Routing Information Protocol (Ripv1 & Ripv2)

LAB # 6&7
ROUTING INFORMATION
PROTOCOL
(RIPv1 & RIPv2)
Routing Protocols
Routing protocols
Protocols used by routers to make path determination
choices and to share those choices with other routers
Hop count
The number of routers a packet must pass through to
reach a particular network
Metric
A value used to define the suitability of a particular
route
Routers use metrics to determine which routes are
better than other routes
Routing Protocols (continued)

Autonomous system (AS)
Uses Interior Gateway Protocols as routing protocols
A group of routers under the control of a single
administration, sharing a common routing strategy.
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) are

Routing protocols used within an AS
Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)

Routing protocols used to route information between
multiple autonomous systems
Routing Categories
Autonomous System
An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of IP networks, which has a

single and clearly defined routing policy.
Group of routers which can exchange updates
AS are identified by numbers
All Routing protocols are categorized as IGP or EGP
EGP
Exterior Gateway
Protocols are used
for routing between
Autonomous Systems
AS 1000
AS 3000
IGP
AS 2000
Interior Gateway Protocols are

used for routing decisions
within an Autonomous System.
Fig. 48 IGP and EGP (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67)
Routing Categories
Interior Gateway Protocol Exterior Gateway
(IGP)
Protocol (EGP)
Interior Gateway Protocol

(IGP)
AS 1000
AS 3000
EGP
EGP
IGP
EGP
AS 2000
Fig. 49 The use of IGP and EGP protocols (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67)
Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

Routing Protocols
An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a

common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
Types or Classes of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector
RIP V1
IGRP
RIP V2
Link state
OSPF
Hybrid
EIGRP
Class-full Routing Overview

Class-full routing protocols do not include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet
masks is assumed.
Summary
networks.
routes
are
exchanged
Examples of class-full routing protocols:

RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
between
foreign
Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with
the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length
subnet masking (VLSM) and sub-netting.
Examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
Distance Vector
192.168.10.1
192.168.20.1
192.168.20.1
192.168.10.1
There are two Distance Vector Protocol, Both uses different metric
RIP Hops
IGRP - Internetwork delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load are all
factored into the routing decision.
Distance Vector
2
R1R1
3
0
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.1
2
1
Distance Vector protocols are known as Routing by rumor.

RIP uses only Hop count
RIP routing table metric for 192.168.20.1 network will be
3
2
192.168.20.1
192.168.20.1
Distance Vector
10
1 Mbps
R1
1 Mbps
1 Mbps
10
10
192.168.10.1
56 kbps
192.168.10.1
30
IGRP uses bandwidth and delay as Metric
30
Routing table metric for 192.168.20.1 network will be
30
60
56 kbps
192.168.20.1
192.168.20.1
DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

PROTOCOLS
Broadcast their entire routing table to each neighbor
router at predetermined intervals
The actual interval depends on the distance-vector
routing protocol in use
Varies between 30 and 90 seconds
Sometimes referred to as routing by rumor

Suffer from slow time to convergence
A state where all routers on the internetwork share a
common view of the internetwork routes
Routing Information Protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
The easiest Interior Gateway Protocol to configure is
RIPv1
A distance-vector routing protocol that broadcasts
entire routing tables to neighbors every 30 seconds
RIP uses hop count as its sole metric
RIP has a maximum hop count of 15

As a result, RIP does not work in large internetworks
RIP is capable of load balancing

RIP is susceptible to all the problems normally
associated with distance-vector routing protocols
Sources of Information and Discovering

Routes
Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor.
Inconsistent Routing Entries
Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network.
Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.
Router C concludes that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is

through router B.
Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count.
Count to Infinity
Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.
Routing Loops
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between routers

