Manual Testing Job Interview Preparation Guide
Manual Testing Job Interview Preparation Guide
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Question # 1
What is bidirectional traceability?
Question # 2
What is the maximum length of the test case we can write?
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Question # 3
What is internationalization Testing?
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Answer:Bidirectional traceability needs to be implemented both forward and backward (i.e., from requirements to end products and from end product back to requirements).
When the requirements are managed well, traceability can be established from the source requirement to its lower level requirements and from the lower level
requirements back to their source. Such bidirectional traceability helps determine that all source requirements have been completely addressed and that all lower level
requirements can be traced to a valid source.
Question # 4
What does black-box testing mean at the unit, integration, and system levels?
Answer:Software Internationalization is process of developing software products independent from cultural norms, language or other specific attributes of a market
Question # 5
What is Bug life cycle?
Answer:New: when tester reports a defect
Open: when developer accepts that it is a bug or if the developer rejects the defect, then the status is turned into "Rejected"
Fixed: when developer make changes to the code to rectify the bug...
Closed/Reopen: when tester tests it again. If the expected result shown up, it is turned into "Closed" and if the problem persists again, it's "Reopen".
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Question # 6
Smoke test? Do you use any automation tool for smoke testing?
Answer:Testing the application whether it's performing its basic functionality properly or not, so that the test team can go ahead with the application. Definitely can use.
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Question # 7
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Question # 8
Advantages of automation over manual testing?
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Question # 9
For Web Applications what type of tests are you going to do?
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Question # 10
What is Testing environment in your company, means how testing process start?
Answer:Testing process is going as follows:
Quality assurance unit
Quality assurance manager
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Test lead
Test engineer
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Question # 11
What is a Use case?
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Answer:A simple flow between the end user and the system. It contains pre conditions, post conditions, normal flows and exceptions. It is done by Team Lead/Test
Lead/Tester.
Question # 12
How you are breaking down the project among team members?
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Question # 13
What is a Test Server?
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Answer:The place where the developers put their development modules, which are accessed by the testers to test the functionality.
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Question # 14
What are the differences between these three words Error, Defect and Bug?
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Answer:Error: The deviation from the required logic, syntax or standards/ethics is called as error.
There are three types of error. They are:
Syntax error (This is due to deviation from the syntax of the language what supposed to follow).
Logical error (This is due to deviation from the logic of the program what supposed to follow)
Execution error (This is generally happens when you are executing the same program, that time you get it.)
Defect: When an error found by the test engineer (testing department) then it is called defect
Bug: if the defect is agreed by the developer then it converts into bug, which has to fix by the developer or post pond to next version.
Question # 15
There are two sand clocks(timers) one complete totally in 7 minutes and other in 9-minutes we have to calculate with this timers and bang the bell after completion of
11- minutes!plz give me the solution.
Answer:1. Start both clocks
2. When 7 min clock complete, turn it so that it restarts.
3. When 9 min clock finish, turn 7 min clocks (It has 2 mints only).
4. When 7 min clock finishes, 11 min complete.
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Question # 16
What are the technical reviews?
Answer:For each document, it should be reviewed. Technical Review in the sense, for each screen, developer will write a Technical Specification. It should be reviewed by
developer and tester. There are functional specification review, unit test case review and code review etc.
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Question # 17
Explain ETVX concept?
Answer:E- Entry Criteria
T- Task
V- Validation
X- Exit Criteria
ENTRY CRITERIA: Input with 'condition' attached.
e.g. Approved SRS document is the entry criteria for the design phase.
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TASK: Procedures.
e.g. Preparation of HLD, LLD etc.
VALIDATION: Building quality & Verification activities
e.g. Technical reviews
EXIT CRITERIA: Output with 'condition' attached.
e.g Approved design document
It is important to follow ETVX concept for all phases in SDLC.
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Question # 18
If the client identified some bugs to whom did he reported?
