C.P. No.

439
(20,344)
A.R.C.

Technical

C.P. No. 439

LiRARY

ROYAL

,&<\l?C,

-57 ~~BLISri%ENT

( 20344)

BEDFORD.

Report

A.R.C.

Technical

Report

MINISTRY
AERONAUTICAl

OF SUPPLY
RESEARCH

CURRENT

The Newtonian

COUNCIL

Theory

of Hypersonic

Flow for any Three-dimensional

BY
N. C. Freeman,
of the Aerodynamics

LONDON:

HER

MAJESTYS

Ph.S.,
Division,

STATIONERY

1959
Price

PAP E/?S

3s. 6d.

net

N.P.L.

OFFICE

Body

c .P*No.b39

F.M.2712

The 'I1Tewtoni.s.n~ Theory of Hypersonic Flow

for any Three-Dimensional
Body
-?YIT. C, Freeman, E'h,D.
of the Aerodynamics Division,
K.?.L.

6th August,

1958

The 'Newtonianr
theory of hypersonic
flow (&I = co, Y3 1)
originated
by Buscmann (1933) and developed by the author is extended
to flow past any three-dimensional
body shape,
Mathematical
complexity
ho7>rever limits
the results
obtained to those for slightly
yawed axially
symmetric bodies and in particular
the cone is considered
in some detail.
Pressure distribution
and shock shape are obtained to a first
approxiimation
in (y - 4)/(y f I), and to a second approximation
in
sin 6 where 6 is the angle of attack.

1.

Introduction

In a recent pai?er (1956) the author discusses the *Ikwtonian'

theory of hypersonic
flow for two-dimensional
and axially
symmetric
bluff bodies.
The theory enables the pressure distribution
and the
shock wave shape to be obtained for these blulf
bodies under inviscid
flaw conditions
at infinite
free stream Nach number when the ratio of
the specific
heats is nerar unity.
Alt:hou& the theory was developed
for a perfect
gas with constant specific
heats, it was shown that it
is possible
to develop the theory for a gas of arbitrary
thermodynamic
properties.
The author has also used the theory (1957) in the case of
thermodyzmic
non-equilibrium
to investigate
the effects
of dissociation
rates on the flow pattern.
In the present paper, * the author wishes to point out that
this theory (and the above developments
of it) can be generalised
to
give the pressure distribution
and shock shape for z
three-dimensional
These results
are
body shape in an explicit,
though complicated,
form.
of course onl,y valid under the conditions
stated above, viz.,
that the
free stream Mach number is infinite
and the ratio of specific
heats
near one.
The theory will be set out in the present paper only for
the case of a perfect
gas, although as in the first
paper (1956) the
extensions
to arbitrary
thermodUynamics are immediate.
In principle,
the extension
of the theory is obvious,
although to set it down in
In fact,
the procedure
mathematical
terms is a little
more difficult.
is exsct1.y the same as for the two-dimensional
and axially
symmetric
cases and is the approach originally
used by Busemann (I 933).
------_-------------______I________
The authr

Fn~bs'ccin(1959)

