Advances in Automobile

Engineering

Trivedi et al., Adv Automob Eng 2015, 4:1

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

Research Article

Open Access

Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of

Bronze Powder
Trivedi MK2, Nayak G2, Patil S2, Tallapragada RM2, Latiyal O1 and Jana S1*
1
2

Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

Abstract
Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to
its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect
of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two
samples, one served as control and the other sample was received biofield treatment. Control and treated bronze
samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was
reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly
reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the biofield treatment
has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control.
SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at
satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using HallPetch equation, was significantly changed after biofield treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three
new peaks at 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the
biofield treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the biofield treatment has substantially altered
the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Bronze; X-ray diffraction; FT-IR;

Particle size; SEM

Introduction
Bronze is a metallic alloy, primarily consist of copper and tin in
90:10 ratio, which is also known as true bronze. Some other elements
such as arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon are
also blended in bronze to enhance its mechanical properties [1,2]. The
variation in elemental composition in bronze significantly affects its
mechanical and chemical characteristics [3]. Furthermore, the bronze,
primarily exist in FCC (face centred cubic) crystal structure, and the
different size of the tin atoms as compared to copper substantially
changes this structure, which confers excellent properties. Sidot et al.
reported that lattice parameter of FCC bronze unit cell increases with
increase in tin content and vice versa [4]. Moreover, the influences of
crystallite size on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys have
been known for many years. Two scientist Hall and Petch proposed
the formula, which demonstrated the inverse relation between yield
strength and crystallite size [5]. Nevertheless, bronze is widely utilized
in the production of bearing, operating under heavy loads at high
speeds. These bearing are used in many rotating parts such as fans,
jet engines, automobile parts, industrial equipment, and appliances
etc. Beside this, it is also used in filters and decorative paints. Bronze
powder is mainly produced via electrolysis process, vapour deposition,
and high-energy ball mill method [6]. Further, it is reported that the
mechanical properties in bronze can be modulated through various
kind of sintering processes [7,8]. In these sintering processes, high
temperature and costly equipment setup are required to achieve the
desired mechanical properties. After considering of alloy properties
and cost aspect, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and
economically safe approach that could be beneficial in global application
to modify the structural and mechanical properties of bronze powder.
A physicist, William Tiller proposed the existence of a new force
related to human body, in addition to four well known fundamental

Adv Automob Engg

ISSN:2167-7670 AAE, an open access journal

forces of physics: gravitational force, strong force, weak force, and

electromagnetic force. Fritz-Albert, a German biophysicist proposed
that human physiology shows a high degree of order and stability
due to their coherent dynamic states [9-12]. Furthermore, a human
has ability to harness the energy from environment/universe and
can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the globe.
The objects always receive the energy and responded into useful way
and that is called biofield energy. This process is known as biofield
treatment. Mahendra Trivedis biofield treatment has been applied to
transform the structural, physical, and chemical properties of various
metals and ceramics [13-20]. In material science, this biofield treatment
has substantially changed the particle size, surface area and lattice
parameters in various ceramic powders such as vanadium pentoxide
(V2O5), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) [18,19]. The
biofield treatment has also transformed the characteristics in several
other fields like biotechnology [21,22], microbiology [23-25], and in
agricultural science [26-28].
Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment
on different materials and considering the industrial significance
of bronze powder, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the
impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of
bronze powder.
*Corresponding author: Dr. Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research
Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad
Road, Bhopal- 462026 Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:
publication@trivedisrl.com
ReceivedJune 22, 2015; Accepted July 03, 2015; Published July 07, 2015
Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015)
Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties of Bronze
Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119
Copyright: 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.

Volume 4 Issue 1 1000119

Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties
of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

Page 2 of 6

Experimental

FT-IR spectroscopy

Bronze powder was procured from Alfa Aesar, USA. The bronze
powder sample was divided into two parts, one part was considered
as control and another part was subjected to Mr. Trivedis biofield
treatment, referred as treated. The control and treated samples were
characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared
(FT-IR) spectroscopy.

