Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

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Journal of Acute Disease

journal homepage: www.jadweb.org

Document heading

doi: 10.1016/S2221-6189(13)60124-9

Some medicinal plants with aphrodisiac potential: A current status

Ramandeep Singh1*, Ashraf Ali1, Gaurav Gupta2, Alok Semwal3, G. Jeyabalan1
Department of Pharmacy, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan, India
School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacy, Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, Paonta Sahib (H.P), India

1
2
3

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article history:
Received 28 May 2013
Received in revised form 3 June 2013
Accepted 18 June 2013
Available online 20 September 2013

Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty.
An aphrodisiac is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual desire. Current sexual

Keywords:
Aphrodisiac
Ayurveda
Herbal medicines
Medicinal property

dysfunction therapy lack satisfactory success due to adverse effect, hence patients are seeking
complementary and alternative medicine to treat sexual dysfunction. Ayurveda and other Indian
literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about more than 45 000
plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties.
Researchers conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or
used traditionally for sexual dysfunction. This review reveals that some plants and their extract
have aphrodisiac activity, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal aphrodisiac
formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively
increased.

1. Introduction
Aphrodisiac is the word derived from Aphrodite, the
Greek goddess of sexual, love and beauty. An aphrodisiac

is defined as an agent (food or drug) that arouses sexual

desire. F rom time immemorial mans endeavour have
been to increase his sexual powers. When man did not
know metals and used only stones he exhibited his sexual
powers by ritual dances accompanied by hunting. This
lead early man was motivated by his quest for food,
sex and self-preservation. The possibility of bioactive
aphrodisiacs which may be derived from plants, animals
or minerals, has been attractive throughout recorded
history. Aphrodisiac are mentioned there as Vajikaranas,
the word vaji meaning horse and karanta meaning making
i.e. Measure to excite lust by charms etc. Many natural
substances have historically been known as aphrodisiacs in
Africa and Europe, such as Yohimbine and the Mandrake
plant, as well as ground Rhinoceros horn in the Chinese
culture and Spanish fly which is actually toxic. Sexual
relationships are some of the most important social and
*Corresponding author: Ramandeep Singh (Research Scholar), Department of
Pharmacy, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.
Tel: +91-9736922900
E-mail: ramandeep_pharma@yahoo.com

biological relationship in human life. Male impotence also

called erectile dysfunction (ED or SD) is a common medical
condition that affects the sexual life of millions of men
worldwide. Erectile dysfunction is defined as the persistent
inability to obtain and maintain an erection sufficient for
naturally satisfactory intercourse. Sexual dysfunction is a
serious medical and social symptom that occurs in 10%52% of men and 25%-63% of women. Erectile dysfunction is
adversely affected by diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive,
antipsychotic, antidepressant therapeutic drugs. Organic
causes of ED like Hypogonadism, hyperprolactinaemia, and
neurological disorders. Treatment of ED involves several
natural aphrodisiac potentials. Aphrodisiac is described
as any substance that enhances sexual pleasure. Sexual
dysfunction caused by various factors such as psychological
disorders like Anxiety, depression, stress, fear of sex,
neurological disorders, stroke, cerebral trauma, Alzheimer,
P arkinsons disease and chronic disorders-diabetes,
hypertension, vascular insufficiency, Atherosclerosis, penile
disease-phinosis, peyronies, life style-chronic alcohol
abuse, cigarette smoking, aging, decrease in hormone
level with age. Systemic diseases - cardiac, hepatic, renal,
pulmonary, and cancer. Since introduction of sildenafil
citrate to treat erectile dysfunction, there has been renewed
and vigorous interest in medicinal herbs with folkloric

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reputation for sexual disorders. The Ayurvedic system of

medicine addresses the problem of sexual deficiencies
by treatment with specialized therapy known as Rasayana
therapy. V ajakarna therapy includes aphrodisiacs for
erectile dysfunction, causes of infertility, spermatogenesis,
semenogenesis, reproduction, methods of correcting
defective semen and sexual satisfaction[1,2].
Ayurveda has a whole science of Aphrodisiacs. It is one
of the seven branches of its medical system. Ayurvedic
A phrodisiacs ( V ajikarana in S anskrit ) are more than
substances exiting sexual activity; they are tonics that
nurture and give direct sustenance to the reproductive
tissues. Others help promote the creative transformation
of sexual energy for the benefit of the body-mind. Sexual
desire is controlled and regulated by the central nervous
system which integrates tactile, olfactory, specific auditory
and mental stimuli. The aphrodisiac drugs act by altering
the level of specific neurotransmitters or specific sex
hormones into the body. Most of the aphrodisiacs agent acts
by altering the testosterone and progesterone concentration
in the body[3,4].
This review will discuss the current research done on the
most popular natural aphrodisiacs and examine the weight
of evidence to support the use of any of them to enhance
sexual desire and/or function.
2. Mechanism involved in aphrodisiac potentials
Sexual desire is controlled and regulated by the central

