form of Maxwell equation?
9. What is the significance of Displacement current density?
10. Give Ampere s law of Maxwell equation in point form and integral
form.

PART- B
1. Determine the electromotive force using faraday s law using
relevant expressions.
2. Derive Maxwell s equation from Ampere s law and Faraday s law.
Express the equation in phasor from for time harmonic fields.
3. Derive the expression for displacement current.
4. Explain in detail about Lenz s law and their significance.
5. Compare circuit theory with field theory?

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202
BRANCH: EEE
SEMESTER: III
UNIT V
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
CONTENTS:

1. Generation of electromagnetic waves

2. Electro Magnetic Wave equations
3. Electromagnetic wave in perfect dielectric
4. Electromagnetic wave in lossy dielectric
5. Electromagnetic wave in good conductor
6. Skin depth
7. Poynting vector
8. Plane wave reflection and refraction.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

1. GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES:

v Electromagnetic waves are generated by moving electrons.
v An electron generates an electric field, which we can visualize as
lines radiating from the electron.

v If the electron moves, say it vibrates back and forth, then this
motion will be transferred to the field lines and they will become
wavy.
v In turn, the moving electron generates a magnetic field that will
also become wavy from the motion of the electron.
v These combined electrical and magnetic waves reinforce one
another.
v This kind of wave is called an electromagnetic wave and light is
such a wave.
v Since all matter contains electrons and all these electrons are in
motion, as are the atomic nuclei they spin around, all matter
generates electromagnetic waves.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v Since all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed (c) the
frequency of the waves is determined by the frequency of the
vibrating electrons that generate them.
v Hot substances have more energy and their component atoms
vibrate more rapidly than those of cold bodies.
v Thus the peak energy radiated by hot bodies has a higher
frequency, shorter wavelength, than that of cooler bodies.
v Wein s Law expresses the relationship of the peak frequency of a
black body to its absolute temperature.
v Wein's Law

lmax = a/T
a = 2989 if l is measured in microns
2. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVE EQUATIONS:
IN LOSSELESS MEDIUM:
v

From Maxwell s equation, we have

performing curl operations on both sides

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v we know that .B = 0

v from Maxwell s equation, we have

v performing curl operations on both sides

95

we know that .E = 0 ( in free space)

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

IN CONDUCTIVE MEDIUM:
v From Maxwell s equation, we have

v performing curl operations on both sides

v We know that .B = 0

v From Maxwell s equation, we have

v Performing curl operations on both sides

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ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v We know that .E = 0 ( in free space)

The wave equations for sinusoidal time variations is given as:

In losseless medium:

In conducting medium:
(1) E + ( 0 - j)E = 0
(2) H + ( 0 - j)H = 0
v The above equations can be written as

97

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

3. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN PERFECT DIELECTRIC:

v If a medium, through which the uniform plane wave is propagating,
is perfect dielectric (which is also called lossless dielectric), then the
conductivity is zero i.e. = 0.
v Let the permittivity permeability of the medium be c = o Er and
respectively.
v The propagation constant y is given by,

v From equation (I) it is clear that, propagation constant is purely

imaginary.
v It indicates in a perfect dielectric medium, attenuation constant is
zero.
v Let us select value of

which gives propagation of wave in positive

z-direction.

98

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v Similarly an intrinsic impedance for a perfect dielectric medium is

given by,

v Thus intrinsic impedance is real resistive.

v That means phase angle of intrinsic is zero.
v But the phase angle of intrinsic impedance is zero means phase
difference between E and H is zero.
v In other words, for a perfect dielectric, both the fields E and H , are
in phase.
v As in perfect dielectric, = 0, attenuation constant () is also zero.
v As wave propagates, only the phase ( ) changes. Thus no
attenuation i.e. = 0 means no loss.
v KEY POINT:
So perfect dielectric medium is also called loss less dielectric.
v The velocity of propagation in the perfect dielectric is given by,

v If is the wavelength of one cycle of the propagating wave then

velocity is given by

99

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN LOSSY DIELECTRIC:

v Practical1y all the dielectric materials exhibit some conductivity. So
we can not directly a assuming it zero.
v Obviously as compared to the results obtained for perfect medium,
the results for lossy dielectric will be different.
v The propagation constant y in lossy dielectric is given by

v Rearranging the terms

v From equation (2), it is clear that the propagation constant for lossy
dielectric medium is different than that for lossless dielectric
medium, due to the presence of radical factor.
v When becomes zero as in case with perfect dielectric, the radical
factor becomes unity and we can obtain the propagation constant
for perfect dielectric.
v It is also clear from equation (2) that the attenuation constant is
not zero.
v By substituting the values of, , and, the attenuation constant
() and phase constant 3 may be calculated.
v The presence of a indicates certain loss of signal in the medium,
hence such medium is called lossy dielectric.
v When a wave propagates in a lossy dielectric, amplitude of the
signal decays exponentially due to the factor

100

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v For forward as well as backward waves, the amplitude decays

exponentially.
v As is not zero, the intrinsic impedance becomes a complex
quantity. It is given by,

v Being a complex quantity is represented in polar form as shown in

above equation.
v This angle n indicates phase difference between the electric and
magnetic fields.
v Thus in lossy dielectric, the electric and magnetic fields are not in
time phase.
v The intrinsic impedance can be expressed as

v The angle n is given by

v This angle depends on the properties of the lossy dielectric medium

as well frequency of a signal. For low frequency signal, co becomes
very small. Then

101

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN GOOD CONDUCTOR:

v A practical or good conductor is the material which has very high
conductivity.
v In general, the conductivity is of the order of i0 Dim in the good
conductors like copper, aluminum etc.
v For good conductors,

v The propagation constant is given by,

v Thus for good conductor,

102

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v For good conductor, and

are equal and both are directly

proportional to the square root of frequency (f) and conductivity

().
v The intrinsic impedance of a good conductor is given by

v The angle of intrinsic impedance is 45 . As we have already studied

that for perfect dielectric i.e. zero conductivity, the intrinsic
impedance angle is zero and for the good conductor angle is 45 .
v Moreover the intrinsic impedance has only a positive angle. This
clearly indicates that the field H may lag the field E by at the most
45 .

