A Teacher’s Guide to Religion

in the Public Schools

first
amendment
 amendment
first
A Teacher’s Guide to Religion in the Public Schools
is published by the First Amendment Center.

The guide has been endorsed by the following organizations:

American Association of School Administrators

American Federation of Teachers
American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Congress
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs
Christian Educators Association International
Christian Legal Society
Council on Islamic Education
National Association of Elementary School Principals
National Association of Evangelicals
National Association of Secondary School Principals
National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.
National Council for the Social Studies
National Education Association
National PTA
National School Boards Association
Union of American Hebrew Congregations
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America
 A Teacher’s Guide to Religion
in the Public Schools
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof …”
RELIGION CLAUSES OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
 A Teacher’s Guide to Religion in the Public Schools

Written by: Charles C. Haynes Editor: Natilee Duning Graphic Design: S.Watson

©1999 First Amendment Center

1207 18th Avenue South
Nashville, TN 37212
615/727-1600
www.freedomforum.org

Publication No. 99-FO2A

1
teacher’s
E
ach day millions of parents from diverse religious backgrounds entrust the education of their children to
the teachers in our nation’s public schools. For this reason, teachers need to be fully informed about the
constitutional and educational principles for understanding the role of religion in public education.
This teacher’s guide is intended to move beyond the confusion and conflict that has surrounded religion in
public schools since the early days of the common school movement. For most of our history, extremes have shaped
much of the debate. On one end of the spectrum are those who advocate promotion of religion (usually their own) in
school practices and policies. On the other end are those who view public schools as religion-free zones. Neither of
these approaches is consistent with the guiding principles of the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment.
Fortunately, however, there is another alternative that is consistent with the First Amendment and broad-
ly supported by many educational and religious groups. The core of this alternative has been best articulated in
“Religious Liberty, Public Education, and the Future of American Democracy,” a statement of principles issued by 24
national organizations. Principle IV states:

Public schools may not inculcate nor inhibit religion. They must be places where religion and reli-
guide
gious conviction are treated with fairness and respect. Public schools uphold the First Amendment
when they protect the religious liberty rights of students of all faiths or none. Schools demonstrate
fairness when they ensure that the curriculum includes study about religion, where appropriate, as
i
an important part of a complete education.

The questions and answers that follow build on this shared vision of religious liberty in public education
to provide teachers with a basic understanding of the issues concerning religion in their classrooms. The advice
offered is based on First Amendment principles as currently interpreted by the courts and agreed to by a wide range
of religious and educational organizations. For a more in-depth examination of the issues, teachers should consult
ii
Finding Common Ground: A First Amendment Guide to Religion and Public Education. This guide is not intended
to render legal advice on specific legal questions; it is designed to provide general information on the subject of reli-
gion and public schools.
Keep in mind, however, that the law alone cannot answer every question. Teachers and administrators,
working with parents and others in the community, must work to apply the First Amendment fairly and justly for
all students in our public schools.

1
 Teaching about Religion in Because religion plays a significant role in history

public
Public Schools and society, study about religion is essential to under-
standing both the nation and the world. Omission of

1. Is it constitutional to teach about

religion?
Yes. In the 1960s’ school prayer cases (that prompt-
facts about religion can give students the false impres-
sion that the religious life of humankind is insignificant
or unimportant. Failure to understand even the basic

scho
ed rulings against state-sponsored school prayer and Bible symbols, practices, and concepts of the various religions
reading), the U.S. Supreme Court indicated that public school makes much of history, literature, art, and contemporary
education may include teaching about religion. In Abington v. life unintelligible.
Schempp, Associate Justice Tom Clark wrote for the Court: Study about religion is also important if students are
to value religious liberty, the first freedom guaranteed in
[I]t might well be said that one’s education is not com- the Bill of Rights. Moreover, knowledge of the roles of
plete without a study of comparative religion or the histo- religion in the past and present promotes cross-cultural
ry of religion and its relationship to the advancement of understanding essential to democracy and world peace.
civilization. It certainly may be said that the Bible is
worthy of study for its literary and historic qualities. A number of leading educational groups have issued
Nothing we have said here indicates that such study of their own statements decrying the lack of discussion about
the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as religion in the curriculum and calling for inclusion of such
part of a secular program of education, may not be effect- information in curricular materials and in teacher education.
ed consistently with the First Amendment. Three major principles form the foundation of this
consensus on teaching about religion in public schools:

2. Why should study about religion be

history
included in the curriculum? 1. As the Supreme Court has made clear, study about
Growing numbers of educators throughout the religion in public schools is constitutional.
United States recognize that study about religion in social
2. Inclusion of study about religion is important in
studies, literature, art, and music is an important part of a
order for students to be properly educated about histo-
well-rounded education. “Religion in the Public School
ry and cultures.
Curriculum: Questions and Answers,” issued by a coalition of
17 major religious and educational organizations—including 3. Religion must be taught objectively and neutrally.
the Christian Legal Society, the American Jewish Congress, The purpose of public schools is to educate students
the National Education Association, the American Federation about a variety of religious traditions, not to indoctri-
of Teachers, the American Association of School nate them into any tradition.
Administrators, the Islamic Society of North America, the
Is study about religion included in
3.
National Council for the Social Studies, the Association for
Supervision and Curriculum Development, the Baptist Joint textbooks and standards?
Committee on Public Affairs, the National Association of “Knowledge about religions is not only characteristic
Evangelicals, and the National School Boards Association— of an educated person, but is also absolutely necessary for
describes the importance of religion in the curriculum thus: understanding and living in a world of diversity.”
National Council for the Social Studies
2
 Agreement on the importance of teaching about
religion has begun to influence the treatment of religion in 4. How should I teach about religion?
Encouraged by the new consensus, public schools

academic
textbooks widely used in public schools, as well as state frame- are now beginning to include more teaching about religion in
works and standards for the social studies. The current gener- the curriculum. In the social studies especially, the question is
ation of history textbooks mention religion more often than no longer “Should I teach about religion?” but rather “How
their predecessors, and, in world history, sometimes offer sub- should I do it?”

ools
stantive discussions of religious ideas and events. The answer to the “how” question begins with a
State frameworks and standards are also beginning clear understanding of the crucial difference between the
to treat religion more seriously. Most state standards in the teaching of religion (religious education or indoctrination) and
social studies require or recommend teaching about religion teaching about religion. “Religion in the Public School
through specific content references and general mandates, and Curriculum,” the guidelines issued by 17 religious and educa-
many also include such references in fine arts and literature tional organizations, summarizes the distinction this way:
standards. In California, for example, the History-Social
Science Framework and the new History-Social Science >The school’s approach to religion is academic,
Content Standards require considerable study of religion. not devotional.
Students studying U.S. History in California are expected to
>The school strives for student awareness of religions,
learn about the role of religion in the American story, from the
but does not press for student acceptance of any
influence of religious groups on social reform movements to
religion.
the religious revivals, from the rise of Christian fundamental-
ism to the expanding religious pluralism of the 20th century. >The school sponsors study about religion, not the
Teaching about religion is also encouraged in the practice of religion.
National Standards for History, published by the National >The school may expose students to a diversity of reli-
Center for History in the Schools. The elaborated standards in gious views, but may not impose any particular view.
world history are particularly rich in religious references,
>The school educates about all religions; it does not
examining the basic beliefs and practices of the major religions
promote or denigrate religion.
as well as how these faiths influenced the development of civi-
lization in successive historical periods. While the U.S. history >The school informs students about various beliefs;
standards include religion less frequently, many historical it does not seek to conform students to any particular
iii
developments and contributions that were influenced by reli- belief.
gion are nevertheless represented.
Geography for Life: The National Geography Classroom discussions concerning religion must be
Standards, published by the Geography Standards Project, conducted in an environment that is free of advocacy on the
and the National Standards for Civics and Government, pub- part of the teacher. Students may, of course, express their own
lished by the Center for Civic Education, include many refer- religious views, as long as such expression is germane to the
ences to teaching about religious belief and practice as histori- discussion. But public-school teachers are required by the
cal and contemporary phenomena. Study of religion in the First Amendment to teach about religion fairly and objectively,
social studies would be expanded considerably if curriculum devel- neither promoting nor denigrating religion in general or spe-
opers and textbooks writers were guided by these standards. cific religious groups in particular. When discussing religion,
3
 guest speakers
many teachers guard against injecting personal religious ments in human history. The full historical record (and vari-
beliefs by teaching through attribution (e.g., by using such ous interpretations of it) should be available for analysis and
phrases as “most Buddhists believe …” or “according to the discussion. Using primary sources whenever possible allows