First/

~~~lld rcfcr the reader t? a recent 2ublicatL)n

by Hayes and
far a mre dct* .~ilcd study of this problem.

-2First we proceed to build up an expression for the pressure on

the body surface,
This is composed of two parts.
TJe have the initial
rise of pressure at the shock wave which is reduced by the fall
in
pressure across the layer between shock and body.
lhe only contribution
to this fall which we consider to this approximation
is that due to the
curvature
of the body surface.
As a first
approximation
the shock wave
is assumed to have the shape of the body itself.
-Physically,
therefore,
we consider
that the flow impinge s uIJon the body surface and there loses
its normal component of momentum and then the particles
skid along the
curvedsurface
causing a lower pressure than. would be given were the
surface plane.
Seoondly, we calculate
the distance of the shock wave from
the boci[J by integrating
across the stre,atn tubes from the body to the
shock wave at each point on the surface.
2.

The ;Shape of the Streamlines

If we consider an arbitrq
body shape, the streamlines
no
longer remain in a single plane.
The first
requirement
therefore
is
to decide the form of the curves traced out by the streamlines
themselves
on the body surface.
Ve assume that the normal component of momentum
of the fluid
is destroyed at the body surface and then that the particle
of fluid
moves along the smooth surface under the influence
of the
reaction
normal to the surface only.
Its path is then a geodesic of
the surface (Grimminger et al. 1950, Whittaker
1927).
Let the outward
normal to the surface be in a direction
z and choose curvilinear
co-ordinates
(x, y) on the body surface (Fig. I).
The elements of
length in the
x, y and z directions
are denoted by hLdx,
hady
and dz.
The curvatures
of the co-ordinate
axes are denoted by
ICI, K2 and 0.
Now the particle
will. proceed at constant velocity
surface since there are no forces acting along the surface.
time taken to pass along a curve
C is
r---

ds

= ;

1;

(d,

along the
Thus the

- 1 . -- .'

+ ( t

j)

hLdx

. ..(2.1)

and this will be a minimu;n along the particle

path @hittaker
1927).
!l%e point (m, ya) is where the particle
strikes the surface,
and
is its velocity
there.
J3y the calculus of variations,
cl0 = b-b, Vi)
Fe require
for a minimum

=
0
1

a
Ik - __
i
aY

. . . (2.2)

.,
with

the boundar?,r conditions

hz dy
-- -hidx

at

= x0,

VO
-uo

= yo.
This/

-3!i%is will

give

us an equation

for

the curve

G(x, y, x0 3 YCY) =

C of the form
O*

. . . (2.3)

Also, the velocities

in the directions
x
and y can be obtained by
resolving
the velocity
go along the curve in the directions
x and Y
and hence we obtain
u = u(x, y, x0, YO) and v = dx, Y, ~0, ~0)
where

u = go(x0, yo )
v

90

(x3

YO

COB

hzdy

tari 1 ---hldx

c
ta$l

sin

3
...

hady

(2.4)

----

hidx

Alternatively,
we can look at equation
(2.3) in a sl$ghtly
different
way
and say that it represents
the locus
C of all points (xg, yo) on the
shock wave (or, to this approximation,
the body) from which a streamline
passes through tne point (x, y).
These streamlines
are arranged in some
order above the point (x, y) which is, however, not immediately
obvious.
The contribution
of the stredine
to the pressure depends on the
curvature
of the body in the direction
of that streamline,
and thus it is
necessary to integrate
the contributions
of these streamlines
to obtain
the surface pressure.
It would seem reasonable
therefore
to try to
convert the integral
across the layer between shock and body at the
point (x, y) to an integral
along curve
C of all the points where the
particles