To study the impact of biofield treatment at atomic bonding level

in bronze powder, the FT-IR analysis was done on Shimadzu, Fourier
transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with frequency range of 3004000 cm-1. FT-IR analysis was carried out on day 1, day 71 and day 82
for control, T1, and T2, respectively.

X-ray diffraction study

X-ray diffraction study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray

diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter.
The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 .
The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2 vs.
intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value
(), peak width (0), relative intensity (%) etc. Additionally, PowderX
software was used to calculate lattice parameter and unit cell volume.

The XRD results are presented in Table 1. It was observed that the
lattice parameter of the unit cell reduced by 0.2%, 0.26%, 0.19%, and
0.07% in treated bronze T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively, as compared
to control. The percent change in lattice parameter is also known as
lattice strain. Further, the decreased lattice parameter led to reduce
the volume of unit cell by 0.61%, 0.78%, 0.56%, and 0.21% in treated
samples T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively as compared to control (Figure
1). The percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume was
found maximum on day 78 (T2). In general, when the applied stress
is compressive the change in strain is negative while a positive value
indicates a tensile stress. Thus, negative strain in all treated bronze
sample indicated that a compressive stress was probably acted on
treated bronze sample after biofield treatment. It is possible that
biofield treatment could be transferred the energy to bronze powder
and that may induced milling in the powder. Hence, this high energy
milling may lead to persuade the compressive stress and changed the
lattice parameter [16-19]. Moreover, the crystallite size was 88.96 nm
in control sample, however it was changed to 148.96 nm, 111.30 nm,
44.52 nm, and 148.38 nm in treated samples on day 10 (T1), day 78
(T2), day 106 (T3), and day 117 (T4) respectively. The percent change
in crystallite size is presented in Figure 2, it showed that the crystallite
size was increased upto 66.79% on day 10, then started to decrease
upto 49.96% on day 106 (T3) as compared to control. It is possible
that the tin (Sn) atoms might be diffused into copper (Cu) due to
biofield energy that may lead to coalescence of grains and increase the
crystallite size [7]. Furthermore, the existence of severe lattice strains is
evidenced by the change in lattice parameters (Figure 1). The presence
of this internal strain may lead to fracture the grains into sub grains and
decrease the crystallite size upto day 106 [19]. Moreover, the relation
between strength of material and crystallite size is given by Hall-Patch
equation as given below:

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = k / ( bCos ) ,

Here, is the wavelength of radiation used and k is the equipment

constant (=0.94). However, the percentage change in all parameters
such as lattice parameter, unit cell volume and crystallite size was
calculated using the following equation:
Percent change in lattice parameter = ( a t a c ) / a c 100
Where, ac and at are lattice parameter value of control and treated
powder samples respectively
Percent change in unit cell volume = ( Vt Vc ) / Vc 100
Where, Vc and Vt are the unit cell volume of control and treated
powder samples respectively
Percent change in crystallite size = ( G t G c ) / G c 10

Where, Gc and Gt are crystallite size of control and treated powder

samples respectively. The XRD analysis was carried out on day 1, 10,
78, 106 and 117 day referred as control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.

Particle size analysis

For particle size analysis, laser particle size analyzer SYMPATEC
HELOS-BF was used, which had a detection range of 01-875 m. The
particle size data was collected in the form of a chart of particle size
vs. cumulative percentage. Three parameters of particle sizes viz. d50,
d90, and d99 (size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present,
respectively) were calculated from the particle size distribution curve.
The percent change in particle sizes were calculated using following
equation:
%changein particlesize,d 50 =

[(d 50 )Treated - [(d 50 )Control ]

(d 50 )Control

100

Where, (d50) Control and (d50) Treated are the particle size, d50 of control
and treated samples respectively. Similarly, the percent change in
particle size d90 and d99 were calculated. The particle size were evaluated
on day 1, 12, 91, 97 and 115 for control, T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