Answer:He will report to the Project Manager. Project Manager will arrange a meeting with all the leads (Dev. Manager, Test Lead and Requirement Manager) then raise a
Change Request and then, identify which all the screens are going to be impacted by the bug. They will take the code and correct it and send it to the Testing Team.
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Question # 19
At what phase tester role starts?
Answer:In SDLC after complition of FRS document the test lead prepare the use case document and test plan document, then the tester role is start.
Question # 20
Actually how many positive and negetive testcases will write for a module?
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Answer:That depends on the module and complexity of logic. For every test case, we can identify +ve and -ve points. Based on the criteria, we will write the test cases, If it is
crucial process or screen. We should check the screen,in all the boundary conditions.
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Question # 21
What are the main bugs which were identified by you and in that how many are considered as real bugs?
Question # 22
What is Six sigma?
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Answer:If you take one screen, let's say, it has got 50 Test conditions, out of which, I have identified 5 defects which are failed. I should give the description defect, severity
and defect classfication. All the defects will be considered.
Defect Classification are:
GRP : Graphical Representation
LOG : Logical Error
DSN : Design Error
STD : Standard Error
TST : Wrong Test case
TYP : Typographical Error (Cosmotic Error)
Answer:Six Sigma:
A quality discipline that focuses on product and service excellence to create a culture that demands perfection on target, every time.
Six Sigma quality levels
Produces 99.9997% accuracy, with only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Six Sigma is designed to dramatically upgrade a company's performance, improving quality and productivity. Using existing products, processes, and service
standards,
They go for Six Sigma MAIC methodology to upgrade performance.
MAIC is defined as follows:
Measure: Gather the right data to accurately assess a problem.
Analyze: Use statistical tools to correctly identify the root causes of a problem
Improve: Correct the problem (not the symptom).
Control: Put a plan in place to make sure problems stay fixed and sustain the gains.
Key Roles and Responsibilities:
The key roles in all Six Sigma efforts are as follows:
Sponsor: Business executive leading the organization.
Champion: Responsible for Six Sigma strategy, deployment, and vision.
Process Owner: Owner of the process, product, or service being improved responsible for long-term sustainable gains.
Master Black Belts: Coach black belts expert in all statistical tools.
Black Belts: Work on 3 to 5 $250,000-per-year projects; create $1 million per year in value.
Green Belts: Work with black belt on projects.
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Question # 23
What are cookies? Tell me the advantage and disadvantage of cookies?
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Answer:Cookies are messages that web servers pass to your web browser when you visit Internet sites. Your browser stores each message in a small file. When you request
another page from the server, your browser sends the cookie back to the server. These files typically contain information about your visit to the web page, as well as
any information you've volunteered, such as your name and interests. Cookies are most commonly used to track web site activity. When you visit some sites, the
server gives you a cookie that acts as your identification card. Upon each return visit to that site, your browser passes that cookie back to the server. In this way, a
web server can gather information about which web pages are used the most, and which pages are gathering the most repeat hits. Only the web site that creates the
cookie can read it. Additionally, web servers can only use information that you provide or choices that you make while visiting the web site as content in cookies.
Accepting a cookie does not give a server access to your computer or any of your personal information. Servers can only read cookies that they have set, so other
servers do not have access to your information. Also, it is not possible to execute code from a cookie, and not possible to use a cookie to deliver a virus.
Question # 24
What is stub? Explain in testing point of view?
Answer:Stub is a dummy program or component, the code is not ready for testing, it's used for testing...that means, in a project if there are 4 modules and last is remaining and
there is no time then we will use dummy program to complete that fourth module and we will run whole 4 modules also. The dummy program is also known as stub.
Question # 25
Define Brain Stromming and Cause Effect Graphing?
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Question # 26
Password is having 6 digit alphanumeric then what are the possible input conditions?
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Answer:BS:
A learning technique involving open group discussion intended to expand the range of available ideas
OR
A meeting to generate creative ideas. At PEPSI Advertising, daily, weekly and bi-monthly brainstorming sessions are held by various work groups within the firm.