following
the streamlines
through (x, y) strike the body.
This corresponds
to the introduction
of a stream function
and Stokes'
stream function
for the two-dimensional
and axially
symmetric cases
respectively.
It can also be shown that, approximating
to the full
inviscid
Navier-Stokes
equations in three dimensions in a similar
way to
that of the previous
paper (1956) (i.e.,
by assuming a thin "shock-l.ayer"
near the body), the corresponding
streamline
curves are the geodesics.
This derivation
is left to Appendix A.
3.

'l'he
i?ressure
-

surface

Distributz

The equation of momentum in the direction

(Appendix A) becomes to this approximation

normal

to the body

. ..(3.1)
or
P = P&X"

Y) + Kx(x,

Y)

where pS(x, y) is the pressure on the

assuming that shock and body coincide.
pressure at the po-int (x, y, z) between
are the curvatures
of the body in
KY
further,
following
our suggestion
in 9

PI? dz + K
Y

P?' dz

(3.2)

shock wave at the point (x, y)

p and P are the density and
the shock and body.
ICY and
, We can
x and y directions.
2, vmito

(3.2)

in the form
P/

-4-

P = PS + Kx

lc

PU2

(;fJ

aso

Kyjc

PTjd

(;i)

where ds~ is the element of length along the curve

equation (2.3) assuming (x, y) are constant.

as0

0. (3.3)

C defined nijr

Let us now consider the continuity

of flow along a stream tube
which starts at (xg, yo) and passes over the point
(x, y).
The
amount of fluid flowing across the shock wave is approximately
. . (3.4)

U
where P, is the free stream density,
-03 is the vector of the free
stream velocity,
20 is the normal and dSa the element of area at the
(x, y), the amount of fluid is
point
(x0, STO)* At the point
my

dS

= P(U dS

YZ

+ v dSzy + 'VIIdSw)
L

. . (3.5)

where q is the speed, dS the element of area of the stream tube;

the elements of dS in the various co-ordinate
dSyz' dSzx and dS
v
planes, ar,d (u, v, w) are the velocities
in the (x, y, z) directions.
is of smaller order than the other terms
To this approximation
w dS
TY
and may be neglected.
Thus, by continuity,
p&L,

p)

dSo = P( u dSyz + v dS=).

Since however the normal to the stream tube cross-section

dire&ion
of q, we also have
dS
drz?

= dSE,

may be written

this

(3.6)

is in the

l (3.7)

as either

up,&,~
) dso
as
= ----"----we--YZ
m2

Alternatively,

from which (3.6)

...

(3.8)

...

(3.9)

(3JO)

is
8(Y, z, 4
_----1M..-.e-a(XO, Yo6, 4

up,(&"o
1
= mm.ms.--."--pq2

...

ah x7 Y)
-----------ab,
m7 Y)

VP,($.&$)
= SW-------FL2

. ..(3.11)

a(
)
lJl&@m mew----denotes a Jacobian.
a(
1

-5aZ

--=
aSO

Now

3(Z,
XY Y)
---------INso, x, y)

y.&&b
___-__-__PCL

fQJrrw*rs
= -----w-m-@I2

or

ab, XY Y> +o 3 YOY Y>

= ---...-w-----e.----------a(y,

Yo J Y>

a(%,

x,

y)

> G-0 J Yo , 4
------c-m--Go,

x,

. ..(3.12)

Y>

> a (x0 J Yo , Y)
---e.---__&__
%%
x, Y)

And hence

p = Fs f k Pm

y so IIf (g&l
----;;---

.** (3.13)

J 3(x, , yo , x)
-3---------ah

x,

aso

Y)
...

r%
+ Kr, Pco
i
JO

3(&s~?
1-------q2

a(%,
yo,
-----------wso,

x,

y)

(3.14)

aso

Y)

the integgxnds
am taken as functions
of x, y and so and the
integration
is at const<mt
x and y.
Fran? equation (2.3) we know the
curve
C. in term3 or" (:b, yO) for any point
(x, y).
It is therefore
possible by the nothods of differential
geometry to obtain
so
in terms
or
y()
at
constant
s
and
y.
Inverting
these
relations
we
of x0
have m an.a yo as functions
The integrands
of a,
x ana. y.
in (3.14) can thus be e,xpressed as functions
of &RI, x m-la Y and
the integrations
made at constant
x and y.
The pressure on the body
is then obtained by pu:;ting
so = s, where
s is the total lenpth
closest to the surfz.ce is the &e
