FCDUPDATE

FCD Educational Services, Inc. A Nonprofit Organization Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Education Fall 2001

Prescription for Addiction

buse of prescription drugs is on pain such as that associated with arthritis,

A the rise in the United States.

According to a recent
National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse, the number of people taking
injuries, fractures, dislocations, bursitis,
neuralgia, and cancer. It is also used post-
operatively, for lower back pain, and for
pain relief after childbirth. One of the
pain relievers for the first time for non- advantages of Oxycontin is that it is a
timed-release oral tablet generally taken
medical purposes rose by 181 percent
only twice a day. Shorter-acting oxy-
from 1990 to 1998. First-time users of
codone products require pain sufferers
tranquilizers rose by 132 percent during
to take four to six pills daily.
the same period; those initiating seda-
tive use increased by 90 percent; and What does Oxycontin look
the number of new users of stimulants like?
for non-medical purposes grew by 165 The letters “OC” are imprinted on one
percent.
OPIOIDS
side of the pill. The other side displays the
Opioids are often referred to as narcotics.
While prescription drug abuse is most number of milligrams, e.g., “10”, “20”,
They are the most effective pain relievers
common among the elderly (who use “40”, “80”, “160”. Color and size vary
available because they act like morphine.
prescription medications at a rate three depending on the pill’s strength.
Opioids include codeine, propoxyphene
times that of the general population), the (Darvon), hydrocodone (Vicodin),
most dramatic increase in first-time use of How does Oxycontin work?
hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine
prescription drugs for non-medical pur- Oxycontin is a central nervous system
(Demerol), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil).
poses has taken place among adolescents depressant. Like other oxycodone prod-
While there are many opioids, one rela-
ucts, it stimulates opioid receptors in
(ages 12-17) and young adults (ages 18- tive newcomer is receiving the lion’s
the brain and spinal cord, triggering
25). For example, from 1992 to 1997, share of attention from the media, and
responses ranging from analgesia (pain
reported non-medical use of Ritalin public health and law enforcement
continued on page 3
within the past year by high school agencies: Oxycontin.
seniors rose by a factor of 28. Some of What's Inside...
Additional data collected by the Drug What is Oxycontin?
Prescription for Addiction
Abuse Warning Network suggests an Oxycontin, also referred to as “Oxy” or The use of prescription drugs for non-medical
“O.C.’s” on the street, is a trade name purposes by adolescents is a growing concern
increase in the number of college stu- for educators and prevention specialists. FCD
for the generic narcotic pain reliever
dents admitted to hospital emergency offers a primer on frequently abused drugs and
oxycodone hydrochloride. It was devel- the risks they pose to young people.
rooms for the abuse of prescription
oped in 1996 by Purdue Pharma by
drugs such as Percodan (oxycodone Commonly Abused Medications
modifying an alkaloid found in opium Check out FCD’s “centerfold” chart to learn how
with aspirin), Vicodin (hydrocodone), called thebaine. Other pain relievers the most commonly abused medications work,
and Klonopin (benzodiazepine clon- containing oxycodone include Percodan, their side effects, and the consequences of
azepam). With the growing use by ado- short- and long-term use.
Percocet, and Tylox.
lescents of prescription drugs for non- Did You Know. . .
What are the most serious social pressures
medical purposes, FCD offers this How is Oxycontin used? children face? Find out what parents think in
primer on the most commonly abused Oxycontin is legally available by prescrip- “Did you know…”
medications. tion to alleviate chronic or long-lasting
 FCD STAFF From the President
Alex J. Packer, Ph.D. Jennifer Osgood
President & CEO Associate Director One of FCD’s favorite people is Dr. Edward (Ned)
of Annual Giving &
Thomas Gee Marketing Coordinator
Hallowell, the well-known psychiatrist, ADHD expert,
Vice President for and author of such bestsellers as Driven to Distraction,
Development Will Slotnick
Vice President & Worry, and Connect. Ned has been coming to FCD’s fall