Our monthly I-Power brainstorming meeting is attended by the entire agency staff.
OR
Brainstorming is a highly structured process to help generate ideas. It is based on the principle that you cannot generate and evaluate ideas at the same time. To use
brainstorming, you must first gain agreement from the group to try brainstorming for a fixed interval (eg six minutes).
CEG:
A testing technique that aids in selecting, in a systematic way, a high-yield set of test cases that logically relates causes to effects to produce test cases. It has a
beneficial side effect in pointing out incompleteness and ambiguities in specifications.
Question # 27
Explain agile testing?
Answer:Agile testing is used whenever customer requirements are changing dynamically
If we have no SRS, BRS but we have test cases does you execute the test cases blindly or do you follow any other process.
Test case would have detail steps of what the application is supposed to do.
1) Functionality of application.
2) In addition you can refer to Backend, is mean look into the Database. To gain more knowledge of the application.
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Question # 28
What is deferred status in defect life cycle?
Answer:Deferred status means the developer accepted the bus, but it is scheduled to rectify in the next build.
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Question # 29
Verification and validation?
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Question # 30
What is test plan and explain its contents?
Answer:Test plan is a document which contains the scope for testing the application and what to be tested, when to be tested and who to test.
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Question # 31
What is mean by release notes?
Answer:It's a document released along with the product which explains about the product. It also contains about the bugs that are in deferred status.
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Question # 32
Give an example of high priority and low severity, low priority and high severity?
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Answer:Severity level:
The degree of impact the issue or problem has on the project. Severity 1 usually means the highest level requiring immediate attention. Severity 5 usually represents a
documentation defect of minimal impact.
Severity is levels:
* Critical: the software will not run
* High: unexpected fatal errors (includes crashes and data corruption)
* Medium: a feature is malfunctioning
* Low: a cosmetic issue
Severity levels
1. Bug causes system crash or data loss.
2. Bug causes major functionality or other severe problems; product crashes in obscure cases.
3. Bug causes minor functionality problems, may affect "fit anf finish".
4. Bug contains typos, unclear wording or error messages in low visibility fields.
Severity levels
* High: A major issue where a large piece of functionality or major system component is completely broken. There is no workaround and testing cannot continue.
* Medium: A major issue where a large piece of functionality or major system component is not working properly. There is a workaround, however, and testing
can continue.
* Low: A minor issue that imposes some loss of functionality, but for which there is an acceptable and easily reproducible workaround. Testing can proceed
without interruption.
Severity and Priority
Priority is Relative: the priority might change over time. Perhaps a bug initially deemed P1 becomes rated as P2 or even a P3 as the schedule draws closer to the
release and as the test team finds even more heinous errors. Priority is a subjective evaluation of how important an issue is, given other tasks in the queue and the
current schedule. It's relative. It shifts over time. And it's a business decision.
Severity is an absolute: it's an assessment of the impact of the bug without regard to other work in the queue or the current schedule. The only reason severity should
change is if we have new information that causes us to re-evaluate our assessment. If it was a high severity issue when I entered it, it's still a high severity issue when
it's deferred to the next release. The severity hasn't changed just because we've run out of time. The priority changed.
Severity Levels can be defined as follow:
S1 - Urgent/Showstopper. Like system crash or error message forcing to close the window.
Tester's ability to operate the system either totally (System Down), or almost totally, affected. A major area of the users system is affected by the incident and it is
significant to business processes.
S2 - Medium/Workaround. Exist like when a problem is required in the specs but tester can go on with testing. Incident affects an area of functionality but there is a
work-around which negates impact to business process. This is a problem that:
a) Affects a more isolated piece of functionality.
b) Occurs only at certain boundary conditions.
c) Has a workaround (where "don't do that" might be an acceptable answer to the user).
d) Occurs only at one or two customers. or is intermittent
S3 - Low. This is for minor problems, such as failures at extreme boundary conditions that are unlikely to occur in normal use, or minor errors in
layout/formatting. Problems do not impact use of the product in any substantive way. These are incidents that are cosmetic in nature and of no or very low impact to
business processes.
