C Programming Keywords and

Identifiers
Character set
Character set are the set of alphabets, letters and some special
characters that are valid in C language.
Alphabets:
Uppercase: A B C .................................... X Y Z
Lowercase: a b c ...................................... x y z
Digits:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Special Characters:
Special Characters in C language
,

<

>

'

&

"

White space Characters:

blank space, new line, horizontal tab, carriage return and form
feed

Keywords:
Keywords are the reserved words used in programming. Each
keywords has fixed meaning and that cannot be changed by user.
For example:

int money ;
Here, int is a keyword that indicates, 'money' is of type integer.
As, C programming is case sensitive, all keywords must be written
in lowercase. Here is the list of all keywords predefined by ANSI
C.
Keywords in C Language
auto

double

int

struct

break

else

long

switch

case

enum

register

typedef

char

extern

return

union

continue

for

signed

void

do

if

static

while

default

goto

sizeof

volatile

const

float

short

unsigned

Besides these keywords, there are some additional keywords

supported by Turbo C.
Additional Keywords for Borland C
asm

far

interrupt

pascal

near

huge

cdecl

All these keywords, their syntax and application will be discussed

in their respective topics. However, if you want brief information
about these keywords without going further visit page: list of all C
keywords .

Identifiers
In C programming, identifiers are names given to C entities, such
as variables, functions, structures etc. Identifier are created to
give unique name to C entities to identify it during the execution
of program. For example:

int money ;
int mango_tree ;
Here, money is a identifier which denotes a variable of type
integer. Similarly, mango_tree is another identifier, which denotes
another variable of type integer.
Rules for writing identifier
1. An identifier can be composed of letters (both uppercase and
lowercase letters), digits and underscore '_' only.
2. The first letter of identifier should be either a letter or an
underscore. But, it is discouraged to start an identifier name
with an underscore though it is legal. It is because, identifier
that starts with underscore can conflict with system names.
In such cases, compiler will complain about it. Some system
names that start with underscore
are _fileno , _iob , _wfopen etc.
3. There is no rule for the length of an identifier. However, the
first 31 characters of an identifier are discriminated by the
compiler. So, the first 31 letters of two identifiers in a
program should be different.
Tips for Good Programming Practice :

Programmer can choose the name of identifier whatever they

want. However, if the programmer choose meaningful name for an
identifier, it will be easy to understand and work on, particularly in
case of large program.

C Programming Variables and Constants

Variables
Variables are memory location in computer's memory to store
data. To indicate the memory location, each variable should be
given a unique name called identifier. Variable names are just the
symbolic representation of a memory location. Examples of
variable name: sum , car_no , count etc.

int num ;
Here, num is a variable of integer type.

Rules for writing variable name in C

1. Variable name can be composed of letters (both uppercase
and lowercase letters), digits and underscore '_' only.
2. The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an
underscore. But, it is discouraged to start variable name with
an underscore though it is legal. It is because, variable name
that starts with underscore can conflict with system names
and compiler may complain.
3. There is no rule for the length of length of a variable.
However, the first 31 characters of a variable

are discriminated by the compiler. So, the first 31 letters of

two variables in a program should be different.
In C programming, you have to declare variable before using it in
the program.

Constants
Constants are the terms that can't be changed during the
execution of a program. For example: 1, 2.5, "Programming is
easy." etc. In C, constants can be classified as:

Integer constants
Integer constants are the numeric constants(constant associated
with number) without any fractional part or exponential part.
There are three types of integer constants in C language: decimal
constant(base 10), octal constant(base 8) and hexadecimal
constant(base 16) .
Decimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Octal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hexadecimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F.
For example:
Decimal constants: 0, -9, 22 etc
Octal constants: 021, 077, 033 etc
Hexadecimal constants: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc
Notes:

1. You can use small caps a , b , c , d , e , f instead of uppercase

letters while writing a hexadecimal constant.
2. Every octal constant starts with 0 and hexadecimal constant
starts with 0x in C programming.

