Medieval India

Medieval India
Two Wikipedia Articles
PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information.
PDF generated at: Mon, 02 Sep 2013 10:03:14 UTC
Contents
Articles
Medieval India
India
References
Article Sources and Contributors
38
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
41
Article Licenses
License
42
Medieval India
Medieval India
Outline of South Asian history

History of Indian subcontinent
Medieval India refers to the Middle Ages i.e. 8th to 18th century CE in the Indian subcontinent. It is divided into
two periods: The 'early medieval period' which lasted from the 8th to the 13th century and the 'late medieval period'
which lasted from the 13th to the 18th century in some definitions, though many end the period with the start of the
Mughal Empire in 1526. It includes:
Hoysala Empire a prominent South Indian Kannadiga empire that ruled most of the modern day state of
Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but
was later moved to Halebidu.
Kakatiya Kingdom a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of current day Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 CE to 1323
CE
Trigarta Kingdom a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.
Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived dynasties
Mughal Empire was an imperial power in the Indian subcontinent from about 1526 to 1757 (though it lingered for
another century).
Ahom Kingdom was a kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam, India
Reddy Kingdom was established in southern India by Prolaya Vema Reddy.
Vijayanagara Empire was an empire based in South India, in the Deccan Plateau region.
Gajapati Kingdom was a medieval Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kalinga (the present day Orissa)
Deccan Sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms
Sikh Empire[1] was a major power in the Indian subcontinent, which arose under the leadership of Maharaja
Ranjit Singh
The Rajput period was an era of chivalry and feudalism. The Rajputs weakened each other by constant fighting,
allowing the Turks to embark on victorious campaigns against the empire.
References
India
India
Republic of India
Bharat Ganrajya
Flag
Emblem
Motto:"Satyameva Jayate"(Sanskrit)
[1]
"Truth Alone Triumphs"
Anthem:Jana Gana Mana
[2] []
"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"
National song:
Vande Mataram
[3][1][]
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;

claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Capital
New Delhi
[4]
2836.8N 7712.5E
Largest city
Mumbai
Official languages
Recognised regionallanguages
National language
None
Demonym
Indian
Government
Federal parliamentary
[1]
constitutional republic
India
3
-
President
Pranab Mukherjee
Vice President
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh (INC)
Speaker of the House Meira Kumar (INC)
Chief Justice
[5]
P. Sathasivam
Legislature
Parliament of India
Upper house
Rajya Sabha
Lower house
Lok Sabha
Independencefrom the United Kingdom

-
Dominion
15 August 1947
Republic
26 January 1950
Area
2[6]
Total
3,287,263km
(7th)
1,269,219sqmi
Water(%)
9.6
Population
[7]
2011census
1,210,193,422
Density
374.7/km (31st)
970.5/sqmi
GDP(PPP)
(2nd)
2012estimate
[]
Total
$4.711 trillion (3rd)
Per capita
$3,851 (129th)
GDP(nominal)
[]
2012estimate
[8]
Total
$1.825 trillion
Per capita
$1,592 (140th)
(10th)
[]
[]
Gini(2010)
33.9
medium 79th
HDI (2012)
0.554
medium 136th (medium)
[9][10]
Currency
Indian rupee ( ) (INR)
Time zone
IST (UTC+05:30)
Summer(DST)
not observed(UTC+05:30)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy (CE)
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+91
ISO 3166 code
IN
Internet TLD
.in
India
India ( i/ndi/), officially the Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya)[11], is a country in South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most
populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west,
and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[12] China, Nepal, and
Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri
Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand
and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian
subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[13] Four world
religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhismoriginated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and
Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and
brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered
directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a
struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
The Indian economy is the world's tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity
(PPP).[] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major
economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty,
corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power,
it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks eighth in military expenditure among nations. India is a
federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories.
India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of
protected habitats.
Etymology
The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu. The latter term stems
from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River.[14] The ancient Greeks
referred to the Indians as Indoi (), which translates as "the people of the Indus".[15] The geographical term
Bharat (pronounced[bart](
listen)), which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the
country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations.[16] The eponym of Bharat is Bharata, a theological figure
that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India. Hindustan ([ndstan](
listen)) was
originally a Persian word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referred to a region that encompassed
northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its entirety.[17][18]
History
Ancient India
The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago.[19]
Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent,
including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[20] Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic
settlements appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[21] These gradually
developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[22] the first urban culture in South Asia;[23] it flourished during
25001900BCE in Pakistan and western India.[24] Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira,
and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilization engaged robustly in crafts production
and wide-ranging trade.[23]
During the period 2000500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the
Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[25] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[26] were composed during this
India
period,[27] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic
Plain.[25] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into
the subcontinent from the north-west.[28][26][29] The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and
free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure, arose during this
period.[30] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom
stage of political organisation.[25] In southern India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number
of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[31] as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and
craft traditions.[31]
In the late Vedic period, around the 5th century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the
Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major
oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas.[32][33] The
emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this age also created the religious
reform movements of Buddhism and Jainism,[34] both of which became
independent religions.[35] Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha
attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling
the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in
India.[34][36][37] Jainism came into prominence around the same time during the
Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in
life of its exemplar, Mahavira.[38] In an age of increasing urban wealth, both
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 6th
religions held up renunciation as an ideal,[39] and both established long-lasting
century
monasteries.[32] Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha
had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[32] The
empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are
now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.[40][41] The Mauryan kings are known as much for
their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and
far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist dhamma.[42][43]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was
being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire
and with West and South-East Asia.[44][45] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family,
leading to increased subordination of women.[46][32] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created in
the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian
kingdoms.[47][48] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual
began to assert itself.[49] The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons
among an urban elite.[48] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and
mathematics made significant advances.[48]
India
Medieval India
The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional
kingdoms and cultural diversity.[50] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much
of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards,
he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[51] When his successor
attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[51]
When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the
Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the
Cholas from still farther south.[51] No ruler of this period was able to create an
empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region.[50] During
this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the
growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were
new non-traditional ruling classes.[52] The caste system consequently began to
show regional differences.[52]
The granite tower of Brihadeeswarar

Temple in Thanjavur was completed
in 1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola I.
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil
language.[53] They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of
Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent.[53] Indian royalty, big and small, and
the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as
well.[54] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[54] By
the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were
exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and
Java.[55] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians
took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into
their languages.[55]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies
united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the
establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[56] The sultanate was to control much of North India, and to
make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast
non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.[57][58] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the
13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for
centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the
subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.[59][60] The sultanate's raiding and
weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[61]
Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to
control much of peninsular India,[62] and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.[61]
India
Early modern India

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim
rulers,[63] fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of
Central Asian warriors.[64] The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the
local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new
administrative practices[65][66] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[67] leading
to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.[68] Eschewing tribal bonds and
Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung
realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor
who had near-divine status.[67] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving
most revenues from agriculture[69] and mandating that taxes be paid in the
well-regulated silver currency,[70] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger
markets.[68] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the
17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[68] resulting in greater
patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[71] Newly
coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the
Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal
Scribes and artists in the Mughal
court, 15901595
rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and
military experience.[72] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to
new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[72] As the empire
disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.[73]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a
number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal
outposts.[74][75] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training
and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the
Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765
and sideline the other European companies.[76][74][77][78] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent
increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[79] India was then
no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British empire with raw
materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[74] By this time, with its
economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British
administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform,
and culture.[80]
India
Modern India
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime
between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie
as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for
changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation
and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and
the education of citizens. Technological changesamong them,
railways, canals, and the telegraphwere introduced not long after
their introduction in Europe.[81][82][83][84] However, disaffection with
the Company also grew during this time, and set off the Indian
Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions,
The British Indian Empire, from the 1909 edition
including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and
of The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Areas directly
governed by the British are shaded pink; the
summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion
princely
states under British suzerainty are in
rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the
yellow.
[85][86]
foundations of Company rule.
Although the rebellion was
suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company
and to the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but
limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal
safeguard against future unrest.[87][88] In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading
eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[89][90][91][92]
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the
second half of the 19th century was marked by economic
setbacksmany small farmers became dependent on the whims of
far-away markets.[93] There was an increase in the number of
large-scale famines,[94] and, despite the risks of infrastructure
development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment
was generated for Indians.[95] There were also salutary effects:
commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to
increased food production for internal consumption.[96] The railway
Jawaharlal Nehru (left) became India's first prime
network provided critical famine relief,[97] notably reduced the cost of
minister in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi (right) led the
moving goods,[97] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.[96] After
independence movement.
World War I, in which some one million Indians served,[98] a new
period began. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for
self-rule, and by the beginnings of a non-violent movement of non-cooperation, of which Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[99] During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by
the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[100] The next decade was beset
with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of
Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India
into two states: India and Pakistan.[101]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a
secular and democratic republic.[102] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed record of successes and
failures.[103] It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an activist Supreme Court, and a largely independent
press.[103] Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class,
transformed India into one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[104] and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian
movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[103] Yet, India has also been weighed
India
down by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;[103] by religious and caste-related violence;[105] by
Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[106] and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India.[107] It
has unresolved territorial disputes with China, and with Pakistan. The IndiaPakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head
in 1998.[108] India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of
its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be
achieved.[109]
Geography
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the
minor Indian tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the
Indo-Australian Plate.[110] India's defining geological processes
commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then
part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward
drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million
years.[110] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and
subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest
mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and the
north-east.[110] In the former seabed immediately south of the
emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has
gradually filled with river-borne sediment;[111] it now forms the
Indo-Gangetic Plain.[112] To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut
off by the Aravalli Range.[113]
A topographic map of India
The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India;
it extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian
Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[114] To the south, the
remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the
Western and Eastern Ghats;[115] the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one
billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6 44' and 35 30' north
latitude[116] and 68 7' and 97 25' east longitude.[117]
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700mi) in length; of this distance,
5,423 kilometres (3,400mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres
(1,300mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.[118]
According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline
consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including
cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[118]
The Kedar Range of the Greater
Himalayas rises behind Kedarnath
Temple, which is one of the twelve
jyotirlinga shrines.
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the
Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[119]
Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's
extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[120]
Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the
Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[121] and the Narmada and the Tapti,
which drain into the Arabian Sea.[122] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the
alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[123] India has two archipelagos: the
Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in
the Andaman Sea.[124]
India
10
The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the
economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons.[125] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian
katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar
latitudes.[126][127] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon
winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[125] Four major climatic groupings
predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[128]
Biodiversity
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots.[129] One of 17 megadiverse
countries, it hosts 8.6% of all mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6% of all amphibian, 12.2% of
all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[130][131] Endemism is high among plants, 33%, and among
ecoregions such as the shola forests.[132] Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western
Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist
deciduous sal forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India; and the
babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[133] Under 12% of India's landmass
bears thick jungle.[134] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The
luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than
105 million years before present.[135] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with the
Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years
ago forced a mass extinction.[136] Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes
flanking the rising Himalaya.[133] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6%
of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[131] Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the Western
Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened species, or 2.9% of endangered forms.[137] These include the
Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which, by ingesting the carrion of
diclofenac-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian
wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially
expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[138] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness;
the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[139] India hosts more than five
hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[140] four of which are part of the World Network of
Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[141]
Politics
India is the world's most populous democracy.[142] A parliamentary
republic with a multi-party system,[143] it has six recognised national
parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[144] The
Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" in Indian political
culture, and the BJP centre-right or "conservative". For most of the
period between 1950when India first became a republicand the
late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then,
however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the
BJP,[145] as well as with powerful regional parties which have often
forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at the centre.[146]
A parliamentary joint session being held in the

Sansad Bhavan.
India
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress
won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded,
after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in
1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was
voted out of power in 1977; the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its
government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in
1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory
in the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition,
led by the newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved
relatively short-lived: it lasted just under two years.[147] Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute
majority. But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V.
Narasimha Rao.[148]
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared
power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively
long-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a
successful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the
first non-Congress, coalition government to complete a five-year term.[149] In the 2004 Indian general elections,
again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another
successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who
opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer
required external support from India's communist parties.[150] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime
minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[151]
Government
India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the
Constitution of India, which serves as the country's supreme legal
document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy,
in which "majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by
law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the
federal government and the states. The government abides by
constitutional checks and balances. The Constitution of India, which
came into effect on 26 January 1950,[152] states in its preamble that
The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence
India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[153] India's
of the president of India.
form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a
strong centre and weak states,[154] has grown increasingly federal since
the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.[155][156]
11
India
12
National symbols[1]
Flag
Tricolour
Emblem
Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem
Jana Gana Mana
Song
Vande Mataram
Calendar
Saka
Game
Not declared
Flower
Lotus
Fruit
Mango
Tree
Banyan
Bird
Indian Peafowl
Land animal
Royal Bengal Tiger
[157]
Aquatic animal River Dolphin

River
Ganga (Ganges)
The federal government comprises three branches:

Executive: The President of India is the head of state[158] and is elected indirectly by a national electoral
college[159] for a five-year term.[160] The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and exercises most
executive power.[161] Appointed by the president,[162] the prime minister is by convention supported by the party
or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.[161] The executive branch of
the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministersthe cabinet
being its executive committeeheaded by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member
of one of the houses of parliament.[158] In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the
legislature; the prime minister and his council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.[163]
Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style
parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower
called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[164] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members
who serve in staggered six-year terms.[165] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in
numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.[162] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545
members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.[166]
The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case
the president decides that they are not adequately represented.[167]
Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[168] that comprises the Supreme Court, headed by the
Chief Justice of India, 24 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[168] The Supreme Court has original
jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre; it has
appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[169] It has the power both to declare the law and to strike down union
or state laws which contravene the constitution.[170] The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the
constitution.[171]
India
13
Subdivisions
India is a federation composed of 28
states and 7 union territories.[172] All
states, as well as the union territories of
Puducherry and the National Capital
Territory of Delhi, have elected
legislatures and governments, both
patterned on the Westminster model. The
remaining five union territories are
directly ruled by the centre through
appointed administrators. In 1956, under
the States Reorganisation Act, states
were reorganised on a linguistic
basis.[173] Since then, their structure has
remained largely unchanged. Each state
or union territory is further divided into
administrative districts. The districts in
turn are further divided into tehsils and
ultimately into villages.
States
A clickable map of the 28 states and 7 union territories of India
Andhra Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Nagaland
Arunachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Odisha
Assam
Karnataka
Punjab
Bihar
Kerala
Rajasthan
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Sikkim
Goa
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Manipur
Tripura
Haryana
Meghalaya
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Union territories
A. A.
B. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
C. B.
D. Chandigarh
E. C.
F. Dadra and Nagar Haveli
G. D.
H. Daman and Diu
I. E.
India
J. Lakshadweep
K. F.
L. National Capital Territory of Delhi
M. G.
N. Puducherry
Foreign relations and military

Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations
with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly supported decolonisation in
Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned
Movement.[174] In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened
abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a peace-keeping
operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed
intervention to prevent a coup d'tat attempt in Maldives. India has
tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone
Manmohan Singh meets Dmitry Medvedev at the
to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars
34th G8 summit. India and Russia share extensive
were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth,
economic, defence, and technological ties.
the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of
Bangladesh.[175] After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965
war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the
Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.[176]
Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide-ranging defence relations with Israel and France.
In recent years, it has played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World
Trade Organisation. The nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping
operations across four continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5, and other multilateral
forums.[177] India has close economic ties with South America, Asia, and Africa; it pursues a "Look East" policy that
seeks to strengthen partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, and South Korea that revolve around many issues,
but especially those involving economic investment and regional security.[178][179]
China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene
in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop
nuclear weapons.[181] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in
1974 and carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite
criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and
discriminatory.[182] India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and
The HAL Tejas is a light supersonic fighter
is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its "minimum
developed by the Aeronautical Development
credible deterrence" doctrine.[183][184] It is developing a ballistic
Agency and manufactured by Hindustan
[180]
Aeronautics in Bangalore.
missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a
fifth-generation fighter jet.[185] Other indigenous military projects
involve the design and implementation of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers and Arihant-class nuclear submarines.[185]
Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United
States and the European Union.[186] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the United
States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending
14
India
earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto
nuclear weapons state.[187] India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with
Russia,[188] France,[189] the United Kingdom,[190] and Canada.[191]
The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.6 million active troops, they
compose the world's third-largest military.[192] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air
Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and three paramilitary groups: the Assam
Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[193] The official Indian defence budget for 2011 was
US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[194] For the fiscal year spanning 20122013, US$40.44 billion was
budgeted.[195] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power
stood at US$72.7 billion,[196] In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,[197] although this does not
include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.[198] As of 2012, India is the world's
largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms
purchases.[199] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing
Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[197]
Economy
According to the World Bank, as of 2011, the Indian economy is nominally worth US$1.848 trillion;[] it is the
tenth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$4.457 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power
parity, or PPP.[200] With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1%
during 201112,[201] India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies.[202] However, the country ranks 140th in
the world in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[200] Until 1991, all Indian governments
followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and
regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991
forced the nation to liberalise its economy;[203] since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market system[204][205]
by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.[206] India's recent economic model is largely
capitalist.[205] India has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995.[207]
The 486.6-million worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2011.[193] The service sector makes
up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Major agricultural products include
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[172] Major industries include textiles,
telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment,
cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[172] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at
24%, up from 6% in 1985.[204] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[208] In 2011, India was the world's
tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[209] Major exports include petroleum products, textile
goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[172] Major imports include
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[172] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical
and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[210]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,[204] India has more than doubled its
hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.[211] Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since
1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.[212] Though ranking 51st in global
competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business
sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies, as of 2010.[213] With 7 of the world's
top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second-most
favourable outsourcing destination after the United States, as of 2009.[214] India's consumer market, currently the
world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.[212]
India's telecommunication industry, the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period
201011,[215] and after the first quarter of 2013, India surpassed Japan to become the third largest smartphone
15
India
market in the world after China and the U.S.[216]
Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 200910,[217]
and exports by 36% during 200809.[218] Power capacity is 250 gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable. At the end of
2011, Indian IT Industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equaling
7.5% of Indian GDP and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports.[219]
The Pharmaceutical industry in India is among the significant emerging markets for global pharma industry. The
Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020. India's R & D spending constitutes 60% of
Biopharmaceutical industry.[220][221] India is among the top 12 Biotech destinations of the world.[222] [223]. The
Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1 % in 2012-13, increasing its revenues from 204.4 Billion INR (Indian Rupees)
to 235.24 Billion INR (3.94 B US$ - exchange rate June 2013: 1 US$ approx. 60 INR[224]
Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges.
India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of
US$1.25 per day,[225] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.[226] 44% of the children
under 5 years are underweight.[],[227] and 46% of children under the age of three suffer from malnutrition.[225] The
Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates.[228] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has
consistently grown: the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the
poorest.[229] Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[230] with one report estimating the
illegal capital flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[231] Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita
has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is
estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has always remained lower than those of other Asian
developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to
remain so in the near future.[232]
According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of
the United States by 2045.[233] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised
average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.[233] The report
highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing
sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven
by a rapidly growing middle class.[233] The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it
must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal
of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition.[234]
Citing persistent inflation pressures, weak public finances, limited progress on fiscal consolidation and
ineffectiveness of the government, rating agency Fitch revised India's Outlook to Negative from Stable on 18 June
2012.[235] Another credit rating agency S&P had warned previously that a slowing GDP growth and political
roadblocks to economic policy-making could put India at the risk of losing its investment grade rating.[236] However,
Moody did not revise its outlook on India keeping it stable,[237] but termed the national government as the "single
biggest drag" on the business activity.[238]
16
India
Demographics
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional
census,[7] India is the world's second-most populous country. Its
population grew at 1.76% per annum during 20012011,[7] down from
2.13% per annum in the previous decade (19912001).[239] The human
sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000
males.[7] The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[193] The first
post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361.1 million
people.[240] Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as
increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "Green
Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.[241] India
continues to face several public health-related challenges.[242][243]
According to the World Health Organisation, 900,000 Indians die each
A population density and Indian Railways
year from drinking contaminated water or breathing polluted air.[244]
connectivity
map. The already densely settled
There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[245] The number
Indo-Gangetic Plain is the main driver of Indian
of Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and
population growth.
[246]
[247][248]
2001.
Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.
According to the 2001 census, there are 27 million-plus cities in India;[246] among them Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad are the most populous metropolitan areas. The literacy rate in 2011
was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.[7] Kerala is the most literate state;[249] Bihar the
least.[250]
India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian
(24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman language families. India
has no national language.[251] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the
government.[252][253] English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary
official language";[254] it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union
territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages".
The Constitution of India recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the
country's population.[255] The 2001 census reported that Hinduism, with over 800 million adherents (80.5% of the
population), was the largest religion in India; it is followed by Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%),
Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bah' Faith.[256] India has the world's largest
Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, and Bah' populations, and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest
Muslim population for a non-Muslim majority country.[257][258]
Culture
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[259] During the Vedic period (c. 1700500 BCE), the
foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still
exist today, such as dhrma, krma, yga, and moka, were established.[15] India is notable for its religious diversity,
with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's major religions.[260] The predominant
religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads,[261]
the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[260] and by Buddhist philosophy.[262]
17
India
18
Art and architecture

Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian
architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.[263] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional
in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[264]
explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[265] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments
to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.[266] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa
Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that
embodied the "absolute".[267] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan
in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India
and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."[268] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture,
developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[269]
Literature
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit
language.[270][271] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahbhrata and the
Ramayana, the dramas of Klidsa such as the Abhijnakuntalam (The Recognition of akuntal), and poetry
such as the Mahkvya.[272][273][274]Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated in India.
Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature, consisting of 2,381 poems, is
regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[275][276][277][278] From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary
traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets such as Kabr,
Tulsds, and Guru Nnak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression;
as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[279] In the 19th
century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century,
Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[280]
Performing arts
Rukmini Devi Arundale, one the foremost

revivalists of bharatnatyam dance in the 20th
century, performs at a concert.
Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles.

Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk
offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[281]
Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic
tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance
also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known
folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the
chhau of West Bengal and Jharkhand,Garba and Dandiya of Gujarat,
sambalpuri of Odisha, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and the lavani of
Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and
mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by
India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are:
bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh,
kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh,
manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Odisha, and the sattriya of Assam.[282]
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written
dialogue.[283] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing
from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre
India
includes the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, tamasha of
Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[284]
Motion pictures
The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.[285] Established regional cinematic traditions
exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu
languages.[286] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[287] Television broadcasting
began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion for more than two
decades.[288] The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in 1990s and, since then, satellite channels have
increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.[289] Today, television is the most penetrative media in India;
industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite and/or
cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350 million), radio (156 million) or
internet (37 million).[290]
Society
Traditional Indian society is defined by social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodies much of the social
stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by
thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jtis, or "castes".[291] India declared untouchability
illegal in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives, albeit numerous
reports suggest that many Dalits ("exUntouchables") and other low castes in rural areas continue to live in
segregation and face persecution and discrimination.[292][293][294] At the workplace in urban India and in
international or leading Indian companies, the caste system has pretty much lost its importance.[295][296] Family
values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in
India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.[297] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with
their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.[298] Marriage is thought to be
for life,[298] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[299] Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many
women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.[300] Many Indian festivals are
religious in origin; among them are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Thai Pongal, Navratri, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan,
Holi, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed
in all states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays,
varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states.
Clothing
Cotton was domesticated in India by 4000 B.C.E. Traditional Indian dress varies in colour and style across regions
and depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as
the sari for women and the dhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwar kameez for women and
kurtapyjama combinations or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[301] Use of delicate
jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years;
gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.[302]
Cuisine
Indian cuisine features an unsurpassed reliance on herbs and spices, with dishes often calling for the nuanced usage
of a dozen or more condiments;[303] it is also known for its tandoori preparations. The tandoor, a clay oven used in
India for almost 5,000 years, grills meats to an "uncommon succulence" and produces the puffy flatbread known as
naan.[304] The staple foods are wheat (predominantly in the north),[305] rice (especially in the south and the east),
and lentils.[306] Many spices that have worldwide appeal are native to the Indian subcontinent,[307] while chili
19
India
pepper, native to the Americas and introduced by the Portuguese, is widely used by Indians.[308] yurveda, a system
of traditional medicine, used six rasas and three guas to help describe comestibles.[309] Over time, as Vedic animal
sacrifices were supplanted by the notion of sacred-cow inviolability, vegetarianism became associated with high
religious status and grew increasingly popular,[310] a trend aided by the rise of Buddhist, Jain, and bhakti Hindu
norms.[311] India has the world's highest concentration of vegetarians: a 2006 survey found that 31% of Indians were
lacto vegetarian, and another 9% were ovo-lacto vegetarian.[311] Common traditional eating customs include meals
taken on or near the floor, caste and gender-segregated dining,[312][313] and a lack of cutlery in favour of the right
hand or a piece of roti.
Sport
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, among them kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and
gilli-danda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, and
marma adi, originated in India. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of
government recognition for athletic achievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.
Chess, commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaga, is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in
the number of Indian grandmasters.[314][315] Pachisi, from which parcheesi derives, was played on a giant marble
court by Akbar.[316] The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in
the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.[317] India has a comparatively strong presence
in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the
Commonwealth Games.[318][319] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include
badminton,[320] boxing,[321] and wrestling.[322] Football is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and
the north-eastern states.[323]
Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India. The Indian national hockey team won the 1975 Hockey
World Cup and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport's
most successful team. India has also played a major role in popularising Cricket. Thus, cricket is, by far, the most
popular sport of India. The Indian national cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007
ICC World Twenty20, shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka, and won 2013 ICC Champions
Trophy. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, or BCCI; the Ranji Trophy, the
Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are domestic
competitions. The BCCI conducts a Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League. India has hosted or
co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket
World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World
Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the
Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. The first Indian Grand Prix
featured in late 2011.[324] India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example
of this dominance is the basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[325]
20
India
21
Notes
[1] National Informatics Centre 2005.
[2] Wolpert 2003, p.1.
[3] "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion
arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana
Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it." (Constituent Assembly of India 1950).
[4] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=India& params=28_36. 8_N_77_12. 5_E_type:country
[6] "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2
(1,269,220sqmi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700sqmi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2
(1,269,219sqmi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960sqmi)." (Library of Congress 2004).
[7] Ministry of Home Affairs 2011.
[9] United Nations 2012.
[10] http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR2013_EN_Statistics. pdf
[11] See also: Official names of India
[12] The Government of India regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of India. However, this is
disputed, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source: "Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border
Management)" (http:/ / mha. nic. in/ docs/ BM_Intro(E). doc) (DOC). Retrieved 1 September 2008..
[13] Stein 1998, pp.1617.
[14] Oxford English Dictionary.
[15] Kuiper 2010, p.86.
[16] Ministry of Law and Justice 2008.
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
Kaye 1997, pp.639640.

Encyclopdia Britannica.
Singh 2009, p.64.
Singh 2009, pp.8993.
Possehl 2003, pp.2425.
Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp.2123.
Singh 2009, p.181.
Possehl 2003, p.2.
Singh 2009, p.255.
Singh 2009, pp.186187.
Witzel 2003, pp.6869.
Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p.31.
Stein 2010, p.47.
Singh 2009, pp.250251.
Singh 2009, p.319.
Thapar 2003, p.166.
Stein 1998, p.21.
Stein 1998, pp.6768.
Singh 2009, pp.312313.
Singh 2009, p.300.
Stein 1998, pp.7879.
Singh 2009, p.367.
Stein 1998, pp.8990.
Singh 2009, pp.408415.
Stein 1998, pp.9295.
Singh 2009, p.545.
Stein 1998, pp.9899.
Stein 1998, p.132.
[51] Stein 1998, pp.119120.

[52] Stein 1998, pp.121122.
[53] Stein 1998, p.123.
India
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
22
Stein 1998, p.124.
Stein 1998, pp.127128.
Ludden 2002, p.68.
Asher & Talbot 2008, p.47.
Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p.6.
Ludden 2002, p.67.
Asher & Talbot 2008, pp.5051.
Robb 2001, p.80.
Stein 1998, p.164.
Robb 2001, pp.9091.
Stein 1998, p.169.
Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp.2324.
Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp.4449.
[76] Robb 2001, pp.98100.

[77] Ludden 2002, pp.128132.
[78] Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp.5155.
[80] Asher & Talbot 2008, p.289.
[81] Robb 2001, pp.151152.
[83] Brown 1994, p.83.
[84] Peers 2006, p.50.
[86] Brown 1994, pp.8586.
[87] Stein 1998, p.239.
[89] Robb 2001, p.183.
[90] Sarkar 1983, pp.14.
[91] Copland 2001, pp.ixx.
[92] Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p.123.
[93] Stein 1998, p.260.
[94] Bose & Jalal 2011, p.117.
[95] Stein 1998, p.258.
[104] United States Department of Agriculture.
[110] Ali & Aitchison 2005.
[111] Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p.7.
[112] Prakash et al. 2000.
India
23

[115] Dikshit & Schwartzberg, pp.910.
[116] The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India
regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the Northern Areas administered by Pakistan, to be its
territory. It therefore assigns the longitude 37 6' to its northernmost point.
[117] Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 2007, p.1.
[118] Kumar et al. 2006.
[120] Duff 1993, p.353.
[125] Chang 1967, pp.391394.
[126] Posey 1994, p.118.
[127] Wolpert 2003, p.4.
[128] Heitzman & Worden 1996, p.97.
[129] Conservation International 2007.
[130] Zoological Survey of India 2012, p.1.
[131] Puri.
[132] Basak 1983, p.24.
[133]
[134]
[135]
[136]
[137]
[138]
[139]
[140]
[141]
[142]
[143]
[144]
[145]
[146]
[147]
[148]
[149]
[150]
[151]
[152]
[153]
[154]
[155]
[156]
[158]
[159]
[160]
[161]
[162]
[163]
[164]
[165]
[166]
[167]
Tritsch 2001.
Fisher 1995, p.434.
Crame & Owen 2002, p.142.
Karanth 2006.
Mace 1994, p.4.
Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972.
Department of Environment and Forests 1988.
Ministry of Environment and Forests.
Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands.
United Nations Population Division.
Burnell & Calvert 1999, p.125.
Election Commission of India.
Sarkar 2007, p.84.
Chander 2004, p.117.
Bhambhri 1992, pp.118, 143.
The Hindu 2008.
Dunleavy, Diwakar & Dunleavy 2007.
Business Standard 2009.
Pylee & 2003 a, p.4.
Dutt 1998, p.421.
Wheare 1980, p.28.
Echeverri-Gent 2002, pp.1920.
Sinha 2004, p.25.
Sharma 2007, p.31.
Sharma 2007, p.138.
Gledhill 1970, p.112.
Sharma 1950.
Sharma 2007, p.162.
Mathew 2003, p.524.
Gledhill 1970, p.127.
Sharma 2007, p.161.
Sharma 2007, p.143.
Sharma 2007, p.360.
[168] Neuborne 2003, p.478.

