BIO-CHIPS

A Seminar Report
submitted for fulfillment of
the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
Under Biju Pattnaik University of Technology
Submitted By

ABINASH SATAPATHY

ROLL NO. 201310012

May - 2016

Under the guidance of

Mr. Tapas Kumar Bayen

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

PALUR HILLS, BERHAMPUR, ODISHA 761008, INDIA

ABSTRACT
Biochips-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of
Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to
accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to
accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it.
Its no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs,
Passwords, & Social security numbers .No more matters of carrying medical records
to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes
embedded in the chip. Everything goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the
internet.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the
net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed
soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients.

A simple ID chip is already walking around in tens of thousands of individuals, but all
of them are pets. Companies such as AVID (Norco, Calif.), Electronic ID, Inc.
(Cleburne, TX.), and Electronic Identification Devices, Ltd. (Santa Barbara, Calif.)
sell both the chips and the detectors. The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of
rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a hypodermic syringe needle.
They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting
out an identification number. This number is then compared to database listings of
registered pets. The Biochip tagging for humans has already startedRush out
for your tag!!!!!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those individuals whose invaluable
contribution in a direct or indirect manner has gone into the making of this seminar a
tremendous learning experience for me.

I give my sincere thanks to Mr. Tapas Kumar Bayen, Seminar advisor for giving
me the opportunity and motivating me to complete the seminar within stipulated
period of time and providing a helping environment.
I would like to thank to Mr. Arkaprava Bhaduri Mandal for giving me chance to
complete the seminar within stipulated period of time and providing a helping
environment.

I acknowledge with immense pleasure the sustained interest, encouraging attitude and
constant inspiration rendered by Prof. Sangram Mudali (Director) & Prof. Geetika
Mudali (Placement Director) N.I.S.T. Their continued drive for better quality in
everything that happens at N.I.S.T. and selfless inspiration has always helped us to
move ahead.

Abinash Satapathy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. iii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... iv
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
2. DEFINITION ............................................................................................................. 2
3. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................. 3
3.1 The Transponder .................................................................................................. 3
3.2 The Reader ........................................................................................................... 5
4. HOW DOES A BIOCHIP WORK ............................................................................ 6
5. HOW DOES A BIOCHIP WORK ................................................................................. 8
6. THE APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................ 10
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .......................................................... 17
8. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 19
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 20

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 Components of the Biochip .......................................................................... 3
Figure 3.2 Biochip and Syringe ..................................................................................... 5
Figure 4.1 Hausdorffs chips ........................................................................................... 8
Figure 6.1 The S4MS chip ........................................................................................... 12

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BIO-CHIPS

1. INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology is often referred to as the technology of the 21st century. Cover stories
reporting the potential impacts of recent progress in biotechnology have appeared in
several journals and magazines, including Time, Business Week, National
Geographic, R&D, and Forbes ASAP. In particular, biochips, which integrate
conventional biotechnology with semiconductor processing, micro-electro-mechanical
systems (MEMS), optoelectronics, and digital signal and image acquisition and
processing, have received a great deal of attention.

The term "biochip" has taken on a variety of meanings. In the most generic sense, any
device or component incorporating biological (or organic) materials -- either extracted
from biological species [8] or synthesized in a laboratory -- on a solid substrate can be
regarded as a biochip. In practical terms, however, biochips often involve both
miniaturization, usually in micro-array format, and the possibility of low-cost mass
production. Some examples that meet these qualifications include the electronic nose
or artificial nose chip, the electronic tongue, the polymerase chain reaction chip.

Biochips-The most exciting future technology is an outcome of the fields of

Computer science, Electronics & Biology. Its a new type of bio-security device to
accurately track information regarding what a person is doing, and who is to
accurately track information regarding what he is doing, and who is actually doing it.
Its no more required with biochips the good old idea of remembering pesky PINs,
Passwords, & Social security numbers .No more matters of carrying medical records
to a hospital, No more cash/credit card carrying to the market place; everything goes
embedded in the chip. Everything goes digitalized. No more hawker tricks on the
internet.! Biochip has a variety technique for secured E-money transactions on the
net. The power of biochips exists in capability of locating lost children, downed
soldiers, and wandering Alzheimer patients.