Cindy Graham Director of Education teacher training sessions for years. We look forward to
Office Manager
Amy Smack seeing him as a child might anticipate the arrival of a
Ann Huff Program Administrator
Bookkeeper beloved, globe-trotting uncle – someone whose wisdom
Renee Soulis and experience gets us thinking and dreaming about new
Renee Newton Director of Client
Program Coordinator Relations ideas; someone who makes us feel valued and special.
In Ned’s last book, Connect, he emphasized the Alex J. Packer
TRUSTEES importance of “connectedness” to physical, emotional,
Donald F. Cutler Emmett E. Lyne
and mental health. Such connections include family,
Founder & Chairman friends, work, pets, art, music, faith, nature, history and ritual. This year Ned spoke to
Emeritus Alec J. McAuley
us about the subject of his new book, Human Moments: How to Find Meaning and Love
William Chamberlin Austin P. Olney
in Your Everyday Life. Human moments are those funny, joyful, warm, sad, poignant,
Chairman Jane G. Olney
inspiring, crazy, loving moments that, in the rush and stress of our daily lives, are so easy
Alex J. Packer, Ph.D. John A. Paine, Jr.
President & CEO
to overlook. Human moments are the building blocks of connection.
Nathaniel Reed After Ned’s talk, FCD teachers and staff discussed this concept in relation to FCD’s
Ruth M. Barker
Mayra Rodriguez- mission. We realized that the effectiveness of our work is based upon the depth and
Samuel B. Bartlett Howard
trustworthiness of the connections we make with hundreds of schools, and thousands of
Matthew E. Galligan Tingey H. Sewall students, across America and around the world. As health educators we strive to create –
Archer Harman, Jr. David M. Slye for every class and student – “human moments” of interaction, enlightenment, and self-
E. Miles Herter M. C. Smith discovery that 1) strengthen the resolve of students abstaining from alcohol and other
drugs; 2) challenge students engaged in risky behaviors to question their attitudes and
FCD EDUCATORS actions; and 3) plant seeds of awareness that may ripen years later to pull a former FCD
Leonard Foote Alex Juchniewich
student back from the brink of substance abuse. Teaching based upon connections and
Senior Adviser human moments, as opposed to facts and inflexible curricula, can be difficult, frustrating,
Chris Kelly
Scott Armstrong and exhausting. And, like democracy and good parenting, it can be messy. But it is the
Ron Kublin
Duncan Badine most effective way to keep kids safe and drug-free.
Bill Loehfelm
Joe Bartos The atrocities of September 11 have triggered an avalanche of human moments that
Shannon McMullen
Sarah Burrill have erased boundaries, dissolved cynicism, and united individuals, groups, and nations.
Nancy Morley
Michelle Camiel
In the days since those horrific events, we have seen in many young people an apprecia-
Angela Murphy
tion for the fragility and preciousness of life that contrasts with the aura of invincibility
Mollie Culligan Mark Selak
typically projected by adolescents. This instant maturation can reinforce factors that
Corey Fitz-Marquez Pete Spelke
protect kids from drug use and other risky behaviors. But we have also seen some teens
Joe Flood Chris Tryba
pushed towards reckless despair by the random savageness of September 11th. When
Gretchen Hagenbuch Roger Waitt
your country is under a death sentence, when you may have to go off to war, when you
Stephanie Haines Dave Waterman could be blown to bits tomorrow, what is the point of caring or investing in life? Live
Glenn Hall Ronda Wolfe for the moment. Get wasted. Escape. Feelings such as these can lead teens towards rash
decisions and self-destructive behavior.
General Correspondence: As a travel-based organization, we wondered if any of our teachers would leave their
For information about FCD's programs and jobs as a result of the events of September 11. Not a single teacher has done so. When
services, or to schedule an FCD visit to your asked about it, they say the work is too important. Now, more than ever, young people
school or community, please contact us at: need to talk about their lives, their fears, and the issues they face in relation to alcohol
FCD Educational Services, Inc.
and other drug use. Now, more than ever, they need the human moments FCD has been
26 Cross Street
providing for over 25 years.
Needham, MA 02494
Tel: (781) 444-6969
Fax: (781) 444-0920
Email: fcdonline@fcd.org
Website: www.fcd.org
©2001 FCD Educational Services, Inc.
Alex J. Packer, Ph.D.