nervous system which integrates tactile, olfactory and mental

stimuli[4].
First: Some aphrodisiac simply provide a burst of nutritional
value improving the immediate health or well being of the
consumer and consequently improving sexual performance
and libido.
Second: This group includes the purported aphrodisiac
have more specific physiological affects but are not
psychologically active. They may affect blood flow; increase
duration of sexual activity by numbing the genital area.
T hird: T he third group of aphrodisiac is made up
compounds that are psychopharmacological, i.e. they
actually cross the blood brain barriers and stimulates
some area of sexual arousal. T his category includes a
wide range of neurotransmitters, hormones, pheromones
and drugs that interfere with the normal function of these
molecules. This category is most difficult to study because
knowledge of both sexual arousal and the mechanisms of
the psychoactive properties of drugs are limited. Only the
most general information about sexual arousal and the brain
is understood[5]. Possible mode of action of aphrodisiac
potential of medicinal plants is given in Figure 1[3,6].
2.1. Adverse effects of current treatments used in sexual
dysfunction
Side effects include drowsiness, insomnia, headaches, nasal

congestion, headaches, dizziness, tachycardia and weight

loss[7].

Figure 1. Possible mode of action of aphrodisiac bioactive principles

in male rats[3,6].

3. Some medicinal plants with aphrodisiac potential

Some of the medicinal plants have proven to possess a
traditional as well as scientifically proven aphrodisiac
that can enhance passion, increase libido, enhance
sexual performance and help to increase the intensity of
lovemaking. A brief report of plants has been tested for
aphrodisiac potential are documented.

Abelmoschus manihot (A. manihot) (L.) (Malvaceae)

A. manihot (L.) commonly reffered to as Junglee bhindi.
Two doses i.e. 100and 200 mg/kg b.w. of ethanolic extract
administered to Swiss albino mice, showed pronounced
anabolic and spermatogenic effect in animals of respective
groups. There was a remarkable increased in sperm count
and penile erection index and also improved sexual
behavior of male mice by increased mount and intromission
frequency. Further it was noticed that a 200 mg/kg b.w. dose
of A. manihot, the performance rate enhances without any
side effect [8].
Anacyclus pyrethrum (A. pyrethrum) (Compositae)
Aqueous extract of the roots was studied for its effect on
sexual behavior, spermatogenesis, and sperm count. Fructose
levels in seminal vesicles of albino rats were also recorded.
T wo doses i.e. 50 and 100 mg/kg of aqueous extract on
administration in albino rats showed pronounced anabolic
and spermatogenic effect in animals of respective groups.

Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

The sperm count and fructose levels in seminal vesicle were

markedly increased. Improvement in sexual behavior of male

rats was characterized by increased mount and intromission

frequency and reduced mount and intromission latency[9].

Argyreia nervosa (A. nervosa) Syn. (Convolvuaceae)

Etahnolic extract of A. nervosa on male mice exhibited
significant aphrodisiac behavior at 200 mg/kg p.o., single
dose. Significantly increase mounting behavior[10].
Asparagus racemosus (A. racemosus) Willd. (Liliaceae)
H ydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts at higher
concentration (400 mg/kg body weight) showed significant
aphrodisiac activity on male wistar albino rats as evidenced
by an increase in number of mounts and mating performance.
On the other hand, hydro-alcoholic extract at lower dose (200
mg/kg. body weight) and aqueous extract (400 mg/kg body
weight) showed moderate aphrodisiac property.
Asparagus racemosus is commonly known as Shatavari.
Milk and aqueous decoction of roots of A. racemosus, were
studied for aphrodisiac activity in male albino rats and
compared with untreated control group animals. The rats
were evaluated for effect of treatments on anabolic effect. Six
measures of sexual behavior were evaluated. 200 mg/kg body
weight of milk decoction showed a significant difference
in the sexual behavior of animals as reflected by reduction
of mount latency, ejaculation latency, post ejaculatory
latency, intromission latency, and an increase of mount
frequency. Penile erection (indicated by Penile Erection
Index) was also considerably enhanced. Reduced hesitation
time (an indicator of attraction towards female in treated
rats) also indicated an improvement in sexual behavior
of extract treated animals. The observed effects appear to
be attributable to the testosterone-like effects of the milk
decoction of A. racemosus. Nitric oxide based intervention
may also be involved as observable from the improved penile
erection[11].
Asteracanta longifolia (A. longifolia) (Acanthaceae)
Ethanolic extract of seeds of A. longifolia at 100, 150 and
200 mg/kg, p.o in male rats for a period of 28 d. Significantly
increase in the sexual behavior such as mating performance
and MF. A Significant increase in the sperm count as well as
fructose levels of seminal vesicles was noted[12].
Blepharis edulis (B. edulis) Linn. (Acanthaceae)
Effect of etanolic extract of Seeds of B. edulis Linn. at 100,
250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 d on mice significantly increase
MF, IF, IL, erections as well as aggregate of penile reflexes
and caused significant reduction in ML & PEI. Hormonal
parameter like testosterone was evaluated. T he most
appreciable effect of the extract was observed at the dose of
500 mg/kg[13]
Butea frondonsa (B. frondonsa) Koen (Papillionaceae)
Aphrodisiac study was performed on bark of B. frondonsa