103

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v Consider only the component of the electric field E

travelling in

positive z-direction.
v When it travels in good conductor, the conductivity is very high and
attenuation constant is also high.
v Thus we can write such a component in phasor form as

v When such a wave propagates in good conductor.

6. SKIN EFFECT:
v Consider a conductor made up of a large number of fine strands of
wires and carrying the same current.
v A strand at the center is linked by all the internal flux in the
conductor, whereas a strand on the surface is not linked by the
internal flux.
v The inductance and reactance of the strand at the center is greater
than that of the strand at the surface.
v If the current is permitted to vary with time and all strands still
carry the same current, then the voltage drop along the center
strand will be greater than that along an outside strand.
v This effect is, however, a direct violation of Kirchhoff s law.
v Therefore the currents carried by the strands cannot be equal in
magnitude, since the impedances are unequal.
v The interior strand thus carries less current than the outer so as to
produce equal impedance drops along the strands.
v This phenomenon is known as Skin effect.
v The depth of penetration or skin depth is defined as that depth
which the wave has been attenuated to

104

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

7. POYNTING VECTOR:
v Poynting Theorem: As electromagnetic waves propagate through
space from their source to distant receiving points, there is a
transfer of energy from the source to the receivers.
v There exists a simple and direct relation between the rate of this
energy transfer and the amplitudes of electric and magnetic field
strengths of the electromagnetic wave.
v This relation can be obtained from Maxwell s equations

v Multiplying equation (1) by E we get,

105

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

8. REFLECTION BY PERFECT CONDUCTOR:

NORMAL INCIDENCE:
v When an electromagnetic wave traveling in one medium
impinges upon a second medium having a different dielectric
constant, permeability, or conductivity, the wave in general
will be partially transmitted and partially reflected.
v In case of a plane wave in air incident normally upon the
surface of a perfect conductor, the wave is entirely reflected.
v For fields that vary with time neither E nor H can exist within
a perfect conductor so that none of the energy of the incident
wave can be transmitted.
v Since there can be no loss within a perfect conductor,

non of

the energy is absorbed.

v As a result the amplitude of E and H in the reflected wave are
the same as in the incident wave, and the only difference is in
the direction of power flow.
v The expression for the electric field of the incident wave is(1)

And the surface of the perfect conductor is taken to be the

x=0 plane as shown in figure, the expression for the reflected
wave will be

106

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v Er is determined from the boundary conditions.

v According to the boundary conditions the tangential component
of E must be continuous across the boundary and E is zero
within the conductor.
v The tangential component of E just outside the conductor must
also be zero.
v For this the sum of the electric field strengths in the initial and
reflected waves add to give zero resultant field strength in the
plane x=0.
v Therefore Er = - Ei ( 3 )
v The amplitude of the reflected electric field strength is equal to
that of the initial electric field strength, but its phase has been
reversed on reflection.
v The resultant electric field strength at any point a distance -x

from the x=0 plane will be the sum of the field strengths of the
incident and reflected waves at that point and will be given by

107

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v If Ei is chosen to be real,

v Equation (6) shows that the incident and reflected waves

combine to produce a standing wave, which does not
progress.
v The magnitude of the electric field varies sinusoidally with
distance from the reflecting plane.
v It is zero at the surface and at multiples of half wavelength
from the surface.
v It has a maximum value of twice the electric field strength of
the incident wave at distances from the surface that are odd
multiples of a quarter wavelength.
v Since the boundary conditions require that the electric field
strength be reversed in phase on reflection in order to
produce zero resultant fields at the surface, the magnitude
field strength must be reflected without reversal of phase.
v If both magnetic and electric field strengths were reversed,
there would be no reversal of direction of energy propagation.
v Therefore the phase of the reflected magnetic field strength

Hr is the same as that of the incident magnetic Ht at the

surface of the reflection x = 0.

108

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

v The expression for the resultant field will be

v The resultant magnetic field strength H also has a standing wave

distribution. It has maximum value at the surface of the
conductor and at multiples of a half wavelength from the
surface, whereas the zero points occur at the odd multiples of a
quarter wavelength from the surface.
v From the boundary conditions for H it follows that there must be
a surface current Js A/m, such that Js = Ht (at x = 0).
v Since Et and Ht were in time phase in the incident plane wave , a
comparison of equation (6) and (11) shows that Et and Ht are 90
degrees out of time phase because of the factor in equation(6).
v That Et and Ht are 90 degrees apart in the time phase can be
seen more clearly by rewriting (6) and (11).
v Replacing j by its equivalent e-M_.___ and combining this with the
.