Floating-point constants
Floating point constants are the numeric constants that has either
fractional form or exponent form. For example:
-2.0
0.0000234
-0.22E-5
Note:Here, E-5 represents 10 -5 . Thus,

-0.22E-5 = -0.0000022 .

Character constants
Character constants are the constant which use single quotation
around characters. For example: 'a', 'l', 'm', 'F' etc.

Escape Sequences
Sometimes, it is necessary to use newline(enter), tab, quotation
mark etc. in the program which either cannot be typed or has
special meaning in C programming. In such cases, escape
sequence are used. For example: \n is used for newline. The
backslash ( \ ) causes "escape" from the normal way the characters
are interpreted by the compiler.

Escape Sequences

Escape Sequences

Character

\b

Backspace

\f

Form feed

\n

Newline

\r

Return

\t

Horizontal tab

\v

Vertical tab

\\

Backslash

\'

Single quotation mark

\"

Double quotation mark

\?

Question mark

\0

Null character

String constants
String constants are the constants which are enclosed in a pair of
double-quote marks. For example:

"good"
""

//string constant
//null string constant

"

"

"x"

//string constant of six white space

//string constant having single character.

"Earth is round\n"

//prints string with newline

Enumeration constants
Keyword enum is used to declare enumeration types. For example:
enum color {yellow, green, black, white};

Here, the variable name is color and yellow, green, black and
white are the enumeration constants having value 0, 1, 2 and 3
respectively by default. For more information about enumeration,
visit page: Enumeration Types .
C Programming Data Types

In C, variable(data) should be declared before it can be used in

program. Data types are the keywords, which are used for
assigning a type to a variable.

Data types in C
1. Fundamental Data Types
o Integer types
o Floating Type

o Character types
2. Derived Data Types
o Arrays
o Pointers
o Structures
o Enumeration

Syntax for declaration of a variable

data_type variable_name;

Integer data types

Keyword int is used for declaring the variable with integer type.
For example:
int var1;

Here, var1 is a variable of type integer.

The size of int is either 2 bytes(In older PC's) or 4 bytes. If you
consider an integer having size of 4 byte( equal to 32 bits), it can
take 2 32 distinct states as: -2 31 ,-2 31 +1, ...,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., 2 31 -2, 2 31 1
Similarly, int of 2 bytes, it can take 2 16 distinct states from -2 15 to
2 15 -1. If you try to store larger number than 2 31 -1, i.e,+2147483647

and smaller number than -2 31 , i.e, -2147483648, program will not

run correctly.

Floating types
Variables of floating types can hold real values(numbers) such as:
2.34, -9.382 etc. Keywords either float or double is used for
declaring floating type variable. For example:
float var2;
double var3;
Here, both var2 and var3 are floating type variables.
In C, floating values can be represented in exponential form as
well. For example:
float var3=22.442e2

Difference between float and double

Generally the size of float(Single precision float data type) is 4
bytes and that of double(Double precision float data type) is 8
bytes. Floating point variables has a precision of 6 digits whereas
the the precision of double is 14 digits.
Note: Precision describes the number of significant decimal places
that a floating values carries.

Character types

Keyword char is used for declaring the variable of character type.

For example:
char var4='h';

Here, var4 is a variable of type character which is storing a

character 'h'.
The size of char is 1 byte. The character data type consists of
ASCII characters. Each character is given a specific value. For
example:
For, 'a', value =97
For, 'b', value=98
For, 'A', value=65
For, '&', value=33
For, '2', value=49
Here is the list of all ASCII characters in C language .