181

Koen. The extract (400 mg/kg body wt./day) was administered

orally by gavage for 28 d. The extract reduced significantly
ML, IL, EL and PEI. The extract also increased significantly
MF, IF and EF. These effects were observed in sexually active

and inactive male rats[4].

Chenopodium album (C. album) (Chenopadiaceae)

Ethanolic extract C. album at 100, 250 & 500 mg.kg, p.o.
in male albino mice showed significant increase in the
MF, IF, IL, erection as well as aggregate of penile reflexes
and caused in significant reduction in the ML and post
ejaculatory interval. More over 500 mg/kg, p.o. was found to
be most active[14].
Chlorophytum borivilianum (C. borivilianum) (Liliaceae)
Lyophilized aqueous extracts of C. borivilianum at 200 mg/
kg, p.o. showed significant enhancement of body weight and
reproductive organs, penile erection, MF, whereas significant
variation in reduction of ML, EL, IL, reduced hesitation
time indicates an improvement in sexual behavior of extract
treated animals[15].
Crossandra infundibuliformis (C. infundibuliformis) Linn.
(Acanthaceae)
Effect of petroleum ether extract of C. infundibuliformis
Linn. on male rat exhibited significant aphrodisiac behavior
at 200 & 400 mg/kg p.o. Significantly increase MF, IF &
ejaculatory latency & reduced ML & IL and Significantly
increase in serum testosterone[16].
Curculigo orchioides (C. orchioides) Gaertn. (Amaryllidaceae)
Ethanoilc extract of rhizomes of C. orchioides Gaertn. at 100
mg/kg, p.o. in rats was found to be change significantly the
sexual behavior such as penile erection, mating performance,
MF, ML & increase of penile erection index and weight of
reproductive organs[4,39].
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. hatagirea) (D.Don) (Orchidaceae)
Aqueous extract of D. hatagirea (D.Don) Causes significant
anabolic effect. P enile erection index ( PEI ) was also
considerably enhanced and significantly reduce mount
latency in extract treated group[17].
Durio zibenthinus (D. zibenthinus) Linn. (Bombacaceae)
A phrodisiac activity of petroleum ether extract and
isolated compound 3-- hydroxyl-21 -normethyl-19 vinylidenylursane of D. zibenthinus Linn. Were screened for
different dose level & it was found that 400 mg/kg, p.o. was
most active in the mice & have better aphrodisiac activity
than all other treated dose[18].
Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) (Leguminoaceae)
In the present study aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract
of G. glabra roots & rhizomes was investigated. The extract
(150 mg/kg & 300 mg/kg body wt./day) was administered
orally by gavage for 28 days. Mount latency (ML), intromission

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Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

latency (IL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency

(IF), weight of animals (gm) were the parameters observed
before and during the sexual behavior study at day 0, 7,
10, 14, 21, and 28. The extract reduced significantly ML &
IL. The extract also increased significantly MF & IF. These
effects were observed in sexually active male rats[19].
Hybanthus enneaspermus (H. enneaspermus) (L) F. Muell

(Violaceae)