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Question # 33
Diff. between STLC and SDLC?
Answer:STLC is software test life cycle it starts with
* Preparing the test strategy.
* Preparing the test plan.
* Creating the test environment.
* Writing the test cases.
* Creating test scripts.
* Executing the test scripts.
* Analyzing the results and reporting the bugs.
* Doing regression testing.
* Test exiting.
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Question # 34
What is Test Data Collection?
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Answer:Test data is the collection of input data taken for testing the application. Various types and size of input data will be taken for testing the applications. Sometimes in
critical application the test data collection will be given by the client also.
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Question # 35
What are non-functional requirements?
Question # 36
Why we perform stress-testing, resolution-testing and cross- browser testing?
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Answer:The non-functional requirements of a software product are: reliability, usability, efficiency, delivery time, software development environment, security requirements,
standards to be followed etc.
Question # 37
What is the minimum criteria for white box?
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Question # 38
In what basis you will write test cases?
Answer:We should know the logic, code and the structure of the program or function. Internal knowledge of the application how the system works what's the logic behind it
and structure how it should react to particular action.
Answer:I would write the Test cases based on Functional Specifications and BRDs and some more test cases using the Domain knowledge.
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Question # 39
What are the main key components in Web applications and client and Server applications? (differences)?
Answer:For Web Applications: Web application can be implemented using any kind of technology like Java, .NET, VB, ASP, CGI& PERL. Based on the technology,We can
derive the components.
Let's take Java Web Application. It can be implemented in 3 tier architecture. Presentation tier (jsp, html, dthml,servlets, struts). Busienss Tier (Java Beans, EJB,
JMS) Data Tier(Databases like Oracle, SQL Server etc., )
If you take .NET Application, Presentation (ASP, HTML, DHTML), Business Tier (DLL) & Data Tier ( Database like Oracle, SQL Server etc.,)
Client Server Applications: It will have only 2 tiers. One is Presentation (Java, Swing) and Data Tier (Oracle, SQL Server). If it is client Server architecture, the entire
application has to be installed on the client machine. When ever you do any changes in your code, Again, It has to be installed on all the client machines. Where as in
Web Applications, Core Application will reside on the server and client can be thin Client(browser). Whatever the changes you do, you have to install the application
in the server. NO need to worry about the clients. Because, You will not install any thing on the client machine.
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Question # 40
What is the formal technical review?
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Technical review should be done by the team of members. The document, which is going to be reviewed, who has prepared and reviewers should sit together and do
the review of that document. It is called Peer Review. If it is a technical document, It can be called as formal Technical review, I guess. It varies depends on the
company policy.
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Question # 41
Explain Software metrics?
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What is Software reliability?
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Question # 43
What the main use of preparing a traceability matrix?
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Answer:It is the probability that software will work without failure for a specified period of time in a specified environment.Reliability of software is measured in terms of
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). For eg if MTBF = 10000 hours for an average software, then it should not fail for 10000 hours of continous operation.
Answer:Traceability matrix is prepared in order to cross check the test cases designed against each requirement, hence giving an opportunity to verify that all the requirements
are covered in testing the application.
(Or)
To Cross verify the prepared test cases and test scripts with user requirements. To monitor the changes, enhance occurred during the development of the project.
Question # 44
What is TRM?
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Question # 45
What is the difference between Product-based Company and Projects-based Company?
Answer:Product based company develops the applications for Global clients i.e. there is no specific clients. Here requirements are gathered from market and analyzed with
experts.
Project based company develops the applications for the specific client. The requirements are gathered from the client and analyzed with the client.
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Question # 46
What is test startegy?
Answer:It describes the test design
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