2 FCD UPDATE
 continued from page 1 from 10 to 160 milligrams of oxycodone. release and absorption of oxycodone and
relief), to respiratory depression to The euphoric effects of Oxycontin abuse a quick, powerful, euphoric high. Abusers
euphoria. Individuals who use Oxycontin are similar to those experienced by heroin obtain the drug in a variety of ways. Many
or other opioids for prolonged periods users, making the pill attractive to the acquire pills by “doctor shopping,” i.e.,
can develop a tolerance to the drug, and same abuser population. In addition, visiting several doctors, often in more
require higher doses to achieve the same Oxycontin commands a high price on the than one state, to obtain multiple quanti-
effect. While most patients who take street, generally between 50 cents and $1 ties of the drug which they then use them-
these drugs do not become addicted, they per milligram. Thus, a bottle of 100 40 mg selves or sell to others. Physicians have
may become physically dependent and pills that would cost $400 in a pharmacy been charged with writing fraudulent
need to go through a program of with- could be resold for $2,000 to $4,000 on prescriptions in exchange for money or
drawal under the supervision of a quali- the black market. sexual favors. Pharmacists have also been
fied physician.1 arrested for diverting Oxycontin from
pharmacy shelves. And, as the media have
Many police and health
What’s the difference between noted, some abusers acquire the drug by
physical dependence and departments around burglary or armed robbery.
addiction?
Physical dependence is defined as the the country are finding How widespread and
body’s state of adaptation to, and reliance dangerous is Oxycontin abuse?
upon, a substance. Patients who rely on that Oxycontin has Studies indicate a significant increase in
opioids for pain relief may develop toler- Oxycontin abuse. Many police and health
ance and physical dependence during surpassed cocaine, departments around the country are find-
treatment. Absence of the substance leads ing that Oxycontin has surpassed cocaine,
to withdrawal symptoms in which those methamphetamines, methamphetamines, and heroin as
functions previously suppressed by the the leading drug of abuse in their area.
drug are stimulated, and those functions and heroin as the Oxycontin-related thefts, burglaries, and
previously stimulated by the drug are sup- health-care fraud incidents are being
pressed. Since opioids can cause drowsi- leading drug of abuse reported in ever-increasing numbers.
ness, calmness, and constipation, signs of Numerous deaths have resulted from
withdrawal can include sleeplessness, anx- in their area. Oxycontin overdoses.
iety, and diarrhea. A gradual decrease in
dosage over time will, with a minimum of Oxycontin-related thefts, CENTRAL NERVOUS
withdrawal symptoms, restore the patient SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS
to a drug-free state. Opiate-addicted indi- burglaries, and CNS depressants slow normal brain func-
viduals generally take higher doses than tion. As such, they are useful for treating
are needed to manage their pain, seek a health-care fraud anxiety, stress, and sleep disorders.
rush or high from the medication, and,
in the absence of the drug, experience incidents are What are some common
uncontrollable cravings to reproduce CNS depressants?
the feeling. being reported in CNS depressants fall into two categories:
barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
Why are pharmacies being held ever-increasing numbers. Barbiturates include mephobarbital
up for Ocycontin? Why don’t (Mebaral), and pentobarbital sodium
we hear of Percodan robberies?
Numerous deaths (Nembutal), which are used to treat
Because of Oxycontin’s potency. One anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders.
dose of Percodan has 2.25 milligrams of
have resulted from Benzodiazepines are generally prescribed
oxycodone; Percocet and Tylox contain for more acute anxiety, stress, and
five milligrams. Oxycontin is available in
Oxycontin overdoses. panic attacks. These include diazepam
12-hour timed-release tablets ranging (Valium), chlordiazepoxide HCI
How is Oxycontin abused? (Librium), and alprazolam (Xanax).
1. In one NIDA-sponsored study, only four out
of 12,000+ patients taking opioids for severe Some Oxycontin abusers chew the drug. Other benzodiazepines, such as triazolam
pain became addicted to the drugs. In another Others crush the tablet and snort it, or (Halcion) and estazolam (ProSom), have
study of 38 individuals who had taken opioids dilute it with water and inject it. Snorting a sedating effect, and are used to treat
for four to seven years for chronic pain, only
two (both with a history of drug abuse), actual- and/or injecting the drug cancel out the sleep disorders.
ly became addicted. timed-release function, causing the rapid continued on page 6