O rally administered ethanol ( 300 mg/kg ) and aqueous

( 300 mg/kg ) extracts of H. enneaspermus ( L ) F . M uell

were evaluated for its aphrodisiac activity in sexually

inactive male rats both in a single dose regimen and in
a chronic regimen as a daily dose for 28 d. Mount and
intromission latency and number of mounts, intromissions
and ejaculations were the parameters used for assessing
sexual arousal and performance. Following a single dose
administration, the aqueous extract produced a decrease in
the mounting and intromission latency, with an increase in
the ejaculatory and intromission frequency. In the chronic
model, both the alcohol and aqueous extracts increased
the number of mounts, ejaculations and intromissions
with decrease in the mounting and intromission latency.
Treatment with aqueous extract also elevated the testosterone
levels in sexually inactive male rats[20].
Leptadenia reticulate (L. reticulate) Linn. (Asclpiadaceae)
Effect of Chloroform extract of L. reticulate Linn. at 50,
100, 250 mg/kg, p.o. on male rats for a period of 28 days.
S ignificantly increase in mount, intromission interval,
number of ejaculations and decreased latency of first mount
as well as the increase in post ejaculation time. Significant
weight gain in testis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
vasdeferences, epididymis[21].
Mimusa pudica (M. pudica) Linn. (Mimosae)
Effect of etanolic extract of roots of M. pudica Linn. at
100, 250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days on mice significantly
increase MF, IF, IL, erections as well as aggregate of penile
reflexes and caused significant reduction in ML & PEI.
Hormonal parameter like testosterone was evaluated. The
most appreciable effect of the extract was observed at the
dose of 500 mg/kg[22].
Mucuna pruriens (M. pruriens) Linn. (Papilionaceae)
Ethanolic extract of M. pruriens Linn. showed significant
increase in the MF, IF, EL & decrease the mount latency, IL,
PEI & Intromission interval at 150, 200, 250 mg/kg, p.o. dose
in wistar albino rats [23].
Myristica fragrans (M. fragrans) Houtt. (Myristicaceae)
Effect of 50% etanolic extract of dry kernel of M. fragrans
Houtt. at 100, 250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 d on male rat
significantly increase MF , IF , IL , erections as well as
aggregate of penile reflexes and caused significant reduction

in ML & PEI[24].
Nymphaea stellata (N. stellata) Willd. (Nymphaeceae)
The extract (150, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was administered
orally once a day for 7 d. Mating behaviour test, orientational
activities, test for libido and test for potency were assessed
in male rats. Results and Discussion: There was an overall
increase in sexual behaviour as evidenced by an increase
in MF (Mounting Frequency), IF (Intromission Frequency),
EL (Ejaculatory Latency) and a decrease in ML (Mounting
Latency), IL (Intromission Latency) and PEI (Post Ejaculatory
I nterval ) . I ncrease in orientational activities, weight of
primary and accessory sex organs, libido and potency were
also observed. These results were statistically significant.
The study showed that the extract certainly has aphrodisiac
activity particularly at the dose level 500 mg/kg[25].
Ocimum gratissimum (O. gratissimum) (Lamiaceae)
Effect of etanolic extract of leaves of O. gratissimum at 100,
250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 d on mice significantly increase
MF, IF, IL, erections as well as aggregate of penile reflexes
and caused significant reduction in ML & PEI. A dose of 500
mg/kg showed maximum effect without any conspicuous
gastric ulceration and adverse effect[26].
Paederia foetida (P. foetida) Linn. (Rubiaceae)
Ethanolic extract of the leaves (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body
weight) was studied for their effect on body and secondary
sexual organ weight, sexual behavior, spermatogenesis
and serum testosterone level in male albino rats. O ral
administration of the extract in albino rats showed
pronounced anabolic and spermatogenic effects in animals in
the treated groups. The extract significantly increased both
mount and intromission frequency[27].
Passiflora incarnate (P. incarnate) Linn. (Passifloraceae)
Effect of methanolic extract of P. incarnate Linn. on male
mice exhibited significant aphrodisiac behavior at 75, 100
& 150 mg/kg, p.o. among these, the highest activity was
observed with the 100 mg/kg p.o dose. When the mounting
were calculated about 95 min after the administration of test
extract[28].
Pedalium murex (P. murex) Linn. (Pedaliaceae)
Fruits and roots of P. murex Linn. were reported for its
aphrodisiac activity. Ethanolic extract of P. murex fruits
possesses aphrodisiac property. Petroleum ether extracts of
P. murex roots were possesses aphrodisiac property.
Petroleum ether extract of P. murex, family Pedaliaceae.
Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of PEPM showed a significant
increase in mating and mounting behaviour. The effect
on fertility factors such as total body weight, percentage
of pregnancy, litter size were also significantly increased
in comparison with the ethanol-treated group. Significant
increases in sperm motility and count were observed in PEPM

Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

treated groups in a dose-dependent manner as compared

with the ethanol-treated group. Similarly, reductions in the
percentage of abnormal sperm were noted in animals treated
with PEPM 400 mg/kg. The effects of PEPM on total protein,
total cholesterol and testosterone were satisfactory, the levels
being increased significantly for protein, cholesterol and
testosterone by 400 mg/kg PEPM. Microtome sections of the
testes of animals treated with 400 mg/kg PEPM exhibited
restoration and recovery of germinal cells and the luminal
spermatozoa and were comparable with the control group
animals[1,29].
Piper guineense (P. guineense) (Piperaceae)
Aqueous extract of dry fruits of P. guineense two doses
(122.5 & 245 mg/kg p.o. for 8 d and 122.5 mg/kg p.o. for 55
d) Significant increase in the level of testosterone in the
serum & testes, cholesterol in testes, -glucosidase in the
epididymis in the seminal vesicles after 8 d of treatment,
while 55 d treatment the levels of cholesterol in the testes
increases by 75 % . A queous extract of P. guineense at
both doses had a positive effect on the male reproductive
function[30].
Polygonatum verticillatum (P. verticillatum) (Liliaceae)
Aqueous extract of P. verticillatum leaf dose (500 mg/kg
body weight/d) and L-dopa (100 mg/kg body weight/d) were
administered orally by gavages for 28 d. Mount latency (ML),
intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting
frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation
frequency (EF) and post ejaculatory interval (PEI) were the
parameters observed before and during the sexual behavior
study at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. P. verticillatum leaf aqueous
extract reduced significantly ML, IL, EL and PEI. The extract
also increased significantly MF, IF and EF[31].
Spilanthes acmella (S. acmella) (L.) Murr. (Asteraceae)
Ethanolic extracts of the S. acmella flower and its effect on
general mating pattern, penile erection and serum hormone
levels of normal male Wistar albino rats were investigated
and compared with sildenafil citrate. The animals were
evaluated on various parameters of sexual behavior, anabolic
effects, testosterone level and in-vitro sperm counts. The
aphrodisiac potential of an ethanolic Spilanthes acmella
extract was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo[32].
Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum) (L) Merr. & Perry
(Myrtaceae)
S. aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) in three doses (15,
30 & 60 mg/kg body weight p.o) in male mice significantly
increase MF, IF, IL, erections as well as aggregate of penile
reflexes. Hexane extract of S. aromaticum (L) flower bud as
an aphrodisiac[33].
Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) (Menispermaceae)
I n this study, the total extracts were tested for their

183

constituents and tested for aphrodisiac activity in

experimental rats. Hydroalcoholic extract of T. cordifolia
stem at higher concentration (400 mg/kg body weight) showed
significant aphrodisiac activity on male wistar albino rats as
evidenced by an increase in number of mounts and mating
performance. On the other hand hydroalcoholic extract at
lower dose (200 mg/kg body weight) and aqueous extract
( 400 mg/kg body weight ) showed moderate aphrodisiac
property[34].
Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) Linn. (Zygophyllaceae)
T. terrestris Linn. is commonly known as Ghokhru. The
lyophilized powder of the dried fruits of T. terrestris was
studied for sexual behavior effects of acute and subchronic
administration in male albino rats, and comparison has been
made with standard sexual stimulant drug, sildenafil citrate.
The animals were evaluated on various parameters of sexual
behavior, anabolic effects, testosterone level and in-vitro
sperm counts. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of test drug
has proven anabolic effect as evidenced by body weight gain
in the body and reproductive organs. Improvement in sexual
behavior of male rats was characterized by increased amount
and intromission frequency. Penile erection index (PEI) was
also considerably enhanced without any noticeable toxicity,
and the testosterone level and sperm count also significantly
increased, and the results are comparable to that of standard
drug, sildenafil citrate[35].
Trichopus zeylanicus (T. zeylanicus) Gaerton. (Trichopodaceae)
Administration of ethanolic extract of T. zeylanicus Gaerton.
leaves to male mice increased the number of mounts &
mating performance. The pups fathered by the extract treated
mice were normal with regard to fetal growth, litter size and
sex ratio. Although oral administration of a single dose (200
mg/kg p.o.) was effective, daily administration of the extract
were for 6 d was more effective. The aqueous as well as
n-Hexane extracts of the leaves were found to be inactive[36].
Turnera aphrodisiaca (T. aphrodisiaca) Ward (Turneraceae)
Chloroform extract exhibited significant activity at a dose of
200 mg/kg, p.o. while methanol extract showed aphrodisiac
activity at a lower dose, i.e., 50 mg/kg, p.o.. Volatile oil of T.
aphrodisiaca was found to be devoid of aphrodisiac activity.
Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence
of alkaloids in chloroform and methanol extracts. Therefore,
the alkaloidal fraction was isolated from aerial parts of T.
aphrodisiaca, and tested for aphrodisiac activity at dose
levels of 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg, p.o.[37].
Vanda tessellate ( V. tessellate ) ( ROXB . ) HOOK . EX DON
(Orchidaceae)
Alcoholic extract of flowers of V. tessellata at doses of
50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. were found to be increase mating
performance, and tend to increase the male/female ratio
resulting offspring. The alcohol extract was devoid of any

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Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

conspicuous general toxicity[38].

