Designation: D 585 97 (Reapproved 2002)

An American National Standard

Standard Practice for

Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard,

Fiberboard, and Related Product1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 585; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

MIL-STD-105D Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes4

MIL-STD-414 Sampling Procedure and Table for Inspection by Variables for Percent Defective4

1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for obtaining a sample
to represent a lot of paper or paperboard, fiberboard, or related
product, including converted paper products (all hereafter
referred to as paper).
1.2 Prior to purchase, there should be agreement between
buyer and seller on the size of the lot to be sampled (5.1), on
details of the sampling procedure, the required physical and
chemical properties, dimensional tolerances, etc., and the test
methods to be employed.
1.3 Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, which provide useful,
statistical criteria for accepting individual lots of paper on the
basis of the number of defective test units, can assist the buyer
and the seller in selecting an agreed-upon sampling and
acceptance procedure.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance with
Terminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.5
4. Significance and Use
4.1 If a lot of paper is to be accepted or rejected on the basis
of a series of tests made on the paper, it is important to sample
the paper in a way that will give a test result that is
representative of the lot of paper.
5. Establishing the Lot
5.1 General ConsiderationsAvoid grouping together as a
lot batches of paper likely to differ significantly from each
other in raw materials or manufacture. If the shipment is small
or consists of a large number of batches, it may be uneconomical or impracticable to form lots conforming with the definition
(3.1). If this is the case, divide the shipment into portions, to be
designated sublots, in which each portion conforms to the
definition of lot. Before starting the sampling, obtain a complete understanding of the paper to be sampled, including the
composition and size of lots and sublots, rolls, skids, etc.
5.2 Location of Sampling:
5.2.1 Sampling at the Paper MillWhen paper is to be
delivered in large rolls or skids, if agreed, have the sample
taken at the paper mill and delivered to the purchaser for
examination and testing. Include in the purchase agreement a
definition of the number of rolls or skids constituting a lot and
details of the sampling procedure to ensure compliance with
the rules in selecting the sample in accordance with Section 6.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper and
Paperboard2
D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2
D 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side of
Paper2
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 186 Paper and BoardSampling for Testing3
2.3 Military Standards:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paper and
Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on Test
Methods.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published November 1998. Originally
approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as D 585 93.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.

4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
5
Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Technology Park, P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

D 585 97 (2002)
6.1.3 Rule 3: Take test units indiscriminatelyTake the
units without regard to their condition or quality but do not
sample the outermost sheets of a roll or skid. Also do not
sample from inner sheets that have been damaged by handling,
abrasion, etc., unless it is evident that similarly damaged areas
occur throughout the lot.
6.2 Compliance with Rules 2 and 3 may be assured in
accordance with the following procedure: Divide the lot or
sublot into locations (carloads, skids, cartons, etc.) in such a
way that each location contains an equal quantity of paper.
Assign a number to each location and select the locations to be
sampled by drawing numbers at random from a hat or from a
table or random numbers. Next assign and select the sublocations or areas within a location by the same procedure. In order
to minimize handling during sampling, observe the precautions
of Section 5.
6.2.1 When test units are to be taken from small rolls,
reams, bundles, cartons or shipping containers of completed
paper products, divide the lot or sublot into locations, etc.,
and proceed as described above.
6.2.2 When test units are to be taken from large rolls or
skids, divide the lot or sublot into locations and sublocations no smaller than a roll or unopenable skid (see 6.3.2),
assign and select numbers as described above, then proceed as
described in 6.3.