[169] Sharma 2007, pp.238, 255.
[170] Sripati 1998, pp.423424.
India
24
[171]
[172]
[173]
[174]
[175]
[176]
[177]
[178]
[179]
[180]
[181]
[182]
[183]
[184]
[185]
[186]
[187]
[188]
[189]
[190]
[191]
[192]
Pylee & 2003 b, p.314.

Library of Congress 2004.
Sharma 2007, p.49.
Rothermund 2000, pp.48, 227.
Gilbert 2002, pp.486487.
Sharma 1999, p.56.
Alford 2008.
Ghosh 2009, pp.282289.
Sisodia & Naidu 2005, pp.18.
Russian International News Agency 2011.
Perkovich 2001, pp.6086, 106125.
Kumar 2010.
Nair 2007.
Pandit 2009.
The Hindu 2011.
Europa 2008.
The Times of India 2008.
British Broadcasting Corporation 2009.
Rediff 2008 a.
Reuters 2010.
Curry 2010.
Ripsman & Paul 2010, p.130.
[193]
[194]
[195]
[196]
[197]
[198]
[199]
[200]
[201]
[202]
[203]
[204]
[205]
[206]
[207]
[208]
[209]
[210]
[211]
[212]
[213]
[214]
[215]
[217]
[218]
[219]
[222]
[223]
[224]
[225]
[226]
[227]
[228]
[229]
Central Intelligence Agency.

Behera 2011.
Behera 2012.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008, p.178.
Miglani 2011.
Shukla 2011.
Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2012.
International Monetary Fund.
International Monetary Fund 2011, p.2.
Nayak, Goldar & Agrawal 2010, p.xxv.
Wolpert 2003, p.xiv.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007.
Gargan 1992.
Alamgir 2008, pp.23, 97.
WTO 1995.
World Trade Organisation 2010.
Economist 2011.
Bonner 2010.
Farrell & Beinhocker 2007.
Schwab 2010.
Sheth 2009.
Telecom Regulatory Authority 2011.
Business Line 2010.
Express India 2009.
Nasscom 20112012.
Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sector in India: sector breifing by the UK Trade and Investment 2011, utki.gov.uk
Yep 2011.
http:/ / www. differding. com/ page/ biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/ f1. html.
World Bank 2006.
World Bank a.
World Bank b.
Drze & Goyal 2008, p.46.
Pal & Ghosh 2007.
[230] Transparency International 2010.

[231] British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c.
[232] International Monetary Fund 2011.
India
[233] PricewaterhouseCoopers 2011.
[234] World Bank 2010.
[239] Ministry of Home Affairs 20102011 b.
[241] Rorabacher 2010, pp.3539.
[242] World Health Organisation 2006.
[243] Boston Analytics 2009.
[244] Robinson 2008.
[245] Dev & Rao 2009, p.329.
[246] Garg 2005.
[247] Dyson & Visaria 2005, pp.115129.
[248] Ratna 2007, pp.271272.
[249] Skolnik 2008, p.36.
[250] Singh 2004, p.106.
[251] Dharwadker 2010, pp.168194, 186.
[252] Ottenheimer 2008, p.303.
[253] Mallikarjun 2004.
[255] Bonner 1990, p.81.
[257] Global Muslim population estimated at 1.57 billion (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ features/ friday-review/ religion/
global-muslim-population-estimated-at-157-billion/ article30568. ece). The Hindu (8 October 2009)
[258] India Chapter Summary 2012 (http:/ / www. uscirf. gov/ government-relations/ other-advocacy-materials/
3749-india-chapter-summary-2012. html)
[259] Kuiper 2010, p.15.
[260] Heehs 2002, pp.25.
[261] Deutsch 1969, pp.3, 78.
[262] Nakamura 1999.
[263] Kuiper 2010, pp.296329.
[264] Silverman 2007, p.20.
[265] Kumar 2000, p.5.
[266] Roberts 2004, p.73.
[267] Lang & Moleski 2010, pp.151152.
[268] United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation.
[269] Chopra 2011, p.46.
[270] Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000.
[271] Sarma 2009.
[272] Johnson 2008.
[273] MacDonell 2004, pp.140.
[274] Klidsa & Johnson 2001.
[275] Zvelebil 1997, p.12.
[276] Hart 1975.
[277] Encyclopdia Britannica 2008.
[278] Ramanujan 1985, pp.ixx.
[279] Das 2005.
[280] Datta 2006.
[281] Massey & Massey 1998.
[282] Encyclopdia Britannica b.
[283] Lal 2004, pp.23, 30, 235.
[284] Karanth 2002, p.26.
[285] Dissanayake & Gokulsing 2004.
[286] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1999, p.652.
[287] The Economic Times.
[288] Kaminsky & Long 2011, pp.684692.
[289] Mehta 2008, pp.110.
[290] Media Research Users Council 2012.
[291] Schwartzberg 2011.
[292] World Bank 2011.
[293] Rawat 2011, p.3.
[294] Wolpert 2003, p.126.
25
India
26
[295]
[296]
[297]
[298]
[299]
[300]
[301]
[302]
[303]
[304]
[305]
[306]
[307]
[308]
[309]
[310]
[311]
[312]
[313]
[314]
[315]
[316]
Messner 2009, p.51-53.

Messner 2012, p.27-28.
Makar 2007.
Medora 2003.
Jones & Ramdas 2005, p.111.
Cullen-Dupont 2009, p.96.
Tarlo 1996, pp.xii, xii, 11, 15, 28, 46.
Eraly 2008, p.160.
Bladholm 2000, p.6465.
Raichlen 2011.
Kiple & Ornelas 2000, pp.11401151.
Yadav, McNeil & Stevenson 2007.
Raghavan 2006, p.3.
Sen 2006, p.132.
Wengell & Gabriel 2008, p.158.
Henderson 2002, p.102.
Puskar-Pasewicz 2010, p.39.
Schoenhals 2003, p.119.
Seymour 1999, p.81.
Wolpert 2003, p.2.
Rediff 2008 b.
Binmore 2007, p.98.
[317]
[318]
[319]
[320]
[321]
[322]
[323]
[324]
The Wall Street Journal 2009.

British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 b.
British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 a.
Mint 2010.
Xavier 2010.
Majumdar & Bandyopadhyay 2006, pp.15.
Dehejia 2011.
Citations
References
Overview
"India" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html), The World Factbook
(Central Intelligence Agency), retrieved 4 October 2011
"Country Profile: India" (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf) (PDF), Library of Congress
Country Studies (5th ed.) (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004, retrieved 30
September 2011
Heitzman, J.; Worden, R. L. (August 1996), India: A Country Study, Area Handbook Series, Washington, D.C.:
Library of Congress, ISBN978-0-8444-0833-0
India (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2016&
scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&grp=0&
a=&pr1.x=88&pr1.y=9), International Monetary Fund, retrieved 14 October 2011
"Provisional Population Totals Census 2011" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/
indiaatglance.html), Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India), 2011, retrieved 29 March 2011
"Constituent Assembly of IndiaVolume XII" (http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm),
Constituent Assembly of India: Debates (National Informatics Centre, Government of India), 24 January 1950,
retrieved 17 July 2011
India
There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi), The Times Of India, 6 January 2007,
"Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components" (http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/
HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf) (PDF), Human Development Report 2011, United Nations, 2011
Etymology
Hindustan (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan), Encyclopdia Britannica,
Kaye, A. S. (1 September 1997), Phonologies of Asia and Africa (http://books.google.com/
books?id=T6jmziooEk0C&pg=PA639), Eisenbrauns, ISBN978-1-57506-019-4
Kuiper, K., ed. (July 2010), Culture of India (http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC), Rosen Publishing
Group, ISBN978-1-61530-203-1
Constitution of India (http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf) (PDF), Ministry of Law and Justice, 29
July 2008, retrieved 3 March 2012, "Article 1(1): "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.""
"India" (http://www.oed.com/), Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, retrieved 17 July 2011
History
Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 January 2008), India Before Europe (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press,
ISBN978-0-521-51750-8
Bose, S.; Jalal, A. (11 March 2011), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (3rd ed.),
Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-77942-5
Brown, J. M. (26 May 1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy (http://books.google.com/
books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC), The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
ISBN978-0-19-873113-9
Copland, I. (8 October 2001), India 18851947: The Unmaking of an Empire (http://books.google.com/
?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ) (1st ed.), Longman, ISBN978-0-582-38173-5
Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1 August 2004), A History of India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC), 4th, Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-32920-0
Ludden, D. (13 June 2002), India and South Asia: A Short History, One World, ISBN978-1-85168-237-9
Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (9 October 2006), A Concise History of Modern India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C) (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-68225-1
Peers, D. M. (3 August 2006), India under Colonial Rule 17001885 (http://books.google.com/
?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ) (1st ed.), Pearson Longman, ISBN978-0-582-31738-3
Possehl, G. (January 2003), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (http://books.google.com/
books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC), Rowman Altamira, ISBN978-0-7591-0172-2
Robb, P. (2001), A History of India, London: Palgrave, ISBN978-0-333-69129-8
Sarkar, S. (1983), Modern India: 18851947 (http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ), Delhi:
Macmillan India, ISBN978-0-333-90425-1
Singh, U. (2009), A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (http://
books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC), Delhi: Longman, ISBN978-81-317-1677-9
Sripati, V. (1998), "Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to
See Ahead (19502000)", American University International Law Review 14 (2): 413496
Stein, B. (16 June 1998), A History of India (http://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC) (1st ed.),
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN978-0-631-20546-3
Stein, B. (27 April 2010), Arnold, D., ed., A History of India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC) (2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN978-1-4051-9509-6
27
India
"Briefing Rooms: India" (http://web.archive.org/web/20110520002800/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/
India/), Economic Research Service (United States Department of Agriculture), 17 December 2009
Thapar, Romila (2003), Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300 (http://books.google.com/
books?id=O2OgAAAAMAAJ), Penguin Books, retrieved 13 February 2012
Witzel, Michael (2003), "Vedas and Upaniads" (http://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C), in
Gavin D. Flood, The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN978-0-631-21535-6, retrieved
15 March 2012
Wolpert, S. (25 December 2003), A New History of India (7th ed.), Oxford University Press,
ISBN978-0-19-516678-1
Geography
Ali, J. R.; Aitchison, J. C. (2005), "Greater India", Earth-Science Reviews 72 (34): 170173, doi:
10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005)
Chang, J. H. (1967), "The Indian Summer Monsoon", Geographical Review 57 (3): 373396, doi:
10.2307/212640 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/212640)
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 (http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf) (PDF),
Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1988, retrieved 25
July 2011
Dikshit, K. R.; Schwartzberg, Joseph E., Land (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India),
"India", Encyclopdia Britannica: 129
Duff, D. (29 October 1993), Holmes Principles of Physical Geology (http://books.google.com/
books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353) (4th ed.), Routledge, ISBN978-0-7487-4381-0
Kumar, V. S.; Pathak, K. C.; Pednekar, P.; Raju, N. S. N. (2006), "Coastal processes along the Indian coastline"
(http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf) (PDF), Current Science 91 (4):
530536
India Yearbook 2007, New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government
of India, 2007, ISBN978-81-230-1423-4
Posey, C. A. (1 November 1994), The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather, Reader's Digest,
ISBN978-0-89577-625-9
Prakash, B.; Kumar, S.; Rao, M. S.; Giri, S. C. (2000), "Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the
Western Gangetic Plains" (http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf) (PDF), Current Science 79
(4): 438449
Biodiversity
Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D.; Dick, J. H. (15 August 1996), A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
(2nd ed.), Mumbai: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-563732-8
Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records (http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal
Discovery 2011.pdf) (PDF), Zoological Survey of India, 2012, retrieved 20 July 2012
Basak, R. K. (1983), Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities (http://
books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ), retrieved 20 July 2011
"Hotspots by Region" (http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.
aspx), Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International), 2007, retrieved 28 February 2011
Crame, J. A.; Owen, A. W. (1 August 2002), Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and
MesozoicCenozoic Radiations (http://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142),
Geological Society Special Publication (194), Geological Society of London, ISBN978-1-86239-106-2, retrieved
8 December 2011
Fisher, W. F. (January 1995), Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling over India's Narmada River (http://
books.google.com/books?id=n-iwqh2hS9kC), Columbia University Seminars, M. E. Sharpe,
28
India
29
ISBN978-1-56324-341-7
Griffiths, M. (6 July 2010), The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower (http://books.google.com/
books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC), St. Martin's Press, ISBN978-0-312-64148-1
Karanth, K. P. (25 March 2006), "Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota" (http://www.
iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf) (PDF), Current Science (Indian Academy of Sciences) 90 (6):
789792, retrieved 18 May 2011
Mace, G. M. (March 1994), "1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals" (http://books.google.com/
books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4), World Conservation Monitoring Centre (International Union for
Conservation of Nature), ISBN978-2-8317-0194-3
"Biosphere Reserves of India" (http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm), C. P. R. Environment
Education Centre (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India), retrieved 17 July 2011
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html), Ministry of
Environments and Forests (http://moef.nic.in/index.php), Government of India, 9 September 1972, retrieved
25 July 2011
Puri, S. K., Biodiversity Profile of India (http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html), retrieved 20 June
2007
The List of Wetlands of International Importance (http://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.

ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf) (PDF), The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands, 4 June 2007, p.18, archived
from the original (http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf) on 21 June 2007, retrieved 20 June 2007
Tritsch, M. F. (3 September 2001), Wildlife of India (http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ),
London: HarperCollins, ISBN978-0-00-711062-9
Politics
Bhambhri, C. P. (1 May 1992), Politics in India, 19911992 (http://books.google.com/
books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ), Shipra, ISBN978-81-85402-17-8, retrieved 20 July 2011
Burnell, P. J.; Calvert, P. (1 May 1999), The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea (http://
books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271) (1st ed.), Taylor & Francis,
ISBN978-0-7146-8026-2, retrieved 20 July 2011
Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/
second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia\s-ascendancy/61892/on), Business Standard, 16 May 2009, retrieved
13 June 2009
Chander, N. J. (1 January 2004), Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience (http://books.google.com/
books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117), Concept Publishing Company, ISBN978-81-8069-092-1, retrieved 20
July 2011
Dunleavy, P.; Diwakar, R.; Dunleavy, C. (2007), The Effective Space of Party Competition (http://www2.lse.ac.
uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf) (PDF) (5), London School of Economics
and Political Science, retrieved 27 September 2011
Dutt, S. (1998), "Identities and the Indian State: An Overview", Third World Quarterly 19 (3): 411434, doi:
10.1080/01436599814325 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599814325)
Echeverri-Gent, J. (January 2002), "Politics in India's Decentred Polity", in Ayres, A.; Oldenburg, P., Quickening
the Pace of Change, India Briefing, London: M. E. Sharpe, pp.1953, ISBN978-0-7656-0812-3
"Current Recognised Parties" (http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/
Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf) (PDF), Election Commission of India, 14 March 2009, retrieved 5 July 2010
Gledhill, A. (30 March 1970), The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution (http://
books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ), Greenwood, ISBN978-0-8371-2813-9, retrieved 21 July 2011
Narasimha Rao Passes Away (http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm), The
Hindu, 24 December 2004, retrieved 2 November 2008
India
Mathew, K. M. (1 January 2003), Manorama Yearbook (http://books.google.com/
books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ), Malayala Manorama, ISBN978-81-900461-8-3, retrieved 21 July 2011
"National Symbols of India" (http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php), Know India (National
Informatics Centre, Government of India), retrieved 27 September 2009
Neuborne, B. (2003), "The Supreme Court of India", International Journal of Constitutional Law 1 (1): 476510,
doi: 10.1093/icon/1.3.476 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/1.3.476)
Pylee, M. V. (2003), "The Longest Constitutional Document" (http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C),
Constitutional Government in India (2nd ed.), S. Chand, ISBN978-81-219-2203-6
Pylee, M. V. (2003), "The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court" (http://books.google.com/
?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314), Constitutional Government in India (2nd ed.), S. Chand,
ISBN978-81-219-2203-6, retrieved 2 November 2007
Sarkar, N. I. (1 January 2007), Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=26flsWUf8fkC), Atlantic, ISBN978-81-269-0744-1, retrieved 20 July 2011
Sharma, R. (1950), "Cabinet Government in India", Parliamentary Affairs 4 (1): 116126
Sharma, B. K. (August 2007), Introduction to the Constitution of India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161) (4th ed.), Prentice Hall, ISBN978-81-203-3246-1
Sinha, A. (2004), "The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India", India Review 3 (1): 2563, doi:
10.1080/14736480490443085 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14736480490443085)
World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day (http://www.un.org/esa/
population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm), United Nations Population Division, retrieved 5 October 2011
Wheare, K. C. (June 1980), Federal Government (4th ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-313-22702-8
Foreign relations and military
Alford, P. (7 July 2008), G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/
g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759), The Australian, retrieved 21 November 2009
Behera, L. K. (7 March 2011), Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 20112012 (http://
www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311), Institute for Defence Studies and
Analyses, retrieved 4 April 2011
Behera, L. K. (20 March 2012), Indias Defence Budget 201213 (http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/
IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312), Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, retrieved 26
March 2012
"Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm), BBC News
(British Broadcasting Corporation), 11 February 2009, retrieved 22 August 2010
Curry, B. (27 June 2010), Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/
world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/), The Globe and Mail, retrieved 13
May 2011
"India, Europe Strategic Relations" (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/
relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm), Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation (European Union),
8 April 2008, retrieved 14 January 2011
Ghosh, A. (1 September 2009), India's Foreign Policy (http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC),
Pearson, ISBN978-81-317-1025-8
Gilbert, M. (17 December 2002), A History of the Twentieth Century (http://books.google.com/
books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486), William Morrow, ISBN978-0-06-050594-3, retrieved 22 July 2011
India, Russia Review Defence Ties (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece), The
Hindu, 5 October 2009, retrieved 8 October 2011
Kumar, A. V. (1 May 2010), "Reforming the NPT to Include India" (http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/
features/reforming-the-npt-to-include-india), Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, retrieved 1 November 2010
30
India
Miglani, S. (28 February 2011), With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending (http://www.reuters.
com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228), Reuters, retrieved 6 July 2011
Nair, V. K. (2007), No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy (http://web.archive.org/web/
20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf) (PDF), archived from the original (http://www.
afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf) on 27 September 2007, retrieved 7 June 2007
Pandit, R. (27 July 2009), N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad (http://articles.
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/
28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine), The Times of India, retrieved 10
March 2010
Perkovich, G. (5 November 2001), India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (http://books.
google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC), University of California Press, ISBN978-0-520-23210-5, retrieved 22
July 2011
India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation (http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm),
Rediff, 25 January 2008, retrieved 22 August 2010
UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord (http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/
us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews), Reuters, 13 February 2010, retrieved 22
August 2010
Ripsman, N. M.; Paul, T. V. (18 March 2010), Globalization and the National Security State (http://books.
google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-539390-3,
Rothermund, D. (17 October 2000), The Routledge Companion to Decolonization (http://books.google.com/
books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC), Routledge Companions to History (1st ed.), Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-35632-9
India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet (http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html), RIA
Novosti, 10 January 2011, retrieved 1 April 2009
Sharma, S. R. (1 January 1999), IndiaUSSR Relations 19471971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness (http://
books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC) 1, Discovery, ISBN978-81-7141-486-4
Shukla, A. (5 March 2011), China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending (http://www.
business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india\s-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/), Business
Standard, retrieved 6 July 2011
Sisodia, N. S.; Naidu, G. V. C. (2005), Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan (http://
books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC), Promilla, ISBN978-81-86019-52-8
"SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security" (http://books.google.com/
books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178), Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Oxford University
Press), 8 August 2008, ISBN978-0-19-954895-8, retrieved 22 July 2011
"Rise in international arms transfers is driven by Asian demand, says SIPRI" (http://archive.is/ml62T),
Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative, 19 March 2012, archived from the original (http://www.
sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri) on
2013-01-13, retrieved 26 March 2012
India, US Sign 123 Agreement (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/
27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field), The Times of India, 11 October 2008,
Economy
Alamgir, J. (24 December 2008), India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (http://books.
google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C), Taylor & Francis, ISBN978-0-415-77684-4, retrieved 23 July 2011
Bonner, B (20 March 2010), Make Way, World. India Is on the Move (http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/
The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move), Christian Science Monitor,
31
India
"India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
world-south-asia-11782795), BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation), 18 November 2010, retrieved 23
July 2011
"India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
todays-paper/article988689.ece), Business Line, 9 April 2010, retrieved 23 July 2011
Drze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013), An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions, Allen Lane
India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts (http://www.economist.com/node/21531527), The
Economist, 8 October 2011, retrieved 9 October 2011
"Indian Car Exports Surge 36%" (http://archive.is/DUoe6), Express India, 13 October 2009, archived from the
original (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/) on 2013-01-02,
Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Thailand (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.
y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548,566,524,578,534,536,429&
s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=), International Monetary Fund, April 2011, retrieved 23 July 2011
Farrell, D.; Beinhocker, E. (19 May 2007), Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class (http://www.mckinsey.
com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp), McKinsey & Company, retrieved 17 September 2011
Gargan, E. A. (15 August 1992), India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy (http://www.nytimes.com/
1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html), The New York Times, retrieved 22
July 2011
World Economic Outlook Update (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.
pdf) (PDF), International Monetary Fund, June 2011, retrieved 22 July 2011
Nayak, P. B.; Goldar, B.; Agrawal, P. (10 November 2010), India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V.
K. R. V. Rao (http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC), SAGE Publications,
ISBN978-81-321-0452-0
Olson, R. G. (21 December 2009), "Technology and Science in Ancient Civilizations" (http://books.google.
com/books?id=0vP50ra6SYAC), Praeger Series on the Ancient World (Praeger), ISBN978-0-275-98936-1,
retrieved 27 September 2011
Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf) (PDF),
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, October 2007, retrieved 22 July 2011
Pal, P.; Ghosh, J (July 2007), "Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends" (http://www.un.org/esa/desa/
papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf) (PDF), Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45 (United
Nations), retrieved 23 July 2011
The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities (http://
www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/pdf/world-in-2050-jan-2011.pdf) (PDF), PricewaterhouseCoopers,
January2011, retrieved 23 July 2011
Schwab, K. (2010), The Global Competitiveness Report 20102011 (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf) (PDF), World Economic Forum, retrieved 10 May 2011
Sheth, N. (28 May 2009), "Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens" (http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments=&articleTabs=article), The Wall Street Journal, retrieved
3 October 2010
Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011) (http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/
upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb -11.pdf) (PDF), Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 6 April
2011, retrieved 23 July 2011
Exporters Get Wider Market Reach (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-28/india-business/
28205417_1_strategies-and-policy-measures-foreign-trade-policy-focus-market-scheme), The Times of India, 28
August 2009, retrieved 23 July 2011
32
India
Corruption Perception Index 2010India Continues to be Corrupt (http://transparencyindia.org/resource/
press_release/Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2010.pdf) (PDF), Transparency International, 26 October 2011,
New Global Poverty EstimatesWhat It Means for India (http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/
EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/
0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html), World Bank, retrieved
23 July 2011
"India: Undernourished ChildrenA Call for Reform and Action" (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/
EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/
0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html), World Bank, retrieved
23 July 2011
Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/
SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf) (PDF), World Bank, 29 May 2006, retrieved 7 May 2009
India Country Overview September 2010 (http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/
COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/
0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html), World
Bank, September 2010, retrieved 23 July 2011
Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports (http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/
pres10_e/pr598_e.htm), World Trade Organisation, 26 March 2010, retrieved 23 July 2011
Yep, E. (27 September 2011), ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment (http://online.wsj.
com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html), The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 27
September 2011
Indian IT-BPO Industry (http://www.nasscom.org/indian-itbpo-industry), NASSCOM, 2011-2012, retrieved
22 June 2012
UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: THE ORGANIZATION Members and Observers (http://www.wto.org/english/
thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm), WTO, 1995, retrieved 23 June 2012
Demographics
Bonner, A. (1990), Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today (http://books.google.com/
books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC), Duke University Press, ISBN978-0-8223-1048-8, retrieved 24 July 2011
Healthcare in India: Report Highlights (http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare in India Executive
Summary.pdf) (PDF), Boston Analytics, January 2009, retrieved 23 July 2011
Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C. (2009), India: Perspectives on Equitable Development (http://books.google.com/
books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC), Academic Foundation, ISBN978-81-7188-685-2
Dharwadker, A. (28 October 2010), "Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance
Historiography" (http://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC), in Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T.,
Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press,
Drze, J.; Goyal, A. (9 February 2009), "The Future of Mid-Day Meals" (http://books.google.com/
books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&pg=PA46), in Baru, R. V., School Health Services in India: The Social and
Economic Contexts, SAGE Publications, ISBN978-81-7829-873-3
Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (7 July 2005), "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects" (http://books.
google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC), in Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L., Twenty-First Century India:
Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment, Oxford University Press,
ISBN978-0-19-928382-8
Garg, S. C. (19 April 2005), Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India (http://siteresources.worldbank.
org/INTMF/Resources/339747-1105651852282/Garg.pdf) (PDF), World Bank, retrieved 27 January 2010
33
India
Mallikarjun, B (November 2004), "Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern HindiThe Official Language
of India" (http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html), Language in India
(http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html) 4 (11), ISSN 19302940 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/
19302940), retrieved 24 July 2011
Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L (http://rajbhasha.nic.in/enpres-1960.htm), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government
of India, 27 April 1960, retrieved 13 May 2011
"Religious Composition" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.
aspx), Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of
India), 20102011, retrieved 23 July 2011
"Census Data 2001" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/
National_Summary_DataPage.aspx), Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of
Home Affairs, Government of India), 20102011, retrieved 22 July 2011
Ottenheimer, H. J. (2008), The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology (http://
books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C), Cengage, ISBN978-0-495-50884-7
Ratna, U. (2007), "Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India" (http://books.google.com/
books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC), in Dutt, A. K.; Thakur, B, City, Society, and Planning 1, Concept,
ISBN978-81-8069-459-2
Robinson, S. (1 May 2008), "India's Medical Emergency" (http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/
0,8599,1736516,00.html), Time, retrieved 23 July 2011
Rorabacher, J. A. (2010), Hunger and Poverty in South Asia (http://books.google.com/
books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C), Gyan, ISBN978-81-212-1027-0
Singh, S. (2004), Library and Literacy Movement for National Development (http://books.google.com/
books?id=JmmeWL_9hqAC), Concept, ISBN978-81-8069-065-5
Skolnik, R. L. (2008), Essentials of Global Health (http://books.google.com/books?id=XBARu3KzSNAC),
Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN978-0-7637-3421-3
Country Cooperation Strategy: India (http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/
ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf) (PDF), World Health Organisation, November 2006, retrieved 23 July 2011
Culture
Binmore, K. G. (27 March 2007), Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory (http://books.google.com/
books?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-530057-4
Bladholm, L. (12 August 2000), The Indian Grocery Store Demystified (http://books.google.com/
books?id=nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg=PA64) (1st ed.), Macmillan Publishers, ISBN978-1-58063-143-3
"Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and "New Woman"" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
world-south-asia-10725584), BBC News, 1 August 2010, retrieved 5 October 2010
"Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/
commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm), BBC News, 7 October 2010, retrieved 3 June 2011
Chopra, P. (18 March 2011), A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay (http://books.
google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&pg=PA46), University of Minnesota Press, ISBN978-0-8166-7037-6
Cullen-Dupont, K. (July 2009), Human Trafficking (http://books.google.com/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC) (1st
ed.), Infobase Publishing, ISBN978-0-8160-7545-4
Das, S. K. (1 January 2005), A History of Indian Literature, 5001399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya
Akademi, ISBN978-81-260-2171-0
Datta, A. (2006), The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature 2, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN978-81-260-1194-0
Dehejia, R. S. (7 November 2011), "Indian Grand Prix Vs. Encephalitis?" (http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/
2011/11/07/economics-journal-indian-grand-prix-vs-encephalitis/), The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 20
December 2011
34
India
Deutsch, E. (30 April 1969), Advaita Vednta: A Philosophical Reconstruction (http://books.google.com/
books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C), University of Hawaii Press, ISBN978-0-8248-0271-4
Dissanayake, W. K.; Gokulsing, M. (May 2004), Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change (http:/
/books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq) (2nd ed.), Trentham Books, ISBN978-1-85856-329-9
Southern Movies Account for over 75% of Film Revenues (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/
2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara), The Economic Times, 18
November 2009, retrieved 18 June 2011
Indian Dance (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65246/Indian-dance),
"South Asian Arts", Encyclopdia Britannica, retrieved 17 July 2011
"Tamil Literature" (http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature), Encyclopdia
Britannica, 2008, retrieved 24 July 2011
Eraly, A. (2008), India (http://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&pg=PA160), Penguin Books,
Hart, G. L. (August 1975), Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts (http://books.
google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ) (1st ed.), University of California Press, ISBN978-0-520-02672-8
Heehs, P., ed. (1 September 2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience
(http://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC), New York University Press, ISBN978-0-8147-3650-0,
Henderson, C. E. (2002), Culture and Customs of India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC&pg=PA102), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN978-0-313-30513-9
Hoiberg, D.; Ramchandani, I. (2000), Students' Britannica India: Select Essays, Popular Prakashan,
ISBN978-0-85229-762-9
Johnson, W. J., ed. (1 September 2008), The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night, Oxford
World's Classics (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-282361-8
Jones, G.; Ramdas, K. (2005), (Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage (http://books.google.
com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC), National University of Singapore Press, ISBN978-981-05-1428-0
Klidsa; Johnson, W. J. (15 November 2001), The Recognition of akuntal: A Play in Seven Acts, Oxford
University Press, ISBN978-0-19-283911-4
Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (30 September 2011), India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the
Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic (http://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C),
ABC-CLIO, ISBN978-0-313-37462-3, retrieved 12 September 2012</ref>
Karanth, S. K. (October 2002), Yakagna, Abhinav Publications, ISBN978-81-7017-357-1
Kiple, K. F.; Ornelas, K. C., eds. (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, ISBN978-0-521-40216-3
Kuiper, K., ed. (1 July 2010), The Culture of India (http://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC),
Britannica Educational Publishing, ISBN978-1-61530-203-1, retrieved 24 July 2011
Kumar, V. (January 2000), Vastushastra, All You Wanted to Know About Series (2nd ed.), Sterling Publishing,
ISBN978-81-207-2199-9
Lal, A. (2004), The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre (http://books.google.com/
books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-564446-3, retrieved 24 July 2011
Lang, J.; Moleski, W. (1 December 2010), Functionalism Revisited (http://books.google.com/
books?id=rOCaSn8-ZboC&pg=PA151), Ashgate Publishing, ISBN978-1-4094-0701-0
MacDonell, A. A. (2004), A History of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN978-1-4179-0619-2
Majumdar, B.; Bandyopadhyay, K. (2006), A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score, Routledge,
ISBN978-0-415-34835-5
Makar, E. M. (2007), An American's Guide to Doing Business in India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC), Adams, ISBN978-1-59869-211-2
35
India
Massey, R.; Massey, J (1998), The Music of India (http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC),
Abhinav Publications, ISBN978-81-7017-332-8
Medora, N. (2003), "Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages", in
Hamon, R. R.; Ingoldsby, B. B., Mate Selection Across Cultures, SAGE Publications, pp.209230,
ISBN978-0-7619-2592-7
Messner, W. (2009), Working with India. The Softer Aspects of a Successful Collaboration with the Indian IT &
BPO Industry (http://www.globusresearch.com/knowledge-books.com#working-with-india), Springer,
ISBN978-3-540-89077-5
Messner, W. (2012), Engaging with India. How to Manage the Softer Aspects of a Global Collaboration (http://
www.globusresearch.com), Createspace, ISBN978-1-466244900
"Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings" (http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf)
(PDF). Media Research Users Council. Growth: Literacy & Media Consumption. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
Mehta, Nalin (30 July 2008), Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change (http://books.google.
com/books?id=R-BsSzSjnTYC), Taylor & Francis US, ISBN978-0-415-44759-1, retrieved 12 September 2012
Is Boxing the New Cricket? (http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/24211250/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html),
Mint, 24 September 2010, retrieved 5 October 2010
Nakamura, H. (1 April 1999), Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes (http://books.google.
com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC), Buddhist Tradition Series (12th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN978-81-208-0272-8
Puskar-Pasewicz, M. (16 September 2010), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism (http://books.google.com/
books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39), Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN978-0-313-37556-9
Raghavan, S. (23 October 2006), Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings (http://books.google.com/
books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3) (2nd ed.), CRC Press, ISBN978-0-8493-2842-8
Raichlen, S. (10 May 2011), A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard (http://www.nytimes.com/
2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html), The New York Times, retrieved
14 June 2011
Rajadhyaksha, A.; Willemen, P., eds. (22 January 1999), Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (2nd ed.), British Film
Institute, ISBN978-0-85170-669-6
Ramanujan, A. K. (translator) (15 October 1985), Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the
Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil (http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC), New York: Columbia
University Press, pp.ixx, ISBN978-0-231-05107-1
Rawat, Ramnarayan S (23 March 2011), Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North
India (http://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&pg=PA3), Indiana University Press,
ISBN978-0-253-22262-6
Anand Crowned World Champion (http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm), Rediff, 29
October 2008, retrieved 29 October 2008
Roberts, N. W. (12 July 2004), Building Type Basics for Places of Worship (http://books.google.com/
books?id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ) (1st ed.), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN978-0-471-22568-3
Sarma, S. (1 January 2009), A History of Indian Literature 1 (2nd ed.), Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN978-81-208-0264-3
Schoenhals, M. (22 November 2003), Intimate Exclusion: Race and Caste Turned Inside Out (http://books.
google.com/books?id=922nG03giDwC&pg=PA119), University Press of America, ISBN978-0-7618-2697-2
Schwartzberg, J. (2011), Caste (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste),
"India", Encyclopdia Britannica, retrieved 17 July 2011
Sen, A. (5 September 2006), The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (http://
books.google.com/books?id=agk63AlLmIgC&pg=PA132) (1st ed.), Picador, ISBN978-0-312-42602-6
36
India
Seymour, S.C. (28 January 1999), Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition (http://
books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC&pg=PA81), Cambridge University Press,
ISBN978-0-521-59884-2
Silverman, S. (10 October 2007), Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature (http://books.
google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C&pg=PA20), Gibbs Smith, ISBN978-1-4236-0132-6
Tarlo, E. (1 September 1996), Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India (http://books.google.com/
books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC) (1st ed.), University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0-226-78976-7, retrieved 24 July
2011
Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
2010-08-09/shooting/28278530_1_tejaswini-sawant-50m-rifle-world-shooting-championship), The Times of
India, 9 August 2010, retrieved 25 May 2011
Taj Mahal (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252), United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organisation, retrieved 3 March 2012
India Aims for Center Court (http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.html), The Wall Street Journal, 11 September 2009,
retrieved 29 September 2010
Wengell, D. L.; Gabriel, N. (1 September 2008), Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A-to-Z
Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory (http://books.google.com/
books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA158) (1st ed.), The Hunter Press, ISBN978-0-9776552-4-3
"Intergenerational Mobility for Dalits Is Visible, Albeit Limited" (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/
default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/05/05/000356161_20110505044659/Rendered/PDF/
574280PUB0Pers1351B0Extop0ID0186890.pdf) (PDF). World Bank Report 2011. doi:
10.1596/978-0-8213-8689-7 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8689-7). Retrieved 6 September 2012.
Xavier, L. (12 September 2010), Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship (http://articles.
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-12/wrestling/
28272312_1_sushil-kumar-first-indian-wrestler-semifinal-bout), The Times of India, retrieved 5 October 2010
Yadav, S. S.; McNeil, D.; Stevenson, P. C. (23 October 2007), Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times (http://
books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174), Springer, ISBN978-1-4020-6312-1
Zvelebil, K. V. (1 August 1997), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature (http://books.google.
com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC), Brill Publishers, ISBN978-90-04-09365-2
External links
National Portal (http://india.gov.in/) of the Government of India
India (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) entry at The World
Factbook
India (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/) at the Open Directory Project
India profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384) from the BBC News
India (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India) Encyclopdia Britannica entry
India (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm) at the UCB Government Information Library
Coordinates: 21N 78E (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=India&
params=21_N_78_E_region:IN_type:country_source:dewiki)
37