BIO-CHIPS

2. DEFINITION
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (micro arrays)[5] arranged on a
solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to get
higher throughput and speed. Typically, a biochip's surface area is not longer than a
fingernail. Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operation
in one second, a biochip can perform thousands of biological operations, such as
decoding genes, in a few seconds. A genetic biochip is designed to "freeze" into place
the structures of many short strands of DNA[6] (deoxyribonucleic acid), the basic
chemical instruction that determines the characteristics of an organism. Effectively, it
is used as a kind of "test tube" for real chemical samples.

A specifically designed microscope can determine where the sample hybridized with
DNA strands in the biochip. Biochips helped to dramatically increase the speed of the
identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, in the world wide
research collaboration known as the Human Genome Project. The microchip is
described as a sort of "word search" function that can quickly sequence DNA. In
addition to genetic applications, the biochip is being used in toxicological, protein,
and biochemical research. Biochips can also be used to rapidly detect chemical agents
used in biological warfare so that defensive measures can be taken. Motorola, Hitachi,
IBM, Texas Instruments have entered into the biochip business.

BIO-CHIPS

3. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY

The current, in use, biochip[1] implant system is actually a fairly simple device.
Todays, biochip implant is basically a small (micro) computer chip, inserted under
the skin, for identification purposes. The biochip system is radio frequency
identification (RFID) system, using low-frequency radio signals to communicate
between the biochip and reader.

THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS:

PERSPECTIVE OF
THE ACTUAL SIZE

Figure 3.1 Components of the Biochip

3.1 The Transponder

The transponder[7] is the actual biochip implant. It is a passive transponder, meaning
it contains no battery or energy of its own. In comparison, an active transponder
would provide its own energy source, normally a small battery. Because the passive
biochip contains no battery, or nothing to wear out, it has a very long life, up to 99
years, and no maintenance. Being passive, it's inactive until the reader activates it by
sending it a low-power electrical charge. The reader "reads" or "scans" the implanted
biochip and receives back data (in this case an identification number) from the
biochip. The communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio
waves[11].

BIO-CHIPS

The biochip transponder consists of four parts:

1.

Computer Microchip:
The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.
The storage capacity of the current microchips is limited, capable of storing
only a single ID number. AVID (American Veterinary Identification Devices),
claims their chips, using an nnn-nnn-nnn format, has the capability of over 70
trillion unique numbers. The unique ID number is "etched" or encoded via a
laser onto the surface of the microchip before assembly. Once the number is
encoded it is impossible to alter. The microchip also contains the electronic
circuitry necessary to transmit the ID number to the "reader".

2.

Antenna Coil:
This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core.
This tiny, primitive, radio antenna "receives and sends signals from the
reader or scanner.

3.

Tuning Capacitor:
The capacitor stores the small electrical charge (less than 1/1000 of a watt)
sent by the reader or scanner, which activates the transponder. This
"activation" allows the transponder to send back the ID number encoded in the
computer chip. Because "radio waves" are utilized to communicate between
the transponder and reader, the capacitor is "tuned" to the same frequency as
the reader.

4.

Glass Capsule:
The glass capsule "houses" the microchip[2], antenna coil and capacitor. It is a
small capsule, the smallest measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter,
about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. The capsule is made of
biocompatible material such as soda lime glass. After assembly, the capsule is
hermetically (air-tight) sealed, so no bodily fluids can touch the electronics
inside. Because the glass is very smooth and susceptible to movement, a
material such as a polypropylene polymer sheath is attached to one end of the
capsule. This sheath provides a compatible surface which the bodily tissue
fibers bond or interconnect, resulting in a permanent placement of the biochip.

BIO-CHIPS

BIOCHIP AND SYRINGE

Figure 3.2 Biochip and Syringe

The biochip is inserted into the subject with a hypodermic syringe. Injection is safe
and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor
recommended. In dogs and cats, the biochip is usually injected behind the neck
between the shoulder blades. Trovan, Ltd., markets an implant, featuring a patented
"zip quill", which you simply press in, no syringe is needed. According to AVID
"Once implanted, the identity tag is virtually impossible to retrieve. . . The number
can never be altered."

3.2 The Reader

The reader consists of an "exciter" coil which creates an electromagnetic field that,
via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to
"excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip. The reader also carries a receiving coil
that receives the transmitted code or ID number sent back from the "activated"
implanted biochip. This all takes place very fast, in milliseconds. The reader also
contains the software and components to decode the received code and display the
result in an LCD display. The reader can include a RS-232 port to attach a computer.

