Hurakshetr.: Improving Rural Infrastructute
Hurakshetr.: Improving Rural Infrastructute
Hurakshetr.: Improving Rural Infrastructute
)
)
Hurakshetr.
Vol. XXXI
No. 21
,.
Re. 1
"
..,
A numb:r of water.borne
and allied diseases have
b~n brou3'ht under ccntrol
by
constructing
pucca
w~l1s in the Tural areas.
Drinking water
Till the Fourth Plan period, rural water
-J
Welfare Programmes
and were
In 1972-73, the
lVQS
to the
backward classes'.
Editorial
vol, XXXI..
No. 21
August 1. 1983"
Sra"nna .10, 1905
T"HE"'RA-F:ID"DEVf.LOPMEN:V
".
Hurukshetra
. 'since independence
disquicting
[ealure-s.
our rural
society
. dependence
While
Indian
Pro~erbial
to
their
to decide
of electricity.
of
growing
continues
supply
agriculture
self-sufficicncy
of urban
inbnsoon
,farmers,
of
inputs.
the fate
qf the'
diesel, iertilizers,
Pesti-
,.
CONTENTS
4
on outside
Another
12
EXPERIMENT
CAN TEACH
us A LOT
A FORUM TO RALLY
YOUTH I'OWI<:R'
G. S. Sangha and Aiit Singh Dhw""iw
17
rcsulti,Tlg from
and
in.
increase
regional"
from
DAL:
jmbalances.
JUNE.J,I
N. N.
SHARMA
SUB-t:mTOR
PARA~IJEET
G.
SINGH
. If'
COVER'. '
M: M.
PARMAR
Editorial
~--_
..--~,--------~---~~-
SINGLE COPY:
Re. I
.;are
tensions
: socio-cc~:lIlomic
tural'
areas,
of
"India,
The
answer
opines
no .doubt
Jies
.br. Y. K.R':Y.
the former
in
the
rural developmc~t,-
Rao~
'~jn-a~t~.._1\~,i.ris~
JC(l((~rtiek-
("If
:-this,
on'
impl,e'men'~jr:g-lt
.working. for
'diversification,.of-
crc~tio'n-of
,e~9nomic
-0f .rural
. in
the
in,dti~trial
rtl'ral.
"educa-
Rural.
urban
.products
agricu1tutalgrowth.
Enqufrie."l
-smaU ~~nd
This has
,ASSn:. EDITOR,
(MRS.)
labnurers;
lcft out'
ter.
.
of
sediorys~-of:,the.
~rib~ni,i~nt.cc~n'6;)iist:"and
RATNA
section
'(MRS)
programmes
m3rgiI;~11 farnlcrs
EDITOR
main
like landless
The
di~quieting'- features','
the growth
the'. villages
In
rural- community
Soniethin~
19
feature
':is gro.wingincquality
L V. 'Hirevenka"(iXUlld.a~"
YUV
of farmers
A: R. PATEL
'PUERLA
disturbing
of agriculture
beneficiaries
the depel1clence
factors.
intcgratecl.
with
of
their
,.
'/
f
,
Improving
rural infrastructure
..
V.K.R.V. RAO'
,
INDIA
of
Inaugural~ddress
to Fullbright f;cminar
-beill recently.
; .
_-
<:'0
'.
'
..
.'
'
t~
~-
'_
'
.
KURUKSHETRA
Sciences;
.' .:
August 1. 1983
among the rural population bascd on the unequal distribution of irrigation facilities and its resulting consequences on the extent of adoption of modern agricultLirai'practiecs. Agricultural' stratcgy for the nonirrigablc arcas of thc 'country still rcmains to be cvolved, and to be adopted even to the extent it has been
evolved.