109

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
PART A
1. State poynting theorem.
2. What is transmission LINE parameters?
3. What is loss tangent?
4. Define wave?
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied for plane waves?
6. What is the significance of intrinsic impedance?
7. Write the expression for plane electromagnetic waves propagating
in a dielectric media
8. Find the velocity of a wave in a lossless medium having a relative
permeability of 5 and relative permeability of 2.
9. Define the desired boundary conditions for the conductor free space
boundary in electrostatics.
10. What are the boundary conditions of electromagnetic wave at the
interface between two losses less dielectric media?
11. What are boundary conditions?
12. Define skin depth.
13. What do you mean by the uniform plane wave?
14. What is meaning of wave?
15. Define propagation constant.
16. Define attenuation constant and phase constant.
17. What is perfect dielectric medium?
18. What is lossy dielectric?
19. Explain skin effect.
20. Define depth of penetration.
21. What is poynting vector?

110

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

PART B
1. Derive poynting s theorem.
2. Derive the wave equation starting from Maxwell s equation for
free space.
3. Derive the expressions describing propagation of uniform plane
wave in good conductor?
4. What is skin effect? What is skin depth? What is its relation with
attenuation constant, conductivity and frequency?
5. Explain propagation of uniform plane in perfect dielectric .what is
lossless dielectric?

111

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

ElectromagneticTheory
Semester- III (EEE)
Time : Three Hoursl

[Maximum Marks : 100

Answer ALL questions
PART - A (10x2= 20 Marks)

Q.2

Giae an examplefor diuergingfield nnd for curling field.

Stnte diaergencetheoremand mention the significanceof the theorem.

Q.3

using Gauss'slaw, deriae the capacitanceof a coaxial cable.

Q.4

Deriae Poisson'sequation the electrostnticfield.

Q.5

A conductorlocatednt x = 0.5 m, A = 0 and 0<z<2.0m carriesa current of L0 A

in the n, directiott. Along the length of the conductor B = 2.5 arT. Find the torque
about the x axis.

Q.6

Draw the mngnetic field pattern inside and outside the circular conductor with
wrifurm current density.

Q.7

Find the total flux induced in the loop of constant width'l'. The tength'x'is
increaseduniformly with the time by moaing the sliding conductor at a unifurm
'u'.
aelocity
Theflux density is snmeand normal to the plane of the loop as shown.

Q.l

Fig.1
Q.8

Find the nueragepower loss/uolumefor a dielectrichaaing e, = 2 and tan6 = 0.000t5,

if E = 1.0 kV/m at 500 MHz.

Q.9

Cnluilate the skin depth and u)aae uelocity at 2 MHz

conductiaity40 MS/m and p, = 1.

Q.10

GiaenE=En,sin(at -Bf) a, in free spnce,sketchE and H at t = 0.

PART - B (5x15 = 80 Marks)

Q.11

i) Explain when nnd how an electromagnetic

walre is generated,

in Aluminium with

I2+al

112 ii) Deriue Dr.K.Srinivasan

&Mr. waae
K.Karthikeyan
/EEE/TEC
- LECTURE
NOTESthe typesof
the electromagnetic
equations
in free space
and mention

solutions

[8+21

(P - 102)

Electrgmagnetic
Theorv

p - 103

Nov./Dec.- 2003

Q'12 al i) Deriaethe electrostntic

botmdnryconclitions
at the interfaceof two dielectricmedia..
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

field inside nnd outside the conclttctor?

l10I
the potentialnnd electric
t5l

b) i) Deriuatlrc cxpressions
for scalar,rr?r\r, due to a point chargennd a ring chnrge,
12+Gl
iil A totnlchnrgeof 100nC is unifurmlydistributecl
arottnda circulnrring of 1.0 m
radius.Firtd tlrc potentinlnt a point on the nxis5.0 nt nbozte
theplaneiy in, ring.
Comparezuiththe resultzuhere
nll charges
nreat the origin in theform'of a poiri
clmrge.
tgl
a)
i)
Explnin
mngnetizntiott
Q'13
in mngneticmnterialsnnd explainhow the
ffict of
mngnetizntiott
is tnkeninto accountin the caluilntionof B/H.
t10I
ii) Find H in n magneticmaterial
7) Whenp = 0.000018
H/m nnd M - 120A/m.

t3l

2) WhenB - 300pT and magneticsusceptibility

= 29.
OR
b) Deriztethe mngneticforce betzueen
tzaoparallelcondtrctorscarrying equalytTents
i) Sanrcdirection
ii) Oppositedirection.

t3l
in the
1gl

t8l

Q'14 al From the fundnmentnl lsws deriae the Maxwell's equntions nnd the need
for tIrc
Mnxzuell's contributiott
electromagnetictheory. State the eqrtations in both
.to
differentialnnd integrnl form.
tlfl
OR
b) Ex\tlnin the relationship betweenthe
fielcl tlrcory snd circuit theory using n simple
RLC seriesciruit. Also explnin the lintitations o| tlrt circuit theory.
112+41
Q'15 al A plane trnaelling 70naehns a peak electric
fietd intensity E as 6 kV/*. If the
medium is losslesszuith Er-= 3 and p, - 1,
find the aelocity of the EM u)(n)e,peak
POyNT/NG ucctor, impedanceof the medittm nnd the ptit, ialue
of
'
r the magnetic
field H. Deriae all theformulae used.
tg+gl
OR
b') i) Deternine the nmplitude of the reflectednnd trnnsmittetl E
snd H at the interface
of two media zuitlt the foilowing properties.Medium 7 : e, = 8 . 5 , p r = 7 , o - 0
Medi,m 2 ; free spoce.Assunte normal incidenceand th.e amplitude
of E in tlrc
mediwn L nt the interfnceis 1..5ntV/m.
t8l
ii) Dcriue nll the formulae used.
113