Medieval India Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=566573559 Contributors: 10metreh, Acaiber, Adzz, Akshay0412, Arcade81, Dbachmann, Delusion23, Ekabhishek,
Ginsuloft, JaGa, Johnbod, Just4edit, Malcolma, QuartierLatin1968, Seaphoto, Shyamsunder, Sideways713, Singhalkartik72, Tarique012, Tournesol, WikiDan61, Yintan, 37 anonymous edits
India Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=571191870 Contributors: (, -- April, 007dhamot, 007ketan, 100110100, 11achitturi, 190319m9, 1exec1, 1pezguy, 1to0to-1,
200.191.188.xxx, 334a, 400smush, 49danesway, 5603965, 7&6=thirteen, 72Dino, @pple, A Werewolf, A i s h2000, A suyash, A szu, A-giau, A-kshay, A. Parrot, ABCD, ABHISHEKARORA,
AI009, AJ-India, AKGhetto, ALargeElk, AOEU, ARUenergy, ARYAN818, ASDFGH, ATLBeer, Aaashay, Aadal, Aaker, Aalahazrat, Aapkamilan, Aarandir, Aard one, Aaron Hugh Brown,
Aaron46, Aayush18, Abarag, Abbaby, Abductive, Abecedare, Abhiramesh, Abhishek, Abhishek191288, Abhishek727, Abhishekc2q, Abhishekmathur, Abibaba, Abidume, Abitoby,
Absolutadam802, Abstract Idiot, Academic Challenger, Accurizer, Acefox360, Acetic Acid, Ackulkarni, Acs4b, Acsenray, Adam Rock, Adam mian, Adamgarrigus, Adamstraw99, Adashiel,
Aditya Gautam, Adityajoardar9, Adityavijay09, Adnan bogi, Aecis, Aekbal, Aero145, Afghan Historian, Aftersometime, Agaveman, Agekm, Agletarang, AgniKalpa, Agthorr, Ahivarn,
Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsen95, Ahuskay, Aiman abmajid, Aivazovsky, Ajaxkroon, Ajayr22, Ajayupai95, AjitPD, Ajithchandra, Ak2431989, Akamad, Akanemoto, Akashiii,
Akhileshsharma, Akkida, Akrabbim, Aksera, Akshaymarwah, Aksi great, Akulkarni, Akv, Alaapdayal, Alai, Alan Liefting, Alan16, Alarics, AlciAsino, Alex S, AlexanderKaras,
Alexanderkritokopulos, Alexjohnc3, Algesh, Algont, Ali'i, Alison, Aliyevramin, All N Ever, Allhailtuna, Allison Tragedy, Alnair64, Alokagrawal8, Alokchakrabarti, Alphabetagamnma,
Alphachimp, Alren, Altetendekrabbe, Alucard 16, Alurujaya, Alvord12, Alwayskeshav, Amaltash, Amandajm, Amandawart, Amandeep randhawa, Amanhanda, Amankhanna22, AmarChandra,
Amarrg, Amartya ray2001, Amartyabag, Ambar, Ambarish, Ambrood, Ambuj.Saxena, Amcguinn, Ameer350, Amish Bhika, Amit20081980, Amit28oct, Amitch, Amjadfarooq, Amol.Gaitonde,
Amplitude101, Anagha dhumal, Anakinskywalker, Anand Arvind, Anand Bindra, Anand.bandaru, Anand0408ib, Anand7484, Anandravi Striker18, Anbu121, Ancheta Wis, Andre Engels,
Andrewferrier, Andrewpmk, Andrij Kursetsky, Andris, Andy Marchbanks, Andy77, AndyKali, Andychen86, Andyroser, Angela, Angelo De La Paz, Angr, Anil 666, Anil1956, Anilfelcher,
Anir1uph, Anispace, Anit.pimple, Anitaa, Ankitbhatt, Ankitmalik, Ankitsingh83, Ankur, Ankur.sinha, Anmolrulezzz, Anni in, AnonMoos, AnonyLog, Anonymous.coward, Anoop, Anshuk,
Anshulbhide, Anshulkumardhiman, Anshuman.jrt, Anshumangaur, Antandrus, Ante450, Anthony no123, AnthroExpert1, Antonrojo, Anubhavsharmaa, Anupam, Anupamsr, Anurag 17, Anwar
saadat, Anwarsuk, Anya, Apeloverage, Apengu, Apocalyptic Destroyer, AppleJuggler, Apurv1980, Arab Hafez, Aratuk, Aravind Vlad, Arbor to SJ, Arch dude, Ardeshire Babakan, AreJay,
Arinjatt, Aristophanes68, Arjun G. Menon, Arjun01, Arjun024, Arjuncm3, Arjunm, Arjunsugumar, Arkrishna, Arl123wiki, Armanaziz, Armbrust, Armenia81, Arnabcy, Arnsy, AroundTheGlobe,
Arpvarma, Arsalak, Art LaPella, Arun, Arun bit, Arun11, Arun1paladin, Arunkrishnan, Arvind Iyengar, Arvindn, Arvindsubramaniam, Arzun, Asdfasdf321, Asen y2k, Asfak786, Ash647,
AshLin, Ashish itct, Ashishkumar19952501, Ashley thomas80, Ashnet007, Ashok4himself, Ashonair, Ashujo, Ashusheva, Ashutoshg@sumtotalsystems.com, Ashuvashu, Ashwatham,
Asimshaikh27, Asprakash, Astitv, Astral939, AstroHurricane001, Astromanity, Astronaut123, Astronautics, Astrotrain, Atavi, Athlour, Atma@singh9354.fsnet.co.uk, AtmanDave, Atomskninja,
Atulsnischal, AuburnPilot, Aude, Aurora Glory Paradise, Austinmayor, Austinsexybeast, Auswiger, Avala, Avataran, Avedeus, Avinashovich, Avinesh, Avssrambarish, AxG, Ayanosh, Ayrton
Prost, Ayushpranshu, Az1568, Aznph8playa2, AztecWarrior, B4hand, BDD, BURNyA, Babu Ganesh, Babuonwiki, Baileypalblue, Bakasuprman, Balachandar13893, Balagan, Balapur444,
Ballyhoo1, Balsa10, Balthazarduju, Bambuway, Banana04131, Banes, Bangalorevenkat, BanyanTree, Barek, Barneca, Baronnet, Bartimaeus, Basawala, Bata 43, Bazonka, Bbuda, Bcorr, Bcs09,
Beamathan, Bearnfder, Beek man, Beirne, Bejnar, Beland, Ben-Velvel, Bender235, Bengl, Benjamin9003, Berek, BernardM, Bernd.Brincken, Betacommand, Betterthanbond, Betterusername,
Bevo74, Bezerk86, Bgwhite, Bhabua, BhagyeshHede, BhanuPM, Bharatadesam, Bharatcit, Bharath Ram, Bharatsiyer, Bharatveer, Bhaskarswaroop, Bhatele, Bhojanimihir, Bhudiya2, Bhurshut,
Bhushan shah, Bibhu heaven 123, Bigweeboy, Bijumzy, Bijun, Bility, Bill william compton, BillC, BillHamiltonus, Binand, Binayaranjan, Binilmathew, Binoyjsdk, Biospeleologist,
Birdswithfangs, Bish, Bismaydash, Bitthalns, Bitzwshop, Bjarki S, Bjones, Bk0, Bkell, Bkonrad, Bkoshy88, Black-Velvet, Blacksun, Bladefire07, Bladesmulti, Blaylockjam10, Bless sins,
Blim8183, Blizzardstep0, Blog Mav Rick, Bloodgulch92, Blorg, Blu Aardvark, BlueCaper, Blueiris, Bluesargam, Bmaganti, Bmanisk, Bob Dole3569, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobbytheonlyone,
Bobet, Bobo192, Bobshoe, Bobypt, Bogdan, Bongwarrior, Boothinator, Bootstoots, BorgHunter, BorgQueen, Bornhj, Borofkin, Boromir123, Bossmoss, BostonMA, BovineBeast, Bovineone,
Bowei Huang 2, Br'er Rabbit, Brad78, Bradeos Graphon, Bradtcordeiro, Brainboy109, Brammen, Brandinian, Branstu, BraveHeart 2006, Bravesfan8456, BrendelSignature, Brhaspati, Brian0918,
Brianga, Brianski, BrightStarSky, Brighterorange, Brion VIBBER, Brisvegas, BritishWatcher, Brokenfrog, Brownitus, Bryan Derksen, Bsreddys, Bsskchaitanya, Buaidh, Bubblegum159,
Buchanan-Hermit, Bucskid5515, Buddha24, Budhen, Bueker20, BufferDBMS, Bugnot, Bull Market, Bulldog73, BunyanTree, Butwhatdoiknow, Bwilkins, C.Fred, C21K, CALR, CHANABS,
CIS, CJ, CJLL Wright, CRGreathouse, CSumit, Cactus.man, Cadiomals, Cae prince, Cailil, CalJW, Calaschysm, CalicoCatLover, Calliopejen1, Callmetarantula, Calvin 1998, Calvin Lourdes He,
CambridgeBayWeather, Camembert, Camhusmj38, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian, Canadian-Bacon, Candeo gauisus, Canderson7, Caniago, CanisRufus, Canley, Canterbury Tail,
Cantus, Caoslinger, Capitals00, Captain Blood, Captain Disdain, CarTick, Casewicz, Casper2k3, CastAStone, Caughingjoe, Cburnett, Cchow2, Cdc, Cedrus-Libani, Celestianpower, Centrelink1,
Cephas 405, Cerebralsun, Ch.dilipray, Chackojoseph, Chahal k, Chairman Meow, Chairman S., Chaitanya.lala, Chaldo gangsta, Chameleon, Chanakyathegreat, Chancemill, Chandraguptamaurya,
Chanting Fox, Chaosdruid, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Che829, Cheap Fridge, Chensiyuan, Chergles, Cherkash, Cherubinirules, Chess371, Chezhiyan, Chhajjusandeep,
Children of the dragon, Chimesmonster, Chindia (China-India), Chinimilli.naresh, Chinju, Chinnz, Chipmunkdavis, Chirag, Chirags, Chirayushah, Chirushah88, Chiton magnificus, Chitresh
verma, Chokerman88, Chola yadava, Cholga, Chosney, Chowbok, Chris Hughes 11, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02, Chrism, Christopher Kraus, Christopher Parham, Chzz, Cibu, CieloEstrellado,
Civil Engineer III, Cjsmed, Cjthellama, Ckatz, Claidheamohmor, Clarificationgiven, Claymorde, Cleanton, Cliniic, ClockworkTroll, Closedmouth, Cls14, Cman2210, Coby2, Cocoliras,
CodeWeasel, Col. Kurtz, Colonies Chris, Color probe, CommonsDelinker, Compfreak7, Computerjoe, Computersagar, Conscious, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Cooliomccool, Coolmallu,
Coolmallu1, Coolrockstar999, Cop 663, Coredesat, CorrectKnowledge, Corto, Corvus13, Cosmos416, Costlab, Cowmoore7481, CraigNKeys, Crandshaft, Crazycomputers, Crazyparadigm,
Crazyvas, Creatanacount, CryptoDerk, Crystallina, Cs-wolves, CsDix, Cuba2010, Cuchullain, Curps, Cvxdes, CyberTech-100, Cyberagent, Cybercobra, Cyberwizmj, Cyrius, Czolgolz, D4niel11,
DCGeist, DJ Clayworth, DMG413, DMacks, DVD R W, DVdm, DaGizza, Daa89563, Dabomb87, Dak293, Dalit, Damanmokha, Damanmundine1, DanCupid, Dancingwombatsrule, Dancter,
Dangerous-Boy, Danianjan, Daniash007, Daniel5127, DanielCD, Danny, Dar-Ape, DarKnEs5 WaRr0r, DarbyAsh, Dare192, Dark Tichondrias, Darkness1089, Darkred, Darkwind, Darrendeng,
Darrowen, Daryakhan, Dav subrajathan.357, Daven200520, Davewild, David Fraudly, David Johnson, David Kernow, David Schaich, DavidBailey, Davidcannon, Davidfallen, Davidmi711,
Dawar Rashid, Dawn Bard, Dawn PM, Dbachmann, Dbobinson, Dbtfz, Dcflyer, Dcoetzee, DeadEyeArrow, DeadRed94, Deadcorpse, Deavenger, Debojyoti Bhattacharya, Debresser, Dedalus,
Deep750, Deepak, Deepak D'Souza, Deeptrivia, Deflective, Dejitarob, Deli nk, Delirium, Deltabeignet, Demmy, DemolitionMan, Dendodge, Denelson83, DennyColt, DerHexer, Des1980,
DesiTwist, Desijattt, Desione, Desiphral, Desmay, Detritus73, Deviathan, Devtrash, Dewan357, Dfrg.msc, Dgw, Dhakiwal, Dhanish007, Dharam00000007, Dharmabum420, Dharmadhyaksha,
Dheerajciet, Dhruve4c, Dhruvekhera, Dhruvgupta97, Dhum Dhum, Diberri, Diderot, DigiBullet, Digitalfunda, Digitalme, Digitalsurgeon, DileshBansal, Dimi juve, DinajGao, Dineshkannambadi,
Dingodangodongo, Dipankan001, Dipankar Chetia, Dips74, Diptesh7, Discospinster, Dishands, Dispenser, Distributor108, DistributorScientiae, Divineabrahamda, Divyam89, Divyamsinghal,
Dix Rox, Djmckee1, Dl2000, Dobs.cool, Doc glasgow, Doctor Nigel Lewis, Docu, Doldrums, Donarreiskoffer, Doorvery far, Dorfen, Dp462090, Dpr, Dprady, Dr.-Jeff, Dr.Soft, DrMKVaish,
Dragonbooster4, DragonflySixtyseven, Drawat123, Drbalaji md, Drbug, Drkarthi, Druid.raul, Dsjoshi, Dsr2008, DuKot, DualHelix, Duane Frasier, Dudafiery, Dude7190, Duk, Duttat,
Dwaipayanc, Dwilso, Dwrcan, Dwscomet, Dybdal, Dylan171, Dysprosia, Dzoldzaya, E Pluribus Anthony, ERcheck, ESkog, Eagle4000, EamonnPKeane, Earth, EarthShocker, Easydriveforum,
EatAlbertaBeef, Ebinviswanath, Echimu, Eclecticology, Economichostels, Edgar181, Editorajc, Eduardo Sellan III, Edward, Edward321, Eewild, Effer, Egg-Emperor, Egil, Eheadstream,
Ehsanbaby, Eihjia, Einstein90, Ekabhishek, Ekren, El C, Eleassar, Electionworld, Electrobins, Elissame724, Elizaawesomexxx, Eloc Jcg, Elockid, Eloquence, Elsenyor, Elucidate, Emperor
Genius, Empoleon44, EncycloPetey, Ensiform, Enthusiast10, Entourage brune, Eog1916, Eraserhead1, Erebus555, Eric Wester, Erigna, EronMain, Escheffel, Esimal, Esradekan, Estimation,
Eubulides, Eumolpo, Euzpr, Evano1van, EventHorizon, Evertype, Everyking, Evil saltine, EvocativeIntrigue, Extra999, EyeMD, Eyesbomb, FAH1223, FCLasdf, FF2010, FUtheresa, Fabartus,
Faisalpcs, Faizan, Falakshah, Falcon7385, Fang Aili, Fantumphool, Farooq Jee, Fastfalc222, FauxFaux, Fauzan, Fazyninja, Fdp, Felipe Menegaz, Fellytone, Fennec, Ferkelparade, Finlay
McWalter, Fireaxe888, Fireblaze120, Fixer88, Fkfjdf, FlamesBlaze, Flatterworld, Flauto Dolce, Fleiger, Florentino floro, Florian Blaschke, Flosssock1, Fnfd, Focus, Foobaz, Footienerd,
Fortdj33, Fowler&fowler, Fox McCloud91, Frammy7, FrancoGG, Frankjwolf, Franz weber, Fratrep, Freakofnurture, Freedom skies, FreplySpang, Frietjes, Ftballguy, Fullmetalp, Fundamental
metric tensor, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Furpee, Fut, FutureTrillionaire, Fuzheado, Fyedernoggersnodden, G Clark, G bhaskar07, GB fan, GDibyendu, GHcool, GHe, GMan552, GRRE, GSMR,
Gabbarsingh07, Gabbe, Gagandeep, Gaius Cornelius, Gajakk, Galoubet, Gamaliel, Gandolf, Ganesh341, Ganeshk, Ganeshpriya, Gangstadude, Garfield226, Gary D, Garytmlee, Gatherton,
Gaurav38, Gauravjuvekar, Gautamgk, Gbleem, Gda27, Gdarin, Gdavidp, Gdr, GeeWhizz, Geejap, Gemini creations, Gene Nygaard, General Galavan, Generalboss3, Genesisjadon, Gentlemaan,
Georaza, Gfglegal, Gggh, Ghayyour, Ghousebarq, Giantcalledgrawp, Gillemc, Gilliam, Gimboid13, Gimmetrow, Ginesh, Girmitya, Gitanjali9, Gituli, Gjlraj, Gkklein, Glen, Glenn, Glinfy,
Glueball, Gmaxwell, Gnanapiti, Gnowor, Gnutin, Go4ash, Gobeirne, Godanov, Goethean, Gogo Dodo, Gokhul, Gokul madhavan, Golbez, GoldKanga, Goldom, Gonzalo84, Goobergunch, Good
Olfactory, Goodboy2009, Googlykabacha, GoonerDP, Gopalbitode, Gopeople, Gorikot, Gosaviyogiraj, Gotyear, Goustien, GovindaR, Govindk, Gpoduval, Gppande, Gprasadh, Gprince007,
Gr1st, GraemeL, Grafen, Graft, Graham87, Grammatical error, Grawp, Grawp the Giant, Green Giant, GregNorc, GregorB, Grendelkhan, Gretzkyv99, Grey Shadow, Grika, Grmike, Groovy12,
GroovySandwich, Grosplant, Ground, Grstain, Grunt, Grvchdhry, Gryffindor, Gsarwa, Gscshoyru, Gsingh, Gsuhasini, Gtadoc, Gtlittleone, Gtmshine, GuBu, Guanaco, Guandalug, Guilherme
Paula, Gundu1000, Gunjanverma, Guptadeepak, Guptawang, Gurch, Gv365, Gwernol, Gyan, Gzkn, Gzornenplatz, H20rose, HAHS 25, HATERS, HERO4321, HFret, HGB, HIDECCHI001, HJ
Mitchell, Hadal, Hagedis, Hairy beast, Hammer Raccoon, Hanskamal, Happy-melon, Hapsiainen, Hardassteel, Harisheldon, Harishmukundan, Harsh 2580, Harsh.freewill, HarshAJ, Harshabob,
Harvest day fool, Hasan Zaidi, HasanFerdinand, Hasek is the best, Hastyo, Haukurth, Havantshire, Hazardasd, Hazhk, Hbalaram2, HeBhagawan, Hegades, HeikoEvermann, Heimstern, Helixblue,
Hello2abir, Hellothere07, Helomynameisbob, Heman, Hemanshu, Hemant, Hemendra, Hendrick 99, Henrik, Henry Flower, HenryLi, Henryhartley, Hephaestos, Heptor, Herbert670, Heron,
Hi-lariousdude22, Hibernian, Highfields, Highvale, Hillel, HimalayaShloka, HimalayanRise, HimalayanSnow, Himalayanashoka, Himhifi, Hind meri jaan, Hindu in Canada, Hindustanilanguage,
Hintha, Hirenrao, HisSpaceResearch, HitroMilanese, Hkelkar, Hkmaly, Hmains, Hnaluru, Hobo4213, Hockeyfan09, Hokiefan, Hollinsgombayne, Hollinsrigbyturner, Holy Ganga, HolyKaw,
Homagetocatalonia, Hometech, HomzUmrigar, Hondasaregood, Hongooi, Hornplease, Horsten, Hoshigaki, Hottentot, House Centipede, Howcheng, Hrihr, Hroulf, Hsachdevah, Hsriniva, Htrapj,
Hu12, Huhsunqu, Hulleye, Humaliwalay, Huniebunie, Husond, HussainAbbas, Hut 8.5, Huw Powell, Huzaifah11, Hvn0413, Hyad, Hydernasir, Hydkat, Hydroksyde, Hz.tiang, I am not a dog, I
love india, IIIraute, IJA, IMOW, ITA 01, Iam pramod, Iamg, Iamtall47, Iamtrhino, Iapain wiki, Iball, Ibkumar, Icantcmieyes, Icecap4sale, Icy Commander, Idaltu, Idleguy, Igiffin, Igroknow,
Illyrianka, Ilya1166, Imc, Immad, Imnotminkus, Imoeng, Imperator Honorius, ImpuMozhi, InShaneee, Inc2009, Incidious, Incognito222, Incrazy, Indanman, IndiBoy, India Gate, India1989,
Indian1985, IndianGeneralist, Indianhilbilly, Indianmath, Indianstar, Indiantrain123, Indoles, Indon, Inglok, Innotata, Insulam Simia, Intelligentsock, Inter, Interstellar Man, Iquadri, Irahulpandey,
Iridescent, Irrigator, Irrypride, Ischorr, Ishtyak, Island, It labs, Itai, Italiano111, Itsmejudith, Ivan tambuk, Ivazir, Ixfd64, Iyam01, Izehar, J Di, J3ff, JForget, JHunterJ, JK-RULZ, JPD,
JYolkowski, Jacek Kendysz, Jack Silver1000, Jacksaywhat, JaeWizzle, Jagged, Jagged 85, Jagudo69, Jaibharat, Jainmugdha, Jake1192, Jalamgir, James.Denholm, James086, JamesBWatson,
38