It is. not only thc irrigatcd arcas that arc facing thc
energy problem. All the rural arcas' in the couhtry arc
facing the problem of encrgy for ,their fuel supplies,
and 'obtairLingwater fo, drinking purposes, let alone
for bathing. Dependence on oil' is expensive while
dependence on hydel energy is accomparLiedby uncertainty. While unCertainty has thus increased even
in' the irrigate'd areas, the natural uncertainty in the
non-irrigated areas has been compounded, by the effect
of the fuel demand on the' population of trees and
adj9ining forests and consequent iIicrease in liability
to drought. ' Energy has now become a vital problem
in the realm of rural development, both in the irrigated and unirrigate4 are~s and needs urgent action fur its
solution, What we needed is decentralised production
of rural energy based on locally available resources,
rather than energy from outside. Bio-gas, small hydropower, solar, and wind energy' are all possible alternatives for such local supplies and these could be worked together in an integrated fashion, arid reduce current'
dependence on electricity supplied through a grid or
,expensive diesel oil, obtained through 'domestic or
imported supplies. As pointed out by the Department
of Science and Technology of the, Government of India
"Iniegrated energy system take into aceount all facets
of the decentrillised rural energy problem and for
a~y given location, imd are based on an optimum
,matching of the needs with energy availability, parti-'
cularly renewable sources. An integrated energy
, system takes into consideration not only the ' energy
need patterns; availability of' local energy resources,
but also the cultural and social habits of the people.
The intermittent and diffuse nature of some of the
single sources such as solar, wind or bio-gas can. pose
major problems in their effective utilisation. However,
mixing a' number of sucb sources to !TIeetthe specific
requirements of a rural community, 'can 'help to
allcviate this pmblem, at the sante time improve total
system efficiency and reliability. However, since local'
skills in rural areas are limited the' technologics
. employed in nitegrated energy systcms should: as far
as possiblc,' be simple and require low maintenance.
The integrated energy systems could provide lighting ,
for houses and streets; fuel for cooking' and heating
. water; m~chanicalpower for pumping wa'ter for ir~igation and drinking; drying of crops; chilling; mccha- '
nical power and electricity for rural industry; and, low
'grade heat for, coHage industry." The problem has
been well put, but a great deal of work ha~ to be done'
5
research-wise,
commercially, - and
organisationally,
before a nationally extensive programme on the lines
indicatcd can come into opcration.
Removing imbalan<;:es
needs to be launched for'making the rural areas habItable and viable and this cannot be done
merely
,through official machinery.
There is a growing cansciousnc~s about this need in the country, but_ what we '
,require is identifying of established institutions
like
schools, colleges, technical institutions, institutions of
higher learning and rcsearch~ sci.cntific and technolo.gic:.tl laboratories;
social service organisations
and
other .volunt:lTY associations of committed indi~liduals'
. with a vie\-v {o'. interest them in the process of rural
change and_ encourage and facilitate their ,playing an
active
role in rural . dcvelopment.
The crux.of
the
matter ,is that unless Jiving conditions in rural fire-as
- become belter, ente,prise, skills and professionals will
. not go into rural areas and unless they do,thete
can
be no bloomI"ng of rural econom.ic activity> and we
cannot bring eritrepreneuraL skills for diversifying our
rural economy and jncreasing rural econ,omie viability
. for all tbe sections of the rural population; who today
either live in- a state of stagnation or are trying to find.
: Iheir way to urban areas:
DEVELOPMENT
has not succeeded
in removing imbalances in the Indi'an society.
While some sectiolls of the rural population have undoubtedly benefited, the,,, are large sccti.nns whose
economic and social status ,has not improved.
The
growing .impact of poverty and undcr..,employment jf
qat also unemployment in Tura] ai'ea-s is leading to the
transfer of the problem to urban areas;' and confli'cts'
of saci,a-economic character are also. bcgilliling
to
emerge in :nual areas.
Unless something is done to
promote decentralisation
of economic activity in the
country rural industrialisation,
and making the rural
areas a belter place to live in, Ji,diansociety
is going
"to be faccd wilh growing problems of inequality, conflicts and confrontation.
The 'rural voice is becoming
more powerful ill the Indian society as a result 'of the
.growth of India~n agriCllltnre and its modernisation~
Back to the vil1ages
but not that pali of the nlral voice, which has not beneHIS 's A GIGANTIC task. Solving the energy
profited from ~gricuJtural deyelopment.
The need for
blem
for
-the
rural
areas
by
the
method
suggested
integrateq rural development on a priority basis is well
in the extract I quoted from the note of the Department
. understood, bui_ impkmcnting it needs uecentraljsation~
of Science and Technology ~i1l also help
to make
clustering of villages for their integrated development,
rural
areas
a
bettcr
living
place
in
terms
o.r
'sanitaworking for creation of viable .rura~ commllll.ities, diver-.
tion,
hygiene
and
Jiving
conditions.
It
will
also
be
helpsification of economie- activity in ruraJ areas, upgradful
if
a
'back-to-the-villages
movement'
is
started
and
ing of rural industrial and technological skills,.ieform
retired
people
are
encouraged
to
go
and
'Jive
in
villages
of the ruml educational
system, and 'full utilisation
where the v can have a more active role and contri~
of'local
resources.