In order to study the changes in surface morphology of bronze
powder after biofield treatment, the control and treated sample were
analyzed on day 20 using SEM, the JEOL JSM-6360 instrument.
Adv Automob Engg
ISSN:2167-7670 AAE, an open access journal

Results and Discussion

= + k / G

(1)

Where, is strength of the material , is a material constant for

the starting stress for dislocation movement, k is the strengthening
coefficient, G is crystallite size.
Dybiec et al. reported the material constant, o =58.9 MPa and
k=0.3689 MPa m1/2 for bronze [29]. These parameters were used to
calculate the yield strength of control and treated bronze powder. The
yield strength of all samples were calculated using equation (1) and
Group

Lattice Parameter
()

Unit Cell Volume

(10-23cm3)

Crystallite size
(nm)

Control

3.6224

4.753

88.96

Treated T1

3.6151

4.724

148.38
111.30

Treated T2

3.6129

4.716

Treated T3

3.6156

4.727

44.52

Treated T4

3.6199

4.743

148.36

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of bronze powder.

Volume 4 Issue 1 1000119

Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties
of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

Page 3 of 6
Number of days after treatment

0
-0.1

10

78

106

117

Percent Change

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

size. Further, on day 97 the particle size of d50, d90, and d99 were reduced
by 18.22, 12.89, and 11.95% respectively as compared to control. In
addition, particle sizes of d50, d90, and d99 were also reduced by 13.47,
8.78, and 9.96% respectively on day 115, as compared to control.
Overall, the graph showed that particle of each size i.e. finer to coarser,
were reduced as increase in number of days after biofield treatment
(Figure 4). It is well known that the bronze powder particles are
polycrystalline i.e. it consist of many grains. In polycrystalline particles,

-0.6

20

-0.7
-0.8

15

Volume

Figure 1: Percent change in lattice parameter and unit cell volume in

biofield treated bronze as compared to control.

Percent change

Lattice parameter

-0.9

80

Number of days after treatment

0
-5

10

78

106

117

-15

40

Figure 3: Percent change in yield strength of biofield treated bronze as

compared to control.

20
Number of days after treatment

0
10

78

106

117

-40
-60
Figure 2: Percent change in crystallite size in biofield treated bronze as
compared to control.

percent change in treated bronze powder as compared to control. It was

observed that the yield strength was reduced by 9% on day 10 (T1) and
then increased upto 16.50% on day 106 (T3), as compared to control,
after biofield treatment. Nevertheless, the yield strength was again
decreased by 8.99% on day 117 as compared to control. Overall, the
graph indicates that bronze showed the higher yield strength in time
period of day 82 to day 115 (Figure 3). This variation in yield strength
in treated bronze powder could be due to change of crystallite size
after biofield treatment as explained by Hall and Petch. The strength
of materials can be modulated by changing the crystallite size and this
could be due to interactions of dislocations with crystallite boundaries
as they move. In this phenomenon, the crystallites boundaries
hindered the movement of dislocation gliding along the slip planes and
increased the yield strength [30]. It is also reported that the reduction
in crystallite size leads to increase the grain boundaries and vice versa.
Thus, it is hypothesized that the change in crystallite size after biofield
treatment in bronze could alter the yield strength.

15
10
Percent change

Percent Change

-10

60

-20

10

Number of days after treatment

0
-5

12

91

97

115

-10
-15
-20
-25
d50

d90

d99

Figure 4: Percent change in particle size in biofield treated bronze as

compared to control.
Groups

d50 (m)

d90 (m)

d99 (m)

Control

50.50

94.26

135.60

Treated T1

53.10

102.00

152.10

Treated T2

42.30

76.59

110.20

Treated T3

41.30

82.11

119.40

Treated T4

43.70

85.98

122.10

d50, d90, and d99, size below which 50%, 90%, and 99% particles are present,
respectively
Table 2: Particle size analysis of bronze powder.

