SQL Hands On

CS457 - DATA MODELING AND
IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Week 2 Lecture ( Chapter 1 2)
Laura Lo
AGENDA
Using
SQL*Plus
Examples of Creating Tables
Examples to retrieve info from database
tables
Null Values & Comparing Values in SQL
Using SQL Operators
CREATE SAMPLE DATABASE

In
this course you need some information held in your

schema includes:
Customer details
Types of products sold
Product details
A history of the products purchased by the customers
Employees of the store
Salary grades
CREATE SAMPLE DATABASE

The
following tables are used to hold the information:

customers holds the customer details.
product_types holds the types of products sold by the
store.
products holds the product details.
purchases holds which products were purchased by
which customers.
employees holds the employee details.
salary_grades holds the salary grade details.
THE CUSTOMERS TABLE

The
customers table holds the details of the

customers. The following items are held in this
table:
First name
Last name
Date of birth (dob)
Phone number
THE CUSTOMERS TABLE

Each
of these items requires a column in the

customers table. The customers table is created
using the following CREATE TABLE statement:
DESCRIBE
You
can see columns information using the

SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command. The following
example DESCRIBEs the customers table:
ADDING A ROW TO A TABLE

You
use the INSERT statement to add new rows

to a table. You can specify the following
information in an INSERT statement:
The table into which the row is to be inserted
A list of columns for which you want to specify
column values
A list of values to store in the specified columns

The
following INSERT statement adds a row to the

customers table. The order of values in the VALUES list
matches the order in which the columns are specified in
the column list:
SQL> INSERT INTO customers (
customer_id, first_name, last_name, dob, phone)
VALUES ( 6, 'Fred', 'Brown', '01-JAN-1970', '800-5551215' );
1 row created.

SQL*Plus
responds that one row has been created after

the INSERT statement is executed. You can verify this
by running the following SELECT statement:
MODIFYING AN EXISTING ROW IN A

TABLE
You
use the UPDATE statement to change rows in a

table. Normally, when you use the UPDATE statement,
you specify the following information:
The table containing the rows that are to be changed
A list of column names, along with their new values,
specified using the SET clause
A WHERE clause that specifies the rows that are to be
changed

TABLE
You
can change one or more rows using the same

UPDATE statement. If more than one row is specified,
the same change will be made for all the rows. The
following example updates customer #2s last_name to
Orange:
UPDATE customers
SET last_name = 'Orange'
WHERE customer_id = 2;
1 row updated.

TABLE
The
following query confirms the update worked:
REMOVING A ROW FROM A TABLE

You
use the DELETE statement to remove rows

from a table. You typically use a WHERE clause to
limit the rows you wish to delete; if you dont, all
the rows will be deleted from the table.
The following DELETE statement removes
customer #2:
DELETE FROM customers
WHERE customer_id = 2;
1 row deleted.
REMOVING A ROW FROM A TABLE

To
undo the changes youve made to the rows, you

use ROLLBACK:
ROLLBACK;
Rollback complete.
Go
ahead and run the ROLLBACK to undo any

changes youve made so far. That way, your results
will match those shown in subsequent chapters.
NOTE
You can make changes to rows permanent using
COMMIT.
RETRIEVING INFORMATION
FROM DATABASE TABLES
Retrieve
information from one or more

database tables using SELECT statements
Use arithmetic expressions to perform
calculations
Limit the retrieval of rows to just those you
are interested in using a WHERE clause
Sort the rows retrieved from a table
PERFORMING SINGLE TABLE SELECT

STATEMENTS
You
use the SELECT statement to

retrieve information from database tables.
SPECIFYING ROWS TO RETRIEVE USING

THE WHERE CLAUSE
You
use the WHERE clause in a query to

specify the rows you want to retrieve.
SELECT list of items
FROM list of tables
WHERE list of conditions;
ROW NUMBERS
ROWNUM
result set.
returns the row number in a
USING COLUMNS IN ARITHMETIC
USING COLUMNS IN ARITHMETIC
USING COLUMN ALIASES

When
you select a column from a table, Oracle uses the

uppercase version of the column name as the header for
the column in the output.
When you use an expression, Oracle strips out the
spaces and uses the expression as the header.
USING COLUMN ALIASES

If
you want to use spaces and preserve the case of your

alias text, you must place the text within double
quotation marks (""):
COMBINING COLUMN OUTPUT USING

CONCATENATION
You
can combine the column values retrieved by a

query using concatenation, which allows you to create
more friendly and meaningful output.
NULL VALUES
A
null value is not a blank stringit is a distinct value. A

null value means the value for the column is unknown.
NULL VALUES
You
can check for null values using IS NULL in a query.