Rural.lndia
should not
_serve
bute
the' ;ichness of. their experience'to
developmnt
merely 'as a market for urban products nor should the
than staying in urban areas where they find no demand
rural beneficiaries of agi'icultural growth just get- inte... for their experience a.od where living conditions are
grated with their affluent counterparts .in the urban
becoming more andmme
difficult.
Giving a ruralareas and fail to make use oT tl}eir talent and resources
oriented slant to the inland tourist traffic wiU also help
for improving the rural environment and its economic
by expanding the rural market and in~reasing aware-
viability.
Soiue way has to be found for integrating
ness of ruml social reality by urban residents.
I
rural and urban areas and this cannot be'done unless
tll.ere i.s transfer of industrial activity to the rural areas~
All that J can say in conclusion is that developand residence ill rural. areas for professionals,. techniment of agriculture alone will not solve the rural pracians aud skilled peopie who cun serve to vitalise the
bl,em. Activities ained 'to agriculture
have a role,
niral environmdnt
and provide alternative sources of
as the Anand pattern of .dairy development has shown ...
activity to the rural population .. Beneficiaries from the
But in addition~' rural-industrhilisat.ion
and shifting of
~growth of agriculture and urban cons_umces
should
spole parts of the lndustrial activity from. the urban
spend their income in rural areas buying products of
areas' to rural areas and location of new industrial.actirural non-"gri~uItural
activity.
The Indian society is
vities in ru~al are-as ;fl'c also necessary.
Villages have
being profoundly -affected by the rural developme"t
to. be treated as places of residence by people 'who now
that is t<.~-kingplace; and if these effects are to provecome to the towns' and this implies again a general
beneficial then the rural-urban
contInuum' should bebetterment of conditions of .Ufe :in the villages,
Over
come much more of a reality, with small towns .becom- , and above tackling the problem of specific poverty
irig more important .and their activi,ties in ~regard tal
groups in the ruraI:areas, what -is needed is a gigantic
prodmition
spread over their .neighbouring
villages ..
. p'rogramme of developing infrastructure
of the .rural
All these cannot be done merely
by Govennuent.
. environment
an~ developmc.nt in terms of transport,
V,?l~nt~ry orglni.satioris have to play, a major --"rolea~
energy, h<.)llsing, living conditions and location of new
also d~dicated' individuals. who. are. prepared to spend
industries, and homes for retired people:' Whether this
their time for rural uplift.
A great new movement
(Contd. on p. (6)
GRICULTURAL
KURUKSHETRA
August,L
1983
IMPORTANCE
OF IRRIGATION
HE
Purposewise
-
and actegorywise-number
--------r-
Newly dugwells .
old
Deepening
of
wells
Electric Pumpsets
Diesel engines.
Plicca tJ.eld chan~le1s
Total
No ..
162 _
...
involving' an outlay
Small Farmers
(subsid;sed)
Medium Farmers
,-~--
Amount
No.
839-0
50
254 -5
No.
----
Amount
in thousands)
_._--- (Rs.
----_ .. ~
Large Farmers
Amount
Total
,---'--,
r-~-.-~
No_ -
39
223,-0
14
]8
79
27
500
50-0
465 -9
'145-8
7 -0
- 8.
No_
Amount
85.0
AI110unt
265
140 ,5
98
203
74
2900
mt.
640
257-0
1202 -7
405 -3
38-0
_.
G4 -- 170 -0
87 - - 525 -5
101.6
18
1500
20-0
8
15
22
17 -0
82-7
118 -7 .
mt.
331
mt.
1656 -I
95
471 -9
irrigation scheme
Small fanners
~urpos~
MINOR
'Table
to improve the
agricultural economy in Rajasthan hardly needs,
any emphasis. Inadequate and uneven- distribution or
, rainfall leading to scarci-tyconditions/drought are not
cd!)1IlIonin the ,state. There is 'one bad year during
the periOd of 4 to 5 years and -sometimes bad years
follow in succession in the district 'of Ajnier. To
overcome the problems of drought' in this distr,;ct.
. the minor irrigation scheme in the area of Panchayat
Samiti, .Masuda irrigation schem,,-.in Ajmer district was formulated by Bank of Baroda. The main' objective
of the scheme was toe~ploit the available groundHE
August I, 1983
163
20-0
128-6
~22:
40.2
7
900
H ,0
mt.-
891 -7
'284 -8
51
P_c.