Especially indicate whether the sample was taken from mill

reels or from the finished rolls or skids.
5.2.2 Sampling in Transit or WarehouseIt may be necessary to take a sample at a dock or warehouse en route between
the supplier and the purchaser, especially for international
shipments or in referee sampling for testing. Sampling in
transit or warehouse can be quite expensive and should be
avoided whenever possible, because of the problem of resealing. Arranging to inspect the shipment prior to unloading is
recommended on inspection in transit. Establish the size of
each lot and determine which rolls or skids will be sampled,
and arrange to sample and reseal the rolls or skids as they are
loaded or unloaded to minimize additional handling. Obtain the
sample in accordance with Section 6.
5.2.3 Sampling After ReceiptThis type of sampling has
the obvious disadvantage of delaying evaluation of the shipment and of providing the least favorable conditions for
disposal of a rejected lot. Other considerations are the same as
above for sampling in transit.
5.3 Representativeness of the SampleThe test units of the
sample usually cannot be taken at random from anywhere
within a large roll or skid, but must be taken near the outer
layers so as not to destroy the roll or skid. If such test units are
regularly taken at the paper mill (5.2.1) and a reasonably
uniform quality of production is being maintained, then the test
units will, in the long run, be quite representative of average
production, even though not randomly selected and therefore
not representative from a statistical viewpoint. Such test
units, however, taken when the lot is in transit or warehouse
(5.2.2) or after receipt (5.2.3), cannot be said with certainty to
be representative of the shipment; for example, rolls shipped to
a customer may have been selected because their outer layers
met the customers specification, with no knowledge as to
whether properties vary from the outer layers to the core of the
roll. Such test units therefore may be neither random nor
representative, but they are all that is available to represent
the lot, which experience shows they do fairly well unless
nonuniform manufacture or aging has occurred.

NOTE 1In ISO and British Standards, the word reel is used for a
continuous sheet or board wound on a core and the word roll for the same
when wound without a core. In the United States, the distinction is
between the reel at the end of the paper machine and the rolls (with
or without the cores) made therefrom.

6.3 Large Rolls or Skids:

6.3.1 When taking a test unit from a large roll remove all
damaged layers from the outside of the roll and, in addition,
discard at least three undamaged layers for sheets having a
nominal grammage of less than 250 g/m2 or at least one
undamaged layer for heavier sheets. Cut the roll across its full
width and to a sufficient depth to enable the requisite number
of sheets to be taken. Let the cut sheets fall to each side and
remove the roll.
6.3.2 When taking a test unit from a skid or roll that may not
be opened at the time of sampling, cut a window 300 by 450
mm or larger if larger test specimens are required. Cut the
window with its longer side in the machine direction when this
is known, or if not known, mark Direction Unknown or
determine the machine direction using Test Method D 528 and
mark whether the machine direction is the short dimension or
long dimension. For paper that has been sheeted simultaneously from several rolls, take a sufficient number of adjacent
sheets to assure representation of all the rolls used. Cut the
sheets to sufficient depth to enable the requisite number of
sheets to be taken and remove them. Remove all outside sheets
that are damaged and, in addition, discard at least the three
outermost undamaged sheets for paper having a nominal
grammage less than 250 g/m2 or at least one outmost undamaged sheet of heavier paper. Vary the position of the window at
random among the skids or rolls from which test units are to be
drawn, making sure that the sides of the window are parallel to
those of the skid or to the roll edge and axis.

6. Selecting the Sample

6.1 Determine the area of paper required for each test unit
(see 3.3) and the number of test units required. Take a sample
consisting of the required number of test units in accordance
with a predetermined procedure, designed to eliminate deliberate selection of any particular area of paper (see X1.5), and
as far as practicable, conforming to the following rules:
6.1.1 Rule 1: Take test units in proportion to the sizes of the
sublotsWhen a lot divides naturally into sublots consisting of
discrete quantities such as carloads, pallet loads, rolls, etc., or
when certain portions of the lot differ from one another and are
segregated as sublots (5.1), take the test units in such a way
that the number of test units taken from a given sublot is
proportional to the size of the sublot.
6.1.2 Rule 2: Take the test units so that each area of paper
in the lot or sublot has an equal probability of being
selectedIt is recognized that difficulties of handling may not
permit the taking of test units from locations scattered throughout the lot, but this should be done to the greatest practicable
extent.
2

D 585 97 (2002)
from which they were taken, and, if needed, their machine
direction (see Test Method D 528) and top side (see Test
Methods D 5039).