FCD UPDATE 3
4
Some Commonly Prescribed – and Abused – Medications
OPIOIDS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS STIMULANTS

• Oxycodone (Oxycontin) Barbiturates • Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)

• Mephobarbital (Mebaral)
• Propoxyphene (Darvon) • Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
• Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal)
• Hydrocodone (Vicodin) • Sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate
Benzodiazepines (Meridia)
• Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
• Diazepam (Valium)
• Meperidine (Demerol)
• Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium)
• Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)
• Alprazolam (Xanax)

• Triazolam (Halcion)
• Estazolam (ProSom)

PRESCRIBED FOR . . . PRESCRIBED FOR . . . PRESCRIBED FOR . . .

• Postsurgical pain relief • Anxiety • Narcolepsy

• Management of acute or chronic pain • Tension • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD)
• Relief of coughs and diarrhea • Panic attacks
• Depression that does not respond
• Acute stress reactions
to other treatment
• Sleep disorders
• Short-term treatment of obesity
• Anesthesia (at high doses)
• Asthma

HOW IT WORKS HOW IT WORKS HOW IT WORKS

• Opioids attach to opioid receptors in • Central nervous system depressants slow brain • Stimulants enhance brain activity, causing an
the brain and spinal cord, blocking activity through actions on the GABA system increase in alertness, attention, and energy.
the transmission of pain messages to and, therefore, produce a calming effect.
the brain.

FCD UPDATE
 EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM USE EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM USE EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM USE

• Blocked pain messages • A “sleepy” and uncoordinated feeling during • Elevated blood pressure
the first few days; as the body becomes
• Drowsiness • Increased heart rate

FCD UPDATE
accustomed (tolerant) to the effects, these
• Constipation feelings diminish. • Increased respiration

• Depressed respiration (depending on dose) • Suppressed appetite

• Sleep deprivation

EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM USE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM USE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM USE

• Potential for tolerance, physical • Potential for tolerance, physical dependence, • Potential for addiction
dependence, withdrawal, and/or addiction withdrawal, and/or addiction

POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS

• Severe respiratory depression or death • Seizures following a rebound in brain activity • Dangerously high body temperatures or an
following a large single dose after reducing or discontinuing use irregular heartbeat after taking high doses

• Cardiovascular failures or lethal seizures

• For some stimulants, hostility or feelings of

paranoia after taking high doses repeatedly
over a short period of time

SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH

• Other substances that cause CNS depression, • Other substances that cause CNS depression, • Over-the-counter cold medicines containing
including: including: decongestants
— Alcohol — Alcohol • Antidepressants, unless supervised by a
— Antihistamines — Prescription opioid pain medicines physician
— Barbiturates — Some over-the-counter cold and allergy • Some asthma medications
— Benzodiazepines medications

— General anesthetics

The information in this table is derived from a National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Report entitled Prescription Drugs: Abuse and Addiction.

