CHAPTER 2

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The block diagram gives us a brief idea about the working of the
Online Monitoring and control system. It includes a PIC16F877A micro
controller which is used to assess the values from voltage, current and speed
sensor. A 2 X 16 LCD is provided for displaying the output values. It is based on
ZIGBEE protocol and thus proves to be energy efficient.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
2.2.1 MACHINE SECTION:
Power Supply

LCD
Speed Sensor
Voltage Sensor

PIC
16F877A
Micro
Controller

MAX
232

ZIGBEE

Driver Circuit Induction Motor

Current Sensor

Figure 2.1 Machine Section

The figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of machine section. In this process,
the values from the sensors are taken and given to the PIC micro controller. The
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user has the flexibility to set the reference values from the PC and it is given to the
machine system via MAX 232 using ZIGBEE transmitting protocol. The error is
determined based upon the difference of the reference and obtained values and a
closed loop mechanism is acted upon by the system and the desired parameter is
reached which may be increase or decrease in voltage, current, speed and torque.
2.2.2 COLLECTING SECTION:

Power Supply

ZIGBEE

MAX
232

Figure 2.2 Collecting Section.

The figure 2.2 shows the block diagram of collecting section. This section is
used to transmit as well as for receiving the parameters to the system or from the
system respectively. The user can decide upon the magnitude of the parameter
desired and that can be given to the PIC micro controller using MAX 232.
2.3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
2.3.1. POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The supply of 5 V DC is given to the system which is converting from 230 V
AC supply. Firstly, the step down transformer used here is for converting the 230 V
AC into 12 V AC. The microcontroller will support only the DC supply, so the AC
supply is converted to DC using the bridge rectifier. The output of the rectifier will
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have ripples so we are using the 2200 f capacitor for filtering those ripples. The
output from the filter is given to the 7805 voltage regulator, which will convert the
12 V DC into 5 V DC. The output from the regulator will be filtered using the 1000
f capacitor, so the pure 5 V DC is getting as the output from the power supply
unit. Here we are using the PIC microcontroller, which will be capable of getting
the supply of 5 V DC so we have to convert the 230 V AC supply into 5 V DC
supply.

Figure 2.3 Power Supply Unit

The figure 2.3 shows how to generate +5 V DC power supply. The power
supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant output regulated
power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-12 V/1 mA transformer is
used for this purpose. The primary of this transformer is connected in to main
supply through on/off switch & fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit
protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes to convert 12 V AC to 12 V
DC voltage and filtered by the capacitors which are further regulated to +5 V using
IC 7805.

2.3.2 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

PIC 16F877A Microcontroller

Figure 2.4 Basic concepts of microcontroller

The figure 2.4 shows the basic concepts of micro controller. The
microcontroller used in our project is the PIC16F877A microcontroller which is
used to collect the sensor values form the different sensor. Form this values if
calculates the torque and efficiency of the motor after calculating the torque it will
forward to the monitoring section, through ZIGBEE.

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Analog Applications:
A PIC microcontroller is a 10-bit, 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter
(A/D), Brown-out Reset (BOR), Analog Comparator module with two analog
comparators and programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module,
Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage
reference is possible. Comparator outputs are externally accessible
2.3.3. COMMUNICATION UNIT
ZIGBEE
ZIGBEE operates in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands is
2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data transmission rates vary from 20 to
900 kilobits/second. In this project we transfer the collected values i.e., speed,
voltage, current of the motor. ZIGBEE is a wireless technology developed as an
open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless
sensor networks. The standard takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical
radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands worldwide at the following
frequencies: 2.4002.484 GHz, 902-928 MHz and 868.0868.6 MHz.
1. The power levels (down from 5 V to 3.3 V) to power the ZIGBEE module.
2. The communication lines (TX, RX, DIN and DOUT) to the appropriate
voltages.