of thu curve
C, as the streamline
ori,+nating
at the stagmtlon
point.
The length
s is that of the
point which is given by
curve
0 from the poixt
(s, y) t o t ne stagnation

where

11 = -

U
-_
C-3
Yx

is
where n is the outward nomal to the surface and --CO
U
This is onQ the case for a bluff
strcm velocity
vector,
For a body with an attached
which the shock is detached.
vhero there is, strictly
spmking,
no stagnation
point,
the
point will be the point of attadment
of the shock wave.

the free
body in
shock wave
corresponding

It ~~511 bc noted that in the p?revious theory the quantity

SO
plays the part of the stream f'unction
(or Stokest stream function)
in the
In place of the usual
two-dimensional
(or axially
symmetric) flow.
von Mises'variables
x and q used ti the two-&imensional
and axially
in the
qmmetric
theories we have the variables
x, y and no
three-dimensional
theory.
4.

The %-LO& Shape

relatively
equation

Ten -i&e pressure Clistribution

has been determined
it is then
straightformrd
to obtain the shock nhx+.~e. Bernoulli's
may be written
to this approximation

. . . (4.7)
=d

-Gand thus since

= go,

we have

. . . (4-2)

Using

(3.13)

we have
z

90

8, s

= e

P,(&$
________-^
P$

1 eo
, Yo # Y)
----a------Go,

as0

x9 Y)

so ??JV(&;~>
ah, 570 Y>
--c-----------------Js
P*ci2
ah
x9 Y)

d-tie

d4.3)

where
E = (Y - MY
The integral
(1+.3) can be evaluated
-+ 1).
expressing the integrand
in terms of x, y and 30 and integrating
respect to 30 at constant
x and y.
The shock shape is then
obtained by putting
so = 0.
5.

particular

by

with

Cases

In the previous
three sections,
the procedure to be followed
in working out the pressure and shock shape for any bluff
body has been
outlined.
In theory, therefore,
we should be able to do this,
In
The first
difficulty
practice
however the task is rather formidable.
arises from the fact that only in a few particular
cases can the equations
Jn via-~ of the necessity
to
of the geodesics be obtained explicitly.
of (x, y) and (x0, yo)
work out the quantity
SO as a function
The function
so, however, is still
this is virtually
a necessity,
In view-of
these difficulties
with
difficult
to obtain explicitly.
the differential
geometry of the theory, the only practical
approach
seems to be to consider the solution
for a slightly
yawed bluff
body and,
in particular,
a slightly
yawed body of revolution
for which the geodesics
can always be fou.n&
Equation (2.2) becomes, for a body of revolution,
with
ha = hz(x)
and hi = hi(x)

constant

Thus

where

dY
-ax

-----------

= a (sw).

. . . (5.4)

(5.2)

-7Let u3 replace
(x, y) by a new system of curvilinear
co-ordinates
(x, $ )
on the body.
9 measures the angle of a plane of s-try
to a fixed
plane and x is the co-ordinate
in the plane of symmetry Q5.g. 2).
The
angle of the tan ent to the body in a plane of symmetry to the axis of
the body is @(x'j , and the distance of the point from the axis T)(x).
Let hi(x)
= h(x)
and hady = n(x>d$.
We will now treat the -pressure distribution
as in three parts
the contribution
due to the pressure at the shook wave (p,),
that due
to centri.&gal
effects
in the x direction
(p,),
and that due to
centrifugal
effects
in the $ direction
(p,),
then
P = PQ * P, + P$'
geodesics

. . . (5.3)

?Yritten in terms of the new co-ordinates

becomes
--cI-"-.
a2h3(x)
d#
-.. =
----------i i7a(77a " a")
dx
4 - q& =

OX-

the equation

of the

. ..(5.4)

hi
.sL-C-e-----1.1.
i x0
Tf=
17 ---I
J a

. . . (5.5)

and

where the suffix

o denotes that the quantity
is evaluated
at the
If the body is plaoed symmetrically
to the oncoming
point
x = x0.
stream, the geodesics required