Qualifiers
Qualifiers alters the meaning of base data types to yield a new
data type.
Size qualifiers:
Size qualifiers alters the size of basic data type. The keywords
long and short are two size qualifiers. For example:

long int i;

The size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword
is used, that variable will be either 4 bytes of 8 bytes. Learn more
about long keyword in C programming . If the larger size of
variable is not needed then, short keyword can be used in similar
manner as long keyword.
Sign qualifiers:
Whether a variable can hold only positive value or both values is
specified by sign qualifiers. Keywords signed and unsigned are
used for sign qualifiers.
unsigned int a;
// unsigned variable can hold zero and positive values only
It is not necessary to define variable using keyword signed
because, a variable is signed by default. Sign qualifiers can be
applied to only int and char data types. For a int variable of size 4
bytes it can hold data from -2 31 to 2 31 -1 but, if that variable is
defined unsigned, it can hold data from 0 to 2 32 -1.
Constant qualifiers
Constant qualifiers can be declared with keyword const. An object
declared by const cannot be modified.
const int p=20;
The value of p cannot be changed in the program.

Volatile qualifiers:
A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value can be
changed by some external sources outside program. Keyword
volatile is used to indicate volatile variable.
C Programming Input Output (I/O)

ANSI standard has defined many library functions for input and
output in C language. Functions printf() and scanf() are the most
commonly used to display out and take input respectively. Let us
consider an example:

#include <stdio.h>

//This is needed to run printf() function.

int main()
{
printf("C Programming"); //displays the content inside quotation
return 0;
}

Output
C Programming
Explanation of How this program works
1. Every program starts from main() function.
2. printf() is a library function to display output which only works
if #include<stdio.h> is included at the beginning.
3. Here, stdio.h is a header file (standard input output header
file) and #include is command to paste the code from the

header file when necessary. When compiler

encounters printf() function and doesn't find stdio.h header
file, compiler shows error.
4. Code return 0; indicates the end of program. You can ignore
this statement but, it is good programming practice to
use return 0; .

I/O of integers in C

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int c=5;
printf("Number=%d",c);
return 0;
}

Output
Number=5
Inside quotation of printf() there, is a conversion format
string "%d" (for integer). If this conversion format string matches
with remaining argument,i.e, c in this case, value of c is displayed.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{

int c;
printf("Enter a number\n");
scanf("%d",&c);
printf("Number=%d",c);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter a number
4
Number=4
The scanf() function is used to take input from user. In this program,
the user is asked a input and value is stored in variable c . Note the
'&' sign before c . &c denotes the address of c and value is stored
in that address.

I/O of floats in C

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float a;
printf("Enter value: ");
scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Value=%f",a);

//%f is used for floats instead of %d

return 0;
}

Output
Enter value: 23.45
Value=23.450000
Conversion format string "%f" is used for floats to take input and to
display floating value of a variable.

I/O of characters and ASCII code

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char var1;
printf("Enter character: ");
scanf("%c",&var1);
printf("You entered %c.",var1);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter character: g
You entered g.

Conversion format string

"%c"

is used in case of characters.

ASCII code
When character is typed in the above program, the character itself
is not recorded a numeric value(ASCII value) is stored. And when
we displayed that value by using "%c" , that character is displayed.

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char var1;
printf("Enter character: ");
scanf("%c",&var1);
printf("You entered %c.\n",var1);
/* \n prints the next line(performs work of enter). */
printf("ASCII value of %d",var1);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter character:
g
103
When, 'g' is entered, ASCII value 103 is stored instead of g .
You can display character if you know ASCII code only. This is
shown by following example.

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int var1=69;
printf("Character of ASCII value 69: %c",var1);
return 0;
}

Output
Character of ASCII value 69: E
The ASCII value of 'A' is 65, 'B' is 66 and so on to 'Z' is 90.
Similarly ASCII value of 'a' is 97, 'b' is 98 and so on to 'z' is 122.
Click here to learn about complete reference of ASCII code .