3304'5
"
Table 2
and Categorywise
Under
subsidy
"
New wells
162
32
P
S
Ii
2'
64
13
'p
37
7
105
21 '
S'
Medium
, farmers
Large
Total
farmers'
Sub
total
212
42
(19 '0)
72
15
(20'0)
142
28
(19 '7)
39
8
14
3
18
3
,8
2
106
21
29
6
265
,53
(20)
98
20,
(20 '4)
277
55
(19 '8)
Visible impac
TOTAL AREA OF 1360 acres is held by 128 farmers. Out of the total area, 633.5 aeres of
land has now been brought under irrigation..-after investment. ' The area under, irrigation to total crop
area'stands at 46.58 percent. There has been an increase in the intensity- of cropping. The percentage
increase in the rabi cropping is 65S-rabi 'crops like
wheat, barley and gram )laye occupied more area. It
is heartening to note that there has been 39,2 percent
rise in per acre-productiviif:y of crops in general. Rabi
crop prodnctivity has increased 'uy 38.7 percent.
Productivity of different crops per acre has stepped
up by 17.87 percent in case of maize, 59.42 percent
in case of 'wheat, 20.48 percent in case of barley
and 96.67 percent in case of gram.
Non~
subsidy
50 '
10
A'
Population
Small farmers
Purpose
Sample,
Cropping intensitx
'W
,
Table 4
I
Cropping Intensity for Farmers .during Pre-and. PoSt-Investment
Period
(Area in acr~s)
Cate$ort!s
./ beneficiaries
Pre-Investment
Deepening
of old J~ells
Pumpsets
'-we'IIs
.2.70
4.80
4.67
4'47
4'55
7.99
10.05
8'20
13-07
14,0
'5'40
12.90
New
"
Medium farmers
Large farmers
(Figures in. pare~theses-'indicat;percentage
Post-investment
New
Deepening
of old ivells
wells
0.40
(33)
6 .82
(50)
13 .43
(64)
6.'40
(19)
4'82
(78)
5 .94
(33)
14.63
(46)
21.73 (55)
Pumpsets
5.75
(24)
10'03
(25)
14.86
(14) ,
22 .73
(76)
period)
is
-..
. Crop productivity
HE RESULTS
HAVE ALSO revealed that per a~r~
,
productivity of various kharif and rabi crops lias
increased during post-inV'Cstment period.
/.
Table 5
Per acre productivity
during
Pre
and Post~In\'estment
Period
(Yield
-,----~--~~--~-----,-~-------~--~---
-'--------_.
Categories of bel1ejidaries
Pre-investment
New
wells
Small Farmers.(subsidy)
Post.investment.
New
weils
Deepining
of old
.. welfs
we/ls
5 .27
4 '59
5 'JO
'6 .07
(K)
(iC)
(K)
(K)
5.19
(39)
6.53
(15) ..
'9 .32
4.58
8 '13
(R) .
(R)
3 .90
.4 .35
4.84
(K)
(K)
(K)
5.57
(R)
(R)
3 .39
(R)
2 '85.
(R)
(R)
(46)
5 ..13
(K)
(K)
(26)
6.67
(6)
5.87
4 '81
(K)
, (23)
5 .60 -
(R)
3 .83
(K)
(K)
(K)
(K),
'(R).
..,3 .01
Large Farmers
(R)
.4.64
(K).
2.99
(R)
(R)
3 .05
4.95 .
(K)
"
2.20
(R)
4.92
(R)
5 -49
(34)
7.96
(R)
..(86)
4 '59
(51)
6.10
(R)
(23)
5,96
crop
Rabi G:rop
(F!gw:cs i~ parc.nthcsc~ indicate
4.19
. (K)
(37)
7 :44
(R)
(51)
6 .56
(K)
(K)
(K)
6.02
(52)
6.39
(28)
4.20
(19)
7 '36
(R)
(R)
(R)
(R)
(91)
(22)
= Kharif
=
percentage
increase
over
(R)
(73)
.. (K)
(113)
K
R
(K)
"(40)
7'59
(15)
5.50
3.15
. 4 .29
(R)
(20)
.4.77
(K)
6.42
(43)
(34)
Farmers
Pumpsets
of old
(K)
4.18
Medium
Deepening
3 .6,7
(R)
Small Farmers (Nonwsubsidy)
in quintals/acre)
---------
pre-investment
period)
August 1. 1983
-.