sre then the curves made by the intersection
of the plane through the axis with the body surface or $ = $0.
If
the body is slightly
yawed, however, they will deviate
slightly
from
Let us suppose that the body is yawed at a small angle 6
these curves.
mW
= 0 (sin 6)
to the oncoming stream in the plane
$ = 0,
Then
--( hd.x > o
since this is the tangent of the angle on the surface which the O~COIII~Q$
stream makes with the x direction.
Thus a= 0 (s~IIS)
and we have

9-k

71'(~o)
d$ y
-.m
= ----NM
h(xo ) ( d.x ,i o
= -

Appendix

h(x)
..-w-XY ria (d

dx + 0 (sin36)

x h
7&b) sin& sin6
-- dx -I- 0 (sin36).
---------_-_---cI"--_1_____
c cots& sin6 sinI0 + cosQ(x~) 31 36 t7=
. ..(5.6)

The latter
B.

step follows

by simple

geometry

as described
me/

in

-aThe part of the pressure

pn3 is deduced directly
shock conditions
which to this approx-imation
give

where
body.

Un

is the component of the free-stream

PS =
me...-

Thus

velocity

from

normal

the

to the

(sin Q cos 6 - cos Q cos Q sin 6)"

. ..(5.7)

%cv
(see Appendix

B).

The pressure contribution

from the cros s-flow
simple to evaluate.
Ve have K = (v(x))-'
31

is again

pr; =

Pm

J0

____----s

b dy
hi dx

qe

is the velocity

at

Yo , Y>
w-----c----d-asg.

,aso v3 (??,y~ > +il,

v M go -- --

Now
where

b?bw

in the $J direction
and hence

eo,

x,

. . . (5.8)

Y>

r7d#

:: qj ---

hdx

(xg , ~0).

w(5.9)

Thus the first

term in equation
(5.8)
by equation (5.6) for the geodesics.
will be of order
sin26;
since
v0 is 0 (sin S) and the Jacobian will
It will be found more convenient,
however, to
be 0 ((sin 6)-l).
introduce
the identity
obtained by equating equations
(3.12) and (3.13)
to obtain

To order
sin'&
it is then
where (5.9) has also been introduced.
sufficient
to substitute
the values of the factors
for
6 = 0 after
The equation (5.10)
tiicn becomes, since
substituting
for
VO.
so = x-x0
-w-m

%3*

p#

-Y--Ip9
p,u"

TX si.2~ sin'6
----------m
i xa
co2 @Q

770
-COI3 430 sin $0 d2ql + O(sin3Y)
( rl >

- MdP

sin26 sina$
x
-----m----7); tan @tJdz@.
J x0
n4

. . . (5.11)

This equation gives the contribution

to the pressure from the cross-flow
component of the stream,
It now remains to evaluate
the contribution
to the pressure from the component in the x-direction
which is given by
equation
(3.14)
as

Px

= KX %a

Now, from Appendix

go

= U{(cos

so U3(ULpd
------c-s2

qm,
$0, 4
---m.-----w-dSo.
6%
x, 16)

. ..(5.12)

B,

5 00s b

+ sin 6 sin

cos #o)>" + sin" 6 cos2#0 ]'.,(5.13)

GO

and

Hence (5.12)

may be written

P,

KX Q,,

qo(U&no >

..-----.,.IpI-------loS0 (J;(;~f,

eb

normal
Now U .no is the component of velocity
the s%%k wave, and is from Appendix B (equation
UM(sin 6 cos $0 cos
rt W
_ -h dx

Also
from equation
required

$0

60, 4

m..-----------
atso, x, $)

to the surface
(k)),

- cos 6 sin Go).

I
v. sin $. sin 6
= - ---cm.--.-------c
3
cos @o
r

d5A4)

outside
. ..(5.15)

+ O(sin26)

. ..(5.16)

(5.6).

It now remains
approximation,

to evaluate
Now,

the Jacobian

in

(5.12)

to the

- 20 -

1
eo,
$0, x> =
---------I-
-----------a(-, x, $9
ab, x9 $1
.
-----------a(=, $0, d
x, $> a(m, Qo, d
= 63,
C-__-------.--------__C_
abo, x, #> ah x, $1
G-0,
x,
---,a.-------*

GO,
and
a@0

--a.
a#

$1 wo no
v-e* --

. ..(5J7)

X, 6) a$ v

a
sin 6 sin $ (cos 4%)+ cos 0, sin 6.g (x, x0 ))
= I + ---------------------_________________I__---c
I
cos @'o (cos $ sin 90 sin 6 + cos @o)
w
. & (x, m >
. ..(53)

from equation

(5.6).

Here we have written

Thus, we may mite

PX
-w-w

Pus
moo

= /(

xa s

(5.14)

EC cos

6 cos QO + sin fj sin

cos 6)"

QO

cos

rl0
. we

in the form

sin

6.

g(x,

------

x3)

/q&J