BIO-CHIPS

4. TRULY EMBEDDED CHIPS

Media Medical And Industrial Complex
subcutaneous

microprocessor for

had a long term plan

variety of

to implant

help , entertainment

and

communication purposes by acclimating a generation of prospective customers to

such skin altering conditions. Companies are seeding the market for their future
offerings. This is the stuff of science fiction, but serious medical researchers are
developing chips with tiny doses of

medication that can be dispensed

automatically, without the patient having to measure a dose or remember to

take it at regular intervals.

The recent attention to bioinformatics

such

rekindles the imagination about where

blend of bioscience and info technology may take us. Adrenaline and

BMSG will provide a due diligence service for investors and biotech
companies ,offering independent analysis of ventures into bioinformatics, which
they define as the art and science of using computational tools to find answers
to biological questions. In other words they are looking at near term projects
such as Genome and Molecular biology research as well as individualized
medicine. Their collaborative work will help scientists and it professionals use
data mining and knowledge management and process management to investigate
biological frontiers. Vital stepping stones but not wondrous or delicious as the
future potential applications of bio info tech.

Looking

future

ahead

when

implanted

chips

are

programmed

with

telecommunications capability they can open new connectivity and entertainment

options . Preserving that the first chips are receive only. They would become the
ultimate pagers : delivering a unification or internal ping directly to human
neurons. Eventually entertainment providers will begin to exploit this capability
,sending music or visceral experiences directly through chip. Some programming
may be tied to video shows , giving you the mosh-pit experiences while
watching MTV or feeling the polar freeze while a discovery documentary
about Antarctica. More probably porn merchants will be the first to capitalize on
such in body experiences. So that watching a playboy channel show could also
6

BIO-CHIPS

trigger the appropriate internal response among chip equipped viewers.

Later the implemented microprocessor will be upgraded to two way capacity

transmitting internal data back in the appropriate network through a wireless
feed. The medical monitoring opportunities are immense but so are the tracking
capabilities. It is the ultimate loss of personal privacy when your body is
sending signals about where you are and what you are sending.

Several other roots towards bio InfoTech connection are already being followed.
Predictive network of Cambridge is developing biometric system used to
identify which individuals interface with computer and media devices. Predictive
networks is monitoring personal usage patterns (how individuals use specific
keys and buttons ,including the speed and measure of finger close) to identify
and categorize customer. Although its a major leap from such tracking of
external behaviours to inserting a microprocessor under the skin, the eventual
outcome could be the same: data gathering and response based on physical
connection and the response. Bio-InfoTech seems to be a promising sector for
the region-even across-river opportunity that would combine the bio-medical
resources in Mary land with the InfoTech strengths of Virginia .

BIO-CHIPS

5. HOW DOES A BIOCHIP WORK

The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals,
which "activates" the implanted biochip. This "activation" enables the biochip to send
the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received
code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the reader's
LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip
to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials,
except metal.

The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice small enough to be
injected under the skin using a syringe needle . They respond to a signal from
the detector , held just a few

feet away by transmitting an identification

number . This number is then compared with a database listing of registered

pets .

GETTING UNDER THE SKIN:-

Figure 4.1 Hausdorffs chips

Hausdorffs chips are external , but another chip currently under development
will be injected under skin . The chips will allow diabetics to monitor the
level of sugar glucose in their blood . Diabetics currently use a skin prick and
a handheld blood test and then medicate themselves with insulin , depending on

BIO-CHIPS

the result . The system is simple and works well , but drawing blood each
time is pain full so patients do not test themselves as often as it is needed .

THE S4MS CHIP:The new s4ms chip will get underneath the skin sense the glucose level and
send the result back by

radio frequency communication. A light emitting diode

starts of the detection process. The light that it produces hits a fluorescent
chemical : one that absorbs incoming light and re emits

it at a longer

wavelength . The longer wavelength of light is then detected , and the result is
sent to a control panel outside the body . Glucose is detected, because the sugar
reduces the amount of light that the florescent chemical reemits the more glucose
there is the less light that is detected.