"
N~ In~~1
,',
,
netincremental,~c~e
. 'per farmer has mdeed mcreased because of trnga.tiohfacilities,'
:.
,.,,',,'..
OT~
Table 6
FARM'OU:'pUT~d
. ,
~m:ouie
Per Farwer during ~re- aDd .~ost:'~vestment
p~o~
(Amount in Rs.)
..
- tC~tegorie8
Small Farmers(Subsidy) ,
Small Fai:mers (Non-subsidy)
Medium Fanners'
/ '
. LarseFarmers ,
-New
Deepening
ells
,
of old
' .lls
804
1713
2630
,I
294Q
1991
2818
1322
,1896,
period isaciditional
Posl.investment/
Pumpsets
2614
3783.
3899
. 4247
New
Deepening
ells
, of old "
.-lls
' 1436
1346
2953
4587'
1260
3304
,4035
902
Pu"!psets.
2216
2367
3027 ..
3648', '
period ..
"
'.
',',
' fore asystem'~houldbe evolvoowherebythese f:ume~
,
espec~ysmall.farmers
are gmdedio iIsetherr pump...
,sets to the optimum level iuid they i# their !leisrepaITed
The study further shoWs that while the bank has
atreasonabie Cost This will reduce the cost of
not taken a rigid <:>rstiff attitude' iIi accepting 'llie.
'production:..
'
.
revised.cost-!ltnic~e for siDking of wells anddisburs"
ingthe 'exact requirements of funds for this purPose, ,
"The baianCed,use of pliint-nufrieriis should be lidvo-. _
the farmers should have been motivated to secure
. caled btl the basis' of soil-ahalysisrepOrt of individual,
the crop loan for .cultivatio~ 'Ofvarious crops fln Scienti'ftekls;,o l.~to reduce the, cost of tirodnction' as also
,fic lines iliId term ioan for Undertaking the on-farin
fuailitaiJi ti)e optim,uD:ifehi1it)i ievel of the soil for crop
~,
_ deyelop\nent works, Of cOuiSe, tliis =iull'es- it close
production, indiViduiUfarmplilllSiuid fami-bUdgeting
, coordination ofeOOPeratives;6ervice sOCietieS, e:xten"
iii viewbf til" fainIers reSources ,should ~ prepared
sion agency; iflput deal!trs and the Bank. ,The study
f6'r'optiriiuriI r~ifun on -tlie mvestiiient. 'The Groulid
in respect of. running .exp<;nses' of 'pumpgets has
Wilter SiIrveyDq;artment should' UiidettiJ.keasainple'
revealed that ori an average the snlall farmers have run
.,:survey of the' weIis Willi.regard ,to the' seasonality "0('
, the pumpsets (diesel) for 200 day~ (i 600 hours) and ana fai'ineiS be gwdoo
respect of chariges in
. electric pumpsets for 180 days (900hours),i1ie
cost'
iile ciO~pingpattern iii liglit;ofthi'" 'The wOrk of tlfe
'of dies~l and .electriciiy Per ~g
hour works,'out to
!J bI1e@bnof aceuratedlita fe1aiihg to tIre COSt<if<,tiltiRS. 1,45 and 0.92 respectively: Themedi'!ffi fimners - vallo';, hIpuls usoo, diesel/electricity consumed, yield /
have'run the electric. pumpsets. for' 220 days (1200
realised iind vaIue of priidiid, received s1i6tildbe uriderhOurs) with 'a Rs. 0:94 cost ofelectricity per hour. In
takeiiOOiliiiuioilsjyso as ~'liave Ii clear piCture of the
case of large flifmers,the diesel .imd electric pumpsets .
!,,~estn:>ent,return and the repaying capacity of the
have run fur 240 days, (1440 hours) and 270 days
farmerS: ' .
,!? '
'
,w..ter
in
"
. KURUKSHETRA
AugustA; -1'983
11.
.,
.,
.-,..
"
,.
"W"
;
"'-
'-
"..-
...
.-. -
c~n'"
Puebla experiment'
teach us a lot
.-
'
I:!
'
'".
Puebla proje~t-:-,objectives ,.