Particle size analysis

In order to understand the effect of biofield treatment on particle
size, several range i.e. d50, d90, andd99 were calculated and results are
presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. It was observed that the particle
sizes of d50, d90, andd99 were increased by 5.15, 8.21, 12.17% respectively,
as compared to control on day 12. It may be due to agglomeration of
finer particles through high energy milling that probably induced by
biofield treatment. Furthermore, the d50, d90, and d99 were reduced by
16.24, 18.71, 18.75% respectively, as compared to control on day 91.
This can be possible if coarser particles get fracture to smaller particle
Adv Automob Engg
ISSN:2167-7670 AAE, an open access journal

Figure 5: The SEM images of (a) control and (b) treated bronze powder.

Volume 4 Issue 1 1000119

Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties
of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

Page 4 of 6
crystallite boundaries are the structural weak points [16,17]. Hence, it
is hypothesized that these weak boundaries may fracture under stress
and reduced particle size.
The SEM images of control and treated bronze samples at
magnification of 500x are shown in Figure 5. The diffusion welded and
agglomerated particles were observed in control bronze with size range
of 1-100 m. However, in treated bronze powder, fractured surface
morphology along with satellites and intra-particle boundaries were
observed. Furthermore, the treated bronze particles were in the size
range of 1-75 m. It indicates that the coarser particles may fracture
into finer after biofield treatment that possibly reduces the particle
size [17]. Furthermore, in order to study the bronze powder at atomic
bonding level, samples were analyzed using FT-IR.

absorption peak at wavenumber 1541 cm-1 (Control and T1) and

1550 cm-1 (T2), which characterized the O-H bending. However,
the bands at wavenumber 3734 cm-1 (control and T1) and 3749 cm-1
(T2) were assigned to O-H stretching vibration that may be due to
moisture absorption by samples [31,32]. Furthermore, the peak at 648
cm-1(control) and 650 cm-1 (T1), and 663 cm-1 (T2) can be attributed
to Sn-O stretching vibrations [32]. This indicates that wavenumber
shifted toward higher side, after biofield treatment, which could be
due to alteration in Sn-O bond strength. Besides this, the IR spectra of
treated (T2) showed three new peaks at wavenumber 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1,
and 835 cm-1 (Figure 8). The peaks at 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 can be
attributed to Cu-O-H bending mode, whereas the emergence of peak at
464 cm-1 could be due to Cu-O vibrations [33,34]. Thus, it is presumed
that biofield treatment may be acting at atomic bonding level to cause
these modifications.

FT-IR spectroscopy

Conclusion

FT-IR spectrum of control and treated bronze samples are shown

in Figures 6-8. In all these spectra, absorption bands in region of
range 4000-300 cm-1 were observed. The FT-IR spectra showed an

In summary, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the

lattice strain, crystallite size, particle size and surface morphology in

SEM analysis

Figure 6: FT-IR spectrum of control bronze powder.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T1).

Adv Automob Engg

ISSN:2167-7670 AAE, an open access journal

Volume 4 Issue 1 1000119

Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties
of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

Page 5 of 6

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of biofield treated bronze powder (T2).

bronze powder as compared to control. XRD data revealed that the unit
cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% as compared to control. This could
be due to compressive stress generated during high energy milling
through biofield treatment. Besides this, the reduction in crystallite size
upto 49.9% may lead to increase the mechanical strength of the bronze
powder after biofield treatment. In addition, biofield treatment has
significantly reduced the particle size upto 18.22% in bronze powder
as compared to control. SEM data showed fractured surfaces in treated
sample whereas welded particles were observed in control sample.
Furthermore, the FT-IR analysis data suggest that there were three
new peaks at 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 found in treated bronze
as compared to control; indicated that there might be an alteration of
bond properties in bronze after biofield treatment. Overall, the biofield
treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at
physical and structural level. Thus, it is postulated that the biofield
treated bronze powder could be more useful in bearing and gear
applications in automobiles.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese
academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray
Diffraction data.

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Citation: Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Properties
of Bronze Powder. Adv Automob Eng 4: 119. doi:10.4172/2167-7670.1000119

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