Cage Program Rd2
Cage Program Rd2
Cage Program Rd2
Fisher Center
for the Performing Arts at Bard College presents
PROGRAMS IN CELEBRATION OF
JOHN CAGE
AT BARD COLLEGE: A SYMPOSIUM
Presents
Programs in Celebration of
Sosnoff Theater
October 30 at 7:30 pm
October 31 at 8:00 pm
Presented by The John Cage Trust at Bard College, The Bard College Conservatory
of Music, Office of the Dean of Graduate Studies, and the Institute for Writing
and Thinking
Additional support for this program has been generously provided by the Advisory
Board of The Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College and
the Friends of the Fisher Center.
October 30
Intermission
Jo Brand, flute
Three Songs for Voice and Piano (text by Gertrude Stein) (1933)
Twenty years after
If it was to be
At East and ingredients
Megan Taylor, soprano
A Flower (1950)
Nowth upon Nacht (1984)
Ilana Zarankin, soprano
Liang-yu Wang, piano
Radio Music (1956)
October 31
by Brian Brandt
Performed by Nexus
Bob Becker
Bill Cahn
Russell Hartenberger
Garry Kvistad
These concerts present a wonderful cross section of John Cages periods of development and style. The oldest works in the program, Three Songs for Voice and Piano
(1933), are set to texts by Gertrude Stein, which were likely chosen for their musical
Frank Corliss
quality. The 21-year old Cage clearly was not to follow in the Romantic song tradi-
Jason Treuting
tion; in their sparseness, these miniatures already look forward toward his more
mature style.
The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942), set to a text by James Joyce from
Cages beloved Finnegans Wake, incorporates the composers revolutionary develop-
employed in A Flower (1950), wherein the singer performs a wordless vocalise, following Cages somewhat mysterious instructions to sing like a pigeon and like a
Intermission
The Invisible Proverb for percussion (2002) by Russell Hartenberger
wild duck.
Eric Salzman had the idea that some of the works for prepared pianoall of which
Okarche
were originally written for dancewould sound interesting if played on strings uti-
2.
Drumtalker
lizing extended techniques in place of the usual prepared sounds. The Five Dances
3.
Darkwater
for String Quartet (1996 97) comprise portions of Our Spring Will Come (1943),
4.
Sky Ghost
Dream (1948), Totem Ancestor (1943), In a Landscape (1948), and A Room (1943).
1.
The String Quartet in Four Parts (1950) is a pivotal work in Cages oeuvre. During this
time, Cage was searching for a new aesthetic and style. Attending D. T. Suzukis
lectures on Zen Buddhism while delving into the work of such authors as the Indian
art historian Ananda Coomaraswamy and the medieval German mystic Meister
Eckhart, as well as the music of Erik Satie, Cage came to feel that music should
serve a spiritual purpose, which might allow his audience to forget themselves,
enraptured, and so gain themselves. Throughout the late 1940s, as his goals became
more spiritual, his music became more modest. After completing the first movement
5
of the String Quartet, he wrote to his parents: This piece is like the opening of
result. The sounds of the conch shells is at times accompanied by the sound of
another door; the possibilities implied are unlimited. The works muted, non-vibrato
burning pinecones, and, near the end, a single tone blown from a single conch shell.
chords were chosen for their sonorous quality. The four movements represent the
seasons: opening with summer and proceeding, as the music becomes increasingly
Nowth Upon Nacht (1984) is also scored for voice and closed piano, again to a text
slower, through fall to winter, the latter indicated as nearly stationary. An increase
from Finnegans Wake, rapidly declaimed. Cage wrote this piece in memory of Cathy
in tempo for the final movement suggests the renewed vigor of spring.
Berberian, the avant-garde diva who championed so much of new musics vocal
works, becoming widely known for her premiere performance of Cages virtuosic
Composed in 1950, shortly after he completed the String Quartet, the Six Melodies
Aria (1958). Berberian was, for a time, married to the celebrated Italian composer
for Violin and Keyboard follow many of the same compositional techniques. (Cage
Luciano Berio.
actually referred to the Six Melodies as a postscript to the String Quartet.) The violinist is to play with a minimum amount of weight on the bow and, as is now the
Eight Whiskus for solo violin (1985), the title a conjoining of the words Whistlin is
norm for Cage, sans vibrato. One has to wonder what kind of career Cage might
did, was arranged from the original version for voice by Malcolm Goldstein. Cage
have achieved had his compositional path progressed along the lines of these idio-
But this was not to be. In the early 1950s, Cage met Pierre Boulez and Morton
Two (1987), the first of Cages so-called number pieces, marks the beginning of
Feldman, and he received a copy of the I Ching (the Chinese book of changes) from
Cages late style, wherein his works were almost exclusively composed using time
his student Christian Wolff. Using the I Ching, Cage sought to free the sounds from
brackets. The work has a fixed duration; each player is given a score with a timeline,
with the notes/chords placed within brackets of time. The performer can choose to
play the notes at any point within the specified time bracket. The result is a work
Radio Music (1956), for one to eight radios, represents an extreme liberation. Each
that, while identifiable from one performance to another, can never be the same
players parts indicate specific AM-band frequencies to tune to, along with silences
twice. Two also began Cages system of titling his later works based on the number
and amplitudes. Dependent entirely on what is on the radio when each player lands
of instruments specified (here, two). In the case of a subsequent work written for
the same number of instruments, a superscript would be added, i.e Two2 (1989).