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

t8I

otrtr

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Theory
Electromagnetic

Semestr- III (EEE)

[Maximum Marks : 100

Time : Three Hoursl

Q.l
e.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5

Q.6
Q.T
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10

Answer AtL questions

PART - A 00x2= 20 Marks)
systems?
How the unit aectorsare dfined in cylindricalco-ordinate
"diaergence
of a aectorfield"?
of the term
What is the physicalsignificance
A unifurmline chargewith P, =SpClmliesalongthe x-axis.FindE at (3,2, 1) m.
Definedielectricstrength.What is the dielectricstrengthof co-axialcable?
Calculateinductanceof a ring shapedcoil haainga meandiameterof 20 cm wound
on a woodencore of 2 cm-diameter.The winding is unifurmly distributedand
contains200turns,
Distinguishmagneticscalar potentialand magneticaectorpotential
Write down the erpression
for the e.mf. inducedin the mouingloopin staticB field.

Compare
field theorywith circuit tluory.
"Dqth of penetration".
Whatdo you meanby
For a lossydielectricmaterialhaaing p, -- l, tr - 48, a - 20 S/m calculatethe
constantat n frequencyof 16 GHz.
propagation
PART B - (5x16 = 80 Marks)
e.tt i) Determinethe constantc such that the oectorF = (x+ay)i * (V +bz)i + (x+cz_)k
I4l
will be solenoidal.
For the contourshownaertfu
ii) GiaenA -ZrcosQf, + rI, in cytinilricalco-ordinate.
Stoke'stheorem.

Fig. 1
'a'

m is chargeduniformly with a chargedensity of

Q.12 a) i) A circular discof radius
'h'
m from the disc along its axis. I8l
ps C / *2 . Find the electricfield at a point
chargeof 10-u9:
a total
unifurmty -with
is chnrged/EEE/TEC
radius
discof L0 cm
114ii) A circular
Dr.K.Srinivasan
&Mr.
K.Karthikeyan
LECTURE
NOTES
Find the electric intensity at a point 30 cm away fro* the disc along the axis. I8l

(P - 104)

p - 105

ElectromagneticTheory

Mav/June- 2006

OR
bl i) Deriae the expression
in electrostntic
ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
[EE2202]
for energv density
.fields.

l8l

iil A cnpncitor consistsof srynred two metnl plates each L00 cm side plncedparallel
nnd 2 mm npart. The spncebetwcenthe plntcs is filled zuith a dielectrichaaing a
relntiaepermittiaity of 3.5. A potentinldrop of 500 V is maintainedbetweenlhe
plntes.Cnlculate
1) The cnpncitnncc

2) The chnrgeof capncitor

3) The electric flux densitrl

4) The potentinlgrndient

t8I

Q.13 a) i) Find thefield intcnsity at a point P due to a strniglrt conductorcnrryhtg current I

ns sltown.
l8l

__.>

I
t.<--L----+

Fig.2
ii) Find E nt the centreof nn eEilateral triangtrlarloop of side 4 m carrying current
of 5 A.
IBI
OR
i)
Derizte
the
expression
D
for co-efficientof coupling in terrns of muttral and self
inductnrrces.
ii) An iron ring with a cross-sectionnl
area of 3 cmz and a nrcnn circumferenceof
75 cm is wowtd zuitlt 250 turns zuirecarrying n arrent of 0.3 A. The relatiae
pernteabilityof the ring is 7500. Cnlculntetlrc flux establishedin the ring.
t8l
axplanation,deriaethe Maxwell's equationin dffirential and integral
Q.1a a) With necessary
forms.
116l
OR
b) i) Write slnrt notes on Fnradny'slaws of electromagneticinduction

I8l

ii) Whnt tlo yott mean by displacementcurrent? Write down the expressionfor the
totnl current density.
l8l
Q.15 a) i) what is the physical significanceof the Poynting aector?

l4l

ii) Stntennd explain the Poynting's theorem.

OR
bl A plnne rDoag propagoting tlrouglt n medium with
E = 0.5, sin(l}bt -Bz) a* V/m. Determine

Ir2l
er = 8, Fr - 2 has

i) 9 ii) The loss tangent iii) Wnrteimpedanceia) Waae aelocity a) E field.

115

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

tlGI

DTIB

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

Electromagnetic
Theory
Semester- III (EEE)
Time : Three Hoursl

[Maximum Marks : 100

Answer ALL questions
PART - A (10x2= 20 Marks)

State the diaergencetheoremnnd giae an examplefor diaergencefield.

what is the electricfield around a long transmissionline?

Q.1
Q.2

Calculatethe totnl chargeenclosedby ufue of 2 m sides,centerednt the origin and

with the edgespnrnllel to the axes ulrcn the electric flux densita oaer the cttbe is

Q.3

[ = [1oxu
ls]u.(Cl*z).
Q.4

Define dielectricstrengthof n materinl.Mantion the san'te

for nir.

Q.5

PIot the unrintionof H insidennd otttsitlcn circulnr condttctoruitlr tutifortncurrent

density.

Q.6

Plnne ! = 0 carriesa unifurm current of 30 a, mA/m. Cnlctilntethe mngneticfield

intensity nt (7, 70, - 2) m in rectnngtilarco-ordinatesustem.
Deriae an expression fo, 'loss tangent' in an instrlating material and mention the
practical sigrtificnnceo.fthe same.