6.3.3 In either of the above, if a test for moisture content is

to be made, it may be necessary to discard considerably more
than three undamaged sheets of paper and one undamaged
sheet of board. In one case reported in the literature,6 it was
necessary to discard 40 sheets of manila board to obtain the
moisture content of the major portion of the roll.

9. Sampling Report
9.1 When required, give a brief description of the shipment
or lot and the sampling including:
9.1.1 Type and grade of paper or paperboard with a reference to the specification, if available.
9.1.2 Form in which purchased (that is, dimensions of rolls
or sheets; packaging; etc., if not covered in the product
specification).
9.1.3 Total quantity (usually weight or area), or purchase
order number, or both.
9.1.4 Lot number or other identification of specific lot
sampled (if divided into sublots, identification or description of
sublots).
9.1.5 Date of sampling.
9.1.6 Location of sampling (mill, warehouse, in transit,
etc.).
9.1.7 Description and enumeration of any portions of the
shipment excluded from sampling because of damage.
9.1.8 Deviations from the specified sampling procedure if it
was found to be not reasonably possible to follow the prescribed directions.
9.1.9 Authority requesting the sample (if appropriate).

7. Care of Samples
7.1 Keep the test units smooth and flat, except for transporting, when it may be better to ship the test unit in a tube. Protect
the sample from exposure to direct sunlight, moisture of the
hands, contact with liquids or other harmful influences such as
extremes of temperature or humidities above 58 % relative
humidity. Consult the product specification and the test methods for directions as to any precautions to be taken or special
handling necessary.
8. Cutting and Marking
8.1 Trim test units with their edges parallel to the machine
and cross directions. Avoid watermarks or creases for other
than grammage determinations; also avoid any unusual flaws
or blemishes that might subsequently affect the test results.
Mark test units for identification, for example, the locations

10. Keywords
10.1 fiberboard; paper; paperboard; sampling

6
Yezek, M., Some Aspects of Moisture Measurement in Paper and Paperboard, TAPPI 41 (8): 193A (1958).

APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. Useful Acceptance Plans

X1.4 Maltenfort and Boedecker7 describe a variables

acceptance plan in which acceptance is based on the average of
the values obtained for the test units and the variability among
these values.

X1.1 Individual Lot AcceptanceThe appropriate

sampling-acceptance plan provided in Appendix X2 is to be
used only for individual lot acceptance when no other plan has
been specified and this method has been referenced. A plan that
is tailored to the specific paper product, grade, type of defects,
and use, etc., is preferable to a general plan. However, the
general plans provided in Appendix X2 are considered to be a
good compromise between the costs of testing and the risks of
wrong decisions, and are applicable to a wide range of paper
products.

X1.5 Deliberate nonrepresentative or semirepresentative

selection of rolls or skids for sampling may be desirable to
emphasize expected stock problems. The plan uses the bills of
lading to select skids or rolls at the beginning and near the end
of the run, then randomly through the run but stressing front
and back positions. These are the areas from which production
problems may be expected to arise. This approach is nonrandom, not statistical, but may be more economical when
extremes and not averages are sought.

X1.2 The acceptance plans given in Appendix X2 are called

attribute acceptance plans because a test unit fails if it fails
to conform to one or more of the requirements for which it is
tested and acceptance of the lot is based on an acceptably low
number of units failing.

X1.6 When a continuing series of lots is being obtained

from the same manufacturer, other plans (such as, MIL-STD

X1.3 ISO 186 uses an engineered sampling plan to determine the lot average, with 5 % of the shipping units sampled
but with a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 20.

7
Maltenfort, G. G., and Boedeker, R. E., Sampling of Paper and Paper
Products, Industrial Quality Control 14(11): 19(1958).

D 585 97 (2002)
105D and MIL-STD 414) are likely to be more efficient as they
can provide for increasing or reducing inspection as experience

with that manufacturer indicates.