religions
Hebrew scriptures …”). students to work directly with the historical record.
Of course, fairness and balance in U.S. or world his-
tory and literature are difficult to achieve, given the brief

5. Which religions should be taught and

how much should be said?
Decisions about which religions to include and how
treatment of religious ideas and events in most textbooks and
the limited time available in the course syllabus. Teachers will
need scholarly supplemental resources that enable them to
much to discuss about religion are determined by the grade
cover the required material within the allotted time, while
level of the students and the academic requirements of the
simultaneously enriching the discussion with study of religion.
course being taught.
Some schools now offer electives in religious studies in order
In the elementary grades, the study of family, com-
to provide additional opportunities for students to study about
munity, various cultures, the nation, and other themes and
the major faith communities in greater depth.
topics may involve some discussion of religion. Elementary
students are introduced to the basic ideas and practices of the
world’s major religions by focusing on the generally agreed- May I invite guest speakers to help
upon meanings of religious faiths—the core beliefs and sym-
bols as well as important figures and events. Stories drawn
6. with study about religion?
When teaching about religions in history, some
from various faiths may be included among the wide variety of teachers may find it helpful to invite a guest speaker for a
stories read by students, but the material selected must more comprehensive presentation of the religious tradition
always be presented in the context of learning about religion. under study. Teachers should consult their school district poli-
On the secondary level, the social studies, litera- cy concerning guest speakers in the classroom.
ture, and the arts offer opportunities for the inclusion of study If a guest speaker is invited, care should be taken
about religions—their ideas and practices. The academic needs to find someone with the academic background necessary for
of the course determine which religions are studied. In a U.S. an objective and scholarly discussion of the historical period
history curriculum, for example, some faith communities may and the religion being considered. Faculty from local colleges
be given more time than others but only because of their pre- and universities often make excellent guest speakers or can
dominant influence on the development of the American make recommendations of others who might be appropriate for
nation. In world history, a variety of faiths are studied in each working with students in a public-school setting. Religious
region of the world in order to understand the various civiliza- leaders in the community may also be a resource. Remember,
tions and cultures that have shaped history and society. The however, that they have commitments to their own faith. Be
overall curriculum should include all of the major voices and certain that any guest speaker understands the First
some of the minor ones in an effort to provide the best possible Amendment guidelines for teaching about religion in public
education. education and is clear about the academic nature of the
Fair and balanced study about religion on the sec- assignment.
ondary level includes critical thinking about historical events
involving religious traditions. Religious beliefs have been at
the heart of some of the best and some of the worst develop-
4
7. How should I treat religious holidays
in the classroom?
Teachers must be alert to the distinction between
to be constitutionally permissible and educationally sound.
The First Amendment Center supports initiatives in
several regions of the country designed to prepare public-
teaching about religious holidays, which is permissible, and school teachers to teach about religion. The most extensive of
celebrating religious holidays, which is not. Recognition of and these programs is the California 3Rs Project (Rights,

holidays
information about holidays may focus on how and when they Responsibilities, and Respect). Co-sponsored by the California
are celebrated, their origins, histories and generally agreed- County Superintendents Educational Services Association, the
upon meanings. If the approach is objective and sensitive, nei- project has created a network of resource leaders and scholars
ther promoting nor inhibiting religion, this study can foster throughout the state providing support for classroom teachers.
understanding and mutual respect for differences in belief. Teachers trained by the project give workshops for their col-
Teachers may not use the study of religious holidays as an leagues on the constitutional and educational guidelines for
opportunity to proselytize or otherwise inject personal reli- teaching about religion. Religious studies scholars from local
gious beliefs into the discussion. colleges and universities are linked with school districts to
The use of religious symbols, provided they are used provide ongoing expertise and periodic seminars on the reli-
only as examples of cultural or religious heritage, is permissi- gious traditions that teachers are discussing in the curriculum.
ble as a teaching aid or resource. Religious symbols may be The Utah State Office of Education co-sponsors a
displayed only on a temporary basis as part of the academic Utah 3Rs Project that is currently building a network of
lesson being studied. Students may choose to create artwork resource leaders in all of the state’s school districts. Other
with religious symbols, but teachers should not assign or sug- states and districts have similar programs in various stages