Q.7
Q.8

A medium hns constant conductiaity of 0.1 mho/rn, pr -- l, El = 30. when these

parametersdo not changezuith tlrc frequency,checkwhether the medium behaaeslike
a conductoror a dielectricat S0 kHz and 10 GHz.

Q.9

In free space E (2, t) = 100sin(rr-gr)d*(Vl4

Find tlrc totnl porL,erpnssirtg
tlrough a squarearea of side 25 mm, in the z _ 0 plnne.

GiuenE (2, t) =700sin(at-Pz)ao(Vlm)infree space,sketchE and H at t - 0.

PARTB-(5x15=80Marks)
What are the major sourcesof electromagnetic
Q.11 a) i)
fields (any fiae) ?
iil What are the positiaeand negatiuefficts EM
fietds on liaing things ?
Q.10

iii) what are the E and H field linits for puhlic exposures?
iu) ciae any one exampleto reducethc e,ffectaf EM
.fierd.

Isl
tsI
I2l
t4l

OR
b) i)
ii)

Explain the electricfield distribution insideand ottside a condttctor.

Explain the principle of electroststicshielding.

I4l

l4l
Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES
iii) Draw the equipotentiallines nnd E lines insideand arottnd a metal sphere. t8l

116

(P - 106)

ElectromagneticTheory

P -107

Nov./Dec.- 2006

per unit lengtlt

Q.12 a) Deriztctha elactricfialtl lncl ytsfclttisi distributionnnd the cnpncitnnce
ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
[EE2202]
oJn conxinlcnblc.
[6+5+5]
OR
b\ Explnitt itt detill tlrc ltehsrtiouro.fn dielcctricmedium in electricfield.
Q.13 a) CnluilstaB nntl H due to n long solenoid.

t15I
[8+8]

OR
bl i) Deriue.forforce nnd tortTuehr a mttgttcticfiald using rttotoros an example.
ii) Fitrcltlrc torquenbout tka V nxisfor the tuto cottductors
of lengtltl, cnrrying
urrcnt ht oppositedirections,scparntedby n fixed distnnceus,in the uniform
ntngrrctic
[8+81
field irt x dircctiotr.
Q.14 a) Dcriaa tlrc Mnxrucll's equntiorrsin ltoth differentinland integrnlforms.

1L5l

OR
bl Explnin tlrc rlifferarftnu'tlrodsof t'.m.f. induction zuith neccssarygoaerningequntions
nnd utitlt sttitnhleexontples.
t16l
roaaacquntion(in frcquencydomain)and the
Q.15 a) i) Dcriue tlrc electronmgnetic
propngntiortconstmt nnd intrinsic impednnce.
ii) Explnin thc propngntionof'EM wnaesinsidea conductor.

t8l
l8l

OR
b) i) Dariua tha trnnsnissionorrd reJlactioncoafficients
nt the interfnceof tuo mediafor
nornml incidence.
t8I
iil A frce spnce-silaarinterfnccIms E (ittcident) = 700 V/m on the free spaceside. The
freryrcncyis 1-SMHz snd the siluer constnntsare er = V, = 1, o - 61..7MSlm.
DeterntineE (reflected),E (trnnsmitted)at the interfnce.
t8l

treD

117

Dr.K.Srinivasan &Mr. K.Karthikeyan /EEE/TEC - LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY [EE2202]

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY(EC1253)
1.State stokes theorem.
The line integral of a vector around a closed path is equal to the surface integral of the
normal component of its curl over any surface bounded by the path
H.dl = (xH)ds

2.State coulombs law.

Coulombs law states that the force between any two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them. It is directed along the line joining the two charges.
F=Q1Q2 / 4r2 ar

3.State Gauss law for electric fields

The total electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.

4.Define electric flux.

The lines of electric force is electric flux.

5.Define electric flux density.

Electric flux density is defined as electric flux per unit area.

6.Define electric field intensity.

Electric field intensity is defined as the electric force per unit positive charge.
E =F/ Q
=Q/4r2 V/m

118

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7.Name few applications of Gauss law in electrostatics.

Gauss law is applied to find the electric field intensity from a closed surface.e.g)Electric
field can be determined for shell, two concentric shell or cylinders etc.

8.What is a point charge?

Point charge is one whose maximum dimension is very small in comparison with any
other length.

9.Define linear charge density.

It is the charge per unit length.

10.Write poissons and laplace s equations.

Poisson s eqn:
2 V= - v /
Laplace s eqn:
2 V= 0

11.State the condition for the vector F to be solenoidal.

F =0

12. .State the condition for the vector F to be irrotational.

xF =0

13.Define potential difference.

Potential difference is defined as the work done in moving a unit positive charge
from one point to another point in an electric field.

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14.Define potential.
Potential at any point is defined as the work done in moving a unit positive charge
from infinity to that point in an electric field.
V=Q / 4r

15.Give the relation between electric field intensity and electric flux density.
D=E C/m2

16.Give the relationship between potential gradiant and electric field.

E= - V

17.What is the physical significance of div D ?

D=-v
The divergence of a vector flux density is electric flux per unit volume leaving a small
volume. This is equal to the volume charge density.

18. Define current density.

Current density is defined as the current per unit area.
J= I/A Amp/m2

19.Write the point form of continuity equation and explain its significance.
J= - v / t

20.Write the expression for energy density in electrostatic field.

W=1 / 2 E2

21.Write the boundary conditions at the interface between two perfect dielectrics.
i)The tangential component of electric field is continuous i.e)Et1=Et2

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ii)The normal component of electric flux density is continuous I.e)Dn1=Dn2

22.Write down the expression for capacitance between two parallel plates.
C=A / d

23.What is meant by displacement current?

