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    Orangic Chemistry 1 Study Guide

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    anmol3
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry including electrophiles, nucleophiles, and electronic effects. Electrophiles are electron deficient and accept electrons, while nucleophiles are electron rich and donate electrons. Electronic effects include resonance and inductive effects. Resonance effects involve delocalization of electrons through pi bonds and are generally more stable than inductive effects, which involve polarization of sigma bonds. The stability of charged species increases with more resonance structures that minimize charges and fulfill octets.

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    Orangic Chemistry 1 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    anmol3
    61 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry including electrophiles, nucleophiles, and electronic effects. Electrophiles are electron deficient and accept electrons, while nucleophiles are electron rich and donate electrons. Electronic effects include resonance and inductive effects. Resonance effects involve delocalization of electrons through pi bonds and are generally more stable than inductive effects, which involve polarization of sigma bonds. The stability of charged species increases with more resonance structures that minimize charges and fulfill octets.

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry including electrophiles, nucleophiles, and electronic effects. Electrophiles are electron deficient and accept electrons, while nucleophiles are electron rich and donate electrons. Electronic effects include resonance and inductive effects. Resonance effects involve delocalization of electrons through pi bonds and are generally more stable than inductive effects, which involve polarization of sigma bonds. The stability of charged species increases with more resonance structures that minimize charges and fulfill octets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    61 views5 pages

    Orangic Chemistry 1 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    anmol3
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry including electrophiles, nucleophiles, and electronic effects. Electrophiles are electron deficient and accept electrons, while nucleophiles are electron rich and donate electrons. Electronic effects include resonance and inductive effects. Resonance effects involve delocalization of electrons through pi bonds and are generally more stable than inductive effects, which involve polarization of sigma bonds. The stability of charged species increases with more resonance structures that minimize charges and fulfill octets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Organic Chemistry 1 Study Guide

    Electrophile
    Electron Loving
    Electron Deficient
    Accepts Electrons
    Identify Electrophile:
    1. Positive charge system can act as an electrophile (NO+, X+, Ph-N2+, etc.)
    2. Neutral Molecules are electrophiles
    Nucleophile
    Nucleus Loving
    Electron Rich
    Donate Electron
    Identify Nucleophile
    1. All Negative charges act as nucleophile (H-, OH-, NH2-, X-, etc.)
    2. Neutral Molecule WITH central atom having at least one lone pair of electrons
    (H2O, NH3)
    3. A electron system can act as nucleophile (Ex: Alkene, Alkyne, etc.)
    4. Metals
    Electronic Effects
    Influences Structures, reactivity, or properties of molecules but is neither a traditional
    bond nor a steric effect.
    Release of e- or attraction of e- :
    Resonance Effects
    1. Shift of lone pairs of e- and/or bonds of e Inductive Effects
    1. Shift of e- in sigma () bonds
    Inductive Effects are always weaker than resonance effects b/c e- are more localized in
    bonds.
    Resonance Effects
    Ability to delocalize (SPREAD OUT) charge
    Goal is to redistribute the electrons in bonds
    Delocalize charge over more than one atom INCREASES stability of charged
    species.
    Generally, more resonance structures = more stable
    Taking electrons from an area that has an excess e- to an area with little electrons
    (+ charge)
    Most stable resonance forms:
    1. Every single atom has an octet
    2. Minimize number of charges
    CHCl3 is more acidic than CHF3
    Mainly for multiple bonds

    Resonance Examples

    RESONANCE STABILITY RULES OF NEGATIVE CHARGES


    RESONANCE STABILITY RULES OF POSITIVE CHARGES

    Electronic Effects (continued)


    Inductive Effects
    o Electronic effects due to polarization of bonds within a molecule or ion

    o Electronegativity difference b/w the atoms at either end of bonds


    o The effect on electron density in one portion of molecules due to electronwithdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in molecules
    o Induction effect of an atom depends on 3 things
    1. Electronegativity
    The effect on electron density in one portion of a molecule due to
    electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the
    molecule
    In a covalent bond between two atoms of unequal
    electronegativity, the atom with higher electronegativity withdraws
    (pulls) electron density towards itself, causing + and - charges of
    the bond dipole
    Addition of a electronegative atom causes the molecule to be more
    acidic.

    2. Bonding Order and Charge


    3. Position Within a Structure
    o Negative Inductive Effects (-I)
    The most electronegative atom will pull the electron away from the other
    atoms. However, as you move further AWAY from the most
    electronegative atom the electropositivity increases
    Electron Withdrawing Effect

    o Positive Inductive Effect (+I)


    When electropositive atom or group is attached to the terminal of the
    carbon chain in a compound, the electrons are DISPLACED away from
    the attached atom or group
    Electrons want to get as far away as possible from the electropositive
    group
    Electron releasing effect

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