teacher education
v
gest such creations. of development.
The use of art, drama, music or literature with reli- Harvard University and the University of
gious themes is permissible if it serves a sound educational Pennsylvania offer master’s level programs that are excellent
goal in the curriculum. Such themes should be included on the opportunities for both current and prospective public- and pri-
basis of their academic or aesthetic value, not as a vehicle for vate-school teachers interested in learning more about the
promoting religious belief. For example, sacred music may be study of religion and religious-liberty issues in American pub-
vi
sung or played as part of the academic study of music. School lic life.
concerts that present a variety of selections may include reli- Other colleges and universities offer assistance to
gious music. Concerts should avoid programs dominated by teachers, including in-service programs focused on teaching
religious music, especially when these coincide with a particu- about religion. A notable example is the Religion and Public
lar religious holiday. Education Resource Center at California State University –
This advice about religious holidays in public Chico. This center provides resources, including curriculum
vii
schools is based on consensus guidelines adopted by 18 educa- guides and sample lessons in several subject areas. Other
iv
tional and religious organizations. organizations, such as the Council on Islamic Education, offer
academic resources and workshops on teaching about specific
viii

8. Are there opportunities for teacher

education in study about religion?
Teacher preparation and good academic resources
religious traditions.

are needed in order for study about religion in public schools

5
9. What are good classroom resources for
teaching about religion?
Teaching about religion in the public schools
10. What is the relationship between
religion and character education?
As discussed previously, the First Amendment pro-
requires that sound academic resources be made readily avail- hibits public-school teachers from either inculcating or inhibit-
able to classroom teachers. Fortunately, good classroom ing religion. Teachers must remain neutral concerning reli-

sc
resources, especially in the social studies, are now available gion, neutral among religions and neutral between religion
for helping teachers integrate appropriate study about reli- and non-religion. But this does not mean that teachers should
gion. be neutral concerning civic virtue or moral character.
Finding Common Ground: A First Amendment Teachers should teach the personal and civic virtues
Guide to Religion and Public Education, published by the widely held in our society, such as honesty, caring, fairness,
First Amendment Center, provides an extensive list of organi- and integrity. They must do so without either invoking reli-
zations and publishers that offer classroom resources for gious authority or denigrating the religious or philosophical

resourc
teaching about religion in public schools. commitments of students and parents.
Two recent publications are examples of what is When school districts develop a plan for comprehen-
now available for study about religion in a secondary school sive character education, they should keep in mind that the
classroom: moral life of a great many Americans is shaped by deep reli-
Religion in American Life is a 17-volume series gious conviction. Both the approach to character education and
written by leading scholars for young readers. Published by the classroom materials used should be selected in close con-
Oxford University Press, the series includes three chronologi- sultation with parents and other community members repre-
cal volumes on the religious history of the U.S., nine volumes senting a broad range of perspectives. When care is taken to
covering significant religious groups (Protestants, Catholics, find consensus, communities are able to agree on the core
Jews, Orthodox Christians, Mormons, Muslims, Hindus, character traits they wish taught in the schools and how they
Buddhists, Native Americans and others), and four volumes wish character education to be done.
addressing specific topics of special importance for under- For guidance on how to develop and implement a
standing the role of religion in American life (women and reli- quality character education program, contact the Character
xi
gion, church-state issues, African American religion, and Education Partnership in Washington, D.C.
ix
immigration).
Columbia University Press has published a CD- The Personal Beliefs of Teachers
ROM entitled On Common Ground: World Religions in
America. This multimedia resource uses text, primary sources,
photographs, music, film, and the spoken word to bring alive
the extraordinary religious diversity in the United States.
11. May I pray or otherwise practice my
faith while at school?
As employees of the government, public-school
Fifteen different religions in various regions of America are teachers are subject to the Establishment Clause of the First
represented, from the long-established Christian, Jewish, and Amendment and thus required to be neutral concerning reli-
Native American traditions to the more recent arrivals such as gion while carrying out their duties as teachers. That means,
x
Hinduism and Buddhism. for example, that teachers do not have the right to pray with
or in the presence of students during the school day.