Displacement current is nothing but the current flowing through capacitor.
J= D / t

24.State point form of ohms law.

Point form of ohms law states that the field strength within a conductor is
proportional to the current density.
J=E

25 Define surface charge density.

It is the charge per surface area.

26.State amperes circuital law.

Magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the
path.
Hdl=I

27.State Biot Savarts law.

It states that the magnetic flux density at any point due to current element is
proportional to the current element and sine of the angle between the elemental length
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
dB= 0 Idl sin / 4r2
28.Define magnetic vector potential.
It is defined as that quantity whose curl gives the magnetic flux density.
B= x A
= / 4 J/r dv web/m2

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29.Write down the expression for magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil.
H = I/2a.

30.Give the relation between magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity.
B = H

31.Write down the magnetic boundary conditions.

i)
ii)

The normal components of flux density B is continuous across the boundary.

The tangential component of field intensity is continuous across the boundary.

32.Give the force on a current element.

dF = BIdlsin

33..Define magnetic moment.

Magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque per magnetic induction of
flux density.
m=IA

34.State Gauss law for magnetic field.

The total magnetic flux passing through any closed surface is equal to zero.
B.ds =0

35.Define a wave.
If a physical phenomenon that occurs at one place at a given time is reproduced at
other places at later times , the time delay being proportional to the space separation
from the first location then the group of phenomena constitutes a wave.

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36. Mention the properties of uniform plane wave.

i) At every point in space ,the electric field E and magnetic field H are perpendicular
to each other.
ii)The fields vary harmonically with time and at the same frequency everywhere in
space.

37.Write down the wave equation for E and H in free space.

2 H 00

H / t2

=0.

38.Define intrinsic impedance or characteristic impedance.

It is the ratio of electric field to magnetic field.or It is the ratio of square root of
permeability to permittivity of medium.

39.Give the characteristic impedance of free space.

377ohms

40.Define propagation constant.

Propagation constant is a complex number

= +j
where is attenuation constant
is phase constant
= j ( +j)

41.Define skin depth

It is defined as that depth in which the wave has been attenuated to 1/e or
approximately 37% of its original value.
= 1/ = 2 / j
42.Define Poynting vector.
The pointing vector is defined as rate of flow of energy of a wave as it propagates.
P =E X H

43. State Poyntings Theorem.

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The net power flowing out of a given volume is equal to the time rate of decrease
of the the energy stored within the volume- conduction losses.

44.Give significant physical difference between poisons and laplaces equations.

When the region contains charges poisons equation is used and when
there is no charges laplaces equation is applied.

45.Give the difficulties in FDM.

FDM is difficult to apply for problems involving irregular boundaries and non
homogenious material properties.

46.Explain the steps in finite element method.

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Discretisation of the solution region into elements.

Generation of equations for fields at each element
Assembly of all elements
Solution of the resulting system

47.State Maxwells fourth equation.

The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero.

48. State Maxwells Third equation

The total electric displacement through the surface enclosing a volume is equal to the
total charge within the volume.

49.State the principle of superposition of fields.

The total electric field at a point is the algebraic sum of the individual electric field at
that point.
50.Define ohms law at a point
Ohms law at appoint states that the field strength within a conductor is proportional
to current density.

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51.Define self inductance.

Self inductance is defined as the rate of total magnetic flux linkage to the current
through the coil.

52.Define pointing vector.

The vector product of electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity at a point is
a measure of the rate of energy flow per unit area at that point.

53.Give the formula to find potential at a point which is surrounded by four

orthogonal points in FDM.
V0= (V1+V2+V3+V4)

54.Give the formula to find potential at a point which is surrounded by six

orthogonal points inFDM.
V0= (V1+V2+V3+V4 +V5+V6)

55.State Lenz law.

Lenzs law states that the induced emf in a circuit produces a current which opposes the
change in magnetic flux producing it.

56.What is the effect of permittivity on the force between two charges?

Increase in permittivity of the medium tends to decrease the force between two
charges and decrease in permittivity of the medium tends to increase the force between
two charges.

57.State electric displacement.

The electric flux or electric displacement through a closed surface is equal to the charge
enclosed by the surface.

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58.What is displacement flux density?

The electric displacement per unit area is known as electric displacement density or
electric flux density.

59.What is the significance of displacement current?

The concept of displacement current was introduced to justify the production of
magnetic field in empty space. It signifies that a changing electric field induces a
magnetic field .In empty space the conduction current is zero and the magnetic fields are
entirely due to displacement current.

60.Distinguish between conduction and displacement currents.

The current through a resistive element is termed as conduction current whereas the
current through a capacitive element is termed as displacement current.

61.Define magnetic field strength.

The magnetic field strength (H) is a vector having the same direction as magnetic flux
density.
H=B/
62.Give the formula to find the force between two parallel current carrying
conductors.
F=I I1 / 2R
63.Give the expression for torque experienced by a current carrying loop situated in
a magnetic field.
T = IABsin

64What is torque on a solenoid?

T = NIABsin

65.Explain the conservative property of electric field.

The work done in moving a point charge around a closed path in a electric field is zero.

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Such a field is said to be conservative.

/ E.dl = 0

66.Write he expression for field intensity due to a toroid carrying a filamentary

current I
H=NI / 2R

67.What are equipotential surfaces?

An equipotential surface is a surface in which the potential energy at every point is of the
same vale.

68.Define loss tangent.