cos @o

+ sin26 cos2#01~

sins

290

cos

- -..e.m---m.-.-----.-----

cos @o

f 0 (sir? s)
where

do

tan

. ..(5.19)

sin 6 (cos ii20+ sin 6 cos $.g (x, x0)) sin Q

= $ + ---__--------^----------------------cos GO (co3 Q sin

GO

------sin 6 + co9 Go)

+ 0 (sin36)
obtained by inverting
(5.6).
straightforv~ard
algebra,

This becomes, after

some tedious

but

*Lx
---m
%o%I

o;o

)I

&O

- 11 -

PY = K
m-z--x TX7)lJcosio sin &J 1
I
'II i x0
pm":
c

dx
-22

3 772

2 rl: COS2 Go

_ - - --

tan $3

----WC
- cot
- cos 'PO

a'0

cos2 $6

tan 450 tml 90

si2$

-------

6 cos

- ------(2 - 2 COD a0 - cos2 @o)

1 2 cos2 Qjo

cos a0 -J

-I- dx,

-----me

- ----es

COD2 -L&J cos @'o

1
- ---e-e

cos %$!I

sin $0 >

sin2$
- 7
ti ) 3" ------' dYQ "I- 0 (sin3S)
!J
cos2 Qo -

[g(,:,

g ( x, m>

where

- I

--i + si.ri2s

+ sin

= i?o

h
x -- dx.
i
r%
v2

. . . (5.20)

Hence we have the pressure to order

sd 6 as a function
Of
X, $ avid
The pressure on the body surface is obtained by p~~tt:ing ~0 equal to its
value on the bod,y.
Tki.s will be the value of 7x1 at the stagnation
the body coincides
point which is the point where the inward normalto
'This normal is giver\ by
with the free stream direction.

- (and this
when

sin @, cos Q cos $, cos @ sin $)

is ~JI the direction

of the free

stream,

j-.e.,

(Cos 6, sin s, 0)

sin CI, = cos s, cos 9 co9 $3 = - sin 6

and
Thus

co3

= x

= X(cos
x

. . . (5.21)

0.

0)

= X(0)

7i
= --6.
2

as the co-ordinate

+ X'(0)

of the stagnation

T_he Case of a Sli.r&tly

(522)

we have

+ 2 Xtt(0)

6,

and
9

Hence if

s5.n

sin 6

. ..(5.23)

sin"lj

f O(s5.n" S)

point

to this

approximation.

Yavred CkxIz

In the case of a cone, the results

of the previous
section
are simplified
considerably
since
P = /: , where ,0 is the half-angle
Thus
p, z C.
Also Kx = 0, and we have therefore
of the cone.
P
----

P,U"/ i

x0.

- 12 P
-m-e

(sin

p cos

6 - cos p cos

Q sin

6)2

P,U"

-' ( x sin p)-l

fx

sin2$ si.r?G
-----------

I -x3

Gosap

x3 3
-cos ,3 sin ,!3 dxo
( X >
-I- o( sir? 6)

(sin

p cos

6 - cos /, cos $ sin

- 1 "?Y?i~~;::
x4
=

(sin

Hence the pressxe

PI3
-we-

( ~~~2

19 cos 6 - cos p COB $ sin

sin2$
sin26
I -----m.---.-4 cos ,9

(sin

/
II\

on the body is given

/I3 cos

6)2

tj - cos /Y cos

+ o(si&)

6)"
m
LI

i'\ x 9/

-t O(si.n3 6).

. . . (5.1)

by
# sin

qa

F,u

sin2Q sin2s
- ----------4. cos .13

c 0 (sin

6).

. . ..(6.2)

is shown in ?ig, 3 for the particular

case
The first
term is denote6 by pS/DaUL,
and
The vtxiation
for
~5 = 0 to 90" onQ is shova
the second by pc/~mU2
as the portion
of the body 90" < $6< 270' is in the 'shadow where cne
The shock shape is @mm (4.3))
theory is no longer applicable.

/J

6o",

This result
6

- 5'.

0 R4Jm*n,)
--a.------.-sS
P$

eo 9 $0, 4
-----------&~
a(- 003 x, 99

*x r)ou(um.l)O)
__-_--___&3
Pc12

+-o 9 $0, 4
------.-----f-k3
eh
x, $1
(6.3)

and here
P f
m--w
px2c~ I

P
e-w- =
PLxllx
u"

(sin 0 cos 6 - co9 p cos $ sin 6)"

PO
^--- = (sin p COSs P0300
u"

(iJ,,r~))

= Uoo (sin

ciao
-- =

and

":

cos p cos $0 sin 8)"

S sos P cos $0 - cos d sin P),

( cos 6 cos D f sin 6 sin$

= Tz=fzy

=: q. (1

The value of $0 as a function

equation
(5.6) as

$0

-l3 -

= #+

of

$,

. ..(6.4)

cos $J2 + sin'6

1

- ; [x

si.nB

;6

and

cos2&

z:)+

0 (sit?&).

ma*y be deduced from

sin S sin $ i cos

\
----^-------------------------------------------sin2p cos .3 (cos $ sin fl sin 6 i- cos n)
. . . (6.5)

ThUS

800

w-w
w

= I +

-co3 Q sin 6
sin"lj cos 295
e-e- ------+ ----~~-----~~
([I
i sin/3cosP
G'

- t

- sin",0 )]

( I - t

+ 0 (sin36)...(6.6)
In a similar

after a little
manipulation.
expessions