S4MS is still developing the

perfect fluorescent chemical, but the key design

innovation of the S4MS chip has been fully worked out. The idea is simple: the LED
is sitting in a sea of the fluorescent molecules. In most detectors the light source is far
away from the fluorescent molecules, and the inefficiencies that come with that mean
more power and larger devices. The prototype S4MS chip 22W LED, almost 40
times less powerful than the tiny power on buttons on a computer

BIO-CHIPS

6. THE APPLICATIONS
1. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal, anywhere in the world is possible:
Once the reader is connected to the internet, satellite and a centralized database is
maintained about the biochipped creatures. It is always possible to trace out the
personality intended.

2. A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically
everything about a person:
An implanted biochip can be scanned to pay for groceries, obtain medical procedures,
and conduct financial transactions. Currently, the in use, implanted biochips only
store one 10 to 15 digits. If biochips are designed to accommodate with more ROM &
RAM there is definitely an opportunity.

3. A biochip leads to a secured E-Commerce system:

Its a fact; the world is very quickly going to a digital or E-economy, through the
Internet. It is expected that by 2008, 60% of the Business transactions will be
performed through the Internet. The E-money future, however, isn't necessarily
secure. The Internet wasn't built to be Fort Knox. In the wrong hands, this powerful
tool can turn dangerous. Hackers have already broken into bank files that were 100%
secure. A biochip is the possible solution to the "identification and security" dilemma
faced by the digital economy. This type of new bio-security device is capable of
accurately tracking information regarding what users are doing, and who are to
accurately track information regarding what users are doing, and who is actually
doing it.

4. Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records:

The really powered biochip systems can replace cash, passports, medical & other
records! Its no more required to carry wallet full cash, credit/ATM cards, passports &
medical records to the market place. Payment system, authentication procedures may
all be done by the means Biochips.

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5. Medicinal implementations of Biochips

Biochip as Glucose Detector.
The Biochip can be integrated with a glucose detector. The chip will allow diabetics
to easily monitor the level of the sugar glucose in their blood. Diabetics currently use
a skin prick and a hand-held blood test, and then medicate themselves with insulin
depending on the result. The system is simple and works well, but the need to draw
blood means that most diabetics don't test themselves as often as they should.
Although they may get away with this in the short term, in later life those who
monitored infrequently suffer from blindness, loss of circulation, and other
complications. The solution is more frequent testing, using a less invasive method.
The biochip will sit underneath the skin, sense the glucose level, and send the result
back out by radio-frequency communication.

Proposed principle of Glucose detection:

A light-emitting diode (LED) in the biochip starts off the detection process. The light
that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical: one that absorbs incoming light and reemits it at a longer wavelength. The longer wavelength of light is then detected, and
the result is sent to a control panel outside the body. Glucose is detected because the
sugar reduces the amount of light that the fluorescent chemical re-emits. The more
glucose there is the less light that is detected.

Biochip as Oxygen sensor:

The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen sensor .The oxygen sensor will be
useful not only to monitor breathing in intensive care units, but also to check that
packages of food, or containers of semiconductors stored under nitrogen gas, remain
airtight.

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BIO-CHIPS

Figure 6.1 the S4MS chip

The S4MS chip for sensing oxygen or glucose. Light generated by the light-emitting
diode (LED) causes surrounding molecules to fluoresce. The light that emerges has a
new wavelength, and only this light passes through the filter to be detected by the
photodiode. The oxygen or glucose decreases the fluorescence of the molecules in the
top reservoir

Proposed principal of Oxygen sensor in Biochip:

The oxygen-sensing chip sends light pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to
varying extents, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the blood, and the
chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped by the heart are also
detected, so the same chip is a pulse monitor.

Biochip as an Blood Pressure sensor:

In normal situations, The Blood Pressure of a healthy Human being is 120/80 mm of
Hg. A Pressure ratio lower than this is said to be Low BP condition & A Pressure
ratio more than this is High BP condition. Serious Effects will be reflected in
humans during Low & High BP conditions; it may sometimes cause the death of a
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BIO-CHIPS

Person. Blood Pressure is checked with BP Apparatus in Hospitals and this is done
only when the patient is abnormal. However, a continuous monitoring of BP is
required in the aged people & Patients.