B and C.
Defining a Maximum
Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite

loops.
Maximum Hop Count

One way of solving routing loop problem is to define a
maximum hop count.
RIP permits a hop count of up to 15, so anything that
requires 16 hops is deemed unreachable
The maximum hop count will control how long it takes
for a routing table entry to become invalid
Split Horizon
Split-horizon Route Advertisement is a method
of preventing routing loops in distance-vector
routing protocols by prohibiting a router from
advertising a route back onto the interface from
which it was learned.
Split Horizon is a rule that routing information
cannot be sent back in the direction from which it
was received.
Route Poisoning
Route Poisoning is usually used in conjunction with split
horizon.
For example if Router A goes down, Router B initiates
route poisoning by advertising the network between A
and B as unreachable.
When router C receives a route poisoning from B, it
sends an update, called a poison Reverse back to B.
This ensures that all routes on the segment have
received the poisoned route information.
Hold-downs
Hold-downs are a technique used to ensure that a route
recently removed or changed is not reinstated by a routing
table update from another route.
Hold-down prevents regular update messages from
reinstating a route that is going up and down (called
flapping).
Hold-downs make a router wait a period of time before
accepting an update for a network whose status or metric
has recently changed.
RIP TIMERS
Route Update Timer - The routing-update timer
clocks the interval between periodic routing updates. It
is usually set to 30 seconds.
Route Invalid Timer - The Route Invalid Timer

determines the length of time (90 seconds) before a
route is considered invalid. If it doesn't receive an
update for the route it sets the route as invalid and
notifies its neighbors.
Route Flush Timer - The Route Flush Timer sets the

time between when a route becomes invalid and its
removal from the routing table (240 seconds). Time
must be longer than invalid timer so it can tell its
neighbors about the route.
Enabling RIP Routing
Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

To start configuring RIP, you must:
Enter privileged mode first
Enter global configuration mode on your router
Enable RIP with the router rip command
Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Major Network
network command
Turns on RIP routing for a network
An individual network command must be issued for
each separate network directly connected to the router
show ip route command

Displays a routers routing table
Administrative distance
A value used to determine the reliability of the
information regarding a particular route
Administrative distances range from 0255

Major Network (continued)

Major Network (continued)
Show ip protocol and debug ip

rip Commands
Commands used to monitor RIP
A route is considered invalid if six consecutive
update intervals pass without an update from that
route
Flush interval
The time at which a route will be totally removed from
the routing table if no updates are received
debug ip rip command

Displays real-time rip updates being sent and received
and places very high processing demands on your
router, which could affect network performance

rip Commands (continued)



Summary
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector
routing protocol.
It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces
every 30 seconds
RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a
remote network
It has a maximum allowable hop count of 15
AD is 120
Works well in small networks, but its inefficient on large
networks
RIP version 1 uses only class-full routing.
RIP version 2 does send subnet mask information with the
route updates. This is called classless routing.

Routing Information Protocol (Ripv1 & Ripv2)

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LAB # 6&7

Routing Protocols (continued)

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) are

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)

An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of IP networks, which has a

Interior Gateway Protocols are

Fig. 48 IGP and EGP (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67)

Interior Gateway Protocol

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior

An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a

Types or Classes of Routing Protocols

Class-full Routing Overview

Examples of class-full routing protocols:

Classless Routing Overview

Distance Vector protocols are known as Routing by rumor.

IGRP uses bandwidth and delay as Metric

Routing table metric for 192.168.20.1 network will be

DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

Sometimes referred to as routing by rumor

Routing Information Protocol

RIP has a maximum hop count of 15

RIP is capable of load balancing

Sources of Information and Discovering

Routers discover the best path to

Inconsistent Routing Entries

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Router C concludes that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.

Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between routers

Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite

Maximum Hop Count

Route Invalid Timer - The Route Invalid Timer

Route Flush Timer - The Route Flush Timer sets the

Enabling RIP Routing

Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

Enable RIP with the router rip command

Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

Enabling RIP Routing (continued)

Configuring RIP Routing for Each

show ip route command

Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Configuring RIP Routing for Each

Show ip protocol and debug ip

debug ip rip command

Show ip protocol and debug ip

Show ip protocol and debug ip

Show ip protocol and debug ip

Show ip protocol and debug ip

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