6
 Outside of their school responsibilities, public-
Religious Expression of Students
school teachers are free like other citizens to teach or other-
wise participate in their local religious community. But teach-
ers must refrain from using their position in the public school
to promote their outside religious activities.
13. May students express religious views
in public schools?
In “Religion in the Public Schools: A Joint

expression
Teachers, of course, bring their faith with them

chool
Statement of Current Law,” 35 religious and civil liberties
through the schoolhouse door each morning. Because of the
organizations give the following summary of the rights of stu-
First Amendment, however, teachers who wish to pray or
dents to express their faith in a public school:
engage in other religious activities—unless they are silent—
should do so outside the presence of students. If a group of
Students have the right to pray individually or in
teachers wishes to meet for prayer or scriptural study in the
groups or to discuss their religious views with their peers
faculty lounge during their free time in the school day, we see
so long as they are not disruptive. Because the

ces
no constitutional reason why they may not be permitted to do
Establishment Clause does not apply to purely private
so as long as the activity is outside the presence of students
speech, students enjoy the right to read their Bibles or
and does not interfere with their duties or the rights of other
other scriptures, say grace before meals, pray before tests,
teachers.
and discuss religion with other willing student listeners.
Teachers are permitted to wear non-obtrusive jewel-
In the classroom, students have the right to pray quietly
ry, such as a cross or Star of David. But teachers should not wear
except when required to be actively engaged in school
clothing with a proselytizing message (e.g., a “Jesus Saves”
activities (e.g., students may not decide to pray just as a
T-shirt).
teacher calls on them). In informal settings, such as the
cafeteria or in the halls, students may pray either audi-

12. How do I respond if students ask

about my religious beliefs?
Some teachers prefer not to answer the question,
bly or silently, subject to the same rules of order as apply
to other speech in these locations. However, the right to
engage in voluntary prayer does not include, for example,
stating that it is inappropriate for a teacher to inject personal
the right to have a captive audience listen or to compel
beliefs into the discussion. Other teachers may choose to xii
other students to participate.
answer the question straightforwardly and succinctly in the
interest of an open and honest classroom environment.
Before answering the question, however, teachers
should consider the age of the students. Middle and high
14. May students express religious views
in their assignments?
“Religious Expression in Public Schools,” guidelines
school students may be able to distinguish between a personal
published by the U.S. Department of Education, offers the fol-
view and the official position of the school; very young children
lowing guidance about religious expression in student assignments:
may not. In any case, the teacher may answer at most with a
brief statement of personal belief—but may not turn the ques-
Students may express their beliefs about religion in the
tion into an opportunity to proselytize for or against religion.
form of homework, artwork, and other written and oral
Teachers may neither reward nor punish students because
assignments free of discrimination based on the religious
they agree or disagree with the religious views of the teacher.
content of their submissions. Such home and classroom
work should be judged by ordinary academic standards
7
 of substance and relevance, and against other legitimate with a particular religious requirement. Enforcing religious
xiii
pedagogical concerns identified by the school. obligations such as prayer, dietary restrictions, or wearing a
xv
head covering is the responsibility of parents, not teachers.