JamesR, Jamesdude118, Jamfad, JanCeuleers, Janekpaul, JanetteDoe, Jannetta, Jarble, Jarjarbinks10, Jasper Deng, Jaxer, Jaxl, Jay, Jayabharat, Jayaddev, Jayadevp13, Jayen466, Jayjg, Jayjrn,
Jaykishore.behera07, Jbarta, Jcbarr, Jcw69, Jdcooper, Jeev, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeff8765, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jellybelly88, Jemappelleungarcon, Jengod, JeremyA, Jerome Charles Potts,
Jeronimo, Jerzy, JesseBikman, JesseJastwood, Jethro 82, Jguk, Jguk 2, Jh51681, Jhapk, Jhendin, Jiang, Jianghuali, Jibran1, Jigneshjogi, Jim Douglas, Jimeree, JimmySmitts, Jino amal, Jj98,
Jjclark, Jjhcap99, Jjoy3646, Jkelly, Jlin, Jmaddux23, Jnohlgren, JoSePh, JoanneB, Joao, Joaquin008, Joe Decker, Joe VJ, JoeBlogsDord, Joebengo, JoergenB, Joffeloff, Johann Wolfgang, John
JD Doe, John K, John Quiggin, John.kakoty, JohnOwens, Johnbod, Johnbrownsbody, Johnhardcastle, Johnmylove, Johnny Walking, Johnuniq, Johravi, Jojhutton, Jolly2k, Jon1990, Jonathunder,
Jonearles, Joolz, Jorcoga, Josce, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshua Issac, Joshua Scott, Josquius, Jossi, Jovianeye, Joydeep ghosh, Joyeemukherjee, Joynjoy, Joyous!, Joyson Prabhu, Jpeob,
Jphillips, Jptwo, Jredmond, Jrsanthosh, Jsbr08, Jschwa1, Jtalledo, Jtkachuk, Jtkiefer, Judgesurreal777, JustPhil, Justice007, Jyotirmaya, K.Khokhar, KNM, KRS, KRajaratnam1, KS700, Kaal,
Kablammo, Kaisershatner, Kalarimaster, Kalathalan, Kalkibhagwan, Kannan.529, Kaobear, Karan.102, Karan112, Karan1974, Karenjc, Kartheeque, Karthik1905, Karthikc123, Karthikndr,
Karukera, Karyasuman, Kashk, Kat cool, Kaushalskaloo, Kaverijha23, Kavesh 1, Kaysov, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Kbir1, Kbolino, Kedi the tramp, Keepbalance, Keith D, Keithonearth, Kemsell43,
Kennethtennyson, Kensplanet, Kesac, Kessler, Kevin B12, Kevin438, Kevin45140, Keynes.john.maynard, Khalidshou, Khalistan5, Khanra, Khazar, Khazar2, Khoenr, Khoikhoi, Khukri, Kill me
when i die, Killdevil, Kilo-Lima, King Toadsworth, King Zebu, King wiston, KingdomHearts25, Kingsleyj, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiran 6853, Kiran3000, Kirankasve86, Kiranreddy9999, Kirill
Lokshin, Kiru patel27, Kitch, KittenKlub, Kjoonlee, Kkm010, Klemenz, Klilidiplomus, Kmusser, Kniwor, Knowledge Seeker, KnowledgeHegemony, KnowledgeHegemonyPart2,
KnowledgeOfSelf, Knutux, Knverma, Koavf, Kondi, KookyChinatown, Koolvarun, Koreansuperman, Koshysx7, Kotjze, Kotniski, Kozuch, Kps2, Krellis, Kross, Krs5603, Krsj, Krsont,
KrunalDesai, Krzy32, Ksanthosh89, Kshatriyaaz, Kubigula, Kukini, Kulasman, Kungfuadam, Kunjan1029, Kurienne, Kurlandlegionar, Kurmaa, Kurtis, Kuru, Kushal, Kushal kumaran,
KuwarOnline, Kuyabribri, Kvinayakpai, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Kyle Barbour, L.smithfield, L.vivian.richard, LDHan, LFaraone, LaMenta3, Lacobrigo, Ladnam.navohsus, LaggedOnUser,
Lakshmix, Lalit Jagannath, Lanet303, Lara bran, Lat88888888, Laurelenril, LeatherEngine, Lee, Lee Sung Goo, LeeG, Leithp, Lemmey, LeoO3, Levineps, Lexmercatoria, Liftarn, Light48,
Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Ligulem, Lihaas, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Ling.Nut3, Linuxbeak, Lioness555, Lioness55566, Liquidmetalrob, List of largest consumer markets, Lithpiperpilot,
LittleOldMe, LittleRoughRhinestone, Liveangle, Livin1989, Ljhliesl, Lkkity, LlywelynII, Lockesdonkey, Loggy1983, Logical2u, Lohiyagaurav, Lokantha, Loki1106, Lokimon4009, Lomita,
LonelyMarble, Longhair, Looxix, Lor772, LordSimonofShropshire, LordSuryaofShropshire, Lordofthe, Loren36, LoveWiki, Loveindia, Lovepool2001, Lovysinghal, LtNOWIS, Luckyherb,
Luigi30, Luigiacruz, Luisztdt, Luk, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Luna Santin, Lurker, Lycurgus, M Asif, M.O.X, MBisanz, MC10, MER-C, MHLU, MIICHAAEELL, MJCdetroit, MJLRGS, MKar,
MONGO, MPF, MPWilk, MSGJ, MZMcBride, Maahmaah, Maakhter, Mac, Macdaddyyo512, Madblast, Madewokherd, Madhava 1947, Madhavacharya, Madhev0, Madstat, Maelnuneb,
Magicalsaumy, Magister Mathematicae, Magnus Manske, Mahendrabalan, Maheshkumaryadav, Mahir78, Mahmudmasri, Mail2amitabha, Mailtoramkumar, MainBody, Majorly, Makecat,
Makemi, Makks2010, Malaikaran, Malcolm, Malickfan86, Mallick, Malo, Man vyi, Manaspunhani, Mani1, Manichemeister, Manipur20, Manish4 4, Manjithkaini, Manmeets, Manohar.sram,
Manoj2259, Manragh, Mantakk, Manvinder513, Mar4d, MarSch, Mareeah, Marek69, Marixist101, Mark, Mark Arsten, MarkS, Markjreed, Maroux, Marshall313, Marshallj25, Marshmir,
Marsonline, Martarius, MartinHarper, Martinwilke1980, Maruth, Marysunshine, Mashad, Massvideogamer, Master Jay, Master Of Ninja, Master of the Orchalcos, MasterXC, Materialscientist,
Mathew136482790, MattSal, Mattbr, Matthewprc, Mattisse, Matttoothman, Mav, Mawatan, Maxim, Maximus Rex, MaximvsDecimvs, Maxpower0113, Maxtremus, Mayankgates, Mayur k100,
Mayur.thakare, Mayuri.sandhanshiv, Mayurpatel, Mazdakabedi, Mazim82, Mbz1, Mcorazao, Mcurmamma, Mdann52, Mdd, Mdmday, Meaghan, Measure, Mebizzare, MeekSaffron, Meeples,
Meepmoo, Megri, Mehulagarwal, Mel Vilander, Melgtom725, Meno25, Merchbow, Mercury McKinnon, Merdocx, Merits4, Mesgul82, Methegreat, Meursault2004, Mew Lp, Mewtwowimmer,
Meyvun, Mfa fariz, Mhchintoo, Mianhassan, Mic, Michael Devore, Michael Hardy, MichaelWolfgang, Michaelas10, Michaelmas1957, Mickey gfss2007, Midnite Critic, Miesianiacal,
Mightymights, Miguel.v, Mihir1310, Mihirmodi, Mika1h, Mikael07, Mike Rosoft, Mike1024, MikeLynch, MilborneOne, Milei.vencel, Miljoshi, Miloman1, Min2winit, Minish, Minna Sora no
Shita, MinnesotanConfederacy, MintCond, Mir Almaat 1 S1, Miraalc, Misconfig, MisfitToys, Mishac, MissGarbo, MisterSheik, Mitch1981, Mitkannan, Mitspal, Miyokan, Mjpieters, Mkweise,
Mlm42, Mm40, Mofos90210, MohaddesTop, Mokshjuneja, Moncrief, Monedula, Monster eagle, Moolo1231231234, Moondyne, Moonraker, Moonwiki, Moorin, Mophir, Moreschi, Mori Riyo,
Moriori, Morristhepig11663, Morwen, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mouse is back, Moverton, Mowgli, Mozzini66, Mr. Billion, Mr. Lefty, Mr. XYZ, Mr.Karma, MrFish, Mram80,
Mravioli, Mravis123, Mrt3366, Mschiffler, Msubozeman2004, Mtcv, MuffledThud, Mujep4, Mull3r, Munci, Muntfish, Murali nmv, Murali83, Murderous man 1321, Murty, Mushroom,
Musicshop13, Mustafaa, Mustaqbal, Muthu 0101, Mwanner, Mwastrod, My pen is red, MyTwoCopperCoins, Myanw, Mycroft7, Myopia123, Mzsabusayeed, Mtys, N-true, NASCARforlife,
Nabla, Nachhattardhammu, Nachiketdeo, Nader85021, Nadirali, Nae'blis, Nakon, Nakuljain, Nandakumarg, Nandini, NarSakSasLee, Narco, Nareshkumar.pj, Nashcode, Nathani, Naus, Naveen
Sankar, Navhus, Navidazizi, NawlinWiki, Nazmayet1, Nbaplayer, Nbatra, Ncmvocalist, Ndesi62, Neal777, Neelraxit, Neelsb, Neetesh000, Nehrams2020, NeilN, Neilc, Neo-Jay, Neo.,
Neod4000, NerdyScienceDude, Netoholic, Neurophysics, Neutrality, Neutroindic, Nev1, New Rock Star, New4325, Newton2, Nextop, Nicdb, Niceguyedc, Nichalp, Nick, Nickyrintala, Niel
Mokerjee, Nightstallion, Nikai, Nikhilmn2002, Nikkimaria, Nikkul, Nilfanion, Ninadhardikar, Niraj2000, Nirav thakker2003, Niravhehe, Niravlol, Nirinsanity, Nirmayvathsa, Nirvana888, Nisha
Panicker, Nishishei, Nishkid64, Nithinr007, Nitishg, Nitya Dharma, Niv.eno.nesohc, Nixeagle, Nixer, Nk, Nlu, Nmpenguin, Nneonneo, No Guru, Nobleeagle, Node ue, Noisy, Noor Aalam,
Nosedown, Noskcaj10, Notheruser, Nquotes, Nrupatunga, Nshuks7, NuKkEm, NuclearVacuum, NuclearWarfare, Nutiketaiel, Nutramul, Nuwanda360, Oblivious, Obradovic Goran, Odysseus 88,
Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Olathe, Oliver Lineham, Olivier, Olorin28, Omer123hussain, OmerFa, Omerlives, Omgitsasecret, Omicronpersei8, Omnipaedista, OneGuy, Oneearth, Onishenko,
OpelC, Optimist on the run, OptimusPrime, Orangewhitegreen, Osa osa 5, Osel, Oska, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Ottre, Outsider2810, Overclax, Overnight darkness, OwenX, OwnDealers,
P3Pp3r, PBS, PCWren&HMartin, PFHLai, PT2997, PZFUN, Packetguy, Padalkar.kshitij, Paddu, Paine Ellsworth, Pakhomovru, Pakistan 2005, Pakistan Zindabad 2010, Pako, Pamri,
Panda2DXtreme, Pankaj112, Pankaz Jain, Pankazunleashed, Papamenon04, Papon007, Parshantx, Parthasarathy B, Parunach, Pass a Method, Patel24, Pathoschild, Patrick, Patstuart, Paul August,
Paul McMahon, Paul Raj, Pault79, Pavanmns, Pavel Vozenilek, Pax:Vobiscum, Pbryson, Pdheeru, Pdst, Pearle, Pebble101, Pectore, Penpaperpencil, Penser, Pepper, Per Honor et Gloria,
PeregrineAY, Persian Poet Gal, Peruvianllama, Peskozoid31, Peter I. Vardy, Peter M Dodge, Peter McGinley, Peterale4444, Petrux, Pfly, Pg2114, Pgan002, Pgarg2000, Pgiii, Pgk, Pgomat,
Phanikumarps, Pharos, Phatmastafunk, Phil Boswell, Phil Ian Manning, Phil R, PhilKnight, Phillip J, Philpm930, PhnomPencil, Phoenix2, Phuntsok2000, Pichpich, PierreAbbat, Pigman, Pihu
maahi, Pilotguy, Pisharov, Piyushindia, Piyushtiwari0705, Pizzadeliveryboy, Pjohn899, Pjrich, Plasticup, Plornt, Pmlineditor, Podzemnik, Polaron, Politepunk, Politicak, Politicalpandit,
Politician, Polylepsis, Ponder, Ponytailsnipper, Powhiri, Pradeep90, Pradeepbv, Pradyumnas741, Pragvansh, Prameetc, Pramod pramd7, Pranathi, Prarthana mol, Prasad ichal, Prasant55,
Prasantasahoo2009, Prashantchandila, Prashanthns, Prateek Saxena, Prateek01, Prateekramachandra, Prateekrr, Pratheepps, Pratyeka, Pratyushdayal, Pravata, Prayagpathak, Prem6630,
Premkumarji, Presidentajay, Preya.sweetu, Prhartcom, Primalchaos, Princebalakrishna, Prithwirajt, Pritishp333, Pritsindhar, Priyagdesai, Priyanath, Prodego, Profbond07, Professorial,
Profitoftruth85, Programingcraze007, Proofreader, Proteus, Pryde 01, PsiEpsilon, Pspguy123, Psy guy, Psychoadonis, Pubserv, Pvharikrishnan, Q Chris, Qasaqsuyu, Qbit77, Qmwne235, Quadell,
Quako5, QuartierLatin1968, Quatloo, Quebec99, Quiensabe, Quiksilver1srm, Quintote, Quite vivid blur, Quuxplusone, Qwertylap, Qwfp, Qwyrxian, Qxz, R42, RAMA, RHaworth, RJII, RJN,
RRuk, RTPking, RaCha'ar, Raamah, Rabimba, Rabinesh, Racerx11, Radhey, RafikiSykes, Raghu-holkar, Ragib, Raguks, Rahlgd, Rahul M, Rahulk.cmc, Rahuloof, Raistudios, Raj c k, Raja
Hussain, Rajaashoka, Rajahussainsnd, Rajasekaran Deepak, Rajashekar india3434, Rajatkalia, Rajeevkasat, Rajmohannatesan, Rajneeshhegde, Rajoshik, Rajpoot91, Rajvaddhan, Rak3sh, Rama's
Arrow, Rambo4u, Ramesh, Ramesh.ganesan, Ramitmahajan, Ramsingh12, Ran, Randomblue, Randor1980, Rangek, Ranjran, Rao Ravindra, Rao.tushar, Raph, Rarelibra, Ratan203, Rathee,
Raul654, Raulcaeser, Raunakroy, Ravelnine, Raven in Orbit, Raven4x4x, RaviC, Ravikiran r, Ravipkb, Ravis51, Rayfield, Razimpatel, Rdhinakar, Rdsmith4, ReGoG Now, Realhistorybuff,
Rebobbery, Reconfirmer, RedRose333, RedWolf, Reddi, Redtigerxyz, Redvers, Reecefitta, RegentsPark, RekishiEJ, Relata refero, Reliancepowercoin, Renatops, Research2000, ResearchRave,
Resolute, Restraining, Retired user 0002, Retired username, Revived, RevolverOcelotX, RexNL, Rfc9000, Rhadamanthus222, Rhobite, Rhp1462, Riana, Ric36, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur
Norton (1958- ), Richard75, RichardF, Richiekim, Richmasterninja, Rick Block, RickK, Ricky@36, Rif Winfield, Rigmahroll, Rimibchatterjee, Rinju9, Rishabhgoel9791, Risoto2000,
Risque.business, Rituraj8, Riyazusman, Rizalninoynapoleon, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rkarun, Rko 0907, Rksande, Rlevse, Rma212, Rmantech, Rnkroy, RoadTrain, Robert Merkel, Robert Weemeyer,
Robert25, RobertG, Robertgreer, Robster1983, Robzz, Rocastelo, Rockonomics, Roeheat, Rohit 3550, Rohith goura, Romanm, Roozbeh, Rorkadian, Rory096, Rossi101, Rothorpe, Roxanna
samii, Roxi2, RoyBoy, Royboycrashfan, Rranjan28, Rreagan007, Rrjanbiah, Rsrikanth05, Ruakh, Ruchi tspl, Rudykog, Rueben lys, Rumpelstiltskin223, Ruraloccur, RussellSpence, Rusty65,
Rustyfence, Rvd4life, RxS, Rxasgomez, Ryallabandi, Ryulong, Ryz05, S Seagal, S h i v a (Visnu), S um one Luvs me, S.U.H.E.L., S3000, SBC-YPR, SEWilco, SFC9394, SGGH, SNIyer12,
SPACKlick, SPat, ST47, STS333, SWAdair, Sabhz, Sachincrai, Sachindole, Sachint in, Sadaphal, Sai2020, SaibAbaVenkatesh, Sainath468, Sainibindass, Sajita, Sajithps, Sajjangad,
Saket301990, Saksham, Salasks, Sam Korn, Sam809, Samantha555, Sameer Gupta, Samir, Samrolken, Samstifler, Samsudar, Samtheboy, Samudrakula, Samuel Blanning, Samuel de mazarin,
Samuelled, San91, Sandeepdharans, Sandeepriya, Sandeepsp4u, Sandipani, Sandu065, Sandwich Eater, Sango123, Sanjay Tiwari, Sankarsalvady, Sannse, Sanpatrick81, Santhoshrayala,
Sarahjackson999, Sarathtly, Saravask, Sarayuparin, Sarcelles, Sardanaphalus, SarekOfVulcan, Saric, Sarindam7, Sarregouset, Sarvagnya, Sarvagyana guru, Sarvajna, Satanzchyld, Sathyalal,
Satishkadu, Saturn HT, Saturnight, Satvats, Satyanandapatel, Saurabh.msh, Sav.ann, Savidan, Savie Kumara, Sayanc, Sban812, Sbhuvans, Sc147, Scartboy, Schandra.100, Schissel,
SchmuckyTheCat, SchutteGod, Schzmo, Scifiintel, Scipius, Scissor, Sciurin, Scott Burley, Scott Paeth, ScottMHoward, Scout faster than light, Scout1, Scuppers1, Sdht, Sdornan, Seaeagle04,
Sean Whitton, Secfan, Secret of success, Secretum, Semmler, SephyXIII, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Seraphiel, SetItRight, Setu prem, Sfacets, Sgtbarlo, Shaanu14, Shahken, Shahroze, Shailbains,
Shaileshas, Shakeheitor, Shaker, Shameerbabu986, Shanes, Shanevc, Shangrilaista, Shankar vembu, Shannon bohle, Sharadbob, Sharath mg2000, Sharemind, Sharinginfo1, Shatrunjaymall,
ShaunES, Shawnc, Sheikh Mohammad Shahzeb, Sherenk, Sherwin1995, Shibo77, Shinjiman, Shishir.krs, Shiva Evolved, Shizane, Shj95, Shmitra, Shoaler, Shorne, Shovon76, Showmethedoor,
Shredder2012, Shreevatsa, Shreshth91, Shreyas.shridhar, Shrigley, Shrivats, Shroudan, Shuffleclick, Shunyaah, Shyam, Shyam karunakaran, Shyam1574, Shyamal, Shyamasundara Vetrivel,
Sicamous, Siddhant, Siddharatha.tiwari, Siddhartharaina, Siddiqui, Sidkul 2000, Sikhauthor, Simeon H, SimonArlott, SimonP, Simonides, Simplyj, Singhania, Sir Edgar, Sir Nicholas de
Mimsy-Porpington, Sir Toby Belch, Sirishar, Siroxo, Sirsharif, Sjain, Sjakkalle, Sk Nator, Skannan btech, Skapur, Skateboarding118, Sketchmoose, Skier-riley, Skinsmoke, Skylark2008, Sl,
Slakr, SlaveToTheWage, SlimVirgin, Slysplace, Smart.harish, Smartinfoteck1, Smartinfoteck2, Smitajain, Smith120bh, Smukhuti, Smurfoid, Snkutty, Snowmanradio, Snoyes, Soccerdude15,
Socialservice, Sohel, Sole Flounder, Soleado, SolidEdgeGuRu, Solodoc, Soman, Some P. Erson, Someone42, Somesh.kanti, Sonal.sarkar, Sonal31, Sopher99, Sorpatal, Soulparadox, Soumyasch,
South Bay, SouthernMan, SpNeo, SpacemanSpiff, Sparkume, Spartian, SpeakerFTD, Speedboy Salesman, Spencer, Spiel, SpikedZebra, SpookyMulder, Spundun, Squash, SqueakBox, Squids
and Chips, Srainywall, Sramana18, Sray, Srbhanja, Sreejith.V.K, Sreejithcv, Sriharsha vadlamani, Srikantkedia01, Srikeit, Srinivara, Srinivsn, Sriram sh, Srkris, Srl, Srs, Ssault, Ssaxena80,
Ssolbergj, Stan Shebs, Starstruck101, StasMalyga, Stateofart, Stausifr, Steed Asprey - 171, Stefan Jansen, Stegop, SteinbDJ, Steinsky, Stephen, Stephen G. Brown, Stephenb, Stephreef, Sterry 03,
Steven407653, Stevenmitchell, Stevertigo, Stickee, Stochata, Stonehill, Stopthenonsense, Stormie, Strike Eagle, Stubblyhead, Stuhacking, Subash.chandran007, Subhashrai, Subuser123456,
Success123$, Sudhakar ks, Sudharsansn, Sudhir.deshmukh, Sudhirkbhargava, Suduser85, Sujit900, Sukh, Sultanzahir, Sum, Sumanch, Sumanthk, Sumit261093, Sumitavan, Sumith,
Sumitsethi1612, Sumsumne, Sun e, Sunayana, Sundar, Sunil060902, Sunilshamnur, Sunilthombre, Sunray, Suomi Finland 2009, Superdude99, Supersan007, Supertouch, Supreme Unmanifest,
Supten, Surajt88, Sureshiras, SusanLarson, Sushant gupta, Sushilkumarmishra, Susurrus, Susvolans, Sveltemoose, Sverdrup, Svpnikhil, Svr014, Swadhyayee, Swarupskd.wiki, Swathi.xeret,
Swedish fusilier, Sweety Rose, Sycthos, SyedNaqvi90, Syiem, Szajci, Smhur, T, TBadger, TGilmour, THEunique, TJ Spyke, TRUPET, TRYPPN, TUF-KAT, Ta bu shi da yu, Taejo,
TaerkastUA, Taichungmania, Talalpa, Talha, Talknshare, Talkwalkso, Tamilyomen, Tamizhan, Tangotango, Tapsboy, Tapuu, Tarakananda, Tarikur, Taro James, Tarunthegreat, Tasc,
Tatiraju.rishabh, Tauolunga, Tawker, Taxman, Tbhotch, Tbismonte0127, Tbpsmd, Tech editor007, Techraj, Teckgeek, TedE, Tejas81, TejasDiscipulus2, Telugu2007, Tempshill, Teratornis,
39