T
suggested the following tmllgs for
. ' .. effectwe performance of the project. The regional
HE . P~ANNERS
.\
. Agronomic Resear~h.-Agronomic
research serves
the regional programme in testing the performance
of crop yarieties, and in determining the appropriate,
packages of productiou pracliices for different conditions in the area .. In general, the amount ,elfresearch:
required is proportional to the ecological' variability
in the area. . For example, more research will be
required in rainfea areas where the frequency and iu'tensity of drouglit ;Ire high' and variable within iind
among years, than in areas with irrigation or very
favourable' rainfall. Major stePs in conducting agrono->mic reSearch are as follows:'
, , .
.
Radio and pamphlets : Particularly, lIserul iii ,con/ vipcing the moie advan~
farmers to use I,the new
technology.' Television and newspapers, were little
used in Puebla as they reach a very SIIllillrraction of
the rural population;
.
"
I.
(a) Gather and evaluate materials and information related. to the technology used by the farmers
in the area.
'"
'.
'I
to
(b) ArulIyze existing techJiology. for modificationsthat, ate most likely to 'produce increases in'
production and het inconte~' and list in order of
priority the technological questions for investigation.
.
,(c) Plan and eatry. out field trials based on'
, above priorities, taking into account the ecological
diversity of the area.
'
"
.'
Interchange of farmer groups :, Farmers of one vil)age invited farmers from other villages to \visit,
their plantings during the crop-growing season. Farmers from ihe different villages exchanged experiehces
about maize production and other farming and rlonfarming activities; , The
technician accompanied 1,the
,
farmers on a walking ~our of several adjoining fields,
Deficiencies and favourable. aspects of each p1antling
'were
pointed' oilt and
discussed. ,These .group ,inter.
I
changes contributed, to a better understandingj of
maize production and also generated discussion about
many other activities. ' ,
' \
..
(~) Estimate the risks farmers take.;u using different levels of costly inputS, using the information
that is available on climatit variability and the
iii prices.
at
ADEQUATE
.',
'
'.
l:i \
I
1
I.
by: .
Organization ~f farmers illlo groups: .Indivi. dual small' farmers normally carniot qualify for
credit from a public or private bank. However, a
properly organized group of small farmers can
qualify. 'fl{us, in addition to promoting the new
'technology,. technicians encouraged farmers who
needed credit to organize into groups.. Information was provided about orgimizatiomil requirements to obtain credit from different inStitutions.
both before deciding on .a' course of action. The pre), jCc!.ce)-otdinator wol11dthen take the iuitiative in
promoting the necessary .action for bringing about
cHange.
.
Socio-economic evaluations
RESPONSIBiLITY
LEADERS
t------~-~--~---~l--
II
It can be ,argued that the function of evaluating progress in an agricultural programm~ should be assigncd
an outside agency, Regardless of how this, evaluation function is handled" however, it is necessary thaLa
the soeio-economic data collected' in the surveys be
made available to the programme evaluator as promptly as possible.
to
. Co-ordination
ERHAPS
THE"
MOS'[
C(J~lPLEX
function in a regional
t~r
,Technical backing
MEMBERSin"~ regional agricuItural
T RESTATE
programme should interact on a continuing basis
with liighly trained and experienced technieians who are
active in their respective fields. The field staff. Will
nornially be composed of capable young people. with
, good' fundamental preparation but with little specia-,
Jised training or previous experience. These young
technicians will need guidance from m9re experie:nced .
people in prepatjng detailed plans of operation, selecting the best procedures for their work, resolvmg soc\aI
and technical problems that arise during the execution
.of programmes,
and analysing
and
interpreting
the
In Puebla, the project staff received techr\ical assistance from specialists at the Graduate College at'
Chapin go and Cimmyt, and from -a sociologist work
KURDKSHETRA
"
August I, 1983
iI,lg,!,1!lt~,"p'
r~.'ate organisation. Co~ntries tJ, t choose
to undertake regional agricultural programm?s o~the
Puebla type wiJ[ need to develop a group pf highly
trained and experieltced technicians who cari provide
backing to the staffs in 'the regional programnies, ,Initially, this technical bae,k stopp~ng might be pr~vid'ed by
'crops -of experts, from another country that fe fannliar with local problem~, ,As the regional programmes,
staffs in a country become morc experienced, however,
the country can organise its awn team of ltechriical
advisors. Thc advisory team should be a part of the
n'ational researcH and extension .organiZation I or of a
natio~aI institution of higher educlltion J11'agricul~upe.