may be obtained
PO
-P

the following

manner,

( 1 - [:I),

=I+

u no
--X-.--em = - sinP
uco

sin2$ sin26
-----...-----.
1 - sin 6 cot 13 cos 9 -t
sin",3

cos2g

w---w

c*u,3

( 1 - f ) - 4. si& ),,

-.

-I-

t;an2p

cos2$

and
U
__
qo

x$
---

S&T2

$a sin2

-------...---

2x2 cos2p sin20

c,

...

where/

(6.7)

where we have neglected

expressions
in equation
we obtain
z

"X
e
i 0

14-

terms of order
sin36.
(6.3) and noting that

2Q sin 6 cos
1 - me ------c---c
x cos B sin

+ ( '1 - -li 1

q5

x3

sin2s
+ e----------

Substituting
= 0 for

these
a cone,

x0
5/x0
2
1 + -- - -1c
x
2 L x >

oin2g cos2p

+ ( 1 - g j sin,;]]

dxb c 0 (sin'&).
. . . (6.8)

Completing

the integration,

the shock shape can be written

z

in the form

e&(b)

. . . (6.9)

-1 / 2
Go=tap - - - ----------+----------L-sin2ql(
l-b-

where

I sin 8 cos $4

3 sin p cos P

a-36

ai&?

cos2.2

cos2p)
-J.
l!he first

3 cos }!I + 2 cos2p >

. . . (6.10)

-hvo terms correspond

to a conical shock wave with axis

I e sin 6
- --m---s
in the plane of the
inclined
slightly
to the cone at an angle
3 cos2P
The
stream and cone axis but in the opposite direction
to the stream.
half-angle
of this cone is greater than that of the body cone by an
?3is is the approximation
used by Ferri
(1951)
a??OurYt '2 ex tan 0 set [I.
in a more general treatment of flow Fast slightly
yawed cones where the
complete equations are used.
is plotted
in Fig. lb for the case
1.e function
F(g)
p = 6o",
S = - 5O.
I"ne portion
of the body - 90" < Q < 90'
then presented to the flow.

is

Conclusion
To the approximation
of this paper, the surface pressure
distribution
and shock shape for any three-dimensional
body can be
derived,
although mathematical
com@!.exlty of the problem in the general
In the case of
case does not allow explicit
expressions
to be given.
a series solution
in powers of the angle
slightly
ysTved bodies, hoTever,
The simplest case is that of a slightly
yawed
of attack is feasible.
cone where complete solutions
of the poblem to the first
order in angle
The approximate
solution
of attack have been derived by Perri ('I 951).
of this paper is given to second order in angle of attack.
The limitations
on the problem of assuaing
y near one and
Xach number infinite
remain a cause of concern about the applicability
'iThe author believes,
however,
of the results
to the practical
case,
su5so;lic-supersonIc
flow
field
CSII
that the understandin
of the general
best be achieved b;y consideration
of these essentially
simple first
approximations.

- 15 M?PlZNDIXA
The equations of motion of a fluid
in the orthogonal
curviU.nesr
three-dimensional
co-ordinates
(x, y, z) may be written
in the form
u au
v au
mm -- + -- -- + w ~~-~~~~~~]-~-r~~~~]+~~+~~;~~
hi ax
ha ay

= 0.
. . . (n.1)

uaw
vaw
- 1 ah, -- 2 ah2
aw
al?
mm -- + -- -- + w -- - u2 -- --- -- --- + - -- = 0.
ha ax
i hl ai i
a2
ha ay
hz a2
p a:;
Assuming that

the shock wave is close

. *. (A.3)

and that the velocity

a
a
a
com-ponent w normal to the body is small we have -- >> --, --.
a2
ax ay
a
a
a
However u--, v --, w -- are of the same order.
The elements of
ax
ay
a;:
length
hl and h2 ma be written
hJ (x, y) + HI (x, y, z) and
where
Ha
and 1-b are small.
Small in this
hz! (x, Y> + Ha (x, N-P .z9
a
a
PO
context means that the functions
are of order
-. --)
and -- are
( P >
ax
aY
then
(2)

O(l),

-!

and (3) tizn

= 0
gives

PO

u au
v au
me -- + -- -- + w -11-3
hi ax
hz! ay

-'

>

and

(;;-;

Uav
v av
av
/
1
WC -- $ -- -- + w -- -I- uv
---1
t
hd ax hd a~
a;

-t,;--y;j

to the body,

Substitution

w.

:z)+uv(;&

:!I!

) - 2

[;;A;

in (A.?),

;)

0. .(A.4)

:;Tt ]

= 0. . (A.5)

6:

[ii