Terence, TexMurphy, Texture, ThaddeusB, Thaejas, Thatdog, Thayts, The Anome, The Artful Dodger, The Batman1, The Behnam, The Dead Walk, The Madras, The Man in Question, The
Rahul Jain, The Rambling Man, The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick, The Transhumanist, The Witty Warrior, The idiot, The mokc, The wub, TheCoffee, TheCustomOfLife, TheDJ, TheDarkArchon,
TheDoctor10, TheJJJunk, TheLateDentarthurdent, TheOriginalSoni, TheTigerKing, Thechin, Theda, Theeastyorkshiredude1983xss, Thegreyanomaly, Theman244, Themastertree, Thematicunity,
Theone00, Theqmage, Therefore, Therequiembellishere, Thernlund, Theropane3u483, Thijs!, ThinkingYouth, Third Eye, Thiseye, Thisnickistaken, Thisthat2011, Thoreaulylazy, Thunda 4rm
down unda, Thunderboltz, Thuresson, Tidying Up, TigerShark, Tigger69, Tijfo098, Tillwe, TimR, Timc, Timed, Timothyarnold85, Timwi, Tinpisa, Tintin1107, Tinucherian, Tiranga, Tismalu,
Titanium97, Titodutta, Titoxd, Tiwonk, Tjl1128, Tjpob, Tkinter99, Tmazhindu, Tnlock, Tobby72, Tobes00, Tobias Conradi, Tobinkoshy, Todoism, Tojo667, Tom Radulovich, Tom harrison,
Tombseye, Tomchiukc, Tony Sidaway, Tony1, TonySt, Tookool4skewl, Toprohan, Torodorado, Total-equilibrity, Touchtheskywithglory, Toussaint, Tow, Tpavfc, Tpbradbury, Tpth, Tra,
Trade4me, Trahern1994, TrainToSkaville, TransUtopian, Traskanatatror, Travelbird, Treisijs, Tri400, Trilobite, Trinanjon, Tristessa de St Ange, Triwbe, Tronno, Troy44, Truemcrfan, Trwier,
Tsca, Tschild, Tsiddharth, Tuncrypt, Tuspm, Tut74749, Tutmosis, Tvsinha, Twinxor, Two-three-four, UBeR, Ubiquinoid, Uffis, Ugog Nizdast, Uirauna, Ukabia, Ulritz, Ultramegasuperstar,
Umreemala, Uncle G, Underlying lk, Undertakeranshu, Ungvichian, UnicornTapestry, United88, Universe=atom, UplinkAnsh, User86654, Usereco987654, Usergreatpower, Userlogy110001,
Usernomy785640, UsmanKhanDiri, Utbindas, Utcursch, Uyvsdi, VMS Mosaic, Vadakkan, Vaibhavgupta1989, Vaikunda Raja, Vakorde, Val42, Vallabh143, Vanderdecken, Vaneetkaushal,
Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Vanman2010, Vardion, Varghesejacob, Varnam06, Varungarde, Vastu, Vayalir, Vayu, Vbganesh, Veankata333, Vedant, Veej, Veer2211, VegaDark, Velho,
Venkatesh.sridhar, Vensatry, Ventur, Venu62, Verdadero, Vero.Verite, Versageek, VeryVerily, Vgnome, Vgranucci, Vibhijain, Vice regent, Vickle1777, Vignan, Vijay5050, Vijayd, Vikasapte,
Vikasb2003, Vikashgm, Vikramkamboj, Vikramkr, Vikrant42, Vilallonga, Vilerage, Vimaldavid, Vinay, Vinay84, Vince4uall, Vipinhari, Virgule82, VishalB, Vishnbhatt, Vishnu iyer, Vishnu.h,
Vissax, Vital brick 1, VitaleBaby, Vivekr13, Vivekshandilya, Vixit, Viyyer, Vizziee, Vk aditya, Vkvora2001, VladimirKorablin, Vogensen, Volatileacid, Voldemort175, Volunteer Marek,
Voxpop101, Vpuliva, Vrghs jacob, Vsjayaschandran, Vtel001, Vvuppala, Vyasram, Vyom25, Vyzasatya, Vzbs34, W123, W2ch00, WATSYOURNAME, WTucker, Walkerma, Waltloc, Wango
Bob, Ward3001, WarrenA, Warrior4321, Watashiwabakayo, Water Fish, Wavelength, Wayiran, Wayward, WebTV3, Webzone, WegianWarrior, Weregerbil, Wereon, West Brom 4ever, Wester,
Weyes, Whaatt, WhatisFeelings?, Whazzy, Whbonney, Where, WhisperToMe, Whiteking, Whpq, Wik, Wiki Raja, Wiki alf, Wiki dr mahmad, Wiki.de, WikiRider, Wikid77, Wikidea, Wikihero,
Will Beback, Willard84, William Allen Simpson, William Avery, Willydick, Wimdw, Wimt, Winston786, Wisco, Wise Droid, Wknight94, Wmahan, Wmessner, Wogsland, WoodElf,
Woohookitty, World, World8115, Worthadonkey, Wtwilson3, Www.jpfo.org, X0 0wnj00 0x, XSG, XVreturns, Xaosflux, XavierGreen, Xcentaur, Xedaf, Xeresblue, Xiaopo, Xiong Chiamiov,
Xsspider, Xstill.illx, Yadavmahesh, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yanamad, Yann, Yarnalgo, Yash chauhan2, Yash!, Yash512, Yasirian, Yayay, Yellow, YellowAssessmentMonkey, YellowMonkey,
Yelyos, Yin61289, Yksin, Yoenit, Yogagates, Yogesh Khandke, Yom, Yosarian, Yossarian, Youonlylivetwice, Yoursvivek, Youssefsan, Yoyoyo111, Zac28, Zachlipton, Zachorious, Zaf, Zahid
Abdassabur, Zahidulla, Zaindy87, Zakawer, Zalgo, Zameenzad, Zaslav, Zazou, Zeeshani, Zeeyanwiki, Zeimusu, Zen611, ZenMondo, Zeno Gantner, Zephyrmaten, Zerokitsune, Zetawoof,
Zhonghuo, Zidan007, ZimZalaBim, Zinjixmaggir, Zinoural, Zip600001, Zkazim, Zmelan94, Zoicon5, Zondor, Zondrah89, Zoomanjee, Zora, Zscout370, Zuggernaut, Zurkhardo, Zvn,
Zzapinercor, Zzuuzz, , , , , , , , 4566 anonymous edits
40