Loss tangent is the ratio of the magnitude of conduction current density to displacement
cuurrent density of the medium.
Tan = /

69.Defie reflection and transmission coefficients.

Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the reflected field to that
of the incident field.

70. Define transmission coefficients.

Transmission coefficient is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the
transmitted field to that of incident field.

71.What will happen when the wave is incident obliquely over dielectric dielectric
boundary?
When a plane wave is incident obliquely on the surface of a perfect dielectric part of the
energy is transmitted and part of it is reflected .But in this case the transmitted wave will
be refracted, that is the direction of propagation is altered.

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72.What is the expression for energy stored in a magnetic field?

W = LI2

73.What is energy density in magnetic field?

W = H2

74.Distinguish between solenoid and toroid.

Solenoid is a cylindrically shaped coil consisting of a large number of closely spaced
turns of insulated wire wound usually on a non magnetic frame.
If a long slender solenoid is bent into the form of a ring and there by closed on itself it
becomes a toroid.

75.Describe what are the sources of electric field and magnetic field?
Stationary charges produce electric field that are constant in time, hence the term
electrostatics. Moving charges produce magnetic fields hence the term magnetostatics.

76.What are the significant physical differences between Poisson s and laplace s
equations.
Poisson s and laplace s equations are useful for determining the electrostatic potential
V in regions whose boundaries are known.
When the region of interest contains charges poissons equation can be used to find the
potential.
When the region is free from charge laplace equation is used to find the potential.
77.State Divergence Theorem.
The integral of the divergence of a vector over a volume v is equal to the surface integral
o f the normal component of the vector over the surface bounded by the volume.

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78.Give the expression for electric field intensity due to a single shell of charge
E = Q / 4r2

79.Give the expression for potential between two spherical shells

V= 1/ 4 (Q1/a Q2/b)
80.Define electric dipole.
Electric dipole is nothing but two equal and opposite point charges separated by a finite
distance.

81.What is electrostatic force?

The force between any two particles due to existing charges is known as electrostatic
force, repulsive for like and attractive for unlike.

82.Define divergence.
The divergence of a vector F at any point is defined as the limit of its surface integral per
unit volume as the volume enclosed by the surface around the point shrinks to zero.

83.How is electric energy stored in a capacitor?

In a capacitor, the work done in charging a capacitor is stored in the form of electric
energy.

84.What are dielectrics?

Dielectrics are materials that may not conduct electricity through it but on applying
electric field induced charges are produced on its faces .The valence electron in atoms of
a dielectric are tightly bound to their nucleus.

85.What is a capacitor?
A capacitor is an electrical device composed of two conductors which are separated
through a dielectric medium and which can store equal and opposite charges ,independent
of whether other conductors in the system are charged or not.

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86.Define dielectric strength.

The dielectric strength of a dielectric is defined as the maximum value of electric field
that can b applied to the dielectric without its electric breakdown.

87.What meaning would you give to the capacitance of a single conductor?

A single conductor also possess capacitance. It is a capacitor whose one plate is at
infinity.

88.Why water has much greater dielectric constant than mica.?

Water has a much greater dielectric constant than mica .because water ha a permanent
dipole moment, while mica does not have.

89.What is lorentz force?

Lorentz force is the force experienced by the test charge .It is maximum if the direction
of movement of charge is perpendicular to the orientation of field lines.

90.Define magnetic moment.

Magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque on the loop per unit magnetic
induction.

91.Define inductance.
The inductance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the linking magnetic flux to the
current producing the flux.
L = N / I

92.What is main cause of eddy current?

The main cause of eddy current is that it produces ohmic power loss and causes local
heating.

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93.How can the eddy current losses be eliminated?

The eddy current losses can be eliminated by providing laminations. It can be proved
that the total eddy current power loss decreases as the number of laminations increases.

94.What is the fundamental difference between static electric and magnetic fild
lines?
There is a fundamental difference between static electric and magnetic field lines .The
tubes of electric flux originate and terminates on charges, whereas magnetic flux tubes
are continuous.

95.What are uniform plane waves?

Electromagnetic waves which consist of electric and magnetic fields that are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation and are uniform in plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation are known as uniform plane waves.
96.Write short notes on imperfect dielectrics.
A material is classified as an imperfect dielectrics for <<, that is conduction current
density is small in magnitude compared to the displacement current density.

97.What is the significant feature of wave propagation in an imperfect dielectric ?

The only significant feature of wave propagation in an imperfect dielectric compared to
that in a perfect dielectric is the attenuation undergone by the wave.

98.What is the major drawback of finite difference method?

The major drawback of finite difference method is its inability to handle curved
boundaries accurately.
99.What is method of images?
The replacement of the actual problem with boundaries by an enlarged region or with
image charges but no boundaries is called the method of images.

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100.When is method of images used?

Method of images is used in solving problems of one or more point charges in the
presence of boundary surfaces.

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Part-B
1.Find the electric field intensity of a straight uniformly charged wire of length Lm
and having a linear charge density of + C/m at any point at a distance of h m.
Hence deduce the expression for infinitely long conductor.

Hints: Field due to charge element is given by:

dE = di/ 4r 2
Ex= [cos 1+cos2] /4h
Ey= [sin 1-sin2] /4h
For infinitely long conductor

E = l /

4h

2.Derive the boundary relations for electric fields.