The Beatles 19621970 was written in 1990 for pianist Aki Takahashis Hyper-
fair use.
Beatles songs. It consists of six layered piano parts in time brackets derived from
various Beatles tunes, which may be played by one to six pianists, live and recorded.
In Inlets (1977), the performers use amplified conch shells that are partially filled
with water, tipping them to produce somewhat uncontrolled gurgling sounds. Cage
enjoyed the idea of contingency herethe players were necessary in their move-
Brian Brandt is the director of Mode Records in New York City. His company is in the
ment of the shells, but had no control over what, if anything, might be heard as a
station. This piece was intended as a kind of satire on Americans belief that
recorded music is culture (credo is that belief, and in US signifies both the U.S.
and us). Cage wrote a cowboy tune, a blues number, and a boogie-woogie riff,
Amores
and included extended vamps that feature Cunningham reciting various texts. Of
all his early works for percussion instruments, Cage said his favorites were Credo in
US and Third Construction, and indeed both live happily on in concert halls around
John Cage studied with and was influenced by the American composer Henry
the world.
Cowell (18971965). During the late 1930s, it was Cages recollection of Cowell
Robin Engelman
pounding his fist on the piano strings in his own The Banshee (1925) that led him to
compose his first piece for prepared pianofor Syvilla Forts dance Bacchanalein
1938. In 1943, as World War II raged on, Cage, who found the conflict both huge and
Chess Pieces
hideous, wrote, Logically I thought that anything that is small and intimate, and
has some love in it, is beautiful. Therefore I wrote a piece for prepared piano, which
is very quiet. It is called Amores, and it is about my conviction that love is something
Chess Pieces is the name Cage gave to a painting he created in 1944 for an exhibi-
that we can consider beautiful. But then shortly I discovered that I was being
tion called The Images of Chess organized by Max Ernst and Marcel Duchamp at the
Julien Levy Gallery in New York City. When the exhibition closed, a private collector
1943, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. After attending a perform-
purchased Chess Pieces, and, over time, the work was either considered lost or
ance of Amores in 1944, Lou Harrison wrote, Cages music strikes perhaps the last
in ink and gouache on Masonite, its 64 squares filled with music written in Cages
its elements. He has mastered a curious and convincing form of rhapsodic rhythm,
hand in black and white ink. Its 22 systems read from left to right, as do Cages pre-
intimate and free; what might be called baroque rhythm. Movements I and IV are
pared piano scores from the same period. No documentation exists of this music
scored for prepared piano, in which the performer places objects in the strings,
ever having been played, nor are instrumentation, tempi, or dynamics indicated. In
2005, Chess Pieces went on public display for the first time in more than 60 years
tles. Movement II calls for nine tom-toms and a pod rattle, while movement III is for
when the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, New York, mounted an exhibition
entitled The Image of Chess Revisited. The pianist Margaret Leng Tan transcribed the
Garry Kvistad
music and recorded it (for Mode Records) to be played during this show. As Tan said:
. . . for the first time the public could experience Chess Pieces as art and music
simultaneously. At Nexuss request, percussionist Brian Nozny has transcribed and
Credo in US
1944. Duchamp introduced Cage to the game and became his teacher, and the two
scored for piano and two percussionists playing muted gongs, tin cans, an electric
played off and on until Duchamps death in 1968. Cage once wrote: I began using
buzzer, and tom-toms. Another performer plays a radio tuned to a classical music
They are both situations in which chance cannot be used. They are both life-and-
Darkwater, use Atenteben flute melodies from Ghana and elements of the horn
ensembles of Central Africa. The fourth movement, Sky Ghost, is based on material
from the song Small Sky by Toru Takemitsu. The music represents the drummer
Cages numerous compositions for percussion composed between 1939 and 1942
Okarches mythical search for the meaning of a drum proverb that supposedly holds
are now standard repertoire and include his three Constructions, the third of which
magical powers.