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Figure 2.5 ZIGBEE Interfacing Diagram

The figure 2.5 shows the interfacing diagram of ZIGBEE. The ZIGBEE
module acts as both transmitter and receiver. The Rx and Tx pins of ZIGBEE are
connected to Tx and Rx of 8051 microcontroller respectively. The datas from
microcontroller is serially transmitted to ZIGBEE module via UART port. Then
ZIGBEE transmits the data to another ZIGBEE. The data from ZIGBEE
transmitted from Dout pin. The ZIGBEE from other side receives the data via Din
pin.
Max 232
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
generator to supply RS 232 voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each receiver
converts RS-232 to 5 V TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver converts TLL/CMOS input
levels into EIA-232 levels. The P3_0 (RX) and P3_1 (TX) pin of controller is
connected to the max 232 driver and the TX and RX pin of max 232 is connected
to the GSM modem or PC.

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Figure 2.6 Logic Diagram of MAX 232

The figure 2.6 shows the logic diagram of MAX232. In this circuit the
microcontroller transmitter pin is connected in the MAX232 T2IN pin which
converts input 5v TTL/CMOS level to RS232 level. Then T2OUT pin is connected
to reviver pin of 9 pin D type serial connector which is directly connected to PC.
In PC the transmitting data is given to R2IN of MAX232 through transmitting
pin of 9 pin D type connector which converts the RS232 level to 5v TTL/CMOS
level. The R2OUT pin is connected to receiver pin of the microcontroller. Likewise
the data is transmitted and received between the microcontroller and PC or other
device vice versa. The following figure2.7 shows the interfacing diagram of
MAX232.

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MAX232 INTERFACING DIAGRAM

Figure 2.7 MAX232 Interfacing Diagram

2.3.4. DEVICE DRIVER UNIT
TRIGERRING CIRCUIT
The triggering circuit is nothing but a switch which alters the supply to the
induction motor by turning on/off, on application of the gate pulse coming from
the ccp1 pin of PIC micro controller.
Based on the PWM technique and duty cycle for a specific speed variation,
the TRIAC turns on when the gate signal is high and turns off while the signal is
absent resulting in a net variation in the applied voltage to the motor resulting in
an indirect voltage control.
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It consists of a TRIAC which is used for switching application. Along, An

opto coupler is present which is used to provide electrical isolation for the PIC
from the 230 V Supply. The Triac is under a high voltage stress and thus any
fluctuation in voltage may affect the PIC IC. To prevent it, opto coupler is present.
The capacitors are meant for reducing the ripples produced, if any.
TRIAC are bidirectional and so current can flow through them in either
direction. The bidirectionality makes TRIACs very convenient switches for AC
circuits, also allowing them to control very large power flows with milliampere
scale gate currents. In addition, applying a trigger pulse at a controlled phase
angle in an AC cycle allows one to control the percentage of current that flows
through the TRIAC to the load.

FIGURE 2.8 TRIAC Triggering circuit

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Figure 2.8 shows the working of the triggering circuit with isolation provided by
the opto isolator to prevent any damage to the PIC microcontroller.
P-N refers to the AC supply to be connected across the terminals whereas the 5V
coming from the PIC is used to trigger the switching device.

2.3.5. SENSOR UNIT

In this project, in order to calculate the efficiency and torque we need three
sensors namely Speed, Current and Voltage sensors.
Speed sensor
It is connected in the spindle of motor it calculate number of
revolutions per minute it is collected from the microcontroller and send to pc via
ZIGBEE. A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of
tachometer. It is a sender device used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel
rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and pickup.
Many of the subsystems in a rail vehicle, such as a locomotive or multiple
unit, depend on a reliable and precise rotary speed signal, in some cases as a
measure of the speed or changes in the speed. This applies in particular to traction
control, but also to wheel slide protection, registration, train control, door control
and so on. These tasks are performed by a number of rotary speed sensors that may
be found in various parts of the vehicle.
In the past, sensors for this purpose often failed to function satisfactorily or
were not reliable enough and gave rise to vehicle faults. This was particularly the
case for the early mainly analogue sensors, but digital models were also affected.
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This was mainly due to the extremely harsh operating conditions

encountered in rail vehicles. The relevant standards specify detailed test criteria,
but in practical operation the conditions encountered are often even more extreme
(such as shock/vibration and especially electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)).
Voltage sensor
Voltage sensor is used to measure the voltage consumption of the motor,
forward it to the controller and it stored in the PC. The figure 2.9 shows the circuit
diagram of voltage sensor.