More about Input/Output of floats and Integer

Variations in Output for integer an floats
Integer and floating-points can be displayed in different formats in
C programming as:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
printf("Case 1:%6d\n",9876);
/* Prints the number right justified within 6 columns */
printf("Case 2:%3d\n",9876);

/* Prints the number to be right justified to 3 columns but, there are 4

digits so number is not right justified */
printf("Case 3:%.2f\n",987.6543);
/* Prints the number rounded to two decimal places */
printf("Case 4:%.f\n",987.6543);
/* Prints the number rounded to 0 decimal place, i.e, rounded to integer
*/
printf("Case 5:%e\n",987.6543);
/* Prints the number in exponential notation(scientific notation) */
return 0;
}

Output
Case 1: 9876
Case 2:9876
Case 3:987.65
Case 4:988
Case 5:9.876543e+002

Variations in Input for integer and floats

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a,b;
float c,d;

printf("Enter two intgers: ");

/*Two integers can be taken from user at once as below*/
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("Enter intger and floating point numbers: ");
/*Integer and floating point number can be taken at once from user as
below*/
scanf("%d%f",&a,&c);
return 0;
}

Similarly, any number of input can be taken at once from user.

C Programming Operators

Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable.

For example: + is a operator to perform addition.
C programming language has wide range of operators to perform
various operations. For better understanding of operators, these
operators can be classified as:
Operators in C programming
Arithmetic Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators

Conditional Operators
Bitwise Operators
Special Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Operator

Meaning of Operator

addition or unary plus

subtraction or unary minus

multiplication

division

remainder after division( modulo division)

Example of working of arithmetic operators

/* Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators in C. */

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=9,b=4,c;
c=a+b;
printf("a+b=%d\n",c);
c=a-b;

printf("a-b=%d\n",c);
c=a*b;
printf("a*b=%d\n",c);
c=a/b;
printf("a/b=%d\n",c);
c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b=%d\n",c);
return 0;
}

a+b=13
a-b=5
a*b=36
a/b=2
Remainder when a divided by b=1
Explanation
Here, the operators +, - and * performed normally as you
expected. In normal calculation, 9/4 equals to 2.25. But, the output
is 2 in this program. It is because, a and b are both integers. So,
the output is also integer and the compiler neglects the term after
decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25. And, finally a
%b is 1,i.e. ,when a=9 is divided by b=4 , remainder is 1.
Suppose a=5.0, b=2.0, c=5 and d=2

In C programming,
a/b=2.5
a/d=2.5
c/b=2.5
c/d=2
Note: % operator can only be used with integers.

Increment and decrement operators

In C, ++ and -- are called increment and decrement operators
respectively. Both of these operators are unary operators, i.e, used
on single operand. ++ adds 1 to operand and -- subtracts 1 to
operand respectively. For example:
Let a=5 and b=10
a++; //a becomes 6
a--; //a becomes 5
++a; //a becomes 6
--a; //a becomes 5
Difference between ++ and -- operator as postfix and prefix
When i++ is used as prefix(like: ++var ), ++var will increment the
value of var and then return it but, if ++ is used as postfix(like:

var++), operator will return the value of operand first and then
only increment it. This can be demonstrated by an example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int c=2,d=2;
printf("%d\n",c++); //this statement displays 2 then, only c
incremented by 1 to 3.
printf("%d",++c);
displayed.

//this statement increments 1 to c then, only c is

return 0;
}

Output
2
4

Assignment Operators
The most common assignment operator is = . This operator assigns
the value in right side to the left side. For example:
var=5 //5 is assigned to var
a=c;

//value of c is assigned to a

5=c;

// Error! 5 is a constant.

Operator

Example

Same as

a=b

a=b

+=

a+=b

a=a+b

-=

a-=b

a=a-b

*=

a*=b

a=a*b

/=

a/=b

a=a/b

%=

a%=b

a=a%b

Relational Operator
Relational operators checks relationship between two operands. If
the relation is true, it returns value 1 and if the relation is false, it
returns value 0. For example:
a>b
Here, > is a relational operator. If a is greater than b , a>b returns 1
if not then, it returns 0.
Relational operators are used in decision making and loops in C
programming.
Operator

Meaning of Operator

Example

==

Equal to

5==3 returns

Operator

Meaning of Operator

Example
false (0)

>

Greater than

5>3 returns true (1)

<

Less than

5<3 returns false (0)

!=

Not equal to

5!=3 returns true(1)

>=

Greater than or equal to

5>=3 returns true (1)

<=

Less than or equal to

5<=3 return false (0)

Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine expressions containing
relation operators. In C, there are 3 logical operators:
Operat
or

Meaning of
Operator

Example

&&

Logial AND

If c=5 and d=2 then,((c==5) &&

(d>5)) returns false.

||

Logical OR

If c=5 and d=2

then, ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns
true.