15. How should public schools respond to

excusal requests from parents?
In “A Parent’s Guide to Religion in the Public 17. May students form extracurricular
religious clubs?
Schools,” the National PTA and the First Amendment Center The Equal Access Act passed by Congress in 1984
give the following advice concerning excusal requests: ensures that students in secondary public schools may form
religious clubs, including Bible clubs, if the school allows other

clubs
Whenever possible, school officials should try to accom- “noncurriculum-related groups.” The Act is intended to protect
modate the requests of parents and students for excusal student-initiated and student-led meetings in secondary
from classroom discussions or activities for religious reasons. schools. According to the Act, outsiders may not “direct, con-
If focused on a specific discussion, assignment, or activity, duct, control, or regularly attend” student religious clubs, and
such requests should be routinely granted in order to strike a teachers acting as monitors may be present at religious meet-
xvi
balance between the student’s religious freedom and the ings in a nonparticipatory capacity only.
school’s interest in providing a well-rounded education. The U.S. Department of Education in “Religious
If it is proved that particular lessons substantially bur- Expression in Public Schools” gives the following guidance for
den a student’s free exercise of religion and if the school interpreting the Equal Access Act:
cannot prove a compelling interest in requiring attendance,
some courts may require the school to excuse the The Equal Access Act is designed to ensure that, consis-
xiv
students. tent with the First Amendment, student religious activities
are accorded the same access to public school facilities as
May public schools accommodate
16. students with special religious needs?
Public schools are sometimes asked to accommodate
are student secular activities. Based on decisions of the
Federal courts, as well as its interpretations of the Act, the
Department of Justice has advised that the Act should be
students with special religious needs or practices. Sensitive interpreted as providing, among other things, that:
and thoughtful school officials may easily grant many of these
requests without raising constitutional questions. Muslim stu- > Student religious groups at public secondary schools
dents, for example, may need a quiet place at lunch or during have the same right of access to school facilities as is
breaks to fulfill their prayer obligation during the school day. enjoyed by other comparable student groups. Under
Jehovah’s Witnesses ask for their children to be excused from the Equal Access Act, a school receiving Federal funds
birthday celebrations. As long as honoring these requests is that allows one or more student noncurriculum-related
feasible, school officials should do so in the spirit of the First clubs to meet on its premises during noninstructional
Amendment. time may not refuse access to student religious groups.
Administrators and teachers should not, however,
> A meeting, as defined and protected by the Equal
be placed in the position of monitoring a child’s compliance
Access Act, may include a prayer service, Bible read-

8
 literature
ing, or other worship exercise.

> A school receiving Federal funds must allow student

groups meeting under the Act to use the school media—
including the public address system, the school news-
paper, and the school bulletin board—to announce
their meetings on the same terms as other noncurricu-
lum-related student groups are allowed to use the
school media. Any policy concerning the use of school
media must be applied to all noncurriculum-related
student groups in a nondiscriminatory manner.
Schools, however, may inform students that certain
groups are not school-sponsored.

> A school creates a limited open forum under the

Equal Access Act, triggering equal access rights for
religious groups, when it allows students to meet dur-
ing their lunch periods or other noninstructional time
during the school day, as well as when it allows stu-
dents to meet before and after the school day.

18. May students distribute religious

literature in school?
An increasing number of students are requesting
permission to distribute religious literature on public-school
campuses. According to the guidelines issued by the U.S.
Department of Education:

Students have a right to distribute religious literature to

their schoolmates on the same terms as they are permitted
to distribute other literature that is unrelated to school cur-
riculum or activities. Schools may impose the same reason-
able time, place, and manner or other constitutional restric-
tions on distribution of religious literature as they do on
nonschool literature generally, but they may not single out
religious literature for special regulation.