Orchis latifolia (O. latifolia) Linn. (Orchidaceae)
Aqueous extract of O. latifolia at dose 200 mg/kg, p.o. for
28 d were found to be evaluated for their efficacy against
STZ and alloxon induced sexual dysfunction. It was observed
that hyperglycemia has an adverse effect on overall sexual
behavior[41].
Cinnamomum camphora (C. camphora)
C. camphora (Camphor) at dose of 2.5, 12.5 and 50 mg/kg for
7 d were evaluated for mount latency, mount frequency (MF),
intromission latency (IL) and intromission frequency(IF) of
male rats in the presence of sexually receptive female rats.
Camphor at dose of 50 mg/kg reduce the ML and IL relative
to that of control. Camphor has sexual desire and sexual
performance enhancing properties[43].
Phoenix dactylifera (P. dactylifera) (Arecaceae)
Aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera at doses of 35 mg/kg,
70 mg/kg, 105 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg were found
significantly increased mount, ejaculation, intromission
frequencies and ejaculation latency in comparison
to controlled ones. M ount and intromission latencies
significantly reduced. Maximum effect was observed in dose
140 mg/kg. This extract was found to enhance Testestrone,
Estradiol and the orientation of males toward female ones
by increasing mounting and ano-genital investigatory
behavior[42].
Corchorus depressus (C. depressus) Linn. (Tiliaceae)
C. depressus L inn. has been used as aphrodisiac in
traditional Indian medicine to treat male sexual dysfunction
and impotency. The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl
acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of 95% methanol
extract of C. depressus were screened initially for their in
vitro aphrodisiac activity on rabbit corpus cavernosum
smooth muscle. The chloroform fraction (CDC) was found
to be the most active and therefore investigated further on
general mating behavior, libido and potency of normal male
Wistar albino rats in comparison with the standard drug,
Sildenafil citrate. Chloroform fraction of methanolic extract of
C. depressus significantly reduced ML, IL, PEI and III. There
was a significant increase in the MF, IF and EL and serum
testosterone levels throughout the study period. The potency
test significantly increased erections, quick flips, long flips
and total reflex. In vitro aphrodisiac activity was significantly
higher in chloroform fraction at a concentration of 25.0 mg/
mL, which induced 71.4% relaxation. The combined results
of above mentioned models indicate that chloroform fraction
of C. depressus produces a significant increase in sexual
activity as exhibited by 25 mg/mL in vitro and 400 mg/
kg in vivo. In comparison with the control, all the drugtreated groups have shown drug-induced effects for a few
parameters. In vitro and in vivo studies provide with valuable

experimental evidence that chloroform fraction of methanolic

extract of C. depressus possesses aphrodisiac property. This
study further substantiates the ethnopharmacological claims
of C. depressus as a sexual stimulating agent and offers a
significant potential for studying the effect on male sexual
response and its dysfunctions[44].
Crocus sativus (C. sativus) Linn. (Iridaceae)
Effect of aqueous extract of C. sativus stigma (80, 160 and
320 mg/kg, i.p.), crocin (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.), safranal
(0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg, i.p) on male rats were investigated.
Crocin and extract increased MF, IL and erection frequency
behaviors and reduced ML, IL and EL, whereas safranal did
not show any aphrodisiac effect[45].
Diodia scandens (D. scandens) (Fabaceae)
Ethanol extract of D. scandens on pregnant guinea pig
uterus was investigated and found to induce concentration
dependent increase in the force of contraction and tonus.
D. scandens was shown to acting via muscarinic receptors.
Acetylcholine (Ach) was 2.510(5) times more potent. It also
induced vasodilatation in the rat hindquarters and depressed
the blood pressure in the anaesthetized cat[46].
Hibiscus sabdariffia (H. sabdariffia) (Malvaceae)
Aqueous extract of H. sabdariffia at dose of 1.15, 2.30, 4.60
g/kg, p.o. for 12-week on the rat testes did not show any
significant change in the absolute and relative testicular
weights. However, it showed a significant decrease in the
epididymal sperm counts and induced resticular toxicity in
rats[47].
Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora) (Zingiberaceae)
The alcoholic, hexane and aqueous extracts of K. parviflora
showed no effect on the weights of reproductive organ,
fertility or sperm motility even in 5-week male rats. However,
alcoholic extract at a dose of 70 mg/kg, p.o significantly
decreases mount and ejaculatory latencies and increases
blood flow to the testis. Whereas, Hexane and water extracts
had no influence on any sexual behavior parameters[48].
Lepidium meyenii (L. meyenii) (Brassicaceae)
The clinical trial of L. meyenii for aphrodisiac activity was
done for 12 weeks in double-blind, placebo controlled,
randomized, parallel trial with 1 500 mg/kg or 3 000 mg/
kg, p.o. doses in form of tablets on men aged between 21
and 56 years. It had no effect on serum levels of luteinizing
hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, 17-alpha
hydroxyprogestrone, testosterone and 17- beta estradiol[49].
Litsea chinensis (L. chinensis) (Lauraceae)
E thanolic bark extract of L. chinensis on male sexual
behavior in rats at 500 mg/kg, p.o. produced a significant
increase in penile erection index, homosexual mounting and
facilitated sexual behavior and orientation activity, as shown

Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

by increased mounting performance, anogential sniffing,

intromission and ejaculation frequencies[50].
Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) (Solanaceae)
Effect of L. barbarum polysaccharides at 10, 50, 100 and
200 mg/kg, p.o. per day on damaged rat testis showed that
LBP provided a protective effect against the testicular
tissue damage induced by heat exposure. LBP significantly
increased testis and epididymis weights, improved
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and raised sexual
hormone levels in the damaged rat testes. LBP had a dosedependent protective effect against DNA oxidative damage
of mouse testicular cells induced by H2O2. LBP improved
the copulatory performance and reproductive function of
hemicastrated male rats, such as shortened penis erection
latency and mount latency, regulated secretion of sexual
hormones and increased hormone levels, raised accessory
sexual organ weights, and improved sperm quantity and
quality[51].
Microdesmis keayana (M. keayana) (Pandaceae)
Effects of aqueous extract of M. keayana root and major
isolated alkaloids on sexual behavior of male rats revealed
that it stimulates sexual parameters in rats and safe at dose
of upto 2 g/kg, p.o.[52].
Peganum harmala (P. harmala) (Nitariaceae)
Treatment of P. harmala seeds at 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 56
d in male rats was found to be significantly change gonad
and accessory gland weight and function, semen quality
and histology of the organs involved in reproduction without
affecting metabolic function[53].
Turnera diffusa (T. diffusa) (Turneraceae)
E ffect of T. diffusa at 20 - 80 mg/kg, p.o. in sexually
exhausted male rats significantly increased the percentage
of males achieving one ejaculatory series and resuming a
second one. In addition, Turnera diffusa significantly reduces
the PEI[54].

administration[56].

185

Mondia whitei (M. whitei) (Asclepiadaceae)

E ffect of aqueous extract of M. whitei on human
spermatozoa in vitro has significantly enhanced the total
motility as well as progressive motility in a time dependent
manner. This study signifies uses of M. whitei especially in
men affected with asthenozoospermia[57].
Montanoa tomentosa (M. tomentosa) (Compositae)
Aqueous extract of Montanoa tomentosa at the dose of 38, 75
and 150 mg/kg, p.o. facilitates expression of sexual behavior
in sexually active male rats and significantly increases
mounting behavior in genitally anesthetized animals and
induces the expression of sexual behavior in non copulating
males. It also exerted a pro-ejaculatory effect and produced
an increase in the number of discharges in the ejaculatory
motor patterns in the spinal rats[58].
Allium sativum (A. sativum) (Alliaceae)
Aphrodisiac effect of A. sativum extacts at 0.57, 1.13 and
2.25 ml/kg, p.o. for 28 d on male mice was investigated
and it was found that it increased sexual behavior in dose
dependent manner[59].
Allium tuberosum (A. tuberosum) (Alliaceae)
The aphrodisiac activity of n-butanol extract of Allium
tuberosum seeds was investigated in male rats at 500 mg/kg,
p.o. for 40 days, and it was found that the extract significantly
reduced ML, IL, EL and increased MF, IF & EF[60].
Alpinia calcarata (A. calcarata) (Zingiberaceae)
Hot water extracts of A. calcarata at a dose of 150, 250 and
500 mg/kg, p.o. in rats was found to prolong the EL. Moreover,
the EL and IL were reduced, indicating a strong aphrodisiac
action. At 500 mg/kg, p.o., it elevates the serum testosterone
level and was found non toxic[61].

Terminalia catappa (T. catappa) (Combretaceae)

Aphrodisiac potential of T. catappa seeds at a dose of 1
500 mg/kg or 3 000 mg/kg, p.o for 7 d in rats had a marked
improvement of aphrodisiac action, sexual vigour. In contrast,
the higher dose (3 000 mg/kg, p.o.) reversibly inhibited all
the parameters of sexual behavior other than mounting and
intromission frequency and copulatory efficiency[55].

Cnestis ferruginea (C. ferruginea) (Connaraceae)

Aqueous root extract of Cnestis ferruginea at a dose of 13,
26 and 52 mg/kg b.w p.o. and reference herbal drug Powmax
M at a dose of 7.14 mg/kg b.w p.o. once daily for 5 d. The
extracts progressively reversed the trends of MF, IF, EF,
ML, IL, EL and PEI in paroxetin treated animals towords
the control values throughout the exposure period. Aqueous
extract of C. ferruginea root at the dose of 13, 26 and 52 mg/
kg body weight restored sexual competence[62].