has been frequently performed by Nexus. But fans of Cages music were pleasantly
Russell Hartenberger
Third Construction
utive director of the John Cage Trust at Bard College, while conducting research at
Mills College. Written for dancer Elfrid Ide (191793), daughter of New England
composer Chester Ide (18781944), the work was probably performed at her thesis
Although this piece was written 68 years ago, it is as fresh and popular as the day it
dance concert given on May 20, 1941, at Mills. She called her choreography Wheel
was first performed at the California Club Auditorium in San Francisco by an ensem-
of Circumstance, and titled her three movements Quest, The Rift Between, and
ble conducted by Cage himself, including Xenia Cage (then Cages wife, to whom the
Song in Counterpoint. Cage served on the dance faculty at Mills during the sum-
work is dedicated, for our anniversary), Doris Dennison, Lou Harrison, and
mers of 1940 and 1941. While in that position, he had ample latitude to experiment
Margaret Jansen. Some of its features that are common to many compositions of
with compositional forms and whimsical instrumentation. The use of toy piano in
the classical era of percussion chamber music include complex polyrhythms and
this work, for example, predates Cages now classic Suite for Toy Piano (1948). Other
American cowbells, claves, maraca, African log drum, Chinese cymbal and tom-toms,
bells, slitblocks, drums, cymbals, gongs, claves, and a slapstick. One can only imagine
Hawaiian pouweili sticks, Caribbean pod rattle, conch shell, tambourine, thumbtack
what Chester Ide, a composer of American art song, would have thought of his
10
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Whos Who
lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Legion dHonneur (1982) and laureate
of the Kyoto Prize given by the Inamori Foundation (1989); and recipient of an honorary doctorate in performing arts at the California Institute of the Arts (1986).
Cage was the Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry at Harvard University for the
John Cage was born in Los Angeles, where he studied composition with Richard
198889 academic year. The 1991 Zurich June Festival was devoted to his work,
Buhlig, Henry Cowell, Adolph Weiss, and Arnold Schoenberg. In 1938 he began
working as a dance accompanist and a teacher at the Cornish School of the Arts in
Seattle, Washington. It was there that he met the dancer Merce Cunningham
Cage authored many books, among them Silence, A Year from Monday, M, Empty
Words, and X (all published by Wesleyan University Press). His I-VI (Charles Eliot Norton
they were responsible for a number of radical innovations in music and dance com-
Lectures, published by both Harvard and Wesleyan University Presses), includes tran-
position, such as the use of chance operations and the independence of dance
scripts of the question-and-answer sessions with students that followed each lecture,
and music. Cage served as music adviser for the Merce Cunningham Dance
and a recording of Cage reading one of his six lectures. Conversing with Cage, a book-
Company from its inception in 1953 until shortly before his death in New York City
In the 1940s, Cage moved to New York and joined a group of avant-garde artists,
many of Cages scores have been exhibited in galleries and museums. He was also
including painters Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. During this period, Cage
active later in his life as a visual artist. A series of 52 watercolors, the New River
became interested in Eastern religions, particularly Zen Buddhism, and while his
Watercolors, executed by Cage at the Mountain Lake Workshop at the Miles C. Horton
compositions continued his use of carefully segmented time, he also began to fill
Center at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, was shown at the
them with materials derived by chance processes (the rolling of dice, the use of the
I Ching, et al). In perhaps the ultimate statement of this aesthetic, he wrote 433, a
documentary film directed by Elliot Caplan, was produced in 1991 by the Cunningham
piece of total silence on the part of the performer into which the random sounds of
the world are invited to enter. In 1952, at Black Mountain College, Cage presented a
theatrical event considered by many to have been the first happening. In 1958,
Cage was the recipient of many awards and honors during his lifetime, beginning
When John Cage died, in August of 1992, his significant holdings passed to the dancer
in 1949 with a Guggenheim Fellowship and an award from the National Academy
and choreographer Merce Cunningham, his longtime friend and collaborator. The John
of Arts and Letters for having extended the boundaries of music through his work
Cage Trust was legally formed shortly thereafter, with a board of directors consisting
with percussion orchestra and his systematic elaboration of the prepared piano. He
was awarded membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978)
David Vaughan, archivist at the Cunningham Dance Foundation; and Laura Kuhn,
and the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1989); named Commandeur de
who had been Cages assistant since 1986, and who continues to serve as the Trusts
12
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founding executive director. The primary functions of the Trust are to control, monitor,
many years the director of music at the Walnut Hill School and a staff pianist for the
and administer rights and licenses to Cages published and unpublished work, and to
Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) and the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. A frequent
create and encourage educational experiences, enhance public access, and enliven
addition to his duties at the BSO and Walnut Hill, Corliss has worked as a musical
assistant for Yo-Yo Ma and has assisted Ma in the musical preparation of many new
The John Cage Trust at Bard College is now a resident organization at Bard College,
works for performance and recording, including concertos by Elliot Carter, Richard
where all of its materials are housed and maintained. The John Cage Trust at Bard
Danielpour, Tan Dun, John Harbison, Leon Kirchner, Peter Lieberson, Christopher
College provides access to these holdings through courses, workshops, and con-
Rouse, and John Williams. Corliss can be heard on Yo-Yo Mas Grammy-winning Sony
certs, and develops new programs around this extraordinary resource. Dr. Laura
disc Soul of the Tango, as well as the Koch International disc of music by Elliot Carter
Kuhn, in addition to maintaining and operating The John Cage Trust at Bard College,
holds the position of John Cage Professor of Performance Arts at Bard College and
teaches courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels.