It is expected that the team of advisors will both provide "assis.tance to prOl!ramme -teams and p~rticipate
in the training of staff for su-.::hprogrammek
.
<,
"
'
'."
Again, it is
I '
'
','
I,
'
UCCESSFULREGIONALAGRrCULTURAL
programmes
require a dedication of time and effort by'ihe staff
for above that necessary in most technical and professional careers,
du'e to the
large
number
of- fanhers
and
.
.
.
.
_
.
I
groups served. The personnel selected. for tliese prograntine,
should. be highly
niotivatedto
knbw
and
.-
.
j,
understand the farmer;'his family, and:community, and
to assist them'to in\prove their production, neh,icome,
and general welfare.
"
~
In addition, the team members ' of, a small ,fatrner
programme should have personalities enabling them io '
gain and hold the confidence of the farmers and to,
'~work harmoniously with their' co-workers! They
shouM have the academic background and dpability
for ,'rapidly learning the technology corresponding "to
their jobs, 'for applying this knowledge effecti~eJy, and
for identifying new problems and proposing Jays to'
,solve dIem.
, New team members should be instructed in th'e
, general aspects of the programme (philosophy, objectives, .
characteristics of the area, accomplishments, etb.) and
the specific techniques' that each . will emplot, in his
particular part of !he undertaking.. Soine of thjs training can be giv'cn in formal classes and discussibns al-'
'though most of ,it sh6uldbe dOne in the field, i-ith the
trainees assuming direct responsibility ,in th~ programme (closely supervised by experienced pebple).
"
'.
..
15
t"
tncentlves
principal incentives for yonng profesO, nals to particilPate
in small farmer programmes
N OF THE
t d) Opportunities
--' ---'
.contd, from p. 6. ,
will be' done in time to prevent conflict mid confrontation growing worse, is a matter. on which it is. not pos~
sible to make a categorical forecast. . But certainly,
J 'can say' that improvingi"urul transport, solutions to
1.6
,
the problem of rural encrgy, and creation of better
living condiiions in villages are all essential~teps' to
solving the, problem of ',ural India ,'and making an
iiJtegrated umt of rui"u] and urban Indian Society.
.'
KURUKSHETRA
Augus~ L 1983
------~-------,.--------II-
('/
"
, "
problems,
One of the
I problems is the many
unemployment in the educated,
NDIA
IS FACING
'A
Methodology
KNOWLEDGE
TEST comprising of 40 statements to
measure the knowledge of Yuv Dal members re-'
garding the constitution -ofYuv Dais, technical subjectmatter- and general itIf0IJ11ation regarding the ,working
of Yuv Dais was developed. To record, the back.
,I
Jl
the mem-
~n all 554 yuvak and'yuvtl dal members p!lrticipated in the 11th Youth Rally and 78 from th m appear,
cd --in comprehension examination. From these 78
youthniembers the data for the present hudy was
coJlected.
'
,I
']Findings
"
__
'
j ",
'
4
About one-half ( 48.72 per cent) of t~e respondents
~erc ,the office-bearers and remainin~ 51.28 per
cent were the ordinary members of their juv daIs.
-,;.
".
I,
8
. A strong majority (i.e. ;91.03 per cent). of the
respondents perceived the youth programmes 'very.
much useful' and .8.9'7per. cent perceived 'somewhat
useful' iu their future life.
7
.'
:.
by
_ ~
the ynv dal members about the various aspects of youth programme
Knowledge
regarding
- Level of kllqw{edge
0/
constitution
.Yuv DaIs
Genera?
ill/ormation'
. regarding the
Youth
(%o!
,.
10 .25
61 .53
28 :22
------------------------~------
OTHER
Projects.
.
No.
Proje"et
"~getable
"Production
, 2.'Ftuit "Gro\ving
3. Calf Rearing .
4. poultry Keeping
.5. Doll Making .
6. 'Sewing
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Envelope Makin"g
Knitting
Bobk Binding
Soap Making.
Basket Making
12. Candle
Making
(%0/
"(respondents) "
(respondents)
. _
35.88
46 .18
17.94
22.21
54.54
24 '36
------_._------
Individual
Sl.
(resp"onde.,its)
malter':
(%o!
20.50
5i .59
26.91.
Overall
knowledge
(% of
HAND
Table
-Tec1micd'
. Subject-
Programme
::.I'~spondents)
"Low
"Medium"
High
Knowledge
regarding -;'
Respondents
~". Sr.