A huge variety of hardware circuitry (sensors) is available in electronics to detect the

flow of fluid. Its always possible to embed this type of sensors into a biochip. An
integration of Pressure (Blood Flow) detecting circuits with the Biochip can make the
chip to continuously monitor the blood flow rate & when the pressure is in its low or
high extremes it can be immediately informed through the reader hence to take up
remedial measures.

THE AGILENT 2100 BIOANALYZER

The Agilent 2100 bio analyzer is the industry's only platform with the ability to
analyze DNA, RNA, proteins and cells. Through lab-on-a-chip technology the 2100
bio analyzer integrates sample handling, separation, detection and data analysis onto
one platform. It moves labs beyond messy, time consuming gel preparation and the
subjective results associated with electrophoresis. And now, with our second
generation 2100 bio analyzer, we have integrated an easier way to acquire cell based
parameters from as few as 20,000 cells per sample.

The process is simple: load sample, run analysis, and view data. The 2100 bio
analyzer is designed to streamline the processes of RNA isolation, gene expression
analysis, protein expression, protein purification and more. One platform for entire
workflow! BIOCHIPS IN NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES Biochips and Proteomics
Biochip technology was largely established by the development of micro array
biochips for genomics research. The emergence of the biochip was perhaps an
inevitable development, an expansion of existing chemistries and concepts into the
information rich world of genomics. The Gene Chip, developed at Affymax, remains
the best known example of a biochip. The essential property of a biochip is the use of
solid phase support and interfacial chemistry to capture molecules from a sample and
present them for analysis. The use of a solid support provides the separation and
isolation of an analyst, and creates the opportunity for high density micro arrays of
sampling sites. Combined with scalable production techniques, often borrowed from

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semiconductor fabrication, it also offers the potential of high sample throughput.

There are no absolute restriction on the types of molecules that can be analyzed using
a biochip, only technical problems related to binding, retention and assay. With the
maturing of genomics, some limitations of genome-based research have become
apparent. Although extremely useful, characterization of a cell based upon its genes or
gene transcripts is only an indirect view. From an engineering perspective, the
complete state of cell might be defined by its molecular composition. While this
includes DND, RNA, small molecules, and ions, this state is defined by proteins and
peptides. Consequently, proteomics, the systems level study of proteins, represents a
direct view of the state of a cell and its parent organism. With some abstraction, in
clinical practice the protein profile obtained from a biological sample may be seen as
synonymous to the phenotype and overall health state of a patient.

SELDI Protein Biochips

A major challenge in molecular biology, and particularly biochip development, is the
detection of analytics present in mixtures at extremely low concentrations. Mixtures
create limitations for the optical detection methods typically used with biochips, while
low concentrations present problems when traditional separation techniques, such as
2Delectrophoresis, are applied.

Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy

(SELDI-TOF MS) was developed in the last decade as a powerful tool for
overcoming these limitations, and is now being commercialized by several
companies. With a SELDI[9] protein biochip, proteins are captured at a target site
using techniques that are similar to traditional chromatographic techniques, the
analysis of the biochips, however, is quite different. Instead of optical detection, the
bound proteins are combined with a charge and energy transfer molecule and assayed
using laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. With TOF MS, it
becomes possible to simultaneously identify hundreds or thousands of proteins and
peptides bound to a single site. TOF MS is also capable of detecting analytics present
in nanomole to sub-femtomole quantities, corresponding to mill molar to Pico molar
concentrations in a typical biological sample. Because of these capabilities, SELDI
biochip surfaces can be prepared with diverse chemistries that have varying degrees

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BIO-CHIPS

of protein-binding specificity, and their selectivity may be further enhanced through

variations in protein capture and retention protocols. Bioinformatics with SELDI
Biochips

In practice, the SELDI-TOF technique provides mass spectra of proteins

unmatched in both its sensitivity and its ability to identify hundreds of proteins
simultaneously. A collection of protein mass spectra can be obtained from diverse
biochip surfaces, using varied protein binding protocols, creating a protein map. The
information in this protein map combines protein molecular weight with chemical
knowledge derived from the protein binding interaction.

Protein maps are rich descriptions of the biological sample, which characterize the
psychological state of a patient. Their information destiny and complexity often defies
simpler linear analysis. In order to best utilize this data, LumiCyte has developed
software that incorporates the latest techniques for data base mining, pattern
recognition, and artificial intelligence. Some of the challenges include managing large
volume data sets, searching for reproducible patters in data, which has variable
alignment and instrument artifacts, and dealing with the inherent variability present in
biological samples. Classification and analysis methods that have been successful
include both trained artificial intelligence tools, such as support vector machines and
genetic algorithms, as well as unsupervised cluster analysis.