In the following example, customer #4 is retrieved because
its dob value is null:
NULL VALUES
Oracle
NVL() built-in function returns another value in

place of a null.
NVL() accepts two parameters: a column and the value to
be returned if the first parameter is null.
DISPLAYING DISTINCT ROWS

Suppose
you wanted to get the list of customers who

purchased products from our imaginary store. You can
get that list using the following query, which retrieves
the customer_id column from the purchases table:
COMPARING VALUES
The
following table lists the operators you can use

to compare values:
COMPARING VALUES
COMPARING VALUES
You
use the ANY operator in a WHERE clause to

compare a value with any of the values in a list. You must
place an =, <>, <, >, <=, or >= operator before ANY.
COMPARING VALUES
You
use the ALL operator in a WHERE clause to

compare a value with any of the values in a list. You must
place an =, <>, <, >, <=, or >= operator before ALL.
USING THE SQL OPERATORS

The
SQL operators allow you to limit rows based on

pattern matching of strings, lists of values, ranges of
values, and null values. The SQL operators are listed in
the following table:
USING THE SQL OPERATORS

You
can also use NOT to reverse the meaning of an

operator:
NOT LIKE
NOT IN
NOT BETWEEN
IS NOT NULL
IS
IS
NOT NAN
NOT INFINITE
USING THE LIKE OPERATOR

You
use the LIKE operator in a WHERE clause to search a

string for a pattern. You specify patterns using a combination
of normal characters and the following two wildcard
characters: (case sensitive)
Underscore (_) Matches one character in a specified position
Percent (%) Matches any number of characters beginning at
the specified position

Write
one SQL query to find employees with job title

started from Sales.
The
character after the ESCAPE tells the database how to

differentiate between characters to search for and wildcards,
and in the example the backslash character (\) is used.
USING THE IN OPERATOR

You
may use the IN operator in a WHERE clause to

retrieve the rows whose column value is in a list.

NOT
IN retrieves the rows not retrieved by IN:

NOT
IN returns false if a value in the list is null.

This is illustrated by the following query, which doesnt
return any rows because null is included in the list:
USING THE BETWEEN OPERATOR

You
may use the BETWEEN operator in a WHERE

clause to retrieve the rows whose column value is in a
specified range.
The range is inclusive, which means the values at both
ends of the range are included.
USING THE LOGICAL OPERATORS

The
logical operators allow you to limit rows based on

logical conditions. The logical operators are listed in the
following table:

The
following query illustrates the use of the AND

operator to retrieve the rows from the customers table
where both of the following conditions are true:
The
The
dob column is greater than January 1, 1970.

customer_id column is greater than 3.

The
next query illustrates the use of the OR operator to

retrieve rows from the customers table where either of the
following conditions is true:
The
The

customer_id column is greater than 3.
OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
If
you combine AND and OR in the same expression, the

AND operator takes precedence over the OR operator.
The following example retrieves the rows from the
customers table where either of the following two conditions
is true:
The

The customer_id column is less than 2 and the phone column
has 1211 at the end.
SORTING ROWS USING THE ORDER BY

CLAUSE
You
use the ORDER BY clause to sort the rows

retrieved by a query.

CLAUSE
By
default, ORDER BY sorts the columns in ascending

order (lower values appear first). You can use the DESC
keyword to sort the columns in descending order (higher
values appear first).

CLAUSE
You
can also use a column position number in the

ORDER BY clause to indicate which column to sort: Use
1 to sort by the first column selected, 2 to sort by the
second column selected, and so on.
Homework Assignment #2
Please refer to homework assignment #2 from
portal
Create Sample tables

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CS457 - DATA MODELING AND

CREATE SAMPLE DATABASE

this course you need some information held in your

CREATE SAMPLE DATABASE

following tables are used to hold the information:

THE CUSTOMERS TABLE

customers table holds the details of the

THE CUSTOMERS TABLE

of these items requires a column in the

can see columns information using the

ADDING A ROW TO A TABLE

use the INSERT statement to add new rows

ADDING A ROW TO A TABLE

following INSERT statement adds a row to the

ADDING A ROW TO A TABLE

responds that one row has been created after

MODIFYING AN EXISTING ROW IN A

use the UPDATE statement to change rows in a

MODIFYING AN EXISTING ROW IN A

can change one or more rows using the same

MODIFYING AN EXISTING ROW IN A

following query confirms the update worked:

REMOVING A ROW FROM A TABLE

use the DELETE statement to remove rows

REMOVING A ROW FROM A TABLE

undo the changes youve made to the rows, you

ahead and run the ROLLBACK to undo any

information from one or more

PERFORMING SINGLE TABLE SELECT

use the SELECT statement to

SPECIFYING ROWS TO RETRIEVE USING

use the WHERE clause in a query to

returns the row number in a

USING COLUMNS IN ARITHMETIC

USING COLUMNS IN ARITHMETIC

USING COLUMN ALIASES

you select a column from a table, Oracle uses the

USING COLUMN ALIASES

you want to use spaces and preserve the case of your

COMBINING COLUMN OUTPUT USING

can combine the column values retrieved by a

null value is not a blank stringit is a distinct value. A

can check for null values using IS NULL in a query.

NVL() built-in function returns another value in

DISPLAYING DISTINCT ROWS

you wanted to get the list of customers who

following table lists the operators you can use

use the ANY operator in a WHERE clause to

use the ALL operator in a WHERE clause to

USING THE SQL OPERATORS

SQL operators allow you to limit rows based on

USING THE SQL OPERATORS

can also use NOT to reverse the meaning of an

USING THE LIKE OPERATOR

use the LIKE operator in a WHERE clause to search a

USING THE LIKE OPERATOR

one SQL query to find employees with job title

USING THE LIKE OPERATOR