(%)
No.
32 '05
7:69
7'69'
I
--- ---------
Group
PrOjects'
~rojec~
Respondell't
(%)
1. "Social S~rvice
2. Fruits & Vegetables Preservation
3. Co--op. Stationary Store.
S '97
3.85
1 .28
6.41.
. 6 .41
5.]3
5.13 .
3 .85
3 '85
2.56
.2 '56
2"28
Con/d. on,page 21
is
,.--.. ,
,/
"
I
\
I
I
"
T./ley
the .way
SilO \V
0/
',ural development
indivi-
Qlld
duaL,., There is /lardly an argument over the fact that dedicaeion and zeal to
put in hard work can a.chieve "anything. And one achievelllcnt
the way to others
fie/dso
people.'
."
readers
.'.
:- .
in the
loot, other can benefit by them to usher in a' be'ller life for our rurul
(Editor)
KURUKSHETRA
,
"
"
August 1, 198'3
,I
I
I
I .
,'-B.
,
'
K. REcinE
,
\ 19
there
Kr::shnan,
caste, owning a bakery in
. District) in Keral';.,.
I of Kiihengila
F
THERE
IS A WILL,
Krishnan failed in pre-degree as he could not concentrate in his studies due to his father being a T.B ..
patient. His brother is working in the fields as a daily
labourer to'maintain tbe family. It. is at this time
Krishnan happeileo to meet tbe Village Extension Officer of Tanur Block. Krishnan, being a member .of
the identified family for assistance under Integrated
Rural Development Programme was selected for Train~
ing under'TRYSEM
(Training of Rural Youth for'
. Self-employment) and sent to Extension
Training
Centre, Taliparamba. As Krishll<ln wa"ted' to.' establisha bakery of his own in his village, he studie~ all
aspects of baking during the six months of intensive
traiuing.
Training is alright But how can he start bakery:
of 'his .own ? He is aged twentycight and his family
is not in a position to raise money' for the venture.
Reach-
a boon as it
WiiS
Krishmlll is an exam-:
pIe to the rural. poor iR the area who can now look at .
TR YSEM with hope.
-E. VASU
Uttukushi, Trivandrum
~-;-'.
Thorough
training in
baking is imparted at
the" Extension Training
Centre. Taliparamba
20
O~E
VILLAGERS,
Spawn ~lture.
'.
'.
'I ..
week for
thf.gE.rm
layers.
..
After making
three holes
!ll
the bottl~m ~f
IS
spnnkle9
and
-Press
"I
I
I
II
\
Conclusion
Imembers. were
f IS
CONCLUDED
I,
I
I
I
KURUKSHETRA
,
21
August
1, 1983
.
1
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"
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* .
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... *
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..
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S
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w.
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~
~
/'I<,
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~
..~
MAHATMA
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22
"
.;.
KUltUKSHEt'RA
.
:."
'.'
'..
'(
.~
I
August"!' 1983
'
,.
'<.
to .
irl
Drinking
water
Water is th~ basic need for human survival as it is for the growing crops and keeping' cattle~wealth
on which the rural economy depends. To reach safe drinking water to -all our villages has been a
constan'! endeavour of alir development programmes.
Emphasising the importance-of safe drinking wafer, the World Health Organisation has declared
the decade oj 1981-90 as 'International Drinking Water and .Sanitation Decade' .. The efforts
are affoot /0 provide protected water to all by the end oj tlzis decade.
(Licensed IIIlIItt U(DN)-54 to post without prepayment at Civil Lines Post Office, Delhi) .
RN 702/5'
..
",
"
...
"
.'
DriBking water
By March 1980, about 95.000 problem villages have been provided
It is proposed to provide at least one sourceof drinking water in all the
villages during the Sixth Plan. Gredter importance has been given to
drinking water and it is hoped to cover all the identijiedvillages by 1985
[n the Sixth Plan provision of Rs. 2154 crores has been made for Water supply and sanitation and tilis
forms 55 per cent of the total provision of Rs. 3922 croresfor this purpose:
.
- PUBLISHED BY THE
ANn. PRINTED-'-By.~.tHE
BUSINESS
\
MANAGER:
DIRECTOR, PUBLICATIONS
!1ANAGER,
GOVERNMENT
s. i.. JAISWAL,
DIVISION, NEW
DELHI-llOOOl,
OF INDIA PRESS,
ASSlT .. DIRECTOR
FARIDABAD.