Logical NOT

If c=5 then, !(c==5) returns

false.

Explanation

For expression, ((c==5) && (d>5)) to be true,

both c==5 and d>5 should be true but, (d>5) is false in the given
example. So, the expression is false. For
expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) to be true, either the expression should
be true. Since, (c==5) is true. So, the expression is true. Since,
expression (c==5) is true, !(c==5) is false.

Conditional Operator
Conditional operator takes three operands and consists of two
symbols ? and : . Conditional operators are used for decision
making in C. For example:
c=(c>0)?10:-10;
If c is greater than 0, value of c will be 10 but, if c is less than 0,
value of c will be -10.

Bitwise Operators
A bitwise operator works on each bit of data. Bitwise operators are
used in bit level programming.
Operators

Meaning of operators

&

Bitwise AND

Bitwise OR

Bitwise exclusive OR

Bitwise complement

<<

Shift left

Operators

Meaning of operators

>>

Shift right

Bitwise operator is advance topic in programming . Learn more

about bitwise operator in C programming .

Other Operators
Comma Operator
Comma operators are used to link related expressions together.
For example:
int a,c=5,d;

The sizeof operator

It is a unary operator which is used in finding the size of data type,
constant, arrays, structure etc. For example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%d bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%d bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%d bytes\n",sizeof(c));

printf("Size of char=%d byte\n",sizeof(d));

return 0;
}

Output
Size of int=4 bytes
Size of float=4 bytes
Size of double=8 bytes
Size of char=1 byte

Conditional operators (?:)

Conditional operators are used in decision making in C
programming, i.e, executes different statements according to test
condition whether it is either true or false.

Syntax of conditional operators

conditional_expression?expression1:expression2
If the test condition is true,
false expression2 is returned.

expression1

is returned and if

Example of conditional operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char feb;

int days;
printf("Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: ");
scanf("%c",&feb);
days=(feb=='l')?29:28;
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is true, days will be equal to 29. */
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is false, days will be equal to 28. */
printf("Number of days in February = %d",days);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter n: l
Number of days in February = 29
Other operators such as &(reference operator), *(dereference
operator) and ->(member selection) operator will be discussed
in pointer chapter.

C Programming Introduction
Examples
This page contains example and source code on very basic
features of C programming language. To understand the examples
on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics:
1. Variables and Constants
2. Data Types
3. Input and Output in C programming

4. Operators

C Introduction Examples
C Programming Introduction Examples
C Program to Print a Sentence
C Program to Print a Integer Entered by a User
C Program to Add Two Integers Entered by User
C Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers
C Program to Find ASCII Value of Character Entered by User
C Program to Find Quotient and Remainder of Two Integers Entered by User
C Program to Find Size of int, float, double and char of Your System
C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long
C Program to Swap Two numbers Entered by User

C Program to Print a Sentence

To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Input Output (I/O)

Source Code
/* C Program to print a sentence. */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()

{
printf("C Programming"); /* printf() prints the content inside quotation
*/
return 0;
}

Output

C Programming

Every C program starts executing code from main() function. Inside

main(), there is a printf() function which prints the content inside the
quotation mark which is "C Programming" in this case.

C Program to Print a Integer Entered

by a User
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Variables and Constants
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Input Output (I/O)

Source Code
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int num;
printf("Enter a integer: ");
scanf("%d",&num); /* Storing a integer entered by user in variable
num */
printf("You entered: %d",num);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter a integer: 25
You entered: 25
In this program, a variable num is declared of type integer using
keyword int . The printf() function prints the content inside quotation
mark which is "Enter a integer: ". Then, the scanf() takes integer
value from user and stores it in variable num . Finally, the value
entered by user is displayed in the screen using printf() .