Massularia acuminate (Rubiaceae)

Androgenic potential of aqueous extract of Massularia
acuminate stem at 250, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg p.o. for 21
days in male rats was shown in significantly increase
in testes body weight ratio, testicular protein, glycogen,
sialic acid, Cholesterol, testosterone, luteinizing and folic
stimulating hormone concentrations throughout the period of

Landolphia dulcis (L. dulcis)

Ethanol extract and methanol fraction of L. dulcis at a dose
of at 500 and 1 000 mg/kg, the showed a significant increase
in mount, intromission and ejaculation frequencies. This
extract and fraction also significantly reduce the mount and
intromission latencies and prolonged ejaculation latency
compared with the control animals. The ethanol extract

186

Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

and methanol fraction of L. dulcis also produced significant

increase in serum testosterone concentration[63].
4. Other herbal plants with aphrodisiac potential
O ther herbal plants with aphrodisiac activity are A.
heterophyllus L inn., Abrus preacatorium L inn, Abrus
precatorius L., Abutilon indicum (Linn.), Acacia catechu
W illd., Acorus calamus L inn. Aconitum heterophyllum,
Achyranthes aspera L inn. W all. Bombax ceiba L inn.,
Boesenbergia rotunda L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Bryonia
laciniosa Linn., Bussea occidentalis, Carica papaya L.,
Cannabis indica L., Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Cola nitida
S chott & E ndl., Cucumis callosus, Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Daucus carota L., Emblica
officinalis Gaertn., Eriodendron Anfractuosum DC., Euadenia
eminens Hook.., Euphorbia hirta L., Eurycoma longifolia
Jack, Ficus arnottiana Miq., Ficus retusa, Flueggea virosa
R oxb., Garcinia afzelii E ngl., Gmelina arborea R oxb.,
Hibiscus rosa-sinesis, Hygrophila auriculata S chum.,
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Jatropha curcas L., Kaempferia
parviflora., Linum usitatissimum L., Mallotus philippensis
Lam., Mangifera indica L., Mezoneuron benthamianum.,
Morinda lucida., Orchis latifolia Linn., Papaver somniferum
L., Punica granatum L., Rauvolfia vomitoria., Saccharum
spontaneum L inn., Santalum album L inn., Scindapsus
officinalis Schtt., Sida cordifolia Linn., Solanum nigrum
L inn., Tamarindus indica L ., Terminalia arjuna R oxb.,
Turrea heterophylla Sm., Valeriana jatamansi Wall., Wrightia
tinctoria (Roxb.), Ziziphusabyss inica., Zingiber officinale[40].

5. Discussion
Plants, since ancient times, have been used globally across
varied cultures throughout the known civilizations as a
valuable and safe natural source of medicines and as agents
of therapeutic, industrial and environmental utilities. The
medical historians have recorded plants that could be used
as aphrodisiac. Sexual function is an important component
of quality of life and subject for well being in humans. In
modern time several factors like obesity, anxiety, stress
conditions, various disease conditions and excessive use
of medicines of synthetic origin has increased the risk
of erectile dysfunction. S exual problems are related to
sexual desire and male erectile dysfunction. Successful
treatment of sexual dysfunction may improve not only sexual
relationships, but also the overall quality of life. Literature
survey of the cited plants confirmed that potent aphrodisiac
potential of above mentioned plants.
The medicinal plants discussed in this review have shown
potent aphrodisiac activity. The synthetic formulations
available in market, though they are showing excellent
clinical and pharmacological activity in sexual dysfunction

but they have significant adverse effect hence herbal drugs

are preferred over synthetic drug to avoid serious side
effects. Further investigation on the plants can increase the
isolation of the newer molecules which will be helpful for the
treatment of sexual dysfunction.
6. Conclusion
Current interest in traditional medicine has led to the rapid
development and studies of many herbal remedies employed
for sexual dysfunction. Novel information gathered from
the current data is important in preserving folk indigenous
knowledge as well as in the discovery of novel potential
compounds with promising aphrodisiac potential. Therefore,
this review has been prepared to provide a new compilation
of plants with specific use as aphrodisiac only in different
countries. Moreover, this review has incorporated latest data
on new plant species/constituents which are not covered in
previous reviews on aphrodisiac.

7. Future needs for this area of research

Majority of plants used as aphrodisiac agents, have not
been thoroughly experimentally studied on humans. Present
data also lacks information on exact mechanism of action
and toxic effects of tested extracts. However, this is clearly
one area that needs further investigation as findings in
animals need to be translated to humans in order for a
natural extract to be recommended for traditional use as
aphrodisiac. Therefore, significant research into the chemical
and biological properties of such less explored plants is still
needed to determine their aphrodisiac efficacy and also will
possibly define their exact mechanism of actions.

8. Limitations
The current article has been prepared by consulting the
literature published in English language only, ignoring
the studies published in other languages. The information

mentioned in other language, if had been included, could

make this review more interesting and also helpful in
validating the presented data. Further, toxic studies on the
cited plants/constituents is not available and not included,
which otherwise, might be useful in selecting the plant for
further investigation.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest. The authors
alone are responsible for the content and writing of the
paper.

Ramandeep Singh et al./ Journal of Acute Disease (2013)179-188

Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the authorities of Sunrise
University, Alwar (Rajasthan) for providing support to the

study and other necessary facility like internet surfing,

library and other technical support to write a review article.
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