Applying these tools to the differential analysis of protein maps rapidly uncovers the
extent and nature of protein variations. This analysis can be applied to samples from
multiple patients of differing phenotypes, where it leads to early detection of disease,
even in asymptomatic patients. It also provides a powerful tool for discriminating
between physiologically distinct diseases that present similar or even identical
symptoms. With samples from a single patient, analysis of protein maps reveals early
onset of disease, disease progression, and the patient's response to therapy.

A number of challenges remain that define the current boundaries of SELDI biochip
technology. For physical scientists, the optimization of surfaces that capture and
present proteins is an ongoing activity, and the development of TOF MS for detection
over an even wider dynamic range is essential to find rare, important proteins in the
presence of ubiquitous, common proteins. For biological scientists, sequencing

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BIO-CHIPS

proteins that are discovered with SELDI-TOF MS and interpreting the complex
network of revealed proteins are tasks that expand with every new sample set. For
applied mathematicians and software engineers, creating new pattern recognition tools
is important as we attempt to identify weaker and weaker signals in the protein map
capture.

DNABIOCHIPS
A new DNA biochip developed by Tuan Vo-Dinh and colleagues at the Department of
Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) could revolutionize the way
the medical profession performs tests on blood. Instead of patient having to wait
several days for the results form a laboratory, they are virtually immediate with the
matchbox-sized biochip. And it requires less blood with no sacrifice on accuracy. In
addition to time savings, the DNA biochip eliminates the needs for radioactive labels
used for detection. This greatly reduces cost and potential health effects to technicians
and lab workers handling samples and performing tests. It also reduces disposal costs
because chemically labelled blood must be handled according to strict regulations. To
be useful for detecting compounds in a real-life sample, a biosensor must be
extremely sensitive and able to distinguish between, for example, a bacteria, virus or
chemical or biological species. ORNL's DNA biochip does that. Unlike other
biosensors based on enzyme and antibody probes, The DNA biochip is a gene probebased biosensor.

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7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:
The ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel e.g. differential diagnosis of agents from
other diseases that cause similar clinical symptoms, or the recognition of complex mixtures of
agents. Clarification of syndromes of unknown etiology .Increase speed of diagnosis of
unknown pathogens ("future proofed" surveillance tools).
Viral typing (AIV, FMDV, Rabies)
Drive policy for diagnostics and disease control.
Epidemiological tracing
Interagency collaboration. The consortium consists of National, EU and OIE reference
laboratories and has access to real sample material from a wide selection of hosts and viruses.

To rescue the sick

To find lost people.
To locate drowned children and wandering Alzheimers Patients.
To identify person uniquely.
They can perform thousands of biological reactions operations in few seconds.
In monitoring health condition of individuals in which they are specifically
employed.
They can perform thousands of biochemical reactions simultaneously.

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BIO-CHIPS

Disadvantages:

These methods have problems that a DNA chip cannot be fabricated at high density
and mass production is limited. Thus, these methods are applicable to fabrication of a
DNA chip for study..Meanwhile, the DNA chip and the DNA microarray have
different fabrication methods but are similar in that different oligonucleotides are
aligned on a square spot having a certain size in a check pattern.

They raise critical issues of personal privacy.

They mark the end of human freedom and dignity.
They may not be supported by large % of people.
There is a danger of turning every man ,women, and
Child into a controlled slave.
Through cybernitic biochip implants people will think and act as exactly preprogrammed.

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8. CONCLUSION
A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit
card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry
about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might
also give us extra mental power.

The really fascinating idea is under fast track research "but we're close. The day in
which we have chips embedded in our skins is not too far from now. "This is science
fiction stuff." ,This is a true example to prove science really starts with fiction. The
technology issues will not be easy to solve in view of the complex systems to
implement, as well as specific aspects such as standards, regulations, and market
access.

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Technology: Bio molecular Separation and Analysis. Caister Academic Press.
2. Fan et al. (2009). "Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in a Chip". Lab-on-a-Chip
Technology: Bio molecular Separation and Analysis. Caister Academic Press.
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