;;I

. . . (A.

6)

That the first

two
where we have neglected
terms of order
(PO/P).
equations (3.4) and (A.5)) do in fact give the equations of the geodesics
can be easily shm by considering
the motion of a particle
on the given
Such a particle
will have kinetic
energy
surface.
T = ; (hi2

irz + hd2 s;")

. ..(A.7)
where/

- 16 -

where

dx

ay

--,
y = -- and m is its mass.
For the integral
of
dt
dt
this to be a minimum along a curve
C,
which is an alternative
definition
of a geodesic,
we rewire
by the calculus of variations
i

(hd'

3~) - $ ( -: )
ax

plus

a similar

equation
~a

y-direction.

Be -- + cm -hj! ax
hzl ay

= 0

. . . (AA)

k,jr

in the
v

(h22k2+h$2jjd)

>

This may be written

uv ah,
J) al2
lJ + m-m- --- - -e-m -mm
hLhz ax
hiha ay

s . . (A.9)

d
a
a
-- = u -- + v -ma
h-1 $C
=
u,bP
=
V.
dt
ax
aY
This is exactly equation
(A.4).
In a similar
manner, the other equation
reduces to (A.5).
1-e equation (~.6) can be written
to this
approximation
by noting

that

1 aP
..s-= u2
P

Kl(X,

y)

where ~1 SJIa K2 are the curvatures

directions
respectively.
The energy

K2(X,

Y>

equation

of the surfaoe

of entropy

in the

and

may be written

ua
va
a
-- mm + -- -- + w -- > S =
hi 8x ha ay
82
as the constancy

. . . (A.10)

a2

(A.

S along streamlines.

A.PPENDIX B/

- -r/

Geometry of the Axially

Symmetric Case

Let the stream be inclined

at an angle 6 to axis of aymmctxy
in the plaie
# = 0 (Fig. 2).
Choose axes (X, Y, Z) such that
X
lies along the axis of symmetry and Y is in the plane
# = 0.
If
the speed of the stream is U00 then its velocity
in this system of
co-ordinates
is

@L cos 6, urn sin 6, 0).

The
unit

x direction
vector,

at a particular

point

on the surface

is given

(cos 3, sin 9 cos 9, cos 9 sin 4);

the

q5 direction

. . . (23.2)

by

(0, - sin 9, + cos sn);

and the

by the

direction

w(E.3)

by

(-

m(B.4)

sin @, cos 3 cos 9, cos c5 sin $)

and hence at impact

U
--

(cos

cos

-b

sin

sin

cos

$3)

U00
V

mm = sin 6 cos Q
U00
W
--

Uco
Note also

. . ..(B.5)

. ..(LG)

sin 6 cos 9 cos Q - cos 6 sin 53,.

. . . 03.7)

that

2.2

= wo.

References/

-189
Rcfercnces
Busemann, A.

1933

I1and&rterbuch
der Naturwissenscheften
2e Auflage,
p.276, Gustav Fischer (Jena).

Feti,

1951

Supersonic flow around circular

cones at
angles of attack.
N.A.c.A. lieport 1045. l?orn-xxly ~d.2236.
On the theory of' hypersmic
flow past
plane and axSally symmetric bluff
bodies.
5. Fluid Xech., Vol.?,
PG. 4, p.366.
1956.

A.

FTecman,

N.

,1956

Freemarl,

N. c.

1357

Grimninger,
G.,
1950
Willicms,
E. P. and
Young, G. B. W.

DynamLcs of a dissociating
gas.
III.
Non-equilibrium
theory.
J. Fltid &tech. Vo1.4, Pt. 4, 1958.
J. Aero.

Sciences

17, pm675.

Hayes, 7. D. afld
Erobstcin,
R. F.

q959

'Hypersonic
flow theory'
App. Kaths.
Leech. Vol.5.
Academic Press.

Whittaker,

1927

A treatise
on the analytical.
dynamics of
psrticlos
and rigid bodies.
C.U.P. Third Edition,
Ch.IV, p.100, and
Ch. IX.

E, T.

and

Acknowledgement
National

This paper is published

Physical Laboratory.

by peri?ission

of the Director,

the

FIGS. I a2

Coar dinate

Goordinak

system

for

system

axially~yrnmetric

body,

FOG. 3.

FIG. 4.

C.P. No. 439

(203441
A.R.C.

0 Crown copyright

Technical

Report

1959

Printed and published by

HER MAJESTYS

STATIONERY

OFFICE

To be purchasedfrom
York House, -way,
London w.c.2
423 Oxford Street, London WA
13~ CastleStreet, Edinburgh 2
1ogstMarystreet,cardifi

39 King Street, Manchester 2

Tower Lane, Bristol I
2 Edmund Street, Birmingham 3

80 Chichester Street, Belfast

or through any bookseller

S.O. Code No. 23-9011-39

C.P. No. 439