File:Flag of India.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter
File:Emblem of India.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abhishekjoshi, BRUTE, Beao, Bender235,
Cheguthan, Editor at Large, Eugenio Hansen, OFS, Faizhaider, Fred the Oyster, Fry1989, Gauravjuvekar, Havang(nl), Jappalang, Jed, Jmabel, Jovianeye, Kintetsubuffalo, Klemen Kocjancic,
Legoktm, Leit, Magog the Ogre, Miljoshi, Nightstallion, Roland zh, Str4nd, Trelio, Vaishu2, Wiki-uk, Xiengyod, Zscout370, 40 anonymous edits
File:India (orthographic projection).svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_(orthographic_projection).svg License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Ssolbergj (talk)
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarang
Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Orionist
file:speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: User:Kelvinsong
File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous edits
File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indischer_Maler_des_6._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: BlackIceNRW, Gryffindor, Imz, Ismoon, Jastrow, Johnbod, Julia W, Roland zh, 2 anonymous edits
File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Big_Temple-Temple.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original
uploader was Fastsix at en.wikipedia
File:Moghul.1590-95.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moghul.1590-95.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Eugene a, Johnbod, Roland zh,
Shakko
File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: Edinburgh Geographical Institute; J. G. Bartholomew and Sons.
File:Nehru gandhi.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nehru_gandhi.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Leyo, Officer, Pieter Kuiper, Roland zh, Yann
File:India topo big.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_topo_big.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Jodelet2, LX, Mahmudmasri,
PaweS, Slomox, Sting, 2 anonymous edits
File:KedarRange.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KedarRange.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Kaustabh
File:Barack Obama at Parliament of India in New Delhi addressing Joint session of both houses 2010.jpg Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barack_Obama_at_Parliament_of_India_in_New_Delhi_addressing_Joint_session_of_both_houses_2010.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: FlickreviewR, Goldfinger123, Roland zh
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Scott Dexter from Brooklyn, USA
File:Political map of India EN.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Political_map_of_India_EN.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:Saravask
File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-61.jpg Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-61.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Contributors:
Presidential Press and Information Office
File:LCA Tejas.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LCA_Tejas.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Rinju9
File:Indian Railways Network Connectivity Map with cities and population density.png Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Railways_Network_Connectivity_Map_with_cities_and_population_density.png License: unknown Contributors: User:Planemad
File:Rukmini Devi.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rukmini_Devi.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was ImpuMozhi at en.wikipedia
41
License
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
42

Medieval India - 44pg

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Medieval India - 44pg

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Medieval India - 44pg

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Two Wikipedia Articles

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Outline of South Asian history

Area controlled by India shown in dark green;

Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Manmohan Singh (INC)

Speaker of the House Meira Kumar (INC)

Independencefrom the United Kingdom

$4.711 trillion (3rd)

Indian rupee ( ) (INR)

ISO 3166 code

The granite tower of Brihadeeswarar

Early modern India

A topographic map of India

A parliamentary joint session being held in the

Sarnath Lion Capital

Jana Gana Mana

Royal Bengal Tiger

Aquatic animal River Dolphin

The federal government comprises three branches:

A clickable map of the 28 states and 7 union territories of India

Jammu and Kashmir

Foreign relations and military

Art and architecture

Rukmini Devi Arundale, one the foremost

Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles.

Kaye 1997, pp.639640.

[51] Stein 1998, pp.119120.

[76] Robb 2001, pp.98100.

[113] Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p.11.

[168] Neuborne 2003, p.478.

Pylee & 2003 b, p.314.

Central Intelligence Agency.

[230] Transparency International 2010.

Messner 2009, p.51-53.

The Wall Street Journal 2009.

The List of Wetlands of International Importance (http://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

You might also like