5
 continued from page 3 Stimulants were originally used to treat alert, or experience euphoria are placing
How do CNS depressants asthma, obesity, respiratory problems, and themselves at considerable risk.
work? neurological disorders. Use of stimulants
These substances stimulate neurotrans- to treat these ailments has diminished as How widespread is Ritalin
mitters in the brain. Neurotransmitters are their potential for abuse and addiction has abuse?
chemicals that facilitate communication become more evident. Today, stimulants Ritalin is a valuable medication when
between brain cells. Most CNS depres- are used primarily for the treatment of taken as prescribed for attention-deficit
sants act on the neurotransmitter gamma- narcolepsy, ADHD, and depression. hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In fact,
aminobutyric acid (GABA). Increased a recent study found that boys with ADHD
amounts of GABA slow brain activity, How do stimulants work? who take stimulants such as Ritalin are sig-
causing sensations of calm and drowsi- Stimulants increase levels of a family of nificantly less likely to abuse alcohol and
ness. Side effects include light-headedness neurotransmitters called monoamines. other drugs when they are older than are
or poor coordination. Among these are norepinephrine and boys with ADHD who receive no treat-
dopamine. Increased production of these ment.2 Because of its stimulant effects,
How prone to abuse are CNS chemicals constricts blood vessels, increas- however, some individuals – often adoles-
depressants? es blood glucose, enhances respiratory cents – abuse Ritalin to suppress appetite,
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines have a functions, and creates a sense of euphoria. improve focus and wakefulness, and/or
high potential for abuse. The body devel- experience a euphoric feeling. Abusers
ops tolerance over time, requiring larger take the pills orally or crush and snort
In Boston, [Ritalin] them. Some users dissolve the tablets in
doses to achieve the same effect. This can
lead to physical dependence and with- water and inject the mixture, sometimes in
abuse is especially combination with heroin and/or cocaine for
drawal symptoms if use is reduced or
stopped. If an individual abruptly stops a more powerful effect. Insoluble fillers in
noted among middle- Ritalin tablets can block small blood
taking the drug, the brain, having become
accustomed to sedated activity, can race vessels when injected into the bloodstream.
and upper-income From FCD’s work with tens of thousands
out of control. This can lead to seizures
and other serious or life-threatening con- of young people every year, and reports
communities. In addition, from NIDA’s Community Epidemiology
sequences. Close monitoring by a quali-
fied physician is critical to the safe use of, Work Group, it seems clear that Ritalin
Ritalin-related calls to abuse is a growing concern within the pre-
and withdrawal from, these medications.
vention field. Such abuse has been report-
poison centers and
Can CNS depressants be used ed in cities all across America, particularly
safely with other medications? among middle and high school students.
emergency rooms are In Boston, abuse is especially noted among
CNS depressants should not be combined
with other drugs or substances that slow middle- and upper-income communities.
being reported with In addition, Ritalin-related calls to poison
CNS functions (e.g., over-the-counter cold
and allergy medications, pain relievers), centers and emergency rooms are being
increasing frequency. reported with increasing frequency.
without the strict supervision of a physi-
cian. The combination of alcohol and CNS
depressants can lead to death by slowing How prone to abuse are Can stimulants be used safely
heart and respiratory functions. stimulants? with other medications?
While most people who take stimulants Stimulants should only be taken by
STIMULANTS do not abuse them or become addicted, those under strict medical supervision.
As the name suggests, stimulants speed up these drugs should be taken with caution. The combination of stimulants and over-
brain activity. This leads to elevated blood Use can create physical dependence and the-counter cold medicines containing
pressure, increased heart and respiratory resultant withdrawal symptoms. High decongestants can lead to dangerously
rates, and enhanced feelings of alertness, doses can cause irregular heartbeats and high blood pressure and irregular heart
focus, and energy. high body temperatures, leading to lethal rhythms. Since antidepressants enhance
seizures and/or cardiovascular failure. the effects of stimulants, any combination
What are some common Long-term use can trigger anxiety, halluci- of the two must be carefully monitored.
stimulants? nations, and severe depression. Even
The best known stimulants are dextro- short-term use can cause feelings of hostil- 2. Joseph Biederman, et al., Pharmacotherapy
of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
amphetamine (Dexedrine) and methyl- ity and paranoia. Young people who use Reduces Risk for Substance Use Disorder,
phenidate (Ritalin). these medications to lose weight, stay Pediatrics, 1999, 104:e20.

6 FCD UPDATE
 Did you
by the National Institute on Alcohol use among boys. Of the boys who smoked,
Abuse and Alcoholism at the National eighty-three percent said they used alcohol;
Institutes of Health, researchers found of the non-smokers, only 36.6 percent
that mice with artificially blocked endo- reported drinking.3