X2. Attribute Plans for Single-Lot Acceptance

TABLE X2.1 Plan I for Large Rolls or Skids

X2.1 Assumptions:
X2.1.1 Since a lot is presumed to be reasonably homogeneous (3.1), the plans presented below assume homogeneity
and therefore provide only for acceptance or rejection of the lot
as a whole. If the lot is not homogeneous, a test on one test unit
of the sample might be so far off specification as to make at
least the corresponding part of the lot unacceptable even
though the proportion of off-specification test units would be so
small as to indicate the whole lot should be accepted. Provision
should be made for this situation in advance, for example, by
calling for rejection of the lot as a whole because of its excess
nonhomogeneity or by requiring complete screening (that is,
testing of each part and rejecting substandard parts) if nonhomogeneity is found.
X2.1.2 The plans are based also on the assumption that the
properties of a test unit drawn from the outer layers or sheets
(6.3) or at random (in 6.2.1) are identical with the properties
throughout the roll, skid, ream, carton, etc., from which the test
unit was taken. While this assumption is obviously not true, if
the lot or sublot is reasonably uniform and the rules for
selecting the sample are carefully followed, the acceptance
plans will generally provide a satisfactory level of protection.

Sample
Size

Lot Size, N

n
1
2
3 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 100
101 to 300
301 to 1200
1201 and over

Acceptance and
Rejection Numbers

ntA

Ac

Re

ActB

RetB

16
26
40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3

1
2
3

2
3
4

1
2
3
4
5
8
13
20

A
nt = total sample size, that is, sum of test units in first and second part, of
double sample.
B
Act and Ret = acceptance and rejection numbers for double sample.

TABLE X2.2 Plan II for Small Rolls, Reams, Bundles, Etc.

Sample
Size

Lot Size, N

n
2 to 25
26 to 150
151 to 1 200
1 201 to 35 000
35 001 and over

2
3
5
8
13

Acceptance and
Rejection Numbers

ntA

Ac

Re

ActB

RetB

16
26

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
2
3

1
2

2
3

A
nt = total sample size, that is, sum of test units in first and second part, of
double sample.
B
Act and Ret = acceptance and rejection numbers for double sample.

X2.2 Application of Plans:

X2.2.1 Plan IFor individual lots composed of large rolls
that cannot be unwound or skids (pallets) that cannot be opened
at the time of sampling (6.3.2).
X2.2.2 Plan IIFor individual lots composed of small rolls
(as tapes, toweling), reams, bundles, cartons, or shipping
containers from which test units may be selected at random.
X2.2.3 Plan IIIFor noncritical chemical tests for individual lots composed as in X2.3.1 or X2.3.2.

TABLE X2.3 Plan III for Noncritical Chemical Tests

Lot Size, N
2 to 100
101 to 1 200
1 201 to 35 000
35 001 and over

Sample
Size, n8
2
3
4
5

Acceptance and
Rejection Numbers

Ac

Re

0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1

NOTE X2.1As used herein, noncritical means tests for which variability within the lot is of little or no significance and therefore the amount
of testing called for by Plan I or II could not be justified.

X2.3.3 Acceptance A lot is either accepted or rejected as

a whole on the basis of tests carried out on the sample. Each
test unit of the sample is separately evaluated.
X2.3.4 Defective Test UnitA test unit that fails to conform
to one or more of the requirements for which it has been tested.
X2.3.5 Acceptance NumberA number used in connection
with a sampling plan (Table X2.1, Table X2.2, or Table X2.3),
such that if the number of defective test units in the sample is
less than or equal to this number, the lot should be passed for
the properties tested.
X2.3.6 Rejection NumberA number used in connection
with a sampling plan (Table X2.1, Table X2.2, or Table X2.3),
such that if the number of defective test units in the sample is
greater than or equal to this number, the lot should be rejected.

