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    Aerodynamics John Chen

    Uploaded by

    Yadana
    This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics concepts for flight. It outlines key forces on airplanes like thrust, lift and drag. It explains governing physics principles like conservation of mass, momentum and energy. It discusses 2D airfoil shapes and differences between 2D and 3D aerodynamics. Important 3D concepts covered include downwash, vorticity, aspect ratio and lift distribution. The summary emphasizes that trailing edge vortices are important as they reduce lift and increase drag, and that unsteady aerodynamics effects are complicated by vorticity distributions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Aerodynamics John Chen

    Uploaded by

    Yadana
    50 views51 pages
    This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics concepts for flight. It outlines key forces on airplanes like thrust, lift and drag. It explains governing physics principles like conservation of mass, momentum and energy. It discusses 2D airfoil shapes and differences between 2D and 3D aerodynamics. Important 3D concepts covered include downwash, vorticity, aspect ratio and lift distribution. The summary emphasizes that trailing edge vortices are important as they reduce lift and increase drag, and that unsteady aerodynamics effects are complicated by vorticity distributions.

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    Aerodynamics

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    This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics concepts for flight. It outlines key forces on airplanes like thrust, lift and drag. It explains governing physics principles like conservation of mass, momentum and energy. It discusses 2D airfoil shapes and differences between 2D and 3D aerodynamics. Important 3D concepts covered include downwash, vorticity, aspect ratio and lift distribution. The summary emphasizes that trailing edge vortices are important as they reduce lift and increase drag, and that unsteady aerodynamics effects are complicated by vorticity distributions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views51 pages

    Aerodynamics John Chen

    Uploaded by

    Yadana
    This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics concepts for flight. It outlines key forces on airplanes like thrust, lift and drag. It explains governing physics principles like conservation of mass, momentum and energy. It discusses 2D airfoil shapes and differences between 2D and 3D aerodynamics. Important 3D concepts covered include downwash, vorticity, aspect ratio and lift distribution. The summary emphasizes that trailing edge vortices are important as they reduce lift and increase drag, and that unsteady aerodynamics effects are complicated by vorticity distributions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 51

    Introduction to

    Aerodynamics for Flight


    Oct 14 2008
    Brown University

    Outline
    What do we want from aerodynamics?
    Basic ideas from 2D
    Differences between 2D and 3D
    The importance of unsteadiness

    What is aerodynamics?
    Aero
    Air
    Dynamics

    What do we want from


    aerodynamics?

    Predict forces and moments on a

    body due to motions relative to fluid

    What are the forces on an


    airplane?

    Four forces on an airplane

    NASA Glenn Research center

    What is the most important part that identifies the


    type, performance, and purpose of an airplane?

    2D Airfoil

    Vectors
    Direction
    Magnitude

    Governing principles
    Conservation of mass
    Conservation of momentum
    Conservation of energy

    Physics laws nothing in nature that violates.

    Thrust

    Newtons 1st law


    applied to airplanes

    Isaac Newton
    (1643-1727)

    Every object persists in

    its state of rest or uniform


    motion in a straight line
    unless it is compelled to
    change that state by
    forces impressed on it.

    If Thrust == Drag, airplane holds constant airspeed


    If Thrust , airspeed , then drag
    When Drag == thrust, airplane holds a new, higher constant airspeed

    Newtons 2nd law


    applied to airplanes

    Isaac Newton
    (1643-1727)

    Force = mass * acceleration

    Excess Thrust = Thrust - Drag


    Forces on the fluid causes acceleration

    Lift
    What cause it?
    How to explain it?

    Air and motion


    Newtons laws
    Bernoullis principle

    Motion effects on lift (1)


    Change in momentum
    Lift (wing goes up)

    Sir Isaac Newton

    F1
    F2
    F

    Force causes a change in velocity which in turn generates another force.


    For every action , there is an equal reaction.
    Conservation of momentum (m * v)

    Motion effects on lift (2)


    Pressure difference
    Lift (wing goes up)

    Issac Newton

    Streamlines

    Faster flow = lower relative pressure

    The speed of a fluid is directly


    related to pressure

    Conservation of energy
    (Energy: the capacity for doing work)

    Motion effects on circulation (3)


    Circulation

    Conservation of angular momentum


    Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem

    http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/

    Shape causes lift (1)


    Angle of attack

    Higher angle of attack = larger lift

    But ...

    Stall and Separation!

    What causes Separation?


    r
    we ure
    o
    L ss
    Pre

    r
    we ure
    o
    L ss
    Pre

    High
    er P
    ress
    ure

    High
    er P
    ress
    ure

    Reve
    rsed
    Flow
    Regi
    on

    ressure
    P
    r
    e
    w
    Lo

    Camber in Actual Airfoils

    Design of an airplane is an Art


    (alternative ways to increase lift)
    Camber augmentation (Splat, flap, spoiler)

    Factors that affect Lift


    Air
    Mass, viscosity, compressibility
    Motion
    velocity and inclination to flow
    Object
    Shape and size
    Governed by Newtons laws and Bernoulis equation

    Drag
    A force of resistance when an aircraft moves
    through the air.

    We want to minimize it.

    Separation!
    Pressure
    Low pressure
    Text

    Low pressure

    Aside: Boundary Layer

    Friction Drag
    Turbulence vs. Laminar Boundary Layers
    t0

    t1

    Transition
    Recrit

    Viscosity

    Drag

    Pressure / Form Drag

    Delayed separation in Turbulent flow (less drag)

    Early separation in laminar flow (more drag)

    Friction Drag

    Low for Laminar flows

    High for turbulent flows

    Reynolds Number
    Re =

    Inertia force
    Viscous force

    Predication of laminar
    vs. turbulent flow

    Defines dynamic
    similarity

    Fluid Velocity *Length


    Viscosity

    Blood flow in brain: ~100


    Blood flow in aorta: ~1000
    Typical pitch in Major League Baseball:
    200,000
    Person swimming: 4000,000
    Blue Whale: 300,000,000
    A large ship: 5000,000,000

    From 2D to 3D

    What is missing from our discussion?


    What assumption did we make about
    the geometry of the wing?

    Trailing edge vertices

    Downwash Introduces Drag

    Flow from the lower side (higher pressure) wants to leak to the low
    pressure side of the wing.
    Starts from wing tip
    Vorticity from trailing edge

    Vorticity

    Lifting Body Problems

    Ramifications of Downwash

    Introduce drag
    Reduce lift

    Aspect Ratio

    Oswarlds efficiency

    Lift Distribution
    For level flight, minimum induced drag occur
    when the lift distribution is elliptical

    Either the wing shape is elliptical, or


    The incidence angle produces an elliptical
    lift

    Other 3D Effects

    Summary
    Four forces
    Momentum
    Reynolds number (steady, un-steady flow)
    2D vs. 3D

    Dave Willis:

    so what?! we got all this lift /


    drag etc. Garbage!

    How to use the knowledge to:


    - Design an airplane
    - Study bats flight kinematics
    and flow wakes
    - Conduct visual design

    FastAero Bat flight simulation, Dave Willis et al.

    Tatjana Hubel et al.

    Conclusion
    Physical conservation principles to gain
    insights into fluid flow

    Trailing edge vortices play important role


    Reduces lift and increases drag
    Unsteady effects are complicated due to
    vorticity distributions and added mass
    acceleration effects.

    Acknowledgment
    David Willis (U Ma. Lowell)
    for his slides from last year and many
    pretty pictures

    Tatjana Hubel (Brown)


    for her suggestions on this presentation

    Love in Looking and Comprehension is


    the Natures Most Beautiful Gift.
    - Albert Einstein

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