C Program to Add Two Integers

To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C
C
C
C

Programming
Programming
Programming
Programming

Data Types
Variables and Constants
Input Output (I/O)
Operators

In this program, user is asked to enter two integers and this

program will add these two integers and display it.

Source Code
/*C programming source code to add and display the sum of two
integers entered by user */

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num1, num2, sum;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); /* Stores the two integer entered by
user in variable num1 and num2 */

sum=num1+num2;
sum */

/* Performs addition and stores it in variable

printf("Sum: %d",sum); /* Displays sum */

return 0;
}

Output
Enter two integers: 12
11

Sum: 23
In this program, user is asked to enter two integers. The two
integers entered by user will be stored in
variables num1 and num2 respectively. This is done
using scanf() function. Then, + operator is used for adding
variables num1 and num2 and this value is assigned to variable
sum.

Finally, the sum is displayed and program is terminated.

There are three variables used for performing this task but, you
can perform this same task using 2 variables only. It can done by
assiging the sum of num1 and num2 to one of these variables as
shown in figure below.

/* C programming source code to add and display the sum of two

integers entered by user using two variables only. */

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num1, num2, sum;
printf("Enter a two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2);
num1=num1+num2; /* Adds variables num1 and num2 and stores it
in num1 */
printf("Sum: %d",num1); /* Displays value of num1 */
return 0;
}

This source code above calculates the sum of two integers and
displays using only two variables.

C Program to Multiply two Floating

Point Numbers
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C
C
C
C

Programming
Programming
Programming
Programming

Variables and Constants

Data Types
Input Output (I/O)
Operators

In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers

and this program will mulitply these two numbers and display it.

Source Code

/*C program to multiply and display the product of two floating point
numbers entered by user. */

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
float num1, num2, product;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f",&num1,&num2);
/* Stores the two floating point
numbers entered by user in variable num1 and num2 respectively */
product = num1*num2; /* Performs multiplication and stores it */
printf("Product: %f",product);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter two numbers: 2.4
1.1
Product: 2.640000
In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers.
These two numbers entered by user will be stored in
variables num1 and num2 respectively. This is done
using scanf() function. Then, * operator is used for multiplying
variables and this value is stored in variable product .

Then, the product is displayed and program is terminated.

C Program to Find ASCII Value of a

Character
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Variables and Constants
C Programming Input Output (I/O)
Every character in C programming is given an integer value to
represent it. That integer value is known as ASCII value of that
character. For example: ASCII value of 'a' is 97. Here is the
complete list of ASCII value of characters in C programming . When
a character is stored in variable of type char , the ASCII value of
character is stored instead of that character itself character itself.
For example: If you try to store character 'a' in a char type
variable, ASCII value of that character is stored which is 97.
In, this program user is asked to enter a character and this
program will display the ASCII value of that character.

Source Code
/* Source code to find ASCII value of a character entered by user */

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char c;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);

/* Takes a character from user */

printf("ASCII value of %c = %d",c,c);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter a character: G
ASCII value of G = 71
In this program, user is asked to enter a character and this
character will be stored in variable c , i.e., the ASCII value of that
character is stored in variable c . When, this value is displayed
usingconversion format string %c , the actual variable is displayed
but, when this variable is displayed using format string %d , the
ASCII value of that character is displayed.

C Program to Find Quotient and

Remainder of Two Integers Entered
by User
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Variables and Constants
C Programming Input Output (I/O)

C Programming Operators
In this program, user is asked to enter two integers(dividend and
divisor) and this program will compute the quotient and remainder
and display it.