know? cannabinoid receptors ate less than normal

mice. Conversely, when the receptors
were stimulated, appetite increased. Since
smoking marijuana activates these recep-
Poll Position
In the light of the above study showing the
influence of peer behavior on youth smok-
A High Bet tors, users can become ravenously hungry. ing, it is interesting to examine the results
Gambling and snorting cocaine affect the Scientists do not yet know how the body of a recent Gallup Poll in which parents of
same region of the brain. According to manufactures endocannabinoids, or the K-12 students were asked to rate the seri-
Dr. Hans Breiter, a neuroscientist at exact way in which they work. But the ousness of various social pressures their
Massachusetts General Hospital, the brain study did indicate that the process is inde- children face at school (i.e., “very serious”;
patterns of someone using cocaine are pendent of the action of other appetite- “somewhat serious”; “not too serious”;
indistinguishable from those of someone triggering or -suppressing substances. “not at all serious”).4 Here, in random
gambling. In fact, even the hope of win- This suggests that weight gain or loss is the order, are the pressures listed in the survey:
ning big activates the same regions of the result of many factors, and is unlikely to be • drink alcohol
brain as snorting cocaine. Breiter, who has controlled by a single chemical or drug.2 • wear a specific type or brand of clothes
previously studied the brains of cocaine • use drugs
users, mapped the brain activity of 12 men Normative beliefs at work: • achieve a specific body image
between the ages of 20 and 35 while they Peer influence on smoking • be popular
engaged in a game of chance. The subjects, Yet another study shows that teen drug use • have sexual relations
who had no prior history of gambling is highly influenced by the behavior of • smoke cigarettes
problems, were given $50 and shown com- one’s peers. Researchers from Johns Now, here is the same list as ranked by
puter images of a spinner that predicted Hopkins University School of Medicine parents in terms of the seriousness of the
either a “good,” “bad,” or “mixed” result and the Pan American Health Organization social pressure their children face with
for their next turn. Simply anticipating a asked 3,573 public and private school stu- regard to that issue:
“good,” i.e. “winning,” result produced an dents in Buenos Aires about their attitudes most serious
intense reaction even before the pointer and behaviors – and those of their parents, 1. be popular
came to rest on the actual amount. The siblings, and classmates – with regard to 2. achieve a specific body image
reaction became even more pronounced smoking. Thirty-two percent of the girls 3. wear a specific type or brand of clothes
once the subjects knew the extent of the and 29 percent of the boys reported that 4. have sexual relations
“big win.” The brain scans also indicated they were current smokers. One of the 5. use drugs
that participants who anticipated a “bad” most interesting findings reiterated the 6. drink alcohol
result interpreted it as “a gain” if they lost powerful role of normative beliefs in influ- 7. smoke cigarettes
less than they had feared. Thus, even los- encing student alcohol and other drug use. least serious
ing money can produce a “winning” sensa- A vast majority of the teens – especially Research shows that teens tend to over-
tion in the pleasure and reward circuitry those who smoked – overestimated the estimate the use of alcohol, tobacco, and
of the brain. Further research in this area percentage of their peers and adults who other drugs by their peers. And adults
may lead to breakthroughs in our under- smoked. Whereas roughly 30 percent of tend to underestimate teen use of these
standing of addictive behavior.1 the teens surveyed smoked (and an esti- substances. It is ambiguous from the
mated 35 to 40 percent of adults), 86 per- wording of the survey whether the par-
Munchies cent of current smokers and 72 percent of ents’ dead-last ranking of alcohol, tobacco
Smoking marijuana can lead to a food nonsmokers said that over 50 percent of and other drug use refers to the serious-
craving known to users as “the munchies.” their peers, and over 50 percent of adults, ness of the pressure or the issue.
Scientists now believe they know why. smoked. The more teens believe that 1. Neuron, May 2001, as reported by Patricia
The brain naturally produces marijuana- “everybody smokes” (or drinks, or takes Wen in The Boston Globe, May 24, 2001.
like substances that stimulate appetite. 2. Nature, April 2001, as reported by Mark
drugs), the more likely they are to do so as
Evans in The Boston Globe, April 12, 2001.
Researchers believe that these endo- well. Among the sample of boys, 53 per-
3. Morello, P., Duggan, A., Adger, H., et al:
cannabinoids – which, while chemically cent of current smokers reported that their Tobacco use among high school students in
similar to the active ingredient in marijua- best friend smoked. Only 13.1 percent of Buenos Aires, Argentina. American Journal
na, do not get people high – are part of a of Public Health 2001; 91:1-6.
nonsmokers identified a smoker as their
4. The Gallup Organization; Poll Analyses,
complex system in the brain for controlling best friend. The study also suggests an Sept. 4, 2001; http://www.gallup.com/poll/
food consumption. In a study conducted association between smoking and alcohol releases/pr010904.asp.

FCD UPDATE 7
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FCD welcomes your comments, questions, and ideas. To
Dunn School Worcester Academy
learn more about anything in the newsletter, to send letters
Ecole Bilingue
to the editor, or to submit a manuscript or proposal for an
Hillbrook School New York article, please contact:
Milken Community High School of Brooklyn Friends School FCDUPDATE, 26 Cross Street, Needham, MA 02494.
Stephen Wise Temple Nichols School Editor: Alex J. Packer, Ph.D., Contributors: Alex Packer,
Jennifer Osgood, Beth Seiser, Will Slotnick.
School of American Ballet Layout: DeskTop Graphics, Printing: Bay State Press

8 FCD UPDATE