9
 endnotes
i This shared vision of religious liberty in public education is remarkable both for vii Contact the Religion and Public Education Resource Center by writing to Dr.
who says it and for what it says. The National Education Association, the Bruce Grelle, Dept. of Religious Studies, California State University – Chico,
American Federation of Teachers, the National School Boards Association, the Chico, CA 95929.
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, the National PTA and viii The Council on Islamic Education may be reached by calling (714) 839-2929.
the American Association of School Administrators join with the Christian Legal ix For more information about the Oxford University Press series Religion in
Society, the American Center for Law and Justice, and Citizens for Excellence in American Life, call (800) 451-7556.
Education in asserting these principles. People for the American Way, the Anti- x For more information about the CD-ROM On Common Ground: World Religions
Defamation League and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations are on the in America, call (800) 944-8648.
list, as are the Council on Islamic Education and the Christian Educators xi The Character Education Partnership is located at 918 16th St., NW, Suite 501,
Association International, and the Christian Coalition. Free copies are available Washington, DC 20006. Call (800) 988-8081. Web site: www.character.org
through the First Amendment Center. xii “Religion in the Public Schools: A Joint Statement of Current Law” may be
ii Finding Common Ground by Charles C. Haynes and Oliver Thomas is available obtained by writing: “Religion in the Public Schools,” 15 East 84th St., Suite 501,
at cost from the First Amendment Center. Web site: www.freedomforum.org. New York, NY 10028.
iii Based on guidelines originally published by the Public Education Religion xiii Copies of the U.S. Department of Education guidelines may be obtained by call-
Studies Center at Wright State University. ing 1-800-USA-LEARN.
iv “Religious Holidays and Public Schools: Questions and Answers” may be found xiv Copies of “A Parent’s Guide to Religion and the Public Schools,” published by
in Finding Common Ground, available through the First Amendment Center. the National PTA and the First Amendment Center, are available free from the
v For details about the “Rights, Responsibilities and Respect” programs, contact First Amendment Center.
Charles Haynes, Senior Scholar, Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, 1101 xv A good resource for understanding the religious needs and practices of students
Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, (703) 284-2859. E-mail address: is America’s Religions: An Educators Guide to Beliefs and Practices by Benjamin J.
chaynes@freedomforum.org. Hubbard, John T. Hatfield, and James A Santucci. It is available from Teacher
vi For more information about the Program in Religion and Secondary Education Ideas Press by calling (800) 237-6124.
at Harvard University, contact The Divinity School, 45 Francis Ave., Cambridge, xvi The requirements of the Equal Access Act are described in detail in “Equal
MA 02138. Attention: Nancy Richardson, Director. Inquiries about the Religion in Access and the Public Schools: Questions and Answers,” a pamphlet sponsored by
Public Life Certificate Program at the University of Pennsylvania should be 21 religious and educational groups. The full text is contained in Finding Common
addressed to Janet Theophano, Associate Director, Master of Liberal Arts Ground, available through the First Amendment Center.
Program, College of General Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 3440 Market
St., Suite 100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3335.

10
 F I R S T A M E N D M E N T C E N T E R

The First Amendment Center works to preserve and protect First Amendment freedoms
through information and education. The center serves as a forum for the study and explo-
ration of free-expression issues, including freedom of speech, of the press and of religion, the
right to assemble and to petition the government.

The First Amendment Center, with offices at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn., and
Arlington, Va., is an independent affiliate of The Freedom Forum and the Newseum, the
interactive museum of news. The Freedom Forum is a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to
free press, free speech and free spirit for all people.

Through its Religious Freedom Programs, the center helps schools and communities through-
out the nation address issues concerning religion and values in public education. A Teacher’s
Guide to Religion in the Public Schools is one of a series of consensus documents on religious
liberty and public education published by the center. For more information about the work of
Publication No. 99-F02A | 20k | Courier | 11/01

the Religious Freedom Programs, contact Dr. Charles C. Haynes, Senior Scholar, Freedom
Forum First Amendment Center, 1101 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 20009. E-mail address:
chaynes@freedomforum.org
 A Teacher’s Guide to Religion in the Public Schools
is published by the First Amendment Center.

The guide has been endorsed by the following organizations:

American Association of School Administrators

American Federation of Teachers
American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Congress
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs
Christian Educators Association International
Christian Legal Society
Council on Islamic Education
National Association of Elementary School Principals
National Association of Evangelicals
National Association of Secondary School Principals
National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.
National Council for the Social Studies
National Education Association
National PTA
National School Boards Association
Union of American Hebrew Congregations
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America
For more information, please contact:

1207 18th Avenue South Nashville, TN 37212 615/727-1600

Publication No. 99-FO2A

www.freedomforum.org

For additional copies, call 800/830-3733 or

send e-mail to puborder@freedomforum.org and request publication no. 99-F02A.