Source Code
/* C Program to compute remainder and quotient */

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder;
printf("Enter dividend: ");
scanf("%d",&dividend);
printf("Enter divisor: ");
scanf("%d",&divisor);
quotient=dividend/divisor;

/* Computes quotient */

remainder=dividend%divisor;

/* Computes remainder */

printf("Quotient = %d\n",quotient);
printf("Remainder = %d",remainder);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter dividend: 25

Enter divisor: 4
Quotient = 6
Remainder = 1
Explanation
This program takes two integers(dividend and divisor) from user
and stores it in variable dividend and divisor . Then, quotient and
remainder is calculated and stored in
variable quotient and remainder . Operator / is used for calculation of
quotient and % is used for calculating remainder. Learn more
about divison(/) and modulo division(%) operator in C
programming
You can also program can be performed using only two variables
as:

/* C Program to compute and display remainder and quotient using

only two variables */

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int dividend, divisor;
printf("Enter dividend: ");
scanf("%d",&dividend);
printf("Enter divisor: ");
scanf("%d",&divisor);

printf("Quotient = %d\n",dividend/divisor);/* Computes and displays

quotient */
printf("Remainder = %d",dividend%divisor); /* Computes and displays
remainder */
return 0;
}

Output of this program is same as program above but, only two

variables are used in this case instead of four variables.

C Program to Find Size of int, float,

double and char of Your System
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Variables and Constants
C Programming Input Output (I/O)
The size of a character is always 1 byte but, size of int, float and
double variables differs from system to system. This program will
compute the size of int, float, double and char of you system using
sizeof operator. The syntax of size of operator is:

temp = sizeof(operand);
/* Here, temp is a variable of type integer,i.e, sizeof() operator
returns integer value. */

Source Code
/* This program computes the size of variable using sizeof operator.*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int: %d bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float: %d bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double: %d bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char: %d byte\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}

Output
Size of int: 4 bytes
Size of float: 4 bytes
Size of double: 8 bytes
Size of char: 1 byte
Note: You may get different output depending upon your system.

In this program, 4 variables a , b , c and d are declared of type int,

float, double and char respectively. Then, the size of these
variables is computed using sizeof operator and displayed.

C Program to Demonstrate the

Working of Keyword long
To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Variables and Constants
C Programming Input Output (I/O)
Keyword long is used for altering the size of data type. For
example: the size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long
keyword is used, the size of long int will be either 4 bytes or 8
bytes. Also, you can use long long int . The size of long long int is
generally 8 bytes. This program will demonstrate the size of
keyword long for my system. It may be different in your system.

Source Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a;
long int b;
long long int c;

/* int is optional. */
/* int is optional. */

printf("Size of int = %d bytes\n",sizeof(a));

printf("Size of long int = %ld bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of long long int = %ld bytes",sizeof(c));
return 0;

Output
Size of int = 4 bytes
Size of long int = 4 bytes
Size of long long int = 8 bytes
In this program, the sizeof operator is used for finding the size
of int , long int and long long int .
Thus, int and long int for my system can hold values from -2 31 to 2 31 1. If I have to work on data outside this range, I have to use long
long int , which can hold values from -2 63 to 2 63 -1 .
Similarly, the long keyword can be used double and floats types.

C Program to Swap Two Numbers

To understand this example, you should have knowledge of
following C programming topics:
C Programming Data Types
C Programming Operators
C Programming Input Output (I/O)
This program asks user to enter two numbers and this program will
swap the value of these two numbers.

Source Code to Swap Two Numbers

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){
float a, b, temp;
printf("Enter value of a: ");
scanf("%f",&a);
printf("Enter value of b: ");
scanf("%f",&b);
temp = a;
a = b;

/* Value of a is stored in variable temp */

/* Value of b is stored in variable a */

b = temp; /* Value of temp(which contains initial value of a) is

stored in variable b*/
printf("\nAfter swapping, value of a = %.2f\n", a);
printf("After swapping, value of b = %.2f", b);
return 0;
}

Output

Enter value of a: 1.20

Enter value of b: 2.45

After swapping, value of a = 2.45

After swapping, value of b = 1.2