Jason Treuting
In addition to his work with So Percussion, Jason Treuting performs in the duo
Nexus
Alligator Eats Fish with guitarist Grey McMurray. He also improvises with com-
The first, entirely improvised NEXUS concert in 1971 marked the formation of a group
that would touch and entertain people of all levels of musical learning, and in all gen-
Mackey. His compositions are featured on Sos album Amid the Noise from
res of percussion music. Bob Becker, Bill Cahn, Robin Engelman, Russell Hartenberger,
and Garry Kvistad, each a virtuoso in his own right, bring elements of their knowledge
School of Music, where he studied percussion with John Beck and drum set and
and character to a distinct and powerful whole. Together they stand out in the con-
improvisation with Ralph Alessi, Michael Cain, and Steve Gadd. He received a mas-
temporary music scene for the innovation and diversity of their programs, their
ters degree in music, along with an Artist Diploma, from Yale University, where he
studied percussion with Robert Van Sice. He has also traveled to Japan to study
ragtime xylophone music, and their influential improvisatory ideas. Nexuss firm com-
marimba with Keiko Abe, and to Bali to study gamelan with Pac I Nyoman Suadin.
mitment to music education and a steady output of quality CD recordings and compositions continues to enhance the role of percussion in the 21st century.
Nexus wishes to thank the Ontario Arts Council and the Canada Council for their
generous support. Nexus also thanks Pearl Corporation and Adams Musical
Building on its distinguished history in the arts and education, Bard College
Frank Corliss
educated in the liberal arts and sciences to achieve their greatest potential. While
Before coming to The Bard College Conservatory of Music, where he is on the piano
training and studying for the bachelor of music degree, Conservatory students also
faculty and also directs the Postgraduate Piano Fellowship, Frank Corliss was for
pursue a bachelor of arts degree. The Graduate Vocal Arts Program is a two-year
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master of music degree conceived by artistic director Dawn Upshaw and head of
We honor the late Richard B. Fisher for his generosity and leadership in building and supporting this superb center
program Kayo Iwama. The course work extends from standard repertory to new
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Publications
Mary Smith
Associate Director
Raissa St. Pierre 87
Consultant to Publications
Ginger Shore
cultural life in the Hudson Valley with world-class programming. Our continued success relies heavily on individuals such as you. Become a Friend of the Fisher Center today.
Friends of the Fisher Center membership is designed to give individual donors the opportunity to support
their favorite programs through the Fisher Center Council or Bard Music Festival Council. As a Friend of the
Fisher Center, you will enjoy a behind-the-scenes look at Fisher Center presentations and receive invitations
to special events and services throughout the year.
Friend ($100249)
Artistic Directors
Leon Botstein
Christopher H. Gibbs
Robert Martin
Since opening in 2003, The Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College has transformed
Stephen Millikin
Richard B. Fisher Center for
the Performing Arts
Bard College
PO Box 5000
Annandale-on-Hudson, NY
12504
Director of Choruses
James Bagwell
Stage Manager
Stephen Dean
Cynthia Baker
Please return
your donation to:
Public Relations
Mark Primoff
Eleanor Davis
21C Media Group
Transportation Director
Edward W. Schmidt
+ ex officio
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Bard College, in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, is an independent, nonsectarian, residential, coeducational college that offers a four-year B.A. degree in the liberal arts and sciences and a five-year B.S./B.A.
degree in economics and finance. Bard and its affiliated institutions also grant the following degrees: A.A. at
Bard High School Early College, a New York City public school with two campuses; A.A. and B.A. at Bard
College at Simons Rock: The Early College, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts; M.S. in environmental policy
and M.A. in curatorial studies at the Annandale campus; M.F.A. and M.A.T. on multiple campuses; and M.A.,
M.Phil., and Ph.D. in the history of the decorative arts, design, and culture at The Bard Graduate Center for
Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture in Manhattan. The Bard College Conservatory of Music
grants a five-year dual degree, a B.Music and a B.A. in a field other than music; and an M.Music degree in
vocal arts. Internationally, Bard offers dual B.A. degrees at Smolny College of Saint Petersburg State
University, Russia, and Al-Quds University in Jerusalem. For more information about Bard College, visit
www.bard.edu.
CONSERVATORY SUNDAYS
Orchestra and chamber music
Performed by Conservatory
students and faculty
Sundays at 3 pm,
September through April
(check website for dates)