X2.3 Acceptance Definitions:

X2.3.1 Lot Size:
X2.3.1.1 Plan IThe lot size (N) is the number of rolls or
skids of which the lot (3.1) is composed.
X2.3.1.2 Plan IIThe lot size (N) is the number of small
rolls, reams, bundles, cartons, or shipping containers of which
the lot is composed, as appropriate for the test to be made.
When a choice is possible (as in testing a property of the paper
in a roll when an equal number of rolls are packed in each
carton), select the unit (roll or carton) on which lot size is based
so that the lot size will be greater than 25.
X2.3.1.3 Plan IIIAs for Plan I or II, as appropriate.
X2.3.2 Sample Size The number of test units (3.3) of
which the sample (3.2) for test is composed, determined from
lot size in accordance with Table X2.1, Table X2.2, or Table
X2.3.

X2.4 Level of ProtectionIf the above assumptions are

true, the plans provide the following:
4

D 585 97 (2002)
X2.5.6.3 If the above number exceeds the acceptance number (Ac) but is less than the rejection number (Re), proceed to
the next step.
X2.5.7 Take a second sample equal in size to the first so that
the total number of test units in the first and second sample is
nt. Again take this sample in accordance with the rules for
selecting a sample to represent a lot.
X2.5.8 Follow X2.5.4 and X2.5.5, and compute the total
number of defective test units in the two samples.
X2.5.9 Total Sample Criteria:
X2.5.9.1 If the number in X2.5.8 does not exceed the
number in Act, the lot is considered to meet the requirements
relating to the properties tested.
X2.5.9.2 If the above number equals or exceeds the number
in column Ret, the lot shall be considered as having failed to
meet the requirements of the detail specification.
X2.5.10 If the lot satisfies X2.5.6.1 or X2.5.9.1 and noncritical chemical tests are specified, determine the sample size
(n8) for these tests in accordance with Table X3 .
X2.5.11 Select the above n8 test units at random from the n
test units obtained in accordance with 5.3.
X2.5.12 Subject each of the n8 test units of this sample to all
the required noncritical chemical tests, and record the number
of defective test units thus found.
X2.5.13 Chemical Test Criteria:
X2.5.13.1 If the number of defective test units (X2.5.12) is
zero, the lot is considered to meet the requirements relating to
noncritical chemical tests.
X2.5.13.2 If the number is greater than zero, the lot shall be
considered as having failed to meet the requirements of the
detail specification.

X2.4.1 Protection to ProducerThe lot will be accepted

with a probability of at least 95 % if the proportion of the
defective items contained in it does not exceed 2.5 %.
X2.4.2 Protection to ConsumerThe lot will be rejected
with a probability of at least 90 % if the proportion of the
defective items contained in it reaches 16 to 32 % in Plan I, 19
to 68 % in Plan II, and 37 to 68 % in Plan III, the smaller figure
in each case applying to the largest lot size.
X2.5 Instructions for The Use of Table X2.1, Table X2.2,
and Table X2.3.
X2.5.1 Select Table X1 or Table X2 according to the
composition of the lot (X2.3.1 and X2.3.2).
X2.5.2 Locate the lot size (X2.4.1) in the first column of the
selected table. The sampling and acceptance criteria to be used
are those given on the line corresponding to this lot size.
X2.5.3 Take a first sample consisting of the number of test
units equal to the number in the column headed n. Sample
according to the rules for selecting a sample to represent a lot
(6.1), including in each test unit enough additional material for
noncritical chemical tests (X2.5.10-X2.5.13).
X2.5.4 Subject each of the n test units of this sample to the
appropriate number of test determinations for each of the
required test properties. For noncritical chemical tests follow
instructions in X2.5.10-X2.5.13.
X2.5.5 Record the number of defective units thus found.
X2.5.6 First Sample Criteria:
X2.5.6.1 If the number from X2.5.5 does not exceed the
number in column Ac, the lot should be considered to meet the
requirements relating to the properties tested.
X2.5.6.2 If the above number equals or exceeds the number
in column Re, the lot should be considered as having failed to
meet the requirements of the detail specification.

X2.6 Acceptance ReportReport lot size, sample size,

number of defective test units found, and the nature of the
defects.

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