Hints:
i)The tangential component of the electric field is continuous at the surface
.Et1 = Et2
ii)The normal component of the electric flux density is continuous if there is no surface
charge density.
Dn1 = Dn2

3.Find the electric field intensity produced by a point charge distribution at

P(1,1,1)caused by four identical 3nC point charges located at P1(1,1,0)
P2(-1,1,0) P3(-1,-1,0) and P4(1,-1,0).

Hints:
Find the field intensity at P by using the formula
Ep = 1/4[( Q1/r1p 2 u1p ) +(q2/r2p 2 u2p) +(q3/r3p 2 u3p)+(q4/r4p 2 )u4p)]

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4.A circular disc of radius a m is charged with a charge density of C/m2 .Find the
electric field intensity at a point hm from the disc along its axis.
Hints:
Find the field due to the tangential and normal components
Total field is given by
E =s /2 [1-cos ]

5. Four positive charges of 109 C each are situated in the XY plane at points
(0,0) (0,1) (1,0) and (1,1).Find the electric field intensity and potential at
(1/2 ,1/2).

Hints:
Find the field intensity at point using the formula
E = Q / 4r2 ur
Find the potential at point using the formula
V = Q / 4r
Find the field intensity at the point due to all four charges by using the superposition
principle.

6. Given a electric field E = (-6y/x2 ) x + 6/x y + 5 z .Find the potential difference VAB
given A(-7,2,1) and B( 4,1,2)

Hint:
Find the potential using the formula v=-/E.dl and substitute the points

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7.Derive an expression for potential difference between two points in an electric

field.
Hint:
The potential difference between two points r1 and r2 is
V = V1 V2
V = Q / 4r1 _ Q / 4r 2

8.Find the magnetic flux density at a point Z on the axis of a circular loop of radius a
that carries a direct current I.

Hints:
The magnetic flux density at a point due to the current element is given by
dB = Idl / 4 r2
B = Ia2 / 2(a2 + z2 )3/2

9.Determine the force per meter length between two long parallel wires A and B
separated by 5cm in air and carrying currents of 40A in the same direction.

Hints:

Calculate the force per metre length using the formula

F/L = I1 I2 / 2 d
In the same direction force is attractive.

10.Derive an expression for magnetic vector potential.

Hint:

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magnetic vector potential is

A = / 4 ///J / r dv

11.Derive the magnetic boundary relations.

i)The tangential component of the magnetic field is continuous across the boundary
.Ht1 = Ht2
ii)The normal component of the magnetic flux density is continuous across the boundary
Dn1 = Dn2

12.Find the magnetic field intensity at a distance hm above an infinite straight wire
carrying a steady current I.

Hints:
The magnetic flux density is calculated starting from Biot savarts law.
The magnetic flux density at any point due to aninfinite long conductor is given by
B = I / 2 d

13.Two conducting concentric spherical shells with radii a and b are at potentials V0
and 0 respectively. Determine the capacitance of the capacitor.

Hint:
Derive the capacitance between concentric spheres using the formula
C = Q /V
= 4 [ ab /(b-a) ]

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14State and derive an expression for Poyntings theorem.

Hints:
The net power flowing out of a given volume v is equal to the time rate of decrease of the
energy stored within the volume minus the conduction losses.

15.Find the forces /length between two long straight parallel conductors carrying a
current of 10A in the same direction. A distance of 0.2m separates the conductors.
Also find the force/length when the conductors carry currents in opposite directions.
Hints:

Calculate the force per metre length using the formula

F/L = I1 I2 / 2 d
In opposite direction force is repulsive

16 Derive an expression for torque acting on a loop.

Hints
:When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field forces act on the loop that
tends to rotate the tangential force times the radial distance at which it acts is
calledtorque or mechanicl moment of the loop.
T=mXB

17.Derive an expression for energy and energy density in a electric field.

Energy =CV2 /2
Energy density = E2 /2

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18. .Derive an expression for energy and energy density in a magnetic field.
Energy =LI2 /2
Energy density = H2 /2

19.Derive all the maxwells equations.

Hints:
i)Maxwells equation from electric Gauss law.
ii) Maxwells equation from magnetic Gauss law.
iii)Maxwells equation from Amperes law.
iv) Maxwells equation from Faradays law.

20.Derive an expression for displacement, conduction current densities. Also obtain an

expression for continuity current relations
Hints:
Displacement current density Jd = E/t
Conduction current density Jcond = E

21.Derive the general Electromagnetic wave equation.

Hint:
Starting from the maxwells equation from Faradays law and Amperes law derive the
Equation

E - ( E/ t )- (2 E/t2 )

22.Briefly explain reflection by a perfect dielectric when a wave is incident normally on a

perfect dielectric and derive expression for reflection coefficient.
Hints:
When a plane electromagnetic wave is incident on the surface of aperfect dielectric part
of the energy is transmitted and part of it is reflected.

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Er / Ei = ( 2 1) /( 2 + 1)

23. Briefly explain reflection by a perfect dielectric when a wave is incident normally on
a perfect conductor.

Hints
:When the plane wave is incident normally upon the surface of a perfect conductor the
wave is entirely reflected. Since there can be no loss within a perfect conductor none of
the energy is absorbed.
E (x,t) = 2Ei sinx sin t

24. Derive the relation between field theory and circuit theory for an RLC series circuit.
Hints :
Starting from field theory erquation for a series RLC circuit derive the circuit equation
V= IR + L dI/dt +(1 /C) / Idt

25.State and explain Faradays and Lenzs law of induction and derive maxwells equation.

Hints:
The total emf induced in a circuit is equal to the time rate of decrease of the total
magnetic flux linking the circuit.
X E = -B/ t

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