Figure 2.9 Voltage Sensor

SPECIFICATION :
Inductive step down voltage transformer.
Input voltage

: 0 250 volts

Primary coil Resistance

: 1.5 Kilo ohms

Secondary Coil Resistance

: 6 ohms

Maximum load Current

: 1 Ampere

Gain division

: 100

Output voltage

: 0-2.50 Volts
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Current sensor
Current sensor is used to measure the current rating of the motor, forward it
to the controller and it stored in the PC. The figure 2.10 shows the circuit diagram
of current sensor.

Figure 2.10 Current Sensor

Specification :
Inductive step down Current transformer.
Input primary coil resistance

: 1kilo ohms.

Output Secondary Series resistance

: 20 ohms

Input Voltage Range

: 150-300 Volts

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2.3.6. DISPLAY UNIT- LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual
display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals
(LCs). LCDs do not emit light directly. The main use of this is to view the current
rating of the sensor and also display the calculated torque and efficiency values.
The figure 2.11 shows the interfacing diagram of LCD with PIC microcontroller.

Figure 2.11 Interfacing LCD with PIC microcontroller

2.3.6.1 PIN CONFIGURATION

8 data pins D7:D0
These are Bidirectional data pins which can act as both input or output ports.
Alpha numeric characters are sent in ASCII format.
RS: Register Select
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RS

RS

->
1

Command
->

Data

Register
Register

is
is

selected
selected

R/W: Read or Write

0 -> Write,
1 -> Read

E: Enable (Latch data)

It

is

used

to

latch

the

data

present

on

the

data

pins.

A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data. The 8 data lines are connected to
PORT 1 of 8051 microcontroller. The three control lines (RS, RW and EN) are
connected to PORT 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 respectively.

2.3.7. SOFTWARE UNIT

Software is used to compile the coding of the desired application for the
corresponding embedded system.
MPLAB or CCS Compiler
The PIC16F877A microcontroller is founded by Microchip and they had
designed a compiler to develop user-defined programs for different kind of
applications which is namely called as MPLAB Compiler. Both Assembly and C
programming languages can be used with MPLAB IDE v8. It is also a cross
compiler which can also be used other kind of architectures. For PIC series of
controllers only MPLAB compiler is used.
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In this project we are using PIC16F877A Microcontroller and for that

controller Microchip developed a compatible and user-friendly compiler for
programming which is named MPLAB or hi-tech compiler. Hence we choose that
controller.

2.3.8. SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Single phase induction motor has only one winding of stator and it will
produce only pulsating magnetic field. A pulsating magnetic field acting on the
rotor cannot produce rotation. So the motor doesnt start with only one winding.
But if the motor is started using an auxiliary winding, it can continue to run even
after the removal of auxiliary winding. Double field revolving theory explains the
running of induction motor after starting with only main winding is energized. The
various starting methods of single phase induction motors are split phase
induction motors, capacitor start induction motors, capacitor run induction motors
and capacitor start-run induction motors. These motors are used in ceiling fans, air
circulators and blowers.
2.4 ADVANTAGES
1. There is a large reduction in the amount of transmitted data, enabling realtime and dynamic monitoring of multiple motors.
2. Power consumption is less.
2.5 APPLICATIONS
Used in Production based Industries
This type of system is used in production based industries such as Oil Well
Industries where motors are used in large numbers. If a motor fails it leads to
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greater loss on that days production. Hence such system becomes very useful in
such industries. Also complex wiring is not possible at such industries.

It can be applied in all industries where machineries are involved

Since almost all the industrial used machineries uses motors it is essential to
measure the torque and efficiency of such motors. Hence this system can be
applied at all such industries.
2.6 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
The system can be expanded in future by increasing the number of nodes to
a large number in an industrial environment. Also spectrum-aware protocols can be
developed to allow the radios to choose their operation channels dynamically,
allowing the embedded systems to self-adapt to the operating environment,
improving the quality of service of the network.
2.7 CONCLUSION
Even with the difficulties in data transmission using the WSN in some
scenarios, the system was able to provide useful monitoring information, since all
processing is done locally (i.e., only the information already computed is
transmitted over the network). Without local processing, it might be impossible to
use the WSN technology for this particular application, considering an unreliable
transmission medium. Allied to the local processing capacity, other techniques can
be developed to mitigate interference in those environments, leading to better
communication performance.
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